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2020, Volume 1 i Copyright © Concordia University Irvine, History and Political Thought Department The Franciscan editors made every reasonable effort to trace rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this journal. In cases where these efforts failed, the department welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgments can be made in a future edition and to settle other permission matters when outside fair use. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, translated, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form in any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. The only exception includes reviewers who may quote brief passages. Any member of educational institutions wishing to photocopy part or all of the work for educational use, or those desiring to include the work in an anthology, may direct inquiries by email to [email protected]. First Edition. Logo Designed by: Susan Eschelbach, Concordia University Irvine Cover Designed by: Erin Ames, Concordia University Irvine ii THE FRANCISCAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY IRVINE HISTORY AND POLITICAL THOUGHT DEPARTMENT HISTORICAL EDITING CLASS OF SPRING 2020 iii DEDICATION This edition of The Franciscan is dedicated to Dr. Caleb Karges and Professor Rebecca Lott. Their advice, counsel, and encouragement were central to the creation of this journal. Dr. Caleb Karges’ enthusiasm for history and his dedication to students at Concordia Irvine is herculean. Dr. Karges has supported this journal from its inception and advocated for its creation with both students and faculty. We are thankful for his support. Professor Rebecca Lott, who advised this edition of The Franciscan, was invaluable in making the journal a reality. Professor Lott’s consistency was energizing and inspiring. We are thankful for her oversight and support. iv IN APPRECIATION ______________________________________________________________________________ Historical Editing Instructor Professor Rebecca Lott Senior Editor Denise Sprimont Lead Editors Meghan Gleeson Josiah Popp David Vasquez Editors Caroline Curtis Ryan Dunn Evangeline Gahn Jacob Lange Sean Nowlan Emily Yamada Aerie Director Professor Kristen Schmidt Graphic Design Professor Rachel Soo Cheyanne Arnold Erin Ames Kaelyn Whitcomb Susan Eschelbach Vanessa Bernzen Department Chair Caleb Karges, PhD Dean of Arts and Sciences Terry Olson, PhD University President Michael Thomas, PhD v "Here, we are kids in a sandbox building ideas with others..." — Dr. C. J. Armstrong In this journal we seek to expand upon and share ideas from history with others. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter From The Senior Editor ........................................................................................................ 1 2020 AWARD-WINNING PAPERS ............................................................................................. 3 Article Section ................................................................................................................................ 4 The Great African Conversation: African Solutions to the Unseen Poverty Problem .............. 5 A Brief History of ‘Otherness’ through the Lens of Dwarfism in Cultural Contexts and the Following Modern Impact ........................................................................................................ 21 Mussolini’s Albanian Foreign Policy and the Tension between Ideological Purity and Political Pragmatism, 1926-1939 ............................................................................................................ 30 The Historiography of John Warr’s ‘The Corruption and Deficiency of Lawes of England Soberly Discovered: or Liberty Working up to Its Just Height’ ............................................... 43 Indomitability and Aggressive Spirit: The Royal Navy in the Mediterranean Theatre,1939- 1941........................................................................................................................................... 48 The Executive and War: The Division of Strategic and Grand Strategic Powers in the Constitution ............................................................................................................................... 63 From Denmark to Hungary: Exploring the Importance of Oral History through Personal Narratives .................................................................................................................................. 72 Establishing Capital .................................................................................................................. 87 Mortal Enemies or Complicated Friends? A Brief Analysis of the Historiography of the Enlightenment’s Relationship to Religion ................................................................................ 94 Constantinople, the Holy Grail of Russian Grand Strategy: Reassessing Russia's Post-Soviet Ambitions ................................................................................................................................ 103 Sweden’s Last Warrior: The Defamed Grand Strategic Skill of Charles XII ........................ 112 Controversy in the Coffeehouses: How King Charles II’s Attack on the Coffeehouse Signaled the Decline of Monarchical Power ......................................................................................... 147 Marlborough’s Grand Strategic Success and Strategic Failure of 1711: Marlborough’s Neglect to Integrate Politics and Military in the Bouchain Campaign................................................. 160 Partial Incorporation of the Free Exercise Clause: ................................................................. 167 A Defense of a Hard Constitutional Commitment to Religious Liberty ................................ 167 The Heart of the Matter: Bhakti, Eros, Agape, and Understanding the Good ........................ 175 Evaluating the Military Success and Conduct of The Third Earl of Peterborough during the War of the Spanish Succession, 1705-1707 ............................................................................ 183 The Han Dynasty: A Golden Age of Eastern Freedoms ......................................................... 190 vii Book Reviews ............................................................................................................................. 211 “Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome.” By A.M. Eckstein. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. Pp. 398. Paper, $34.95.) ............................ 212 “Call Sign Chaos: Learning to Lead” By James Mattis and Bing West. (New York: Random House, 2019. Pp. 300. Paper, $28.00.) .................................................................................... 216 “Islamic Exceptionalism: How the Struggle Over Islam is Reshaping the World” By Shadi Hamid. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2016. Pp. 320. Paper, $15.57.) ................................ 219 Forum .......................................................................................................................................... 222 Slavery, Union, and States’ Rights Pre- and After the Civil War ........................................... 223 Reproductive Aid as a Form of Ideological Neocolonialism: The Injustice of Racist Epistemologies on Reproductive Aid in Africa ...................................................................... 229 Historiography of the Social Construction of Native Americans: Social Injustices as Personal Problems ................................................................................................................................. 235 The Franciscan Staff ................................................................................................................... 241 Authors ........................................................................................................................................ 244 viii LETTER FROM THE SENIOR EDITOR “‘Cast your sight below and see how wide a circle you have traveled.’” - Pariadiso XXVII:78 As I reflected on this year, I found myself stunned by the changes our little department weathered. Changes in faculty, administration, students, leadership, and curriculum. Moreso, I was impressed by the way we responded to these changes. Despite a global pandemic, economic crisis, and an empty campus, we have traveled very far from where we began. Our response to these trials has proven what many know to be true— we are rooted in Christ’s stability and consistency. Despite the tumultuous year, many things have stayed the same: early morning Latin classes, late-night studying, intellectually stimulating conversations, office hour visits, and small class sizes. Although we have traveled far, we have ended in the same place we began as freshmen— looking at the world with new eyes, afraid of the unknown, confident in God’s grace, and attempting to make a small mark on the world that may someday be labeled “history.” The 2019-2020 academic year marked a year of expansion for CUI’s History and Political Thought Department. Under the direction of Dr. Caleb Karges, the department sought to create new connections with History and Political Thought students both past and present. In addition to the establishment of the first academic history journal at CUI, the History Department added the History Society, which rekindled interdepartmental relationships based on the shared love of history and its
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