DOCSLIB.ORG

European Diplomacy and Imperial Contest in the Republic of Texas, 1835-1846

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European Diplomacy and Imperial Contest in the Republic of Texas, 1835-1846 University of Texas at El Paso ScholarWorks@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2020-01-01 The Scramble for Texas: European Diplomacy and Imperial Contest in the Republic of Texas, 1835-1846 Penelope Lea Jacobus University of Texas at El Paso Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the History Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Jacobus, Penelope Lea, "The Scramble for Texas: European Diplomacy and Imperial Contest in the Republic of Texas, 1835-1846" (2020). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 3071. https://scholarworks.utep.edu/open_etd/3071 This is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SCRAMBLE FOR TEXAS: EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY AND IMPERIAL CONTEST IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS, 1835-1846 PENELOPE LEA JACOBUS Doctoral Program in Borderlands History APPROVED: Paul Edison, Ph.D., Chair Brad J. Cartwright, Ph.D. Samuel Brunk, Ph.D. Brian Yothers, Ph.D. Stephen L. Crites, Jr., Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Penelope L. Jacobus 2020 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Petra and Dirk Jacobus, who have been a source of unwavering support. Through their encouragement, I have become the first person in my family to earn a Ph.D. THE SCRAMBLE FOR TEXAS: EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY AND IMPERIAL CONTEST IN THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS, 1835-1846 by PENELOPE LEA JACOBUS, B.A., M.A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO May 2020 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my gratitude to my advisor and dissertation chair, Dr. Paul Edison, for his support throughout my research. His commentary, suggestions, immense knowledge, patience, and enthusiasm have vastly improved this project. I could not have wished for a better mentor during my time as a Ph.D. student in the History Department of the University of Texas at El Paso. I also want to thank Dr. Brad J. Cartwright for serving on my committee. Ultimately, the inspiration for this project was drawn from one of his courses that I had the pleasure of taking in 2015. His great enthusiasm for my idea served as a motivation to pursue European diplomacy with the Republic of Texas as my dissertation topic. My gratitude also goes to Drs. Samuel Brunk and Brian Yothers for serving on my committee and contributing to this project with their invaluable knowledge on Mexican history and the history of trans-Atlantic abolitionism, respectively. Through their commentary, I was able to enrich my study with additional insights and details. I thank Dr. Samuel Brunk in particular for providing me with a final round of comments before I submitted this dissertation. I want to thank several others who have contributed to this project: Dr. Charles Martin, who has given me valuable feedback in the early stages of writing, Dr. Jeffrey P. Shepherd, who served as Program Director for most of my time as a Ph.D. student, and Gabriel Avila, whose Spanish classes enabled me to utilise Spanish-language sources in this study. Penultimately, I thank the staff of the various archives I have consulted, as well as librarian Claudia Rivers from UTEP’s Special Collections. Lastly, I want to extend my gratitude to my parents, to whom this dissertation is also dedicated. v Table of Contents Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................................v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 The States and Their Interests in the Texian Borderlands ......................................................6 Historiography ......................................................................................................................13 Theoretical Frameworks .......................................................................................................27 Contributions.........................................................................................................................41 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................................44 Primary Source Base .............................................................................................................47 A Note on Terminology ........................................................................................................49 Chapter One – The Most Important State of Spanish America: European Commerce with Mexico in the Early Nineteenth Century ..............................................................................51 Industry, States, and Markets in the Early Nineteenth Century ............................................53 European Relations with Spanish America...........................................................................59 European Diplomacy and Commerce with and in Mexico ...................................................65 Chapter Two – The Best Part of Mexico: The Agents of, Ambitions for, and Impact of Informal Imperialism in Texas prior to the Anglo-French Mediation of 1844 ...................106 The Texas Revolution, Texas Independence, and European Reluctance ...........................107 Europe Moves Toward Recognition ...................................................................................126 Texas, Recognition, and Treaties of Amity and Commerce ...............................................135 Informal Imperialism through Emigration ..........................................................................151 Chapter Three – ‘Part and Parcel of the Law of the Land’: European Responses to the Presence of Slavery in Texas and Informal Empire ............................................................170 Slavery and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century ..........................................173 The British Slave-Trade Treaties As a Tool of British Power ............................................177 Slavery in Texas: A New Slave State .................................................................................187 Continental European Views on Slavery in Texas .............................................................202 vi Chapter Four – Into the ‘Wilderness’: Native Americans in the Texas Borderlands and Their Influence on trans-Atlantic Commerce, Finance, Migration, and Conceptualisations of Race and Civilisation ..........................................................................................................218 European and North American Perceptions of and Interactions with the Comanche Empire ........................................................................................................................225 Native Americans’ Influence on European Commercial Ambitions in North America .....230 Native Americans, European Colonisation Projects, and European Conceptions of Race 239 Native Americans As a Justification for Texian Independence ..........................................252 Chapter Five – “A Protective Arm to Watch Over Them”: The Development, Discussions, and Impact of International Law, Free Trade, and Nationalism in North America ............268 German trans-Atlantic Trade and Its Role in Germany’s Growing Unification in the 1830s and 1840s .........................................................................................................271 Texas and the Development of trans-Atlantic Treaties of Commerce ................................293 Prussia’s Mediation Between the United States and Mexico in 1839: Texas and European Conceptualisations of International Law ...................................................306 Mexico and International Law ............................................................................................319 Chapter Six – Under the Wing of the American Eagle or in the Jaws of the British Lion: An Analysis of Anglophobia and Anti-British Sentiment on Both Sides of the Atlantic, and Its Role in the Annexation of Texas to the United States ...................................................330 European Agents’ Awareness of Anglo-American Anglophobia and Jealousies Toward Continental Europe ....................................................................................................343 France and U.S. Anglophobia .............................................................................................361 The Role of U.S. Anglophobia and French Perceptions of Britain’s Commercial Prowess in the 1844 Franco-British Mediation Effort Between Mexico and Texas .364 Germany and Anglophobia .................................................................................................369 Chapter Seven – Lone Star Suicide: European Perceptions of Texian Nationalism and the Search for a Texian Identity ................................................................................................376
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “I Go for Independence”: Stephen Austin and Two Wars for Texan Independence
    “I go for Independence”: Stephen Austin and Two Wars for Texan Independence A thesis submitted To Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by James Robert Griffin August 2021 ©Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Thesis written by James Robert Griffin B.S., Kent State University, 2019 M.A., Kent State University, 2021 Approved by Kim M. Gruenwald , Advisor Kevin Adams , Chair, Department of History Mandy Munro-Stasiuk , Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………...……iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………v INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..1 CHAPTERS I. Building a Colony: Austin leads the Texans Through the Difficulty of Settling Texas….9 Early Colony……………………………………………………………………………..11 The Fredonian Rebellion…………………………………………………………………19 The Law of April 6, 1830………………………………………………………………..25 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….32 II. Time of Struggle: Austin Negotiates with the Conventions of 1832 and 1833………….35 Civil War of 1832………………………………………………………………………..37 The Convention of 1833…………………………………………………………………47 Austin’s Arrest…………………………………………………………………………...52 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….59 III. Two Wars: Austin Guides the Texans from Rebellion to Independence………………..61 Imprisonment During a Rebellion……………………………………………………….63 War is our Only Resource……………………………………………………………….70 The Second War…………………………………………………………………………78 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….85
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record-Senate. December 30
    408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. DECEMBER 30, By Mr. WHEELER: A bill (H. R. 3107) to remove the polit­ SENATE. ical disabilities of Anderson Merchant-to the Committee on Mili­ tary Affairs. · MoNDAY, December 30, 1895. By Mr. WOOD: A bill (H. R. 3108) to grant a pension to Jesse Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. W. H. MILBURN, D. D. Durnell, late second-elass pilot on gunboat Lexington and trans­ The Journal of the proceedings of Friday last was read and ap­ fen·ed to gunboat Marmora-to t~e Committee on Invalid Pensions. proved. By Mr. WELLINGTON: A bill (H. R. 31Q9) disposing of one condemned brass cannon-to the Committee on Military Affairs. VICE-CONSULS AT ERZERUM AND HARPOOT. Also, a bill (H. R. 3110) to provide for the restatement, readjust­ The VICE-PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the follo\ving ment, settlement, and payment of dues to army officers in certain message from the President of the United States; which was read, cases-to the Committee on Military Affairs. and, with the accompanying report, referred to the Committee on .Also, a bill (H. R. 3111) to carry into effect a finding of the Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed: Court of Claims in favor of William Garrett, late of Montgomery To the Senate of the United State.s: County,-Md.-to-the Committee on War Claims. In response to the resolution of the Senate of the 21st instant relative to the refusal of the '.rur kish Government to grant e:x:equaturs to the vice-consuls of Also, a bill (H.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Issued by the Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain
    Vol. XVII No. 8 August, 1962 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH REFUGEES IN GREAT BRITAIN I FAIRFAX MANSIONS, FINCHLEY RD. (corner Fairfax Rd.). LendM. N.W.I Offic* and Contulting Hourt: Telephone : MAIda Vale 9096/7 (General Ofkce and Welfare tor the Aged) Monday to Thurttiaf 10 a.m.—l p.m. 3~6 p.i MAIda Vale 4449 (Empioyment Agency, annually licensed by tha L.C.C.. and Social Servicas Dept.) friday 10 a.in.—l p.m. even so, I don't believe that he did not mean WHITHER JEWRY IN TUNISIA what he said or that his words were reported out of context. For it is a fact that today there is no Jew in the Cabinet, though the only former AND MOROCCO? Jewish Minister is still a prominent member of the Neo-Destour, Bourguiba's party. There are some Jews active in public life, a few are judges, and many more barristers. Editors of French papers Impressions of a Correspondent are Jews, and the French language dailies carry the Christian, Muslim and Jewish dates on their The Jewish scene in North Africa is today villages entirely inhabited by Jews ; today, their front page. Integration is a necessity just as undergoing a transformation more rapid than a Jewish population is halved, and Muslims have national unity is essential for the stability and reader of Professor H. Z. J. W. Hirschberg's moved into the empty Jewish houses, gradually development of State and society. Hence, citizens " Inside Maghreb " (in Hebrew) would expect. The transforming the Jewish character of these villages.
    [Show full text]
  • Broschüre Materials Shape Products
    Hessian Ministry of Economics, Transport, Urban and Regional Development www.hessen-nanotech.de Materials shape Products Increase Innovation and Market Opportunities with the Help of Creative Professionals Hessen – there’s no way around us. Hessen Nanotech Materials shape Products Increase Innovation and Market Opportunities with the Help of Creative Professionals Volume 18 of the Hessen-Nanotech Initiatives Series Publishing Details Materials shape Products – Increase Innovation and Market Opportunities with the Help of Creative Professionals Volume 18 of the Hessian Nanotech Initiatives Series of the Hessian Ministry of Economics, Transport, Urban and Regional Development Created by: Dr. phil. Dipl.-Ing. Dipl.-Des. (B.A.) Sascha Peters haute innovation Agency for Material and Technology Erkelenzdamm 27 10999 Berlin (Germany) www.saschapeters.com Editorial Team: l a Sebastian Hummel h p t s (Hessian Ministry of Economics, Transport, Urban e W n and Regional Development) e e r Alexander Bracht, Markus Lämmer o D : e (Hessen Agentur, Hessen-Nanotech) c r u o S Publisher: HA Hessen Agentur GmbH Abraham-Lincoln-Strasse 38-42 65189 Wiesbaden (Germany) Phone +49 (0)6 11 774-8614 Fax +49 (0)6 11 774-8620 www.hessen-agentur.de The publisher gives no guarantee on the correctness, the accuracy or the completeness of the information or for the respect of the intellectual property rights of third parties. The views and opinions expressed in the publication are not necessarily those of the publisher. © Hessisches Ministerium für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Landesentwicklung (Hessian Ministry of Economics, Transport, Urban and Regional Development) Kaiser-Friedrich-Ring 75 65185 Wiesbaden (Germany) www.wirtschaft.hessen.de Reprinting and reproduction in whole or in part is not permitted without prior written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Am Wiesbadener „Rheinsteig“
    119-136-Kümmerleneu 03.12.2007 10:25 Uhr Seite 119 Jb. nass. Ver. Naturkde. 128 S. 119-136 13 Abb. Wiesbaden 2007 Geologie auf Schritt und Tritt – am Wiesbadener „Rheinsteig“ EBERHARD KÜMMERLE Rhein, Rheinsteig, Geologie, Fossilien, Landschaft, Quellen Kurzfassung: Nach der Erfahrung, dass man nur das sieht oder beachtet, was man weiß, werden geologische Details dargestellt, die sich dem interessierten Wanderer auf dem Rheinsteig zeigen. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Zielsetzung ........................................................................................... 119 2 Am alten und neuen Rheinufer ............................................................. 119 3 Zur Küste des Mainzer Meeresbeckens ................................................ 123 4 Landschaft aus einigen der ältesten Gesteine Europas .......................... 126 5 Im Tal der Quellen und Schlangen ........................................................ 131 6 Dank ..................................................................................................... 135 7 Literatur ................................................................................................ 135 1 Zielsetzung Der Rheinsteig, ein 320 km langer, an Abwechslung reicher Wanderweg, führt von Wiesbaden-Biebrich durch den Rheingau, das Mittelrheintal und das Sieben- gebirge bis nach Bonn. Er wurde im September 2005 eröffnet. Er hat nicht nur im Hinblick auf die wunderschöne Landschaft, auf die vielen Burgen und die male- rischen Dörfer und kleinen Städte, die er tangiert, viel zu bieten, sondern
    [Show full text]
  • GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
    NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Hispanic/Latino American Older Adults
    Ethno MEd Health and Health Care of Hispanic/Latino American Older Adults http://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/latino Course Director and Editor in Chief: VJ Periyakoil, Md Stanford University School of Medicine [email protected] 650-493-5000 x66209 http://geriatrics.stanford.edu Authors: Melissa talamantes, MS University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio Sandra Sanchez-Reilly, Md, AGSF GRECC South Texas Veterans Health Care System; University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio eCampus Geriatrics IN THE DIVISION OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE http://geriatrics.stanford.edu © 2010 eCampus Geriatrics eCampus Geriatrics hispanic/latino american older adults | pg 2 CONTENTS Description 3 Culturally Appropriate Geriatric Care: Learning Resources: Learning Objectives 4 Fund of Knowledge 28 Instructional Strategies 49 Topics— Topics— Introduction & Overview 5 Historical Background, Assignments 49 Topics— Mexican American 28 Case Studies— Terminology, Puerto Rican, Communication U.S. Census Definitions 5 Cuban American, & Language, Geographic Distribution 6 Cultural Traditions, Case of Mr. M 50 Population Size and Trends 7 Beliefs & Values 29 Depression, Gender, Marital Status & Acculturation 31 Case of Mrs. R 51 Living Arrangements 11 Culturally Appropriate Geriatric Care: Espiritismo, Language, Literacy Case of Mrs. J 52 & Education 13 Assessment 32 Topics— Ethical Issues, Employment, End-of-Life Communication 33 Case of Mr. B 53 Income & Retirement 16 Background Information, Hospice, Eliciting Patients’ Perception
    [Show full text]
  • Ortsbezirk Frauenstein
    Amt für Statistik Wohndauer Frauenstein Gesamtstadt Arbeitsmarkt Frauenstein Gesamtstadt und Stadtforschung Neubürger/-innen 9,9 % 15,7 % Sozialversicherungs- 918 111 255 Stadtteilprofile 2021 Wohndauer von Erwach- pflichtig Beschäftigte senen unter 2 Jahre ohne Selbständige und Ortsbezirk Beamte Alteingesessene 46,8 % 28,6 % Frauenstein Wohndauer von Erwach- Beschäftigtenquote 66,9 % 60,5 % senen über 20 Jahre Anteil an den 18- bis 64-Jährigen Bevölkerung Frauenstein Gesamtstadt Melderegister 01.01.2021 Arbeitslose 53 12 412 Einwohner/-innen 2 382 291 160 Haushalte Frauenstein Gesamtstadt Anteil Arbeitslose u. 25 J. 11,4 % Anteil an der Arbeitslosenquote 4,4 % 8,0 % Gesamtbevölkerung: Haushalte 1 105 147 256 Bundesagentur für Arbeit, eigene Berechnungen Personen mit Migrations- 15,7 % 39,4 % Haushalte mit Kindern 19,7 % 20,3 % 30.09.2020 (Beschäftigte), September 2020 (Arbeitslose) hintergrund* Alleinerziehende 3,4 % 4,2 % Ausländer/-innen 7,6 % 21,9 % Kaufkraft je Einwohner Frauenstein Gesamtstadt Einpersonenhaushalte 7,4 % 7,7 % und Jahr Spätaussiedler* 1,1 % 3,7 % mit 75-Jährigen und in € 25 235 26 601 Melderegister 01.01.2021, * Zuordnungsverfahren auf Basis des Älteren Melderegisters 01.01.2021 Wiesbaden=100 95 100 Zuordnungsverfahren auf Basis des Melderegisters 01.01.2021 IFH Unternehmensberatung, Stand: März 2021 Die häufigsten Wohnungen und Frauenstein Gesamtstadt ausländischen Frauenstein Gesamtstadt Neubau Staatsangehörigkeiten Individualverkehr Frauenstein Gesamtstadt Wohnungen 1 188 142 571 Ausländer/-innen 180 63
    [Show full text]
  • With Sleep Comes a Fusion of Worlds: the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus Through Formation and Transformation
    Vassar College Digital Window @ Vassar Senior Capstone Projects 2011 With Sleep Comes a Fusion of Worlds: The eveS n Sleepers of Ephesus Through Formation and Transformation Gwendolyn Collaco [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalwindow.vassar.edu/senior_capstone Recommended Citation Collaco, Gwendolyn, "With Sleep Comes a Fusion of Worlds: The eS ven Sleepers of Ephesus Through Formation and Transformation" (2011). Senior Capstone Projects. Paper 3. This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Window @ Vassar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Capstone Projects by an authorized administrator of Digital Window @ Vassar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 With Sleep Comes a Fusion of Worlds: The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus Through Formation and Transformation By: Gwendolyn Collaço A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Medieval and Renaissance Studies and Classics: Latin Vassar College Poughkeepsie, New York May 2011 2 Table of Contents Two Tellings of a Tale Gregory of Tours Jacobus de Voragine An Introduction Chapter One: Settings of Doubt and Obscurity in the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus: Christianity under Decius and Theodosius II Chapter Two: A Medley of Slumbering Heroes: Blending Indo-European and Semitic Traditions to Create the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus Vita Ædwardi Excerpt: King Edward's Vision of the Seven Sleepers Chapter Three: A Prelude to Part Two—The Itinerant Tale and Its Transformation Chapter Four: The Metamorphosis of Anglo-Saxon Charm Craft through the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus Qur’anic Excerpt: Sura al-Kahf Chapter Five: The Transmission and Literary Conversion of the Sleepers through Art A Conclusion: Miraculously Natural: Synthesis and Transformation Image Appendix for Chapter Five Bibliography 3 The Seven Sleepers of Ephesus: Two Tellings of the Tale 4 Gregorius Turonensis “Passio Sanctorum Martyrum Septem Dormientium apud Ephesum” Liber in Gloria Martyrum (6th cent.), ch.
    [Show full text]
  • CASTRO's COLONY: EMPRESARIO COLONIZATION in TEXAS, 1842-1865 by BOBBY WEAVER, B.A., M.A
    CASTRO'S COLONY: EMPRESARIO COLONIZATION IN TEXAS, 1842-1865 by BOBBY WEAVER, B.A., M.A. A DISSERTATION IN HISTORY Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved Accepted August, 1983 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I cannot thank all those who helped me produce this work, but some individuals must be mentioned. The idea of writing about Henri Castro was first suggested to me by Dr. Seymour V. Connor in a seminar at Texas Tech University. That idea started becoming a reality when James Menke of San Antonio offered the use of his files on Castro's colony. Menke's help and advice during the research phase of the project provided insights that only years of exposure to a subject can give. Without his support I would long ago have abandoned the project. The suggestions of my doctoral committee includ- ing Dr. John Wunder, Dr. Dan Flores, Dr. Robert Hayes, Dr. Otto Nelson, and Dr. Evelyn Montgomery helped me over some of the rough spots. My chairman, Dr. Alwyn Barr, was extremely patient with my halting prose. I learned much from him and I owe him much. I hope this product justifies the support I have received from all these individuals. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF MAPS iv INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter I. THE EMPRESARIOS OF 1842 7 II. THE PROJECT BEGINS 39 III. A TOWN IS FOUNDED 6 8 IV. THE REORGANIZATION 97 V. SETTLING THE GRANT, 1845-1847 123 VI. THE COLONISTS: ADAPTING TO A NEW LIFE ...
    [Show full text]
  • A Theological Reading of the Gideon-Abimelech Narrative
    YAHWEH vERsus BAALISM A THEOLOGICAL READING OF THE GIDEON-ABIMELECH NARRATIVE WOLFGANG BLUEDORN A thesis submitted to Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education in accordance with the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts & Humanities April 1999 ABSTRACT This study attemptsto describethe contribution of the Abimelech narrative for the theologyof Judges.It is claimedthat the Gideonnarrative and the Abimelechnarrative need to be viewed as one narrative that focuseson the demonstrationof YHWH'S superiority over Baalism, and that the deliverance from the Midianites in the Gideon narrative, Abimelech's kingship, and the theme of retribution in the Abimelech narrative serve as the tangible matter by which the abstracttheological theme becomesnarratable. The introduction to the Gideon narrative, which focuses on Israel's idolatry in a previously unparalleled way in Judges,anticipates a theological narrative to demonstrate that YHWH is god. YHwH's prophet defines the general theological background and theme for the narrative by accusing Israel of having abandonedYHwH despite his deeds in their history and having worshipped foreign gods instead. YHWH calls Gideon to demolish the idolatrous objects of Baalism in response, so that Baalism becomes an example of any idolatrous cult. Joash as the representativeof Baalism specifies the defined theme by proposing that whichever god demonstrateshis divine power shall be recognised as god. The following episodesof the battle against the Midianites contrast Gideon's inadequateresources with his selfish attempt to be honoured for the victory, assignthe victory to YHWH,who remains in control and who thus demonstrateshis divine power, and show that Baal is not presentin the narrative.
    [Show full text]
  • City Tour a Service Of
    en Frankfurt am Main City tour A service of www.frankfurt.de 1 Cathedral 13 St. Paul´s Church 2 Archaeological Garden 14 St. Leonhard´s Church 3 Canvas House 15 Carmelite Monastery 4 Iron Bridge 16 Goethe House 17 St. Catherine´s Church 5 Customs Tower 18 Hauptwache 6 Wertheim House 19 Old Opera House 7 Historical Museum 20 Nebbien’s 8 Old Nikolai Church Garden House 9 Römerberg 21 Eschenheim Tower 10 Fountain of Justice 22 St. Peter´s Cemetry 11 Römer 23 Staufer Wall 12 Stone House 24 Jewish Cemetery Further information and city maps: Touristinfo Römer, Römerberg 27 (stop 11), telephone +49 (0)69 212 38800 Opening hours: Mon - Fr: 09.30 - 17.30 | Sa, Su and on public holidays: 09.30 - 16.00 | 31.12.: 10.00 - 13.00 | closed on 24. - 26.12. and 01.01. 1 Cathedral Not even tourists and those new to Frankfurt can fail to miss the starting point of our historic stroll through the city: With its 95 m high tower rising over Frankfurt city centre, the Cathedral (Dom) can be seen from afar. Its beginnings date back to the year 852. Ten emperors were crowned here between 1562 and 1792. What does it matter that the term ‘Cathedral’ is actually a slight exaggeration, because it was never the home of a bishop… Visitors can climb up its tower between April and October. The Cathedral museum houses treasures such as a Gothic liturgical vestment from 1350 and a gold-plated shining monstrance from 1720. ADDRESS Domplatz TRANSPORT CONNECTION U 4/5, tram line 11/12 Römer 2 Archaeological Garden From the Cathedral, we set out in the direction of Römerberg, the same route the Emperor took by foot after his coronation.
    [Show full text]