Congressional Record-Senate. December 30

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Congressional Record-Senate. December 30 408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. DECEMBER 30, By Mr. WHEELER: A bill (H. R. 3107) to remove the polit­ SENATE. ical disabilities of Anderson Merchant-to the Committee on Mili­ tary Affairs. · MoNDAY, December 30, 1895. By Mr. WOOD: A bill (H. R. 3108) to grant a pension to Jesse Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. W. H. MILBURN, D. D. Durnell, late second-elass pilot on gunboat Lexington and trans­ The Journal of the proceedings of Friday last was read and ap­ fen·ed to gunboat Marmora-to t~e Committee on Invalid Pensions. proved. By Mr. WELLINGTON: A bill (H. R. 31Q9) disposing of one condemned brass cannon-to the Committee on Military Affairs. VICE-CONSULS AT ERZERUM AND HARPOOT. Also, a bill (H. R. 3110) to provide for the restatement, readjust­ The VICE-PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the follo\ving ment, settlement, and payment of dues to army officers in certain message from the President of the United States; which was read, cases-to the Committee on Military Affairs. and, with the accompanying report, referred to the Committee on .Also, a bill (H. R. 3111) to carry into effect a finding of the Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed: Court of Claims in favor of William Garrett, late of Montgomery To the Senate of the United State.s: County,-Md.-to-the Committee on War Claims. In response to the resolution of the Senate of the 21st instant relative to the refusal of the '.rur kish Government to grant e:x:equaturs to the vice-consuls of Also, a bill (H. R. 3112) granting a pension to Josephine Foote the United States at Erzeru.m and Harpoot, I transmit herewith a report Fairfax-to the Committee on Pensions. from the Secretary of State. By Mr. BAKER of Kansas: A bill (H. R. 3113) granting a pen­ GROVER CLEVELAND. EXECUTIVE MANSION, sion to MargaretA. Kidwell-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Washington, December SO, 1895. JUDGMENTS IN INDIAN DEPREDATION CASES. PETITIONS, ETC. The VICE-PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a communica­ Under claus~ 1 of Rule XXII, the following petitions and papers tion from the Attorney-General, transmitting, pursuant to the pro­ were laid on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows: - visions of section 8 of the act of Congress "to provide for the By Mr. ADAMS: Resolutions of the Grocers and Importers' Ex­ adjudication and payment of claims arising from Indian depreda­ change of Philadelphia, for a canal from the Delaware River to tions," a list of judgments not heretofore reported to Congress or New York Bay-to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ appropriated for, rendered in favor of claimants since the passage merce. of the act of March 2, 1895; which, with the accompanying list; By Mr. BAKER of Kansas: Petition in behalf of Mrs. Margaret was referred to the Committee on Indian Depredations, and ordered Kidwell, of Lincoln County, Kans., for pension-to the Commit­ to be printed. tee on Invalid Pensions. MESSAGE. FROM THE HOUSE. By Mr. BARTHOLDT: Petition of the St. Louis Merchants' A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. W. J. Exchange, in favor of the passage of the Torrey bankruptcy bill­ BROWNING, its Chief Clerk, announced that the-House had passed, to the Committee on the Judiciary. without amendment, the joint resolution (S. R. 32) authorizing By Mr. BINGHAM: Resolution of the Grocers and Importers' and directing the acceptance of the ram Katahdin, thereby making Exchange of Philadelphia., Pa., favoring the construction of a ship said ram a part of the United States·Navy. .. canal connecting the Delaware River with New York Bay-to the The message also announced that. the House had passed a. bill Committee on Rivers and Harbors. (H. R. 2904) to maintain and protect the coin redemption fund, and · By Mr~ BROMWELL: Resolutions of the Presbytery of Cin­ to authorize the issue of certificates of-indebtedness to meet tem­ cinnati, concerning Armenian troubles-to the Committee on porary deficiencies of revenue; in which it requested the concur- Foreign Affairs. rence of the Senate. • By Mr. CROWTHER: Petition and papers to accompany claim ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED. for relief of James H. Birch-to the Committee on War Claims. The message further announced that the Speaker of the House By Mr. FOSS: ·Petition of H. F. Thurston and 60 others, de­ had signed the following enrolled bills and joint resolution, and nouncing the treatment of the Armenians and asking for relief­ they were thereupon signed by the Vice-President: to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. A bill (H. R. 2264rfixing the times for holding the circuit and By Mr. HARDY: Petition and evidence to support House bill district courts of the northern district of Iowa and of the southern No. 986, granting a pension to Hiram P. Pauley-to the Commit­ district of Iowa; tee on Invalid Pensions. A bill (H. R. 2720) to make Palm Beach, Fla., a subport of entry By Mr. HARMER: A letter of certain Representatives of the and delivery; and . .. _ House recommending the retention of Charles W. Coombs as A joint resolution (H. Res. 56) to transfer offices of the United messenger during the Fifty-fourth Congress-to the Committee States in the Territory of Utah officers of the State of Utah. ·on Accounts. · to By Mr. LOW: Memorial of the J. C. Watc;;on Company and 101 PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. others, requesting that this Fifty-fourth Congress will authorize The VICE-PRESIDENT presented a memorial of the Boston the Secretary of War to contract with Charles Stoughton and his (Mass.) Baptist ·Ministers' Conference, remonstrating against the associates for the entire work of constructing a canal through the .!tppropriation of moneys in aid of contract schools; which was Harlem Kills, New York, 15 feet deep and 300 feet wide, for a sum referred to the Committee on Appropriations. notexceeding $1,450,000-totheCommitteeon Rivers and Harbors. Mr. PEFFER. I present a petition, in the form of resolutions By Mr. PICKLER: Petition of .James Garvie and· 110 others, adopted by L. W. Hampton Post, Grand Army of the Republic, Santee Indians, praying Congressto enact into law House bill No. of Newport, Mo., praying for legislation to protect pensioners 280, regarding sale of intoxicatingliquorstolndians-to the Com- against the dropping of their names from the pension rolls wi~h­ mittee on Indian Affairs. - out due legal proceeding, -and .also asking that widows be pro­ By Mr. REYBURN: Resolutions on the Cuban revolution-to tected against unreasonable delay in securing the pensions due to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. them under existing law. I move- that the petition be referred to By Mr. STEELE: Papers to accompany bill granting increase ·the Committee on Pensions. of pension to Michael Pettis-to the Committee on Pensions. The motion was agreed to. By Mr. TAFT: Memorial from the Presbytery of Cincinnati, in Mr. PEFFER. I have a papir that I take to be in thenatm·e of regard to the Armenian outrages-to the Committee on Foreign a petition, and I so present it. It is in the form of a resolution of Affairs. Lincoln Post, Grand Army of the Republic, of Topeka, Kans., By Mr. TUCKER: Papers relating to the claim of Isaac S. tendering their services as veteran soldiers of the Republic to the Myers-to the Committee on War Claims. President of the United States in case we should have any armed By Mr. WANGER: Resolutions of Grocers and Importers' Ex­ unpleasantness with our neighbors on the other side of the At­ change of Philadelphia, favoring a ship canal from New York Bay lantic. I move that the paper be referred to the Committee on to Delaware River-to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Foreign Relations. Commerce. · The motion was agreed to. By Mr. WHEELER: Petition of Thomas M. Hobbs! of Lime­ Mr. QUAY presented a petition, in the form of resolutions stone County, Ala., asking for remuneration for stores and supplies adopted by the Grocers and Importers'Exchange of Philadelphia, taken from him by the United States during the late civil war­ Pa., praying for the construction of a canal to connect the Dela­ to the Committee on War Claims. ware River with New York Bay; which was referred to the Com· Also, record of Francis W. Seeley, to accompany House bill mittee on Commerce. No. 2484-to the Committee on Military Affairs. ' Mr. ALLEN presented the petition of LeGrand Byington, of Also, papers relating to the claim of Gen. A. S. Webb-to the Iowa City, Iowa, praying for a repeal of all bond and national­ Committee on Military Affairs. · bank laws, and for the unlimited coinage of gold and silver and Also, papers relating to the claim of Lewis Hyde, of Colbert the issue of legal-tender money; which was referred to the Com­ County, Ala.-to the Committee on War Claims. mittee on Finance. Also, :papers accompanying House bill No.. 703, for the relief of He also presented a petition of the Santee Sio~ tribe of Indians, lla:ry I. Graham-to the Committee on War Claims. praying for the passage of House bill No. 280, to prohibit the sa.1a 1895, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 409 of intoxicating drinks to Indians, and for other purposes; which Mr. HOAR. I do not wish to interpose any objection to any- was referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs. thing the Senator from Indiana desires, as I hope he knows very Mr. MITCHELL of Wisconsin presented a petition of the Mil- well-- waukee Worsted Mills, of Layton & Co., of the National Knitting Mr.
Recommended publications
  • The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe
    The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe The Congress of Vienna After Napoleon had finally been defeated in 1815, the European monarchs breathed a huge sigh of relief. After all, the French Revolution and the development it had triggered had dominated European politics for more than a quarter of a century. Napoleon had not always been a passionate advocate of the French Revolution, yet his con- quest and occupation of Europe had contributed substantially to the spread of its ideas – liberty, equality, and fra- 5 ternity – all over the continent. Having defeated Napoleon, the monarchs of Europe were eager to ensure the restoration of peace and order. They were particularly anxious about the legacy of the ideas of the revolution, and therefore the governments of Europe were determined to follow policies that provided stability and squelch any kind of political turmoil. The Congress of Vienna, a conference of diplomats from all over Europe, tried to settle political and territ- 10 orial questions that had arisen from the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress began in 1814 when Napoleon was still exiled on Elba. In the beginning, delegates could not agree on any solutions which helped Napoleon re-establish his rule in France after his return from exile. However, after Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the Congress of Vienna took up its work again. The countries that had made the most vital contributions to defeat Napoleon were Russia, Great Britain, 15 Prussia, and Austria. Their representatives at the Congress were Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Lord Castlereagh – foreign secretary of Great Britain – King Frederick William III of Prussia, and Prince Klemens von Metternich* – chief minister of Austria and chairman of the conference.
    [Show full text]
  • Alliance Unity and Intervention in Naples ( –)
    Alliance Unity and Intervention in Naples (–) of peace had appeared at the end of , troubling events continued to unfold. Repeatedly, local circumstances G forced the great powers to reexamine the Quadruple and general alliances, including the question of what it meant to act in concert (concerter). Simply put, the perils of war and revolution never receded from what the peace- makers saw before them. In the years and , diplomats faced political uncertainty, the threat of revolutionary upheaval, and the looming prospect of war. Since German politics had caused concern, and in December , the French government again had shown signs of instability. e departure of the Duke of Richelieu, a moderating inuence and trusted interlocutor, fueled nagging suspicions about the viability of the Bourbon restoration. Outright assaults on the Bourbon rulers of Spain and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies heightened the sense that volatility reigned in French politics, and conrmed the fears of radicalism and revolution. e peace settlement would survive, but the longing for tranquility would not be satised. On January , Spanish troops in Las Cabezas, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Rafael Riego, disobeyed royal orders to set sail for South America, where colonial insurrections had been underway since –. e disobedience became more than mutiny when Riego proclaimed restoration of the liberal constitution of . e constitution provided for an independent judiciary, civil liberties for the nation, and an elected Cortes to share power with the king. Initially, the great powers responded to the events in Spain with re- straint, making no commitment to concrete action. Indeed, not until March, when King Ferdinand VII accepted the constitution, did it become clear that a revolution had taken place.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concert of Europe and Great-Power Governance Today
    BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL ORDER A RAND Project to Explore U.S. Strategy in a Changing World KYLE LASCURETTES The Concert of Europe and Great-Power Governance Today What Can the Order of 19th-Century Europe Teach Policymakers About International Order in the 21st Century? Perspective EXPERT INSIGHTS ON A TIMELY POLICY ISSUE C O R P O R A T I O N Contents What Was the Concert of Europe? .........................................................................2 What Were the Concert’s Foundational Principles? ..............................................5 Why Was the Concert Considered Desirable? ......................................................8 When and Why Did the Concert Decline? ........................................................... 14 What Can We Learn from the Concert? ...............................................................17 Appendix .............................................................................................................. 23 Notes .................................................................................................................... 26 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 30 About the Author .................................................................................................. 33 The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous.
    [Show full text]
  • Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna: Maintaining the Peace, Political Realism
    1 “Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna: Maintaining the Peace, Political Realism, and the Encirclement of France.” by Nathan D. Curtis A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History at Liberty University May 2014 2 Table of Contents Introduction: Castlereagh and the Congress of Vienna 3 Chapter One The Historiography of the Congress of Vienna 13 Chapter Two Castlereagh before the Congress 36 Chapter Three The Congress of Vienna 54 Chapter Four Castlereagh, the Holy Alliance, and Congressional Legacy 85 Works Consulted 90 3 Introduction: Castlereagh and the Congress of Vienna In the early morning of September 21, 1809, Robert Stewart Castlereagh and George Canning traveled their separate ways to Lord Yarmouth’s cottage on Putney Heath in England. They scheduled their rendezvous for 6 a.m. that morning; as such, they were up before the dawn and on their way, pistols and shot in tow. While thoroughly macabre, the fact that their shared mentor William Pitt had died within sight of the cottage in January of 1806 made it a fitting location for their duel that morning. Stewart’s cousin Yarmouth went with him, humming snippets from a contemporary piece of music, Madame Angelica Catalani’s latest performance. They met with Canning and his second, Charles Ellis, at the cottage. Stepping aside from their principals, Yarmouth and Ellis made one final attempt at mediation between the two statesmen. Ellis stated that the matter that Canning concealed had been on the command of the King and that Canning himself had disliked the necessary deceit of Stewart; however, this equivocation did not placate Stewarts wounded pride.1 While Castlereagh had fought a duel before in his youth in Ireland, Canning had never fired a shot in his life.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of the United States
    A Short History of the United States Robert V. Remini For Joan, Who has brought nothing but joy to my life Contents 1 Discovery and Settlement of the New World 1 2 Inde pendence and Nation Building 31 3 An Emerging Identity 63 4 The Jacksonian Era 95 5 The Dispute over Slavery, Secession, and the Civil War 127 6 Reconstruction and the Gilded Age 155 7 Manifest Destiny, Progressivism, War, and the Roaring Twenties 187 Photographic Insert 8 The Great Depression, the New Deal, and World War II 215 9 The Cold War and Civil Rights 245 10 Violence, Scandal, and the End of the Cold War 277 11 The Conservative Revolution 305 Reading List 337 Index 343 About the Author Other Books by Robert V. Remini Credits Cover Copyright About the Publisher 1 Discovery and Settlement of the New World here are many intriguing mysteries surrounding the peo- T pling and discovery of the western hemisphere. Who were the people to first inhabit the northern and southern continents? Why did they come? How did they get here? How long was their migration? A possible narrative suggests that the movement of ancient people to the New World began when they crossed a land bridge that once existed between what we today call Siberia and Alaska, a bridge that later dis- appeared because of glacial melting and is now covered by water and known as the Bering Strait. It is also possible that these early people were motivated by wanderlust or the need for a new source of food. Perhaps they were searching for a better climate, and maybe they came for religious reasons, to escape persecution or find a more congenial area to practice their partic u lar beliefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration from 1815 Until 1848: Social and Political Change
    Restoration from 1815 until 1848: Social and Political Change The Vienna Congress and the German Federation The hopes of many Germans for national unity and constitutional freedom weren’t fulfilled. After the Napoleonic challenge was defeated, the anti-reform powers everywhere strengthened. In the 25 years between 1789 and 1813/1814 many things had begun to change: the borders of the countries, the political powers, the old institutions, the nation. Now the old powers made an effort - the rulers, nobles, and conservative beaurocrats - , to slow this change, and to stop if it necessary. A New Order for Europe. At the Congress of Vienna (1814 - 1815), Europe was re-organized. Here, the European rulers and their representatives were at home among themselves. They weren’t thinking about fulfilling the wishes of their subjects. On the contrary: they wanted to ensure that they could conduct their politics in the old style again - like in the era of Absolutism. Nobody should have anything to say about it, when they raised taxes, traded territories, or started wars. They called it the “Restoration”, the re-creation of the old style. The rulers called their claims “legitimate” - i.e., corresponding to legal justice. The French Revolution and the conquests of Napoleon were clearly illegitimate. Against the slogans of 1789 - liberty, equality, fraternity - the monarchs wanted to show “solidarity”: this was another central word of the politicians gathered in Vienna. And with “solidarity” they wanted to stand together against the nationalistic wishes of their subjects. Should these be able to dictate where the borders of the countries should be? To strengthen such solidarity of the thrones, a “holy” alliance was formed on the initiative of the Russian Czars.
    [Show full text]
  • CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. MARCH 14, Sitting, May Deposit, in A
    88 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. MARCH 14, sitting, may deposit, in a. receptacle provided for that purpose at the Secre­ NEW JltRSEY. tary's desk, any petitions or memorials, reports from the Committee on Pensions, and pension bills; and all matters so deposited shall be disposed of Alfred M. Jone&, to be postmaster at Summitl_in the county of in the same manner as if presented by Senators from their places on the Union and State of New Jersey. floor of the Senate; and the Secretary of the Senate shall promptly furnish NEW YORK. each day to the Official Reporters of Debates for publication in the RECORD a transcript of all the matters above referred to. Alfred S. Emmons, to be postmaster at Spencer, in the county Mr. HANSBROUGH. Under the rules, I ask that the resolu- of Tioga and State of New York. tion may lie on the table. OHIO. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. It will lie on the table. Roger H. Murphey, to be postmaster at Urbana, in the county Mr. CULLOM. I move that the Senate adjourn. of Champaign and State of Ohio. The motion was agreed to; and (at 3 o'clock and 50 minutes William E. Pelley, to be postmaster at Mingo Junction, in the p.m.) the Senate adjourned until to-morrow, Saturday, March county of Jefferson and State of Ohio. 14, 1903, at 12 o'clock m. John M. Washington, to be postmaster at Sabina, in the comity of Clinton and State of Ohio. NOMINATIONS. SOUTH CAROLINA. Executive nominations received by the Senate Mm·ch 13,1903.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Evaluations
    HISTORICAL EVALUATIONS THE HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL EVOLUTION OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY (INCLUDING IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION) FROM THE 1648 WESTPHALIA PEACE TO WOODROW WILSON’S 1920 LEAGUE OF NATIONS Colonel (Retired) Milton Paul DAVIS Abstract Modern political thinkers have ushered in the theoretical concepts of modern alliances and collective security/defense. Before these political theories were turned into modern organizations, many radical changes had to take place in how international relations were perceived in Europe and the world. These dynamic changes started at the end of the Thirty Years War, with the signing of the Westphalia treaties in 1648, and came to fruition with 1 Milton Paul Davis retired from the Active Guard/Reserve (AGR) program of the US Army in June 2002 as a Foreign Area Officer specializing in Europe (FAO-E) with the rank of colonel (strategic intelligence), having taken a leading role in the development of the Military-to-Military program between the Maryland National Guard and the Estonian Home Guard [Kaitseliit]. He graduated from the U.S. Army War College with one of the 1999 Army Foundation Writing Awards for research about the Baltics. He holds several degrees on European Studies and is the Executive Director of the Maryland Estonia Exchange Council, Inc (MEEC, a nonprofit NGO). His first published article concerning the reserves and home guard in the three Baltic States was originally drafted in 1999 as an unpublished version at the US Army War College, Carlisle, PA. This paper was presented at the 17th and 20th Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies (AABS) Conferences in Washington, DC in 2000 and 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concert of Europe As Self-Enforcing Equilibrium
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works Title Territory and commitment: The concert of Europe as self-enforcing equilibrium Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/819915bq Journal Security Studies, 14(4) ISSN 0963-6412 Author Slantchev, Branislav L Publication Date 2005-10-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California TERRITORY AND COMMITMENT: THE CONCERT OF EUROPE AS SELF-ENFORCING EQUILIBRIUM Branislav L. Slantchev∗ June 3, 2005 Abstract This article explains the origin, function, and demise of the Concert of Europe during the first half of the nineteenth century. It focuses on the incentives generated by the territorial settle- ment designed at the Congress of Vienna. The pattern of cooperative behavior is seen to result from the commitment to uphold the settlement, which hinged on the credibility of enforcement threats and a distribution of benefits commensurate with military capabilities. The equilibrium was self-enforcing because the Powers that could oppose an alteration of the system had incen- tives to do so, and the Powers that could upset it did not have incentives to do it. This behavior is shown to be markedly different from eighteenth century practices and it is further shown that the explanation does not require one to assume a change in state preferences. Keywords: international institutions, enforcement, credibility, Congress of Vienna Approx. word count: 18,972 ∗Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of California – San Diego. Email: [email protected]. Previous versions of this paper were presented at the 97th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, and at the 42 Annual Meeting of the In- ternational Studies Association.
    [Show full text]
  • European Relations After Austrian Crimean War Threats
    Security Studies, 21:232–265, 2012 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 0963-6412 print / 1556-1852 online DOI: 10.1080/09636412.2012.679204 Long-Term Consequences of Aggressive Diplomacy: European Relations after Austrian Crimean War Threats ROBERT F. TRAGER There is a large literature on the impacts of explicit threats on the outcomes of crises between states, but the longer-term impacts of threats on dyadic state relationships and on international outcomes have been much less studied because of the difficulty of establishing causal connections between events separated in time. By comparing nearly identical foreign policy contexts before and after the Aus- trian Crimean War ultimata to Russia, this article demonstrates that, contrary to the prevailing view in much of the international relations literature, such long-term effects are not marginal ones that theoretical simplification with the goal of analyzing the central tendencies of the international system can usefully ignore. Under conditions discussed below, when a state is threatened in a way that attempts to deny one of its key policy objectives, that state will be less likely to come to the aid of the threatening state in the future and more likely to join the other side in future wars, realign its alliance commitments, and adopt strategies to drain the resources of the threatening state. Among the implications of these findings are that policymakers should take greater account of the long-term consequences of aggressive negotiating stances than current theo- ries imply and that scholars have underestimated the information conveyed by private threats in crisis bargaining. Robert F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crimean War
    The Crimean War MAY SEP OCT C 14 captures 30 1 Sep 00 - 30 Sep 07 2006 2007 2008 H The Crimean War: 1853-1856 Diplomatic Prelude As he had on other occasions, Nicholas I tried again in 1853 to get an understanding with England about the position of Turkey and to prevent a rapprochement between England and France. The Russians would not tolerate the establishment of the English in Constantinople, but did not want to annex the city either. Temporary occupation by Russia might, however, be necessary to secure Russia's aim of finally getting secure outlet from the Black Sea. In discussions with Foreign Minister Russell of Britain Russia suggested an independent Moldavia and Wallachia, a Serbia under Russian protection, and an independent Bulgaria. The English were to get Egypt and Crete. The Austrians could establish themselves on the Adriatic. Russell rejected the "offer" and said that France would have to be consulted on the matter. Nicholas I, however, was under the erroneous impression that some sort of "new system" existed as a result of Nesselrode's Memorandum of 1844, which had suggested a arrangement with regard to the Straits. This particular memorandum and the substance of the current diplomatic conversations with British Ambassador Seymour in St. Petersburg were published by Britain and touted as proof that "dark ambitions of a foreign despot" were endangering the peace of Europe. Immediate Cause The Franco-Russian dispute over the holy places in Palestine was the immediate cause of the Crimean War. At the time Turkey controlled Palestine, Egypt, and large chunks of the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • Congress of Vienna of 1815 CHART and Delegates
    Congress of Vienna of 1815 and other Alliances Sept. 1814 - June 1815, one of the most important international conferences in European history, called to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I Quadruple Alliance Read pg. 662-663 in your text Any of several European alliances… 1. The Quadruple Alliance of 1718 was formed by Great Britain, France, the Holy Roman emperor, and the Netherlands. 2. The Quadruple Alliance of March 1814 was concluded among Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia at Chaumont, France, in order to strengthen their coalition against Napoleon I. After Napoleon's first abdication the four powers made peace with France (Treaty of Paris May 30, 1814); after Napoleon's return from Elba, they defeated him in the Waterloo campaign and imposed on France the more severe Treaty of Paris of 1815. On the same day that treaty was signed (Nov. 20), the Quadruple Alliance was renewed in order to insure the treaty's execution. France joined the Quadruple Alliance making it the Quintuple Alliance (1818) 3. The Quadruple Alliance of 1834 was formed by Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal for the purpose of strengthening the constitutional government of Spain and the throne of Isabella II. Holy Alliance An agreement among the emperors of Russia and Austria and the king of Prussia, signed on Sept. 26, 1815. The Quadruple/Quintuple and the Holy Alliances were a part of the resettlement of European political boundaries after the fall of the Napoleonic empire. This alliance was essentially an attempt by the conservative rulers to preserve the social order.
    [Show full text]