DOCSLIB.ORG

Congress of Vienna of 1815 CHART and Delegates

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Congress of Vienna of 1815 and other Alliances Sept. 1814 - June 1815, one of the most important international conferences in European history, called to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I Quadruple Alliance Read pg. 662-663 in your text Any of several European alliances… 1. The Quadruple Alliance of 1718 was formed by Great Britain, France, the Holy Roman emperor, and the Netherlands. 2. The Quadruple Alliance of March 1814 was concluded among Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia at Chaumont, France, in order to strengthen their coalition against Napoleon I. After Napoleon's first abdication the four powers made peace with France (Treaty of Paris May 30, 1814); after Napoleon's return from Elba, they defeated him in the Waterloo campaign and imposed on France the more severe Treaty of Paris of 1815. On the same day that treaty was signed (Nov. 20), the Quadruple Alliance was renewed in order to insure the treaty's execution. France joined the Quadruple Alliance making it the Quintuple Alliance (1818) 3. The Quadruple Alliance of 1834 was formed by Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal for the purpose of strengthening the constitutional government of Spain and the throne of Isabella II. Holy Alliance An agreement among the emperors of Russia and Austria and the king of Prussia, signed on Sept. 26, 1815. The Quadruple/Quintuple and the Holy Alliances were a part of the resettlement of European political boundaries after the fall of the Napoleonic empire. This alliance was essentially an attempt by the conservative rulers to preserve the social order. It accomplished nothing, since it was merely a vague agreement that the sovereigns would conduct themselves in unison with Christian principles. (Rulers pledge themselves to rule as Christian rulers) Concert of Europe Term used in the 19th century to designate a loose agreement by the major European powers to act together on European questions of common interest. The concert emerged after the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) and included the Quadruple Alliance powers of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and, as of 1818, France as well. It aimed to preserve peace by concerted diplomatic action reinforced by periodic conferences dealing with problems of mutual concern. (Form of international government by agreement) Talleyrand- France, Metternich- Chief Minister of Austria and Chairman of the Congress, Czar Alexander I- Russia, King Frederick William III- Prussia, Castlereagh- Great Britain and many other countries Guided by the principle of legitimacy, restoration of the pre-Revolutionary dynastic & territorial states, it was the determination to achieve a balance of power for the preservation of peace that directed congress decisions. The Quadruple Alliance & Holy Alliance designed to uphold the decisions of Vienna & to settle disputes & problems thru conferences → important step toward European cooperation. The Concert of Europe, which functioned through the 19th century, may be credited to the Congress of Vienna. An auxiliary accomplishment of the Congress was the adoption of standard rules of diplomacy. Serious defects, however, included the disregard of the growing national aspirations and the social changes that brought about the revolutions of 1848. (Establish stability throughout Europe – Suppress Any Danger of Political Upheaval – Settle Territorial Questions) … Delegates to the Congress of Vienna of 1815… At the Congress of Vienna, the monarchs and princes of Europe redrew their boundaries, to the advantage of Prussia (in Saxony and the Ruhr), Austria (in Illyria and Venetia), and Russia (in Poland and Finland). British conquest of Dutch and French colonies (S. Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius) was recognized, and France, under the restored Bourbons, retained its expanded 1792 borders. The settlement brought 50 years of international peace to Europe. Prussia Hardenberg, Prince Karl August von (1750-1822), chancellor of Prussia (1810-17), who reformed the Prussian state and played a leading role in the coalition that defeated Napoleon. Frederick William III (1770-1840), king of Prussia (1797-1840). He kept Prussia neutral in the Napoleonic Wars until 1805. Persuaded by Russia and his people, he joined the allies against France. Prussia was defeated in 1806 and various Prussian territories were ceded to France. The Prussian army was reconstituted between 1807 and 1812 and participated in the victorious campaigns against Napoleon from 1813 until 1815. At the close of the war in 1815, he joined the Holy Alliance and participated in the alliance's repression of liberal movements in Europe. Within Prussia, he accomplished the reorganization of parts of the administrative system and consented to formation of the Zollverein, or customs union. Russia Alexander I (of Russia) (1777-1825), emperor of Russia (1801-25). He abolished many barbarous and cruel punishments then practiced and in 1802 introduced a more orderly administration of government by the creation of eight ministries. He improved the condition of the serfs and promoted education, doubling the number of Russian universities. Alexander was for a time the ally of Prussia against Napoleon of France. In 1807, Alexander allied himself with the French. He broke the alliance in 1812, and later that year Napoleon invaded Russia, only to lose in a disastrous retreat from Moscow. Alexander was prominent thereafter in the European coalition that led to Napoleon's fall. In 1815 Alexander instituted the Holy Alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia. The purpose of the alliance was to achieve the realization of high Christian ideals among the nations of Europe, but it soon ceased to have any real importance. The last years of Alexander's life and reign were reactionary and despotic. France Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de (1754-1838), French diplomat, who flourished through the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars and played a major part in the outcome of the Congress of Vienna. He also had a remarkable ability to survive in the turbulent period of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic wars, and the restoration of the monarchy. On the darker side, Talleyrand was not above playing both sides of the political street to be assured of coming out on top. Through bribes and speculation he amassed a huge fortune. Talleyrand served as the French ambassador to Great Britain from 1832 to 1834 and helped bring about an era of good relations between the two nations. He also took part in the negotiations that in 1839 led to the general recognition of the independent kingdom of Belgium. Austria Metternich, Prince Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, von (1773-1859), Austrian statesman and diplomat, who was the dominant figure in European politics between 1814 and 1848. He served the Habsburgs first as an envoy to the Congress of Rastadt (1797) and then as ambassador to Saxony (1801), Prussia (1803), and Napoleonic France (1806). After Napoleon's disastrous Russian campaign in 1812, Metternich played a leading role in the formation of a new European coalition that two years later defeated the French emperor. At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), which redrew the map of Europe after Napoleon's downfall, he blocked Russian plans for the annexation of the whole of Poland and Prussia's attempt to absorb Saxony. He succeeded in creating a German confederation under Austrian leadership but failed to achieve a similar arrangement for Italy. His attempt to make the postwar Quadruple Alliance (Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria) into an instrument for preventing revolution in Europe also failed. As chancellor of the Habsburg Empire (1821-48) he was, however, able to maintain the status quo in Germany and Italy, and he remained Europe's leading statesman until driven from power by the Revolution of 1848. Metternich equally resented liberalism, nationalism, and revolution. His ideal was a monarchy that shared power with the traditional privileged classes of society. Conceited, he often assumed responsibility for policies he had not formulated. Some have judged him a reactionary who tried to stop progress. Great Britain Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount (1769-1822), British statesman, In 1790 he entered the Irish parliament as a Whig, but he joined the Tory party when he entered the British House of Commons in 1795. A year later he was created Viscount Castlereagh, a courtesy title. As chief secretary for Ireland from 1799, he energetically supported the attempt of the British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger to bring about the political union of Ireland with Great Britain. Pitt's proposed legislation, known as the Act of Union, was carried in the Irish parliament in 1800, largely through Castlereagh's skill in bribing parliamentary members. Castlereagh was a member of the House of Commons from 1801 until his death, serving as leader from 1812. As secretary of state for the war and colonial department during most of the period from 1805 to 1809, he helped plan British campaigns in the Napoleonic Wars. From 1812, as foreign secretary, Castlereagh played a leading part in the coalition of nations against Napoleon, keeping it united during the critical campaigns of 1813-14. He represented Great Britain at the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), which redrew the map of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. At the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), he resisted Russian attempts to draw Britain into a European league to oppose revolution. .
Recommended publications
  • Congressional Record-Senate. December 30

    Congressional Record-Senate. December 30

    408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. DECEMBER 30, By Mr. WHEELER: A bill (H. R. 3107) to remove the polit­ SENATE. ical disabilities of Anderson Merchant-to the Committee on Mili­ tary Affairs. · MoNDAY, December 30, 1895. By Mr. WOOD: A bill (H. R. 3108) to grant a pension to Jesse Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. W. H. MILBURN, D. D. Durnell, late second-elass pilot on gunboat Lexington and trans­ The Journal of the proceedings of Friday last was read and ap­ fen·ed to gunboat Marmora-to t~e Committee on Invalid Pensions. proved. By Mr. WELLINGTON: A bill (H. R. 31Q9) disposing of one condemned brass cannon-to the Committee on Military Affairs. VICE-CONSULS AT ERZERUM AND HARPOOT. Also, a bill (H. R. 3110) to provide for the restatement, readjust­ The VICE-PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the follo\ving ment, settlement, and payment of dues to army officers in certain message from the President of the United States; which was read, cases-to the Committee on Military Affairs. and, with the accompanying report, referred to the Committee on .Also, a bill (H. R. 3111) to carry into effect a finding of the Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed: Court of Claims in favor of William Garrett, late of Montgomery To the Senate of the United State.s: County,-Md.-to-the Committee on War Claims. In response to the resolution of the Senate of the 21st instant relative to the refusal of the '.rur kish Government to grant e:x:equaturs to the vice-consuls of Also, a bill (H.
  • Regarding Dethroned Princely Houses and Their Legal Rights

    Regarding Dethroned Princely Houses and Their Legal Rights

    Regarding dethroned princely Houses and their legal rights Reference is made to the decision of the United Court of Bari of the 1st April 1952 in the case of the prosecutor vs. Umberto Zambrini and to the decision of the Tribunal of Pistoia of the 5th June 1964 in the case of the appeal against the penal judgment given against Francesco Mario Paternò Castello having found Prince Francesco Mario Paternò Castello di Carcaci, in his capacity as the last representative of a sovereign dynasty (the Royal House of Aragon), entitled to confer titles of nobility (the Court of Bari), respectively being the heir to the House of Paternò Castello Guttadauro di Emmanuel and legitimate holder of the same family’s rights, including the power of ius honorum which has been preserved by family tradition and which cannot disappear through dethronement (Pistoia). Further reference is made to the decision of the Ordinary Tribunal of Ragusa of the 9th May 2003, in session as an international court of arbitration, in the case between the Higher Institute of Nobiliary Law vs. Francesco Nicola Roberto Paternò Castello di Carcaci. According to the findings of the court of arbitration the following rights belong to Francesco Nicola Roberto Paternò Castello di Carcaci, in his capacity as consanguineous and descendant in a collateral line of the last sovereign of the Royal House of Aragon as his legitimate successor and as pretender to the throne: a) the quality of Royal Highness and Royal Prince of the Royal House of Aragon, Majorca and Sicily; b) the right to designate
  • 1. the Era of Metternichian Conservatism, 1815-1848

    1. the Era of Metternichian Conservatism, 1815-1848

    Section XIII: Political Liberalism and Nationalism, Contemporary Civilization (Ideas and Institutions 1815-1871 of Western Man) 1958 1. The rE a of Metternichian Conservatism, 1815-1848 Robert L. Bloom Gettysburg College Basil L. Crapster Gettysburg College Harold A. Dunkelberger Gettysburg College See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/contemporary_sec13 Part of the European Languages and Societies Commons, History Commons, Law Commons, Political Science Commons, and the Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Bloom, Robert L. et al. "1. The rE a of Metternichian Conservatism, 1815-1848. Pt. XIII: Political Liberalism and Nationalism, 1815-1871." Ideas and Institutions of Western Man (Gettysburg College, 1958), 1-15. This is the publisher's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ contemporary_sec13/2 This open access book chapter is brought to you by The uC pola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The uC pola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1. The rE a of Metternichian Conservatism, 1815-1848 Abstract Before either political liberalism or nationalism could become institutionalized, the Continent passed through a period of conservative reaction. Taking their cue from Edmund Burke, who "as early as 1790 strove to discredit France's great experiment by associating it with the excesses of reason and revolution, many people blamed liberalism for the quarter century of war, and chaos that followed.
  • Perspectives on World History Change and Continuity 2

    Perspectives on World History Change and Continuity 2

    CHAPTER Perspectives on World History Change and Continuity 2 hree miles west of the modern city of Córdoba, Spain, lies the buried city Tof Medina Azahara. Constructed in the tenth century, Medina Azahara was the political and cultural hub of the Islamic kingdom of al-Andalus, the Arabic name for the Iberian Peninsula (current-day Spain and Portugal). There was nothing in Europe to compare to it. It was, in the words of a current scholar of that period, “like New York versus, well, a rural village in Mexico.”1 The Islamic world, not Christian Europe, was the center of the universe. Today, even though excavations began in 1910, only about 10 percent of the buried city has been Our identity comes in part from history, sometimes buried right beneath our feet, as in the case depicted here of the ancient Muslim city of Medina Azahara in southern Spain. Ninety uncovered and restored. Now, the site is percent of this Islamic metropolis remains unexcavated. threatened by urban sprawl and the vagaries of government funding to preserve the ruins. Too few people know about it and care to preserve it. Yet this history, however ancient, constitutes the basis of our global political heritage. It is worth studying to gain insights about our contemporary world. How we view this history, of course, depends on our perspective. The realist perspective looks at world history through the lens of power distribution. It sees a dynamic of two major configurations of power over the past 5,000 years: empire and equilibrium. These two configurations cycled back and forth, as empires consolidated dominant power and smaller powers resisted to reestablish equilibrium.
  • The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe

    The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe

    The Congress of Vienna and the Conservative Order of Europe The Congress of Vienna After Napoleon had finally been defeated in 1815, the European monarchs breathed a huge sigh of relief. After all, the French Revolution and the development it had triggered had dominated European politics for more than a quarter of a century. Napoleon had not always been a passionate advocate of the French Revolution, yet his con- quest and occupation of Europe had contributed substantially to the spread of its ideas – liberty, equality, and fra- 5 ternity – all over the continent. Having defeated Napoleon, the monarchs of Europe were eager to ensure the restoration of peace and order. They were particularly anxious about the legacy of the ideas of the revolution, and therefore the governments of Europe were determined to follow policies that provided stability and squelch any kind of political turmoil. The Congress of Vienna, a conference of diplomats from all over Europe, tried to settle political and territ- 10 orial questions that had arisen from the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress began in 1814 when Napoleon was still exiled on Elba. In the beginning, delegates could not agree on any solutions which helped Napoleon re-establish his rule in France after his return from exile. However, after Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the Congress of Vienna took up its work again. The countries that had made the most vital contributions to defeat Napoleon were Russia, Great Britain, 15 Prussia, and Austria. Their representatives at the Congress were Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Lord Castlereagh – foreign secretary of Great Britain – King Frederick William III of Prussia, and Prince Klemens von Metternich* – chief minister of Austria and chairman of the conference.
  • Congress of Vienna Vs. Treaty of Versailles

    Congress of Vienna Vs. Treaty of Versailles

    Assignment: Congress of Vienna vs. Treaty of Versailles (Chart and LEQ.) Both the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles came after devastating conflicts in Europe, but both were approached quite drastically. Answer the below prompt: It has been a common part of European history to witness the execution of violent conflict and the resolution thereof through mutually agreed upon peace treaties, be it through negotiation or force. Prior to the Great War, the Napoleonic Wars had been one of the most devastating series of conflicts that the continent had witnessed, at least in terms of the destabilization it resulted in of the previously standing European powers. This conflict was resolved with the exile of Napoleon for the second time and the Congress of Vienna, intended to properly establish a stable, long-lasting balance of European power among the continent’s states. It was this balance of power that was agreed upon that the Great War was fought over. The Great War was similarly resolved by a treaty, and much like the treaty that ended the Napoleonic Wars, the Treaty of Versailles was negotiated between a wholly victorious and wholly defeated party/parties. When comparing these two peace treaties, it is apt to compare the degree of success that they attained. Looking at the Congress of Vienna, it is apparent that it saw comparatively greater success in attaining its goals when considering it against the Treaty of Versailles. The resulting peace of the Congress of Vienna was relatively unbroken, with no great European wars occurring, only small conflicts and revolutions.
  • The Congress of Vienna 1814 – 1815 Austria • Organized by Metternich to Create a Balance of Power, Preserve Peace, and Preve

    The Congress of Vienna 1814 – 1815 Austria • Organized by Metternich to Create a Balance of Power, Preserve Peace, and Preve

    The Congress of Vienna 1814 – 1815 Austria • Organized by Metternich to create a balance of power, preserve peace, and prevent imperialism. Five superpowers organized the conference: Russia (represented by Czar Alexander I), Prussia (Prince Hardenberg), England (Lord Castlereagh and Wellesley Duke of Wellington), France (Talleyrand), and Austria (Metternich); the less powerful nations formed alliances. Talleyrand was a hero for France, keeping a little status for France despite the desire by the other nations to punish France for the destruction it had caused. • Actions taken: o France returned territories taken over by Napoleon o Holland/Netherlands formed out of two smaller Dutch Republics o Norway and Sweden merged o Switzerland became neutral o Russia dominates Finland and Poland o Prussia takes over Saxony and other Germanic principalities o Austria expanded o England gains colonies and maritime power o France restored to the legitimate government of the Bourbons o Spain organized under Ferdinand o Slave trade outlawed • The “balance of power” among the superpowers prevented any of them from imperialist domination. For example, a bid by Prussia and Russia to absorb Poland and Saxony between the two of them was vetoed by England, France, and Austria; it would have made Prussia and Russia much too powerful. • Reacting to 25 years of violence, and hoping to prevent a repeat, they had to combat the attitudes of the Revolution. Humans and society are not perfectible, and sudden change is harmful. One had to respect tradition, because it represents the accumulated wisdom of reason and experience, and to be cautious when making changes. Stable governments change slowly over time to adapt to new circumstances, but do not make sudden revolutionary changes.
  • Congress of Vienna

    Congress of Vienna

    Mini Guide Congress of Vienna Boston Invitational Model United Nations XVI February 10-12, 2017 // bosmun.org MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA + Congress of Vienna Start Date: November 1st, 1814 Following Napoleon's defeat and his renouncement of the throne in September of 1814, the state of Europe has been in much disarray over the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars. In an attempt to restructure and reorganize the powers of Europe, a congress has been called in Vienna, Germany. While most European states plan on making an appearance at the congress, there seems to be a clear alliance already forming between the nations of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain by nature of the Treaty of Chaumont.1 Together these four powers have deemed themselves instrumental in the defeat of Napoleon. And while they have reached out to countries such as Sweden and Poland, the four view themselves as the strongest powers to be present at the Congress of Vienna and as such are attempting to maintain the ultimate control and decision making of the conference. As the conference delegates begin to convene, opinions over the procedures of how the congress will abide by are coming into conflict. While Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain deemed themselves the countries in control of the conference, representatives of France and other nations of weaker political position, are denying this as a possibility.2 Proceedings have been delayed as a result, but the date is now November 1st, 1814 and the 1 “Treaty of Chaumont” https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Chaumont 2 “Congress of Vienna” https://www.britannica.com/event/Congress-of-Vienna PAGE 2 MINIGUIDE CONGRESS OF VIENNA congress is set to convene and begin debate.
  • Alliance Unity and Intervention in Naples ( –)

    Alliance Unity and Intervention in Naples ( –)

    Alliance Unity and Intervention in Naples (–) of peace had appeared at the end of , troubling events continued to unfold. Repeatedly, local circumstances G forced the great powers to reexamine the Quadruple and general alliances, including the question of what it meant to act in concert (concerter). Simply put, the perils of war and revolution never receded from what the peace- makers saw before them. In the years and , diplomats faced political uncertainty, the threat of revolutionary upheaval, and the looming prospect of war. Since German politics had caused concern, and in December , the French government again had shown signs of instability. e departure of the Duke of Richelieu, a moderating inuence and trusted interlocutor, fueled nagging suspicions about the viability of the Bourbon restoration. Outright assaults on the Bourbon rulers of Spain and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies heightened the sense that volatility reigned in French politics, and conrmed the fears of radicalism and revolution. e peace settlement would survive, but the longing for tranquility would not be satised. On January , Spanish troops in Las Cabezas, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Rafael Riego, disobeyed royal orders to set sail for South America, where colonial insurrections had been underway since –. e disobedience became more than mutiny when Riego proclaimed restoration of the liberal constitution of . e constitution provided for an independent judiciary, civil liberties for the nation, and an elected Cortes to share power with the king. Initially, the great powers responded to the events in Spain with re- straint, making no commitment to concrete action. Indeed, not until March, when King Ferdinand VII accepted the constitution, did it become clear that a revolution had taken place.
  • The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and Its Impact for the Congress of Vienna and Viceversa

    The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and Its Impact for the Congress of Vienna and Viceversa

    1 The Congress of Vienna 1814-15: Making Peace After Global War, February5-7, 2015. European Institute at Columbia University, NYC The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and its impact for the Congress of Vienna and viceversa. Christian Cwik (University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago) The outbreak of the coalition wars (1792-1815) impacted the European colonies on a global level. In Iberoamerica and the Caribbean there was a spread of revolutions and the cry for the abolition of slavery. For many in Europe there was the view that “The revolution in the Americas is the revolution in Europe”. This was a serious fear among the victorious conservative elites during the Congress of Vienna. Revolutions in the Americas had not one but many faces: the call for independence, republicanism, democracy, liberalism, social utopianism and the abolition of slavery as well as the fight for universal franchise, property and many other fundamental changes. In the aftermath of the success of the thirteen British North American colonies in their fight for independence from London, other revolutionary changes had taken place on the North American main. American revolutionaries such as Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, Arthur Lee, and Thomas Jefferson, and French revolutionaries such as Louis Philippe, Comte de Ségur and the Marquis de Lafayette who had fought for the American cause spread the “virus of revolution” to France. Among the supporters also were revolutionaries from South America such as José Maria España and Francisco de Miranda, who spread the “virus” to Iberoamerica and the Caribbean. The repercussions were feared by many European statesmen, who devoted considerable attention to the issue and initiated a separate domain of exploration of the “South American Matter” during the Congress.
  • The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Congress of Vienna (1770

    The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Congress of Vienna (1770

    FCPS World II SOL Standards: WHII 6e, 8a and 8b The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Congress of Vienna (1770-1850 C.E.) You Mean the Revolution Was More than a Bunch of Heads Being Chopped Off? Causes and Events of the French Revolution By the late 1700s, France was on the edge of revolution. The French people were inspired by both the American Revolution and the Enlightenment ideas. The country was struggling due to debt, famine, and inequality. The lower class, known as the third estate, was being taxed unfairly and felt they deserved equal say in the government. On July 14, 1789, a group of angry peasants looking for weapons began the French Revolution by Storming the Bastille, an old prison. The third estate went on to take over the government and made major changes to France. Their goal was to get rid of the old system of monarchy and nobles and establish democracy. Revolutionaries, under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre, arrested and executed King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette. This began a time known as the Reign of Terror during which those who opposed the Revolution were executed with the guillotine. Over 15,000 people died during the Reign of Terror. While the Revolution did not achieve all of its goals of liberty and equality for all, it did succeed in encouraging secularism, nationalism and democracy. The Third Estate carrying the king, nobles and Catholic Church on its back Napoleon’s Rise and Fall Source: http://www.mrallsophistory.com/revision/the-origins-of-the-french-revolution.html The French people grew tired of the revolution’s violence.
  • Congress of Vienna Program Brochure

    Congress of Vienna Program Brochure

    We express our deep appreciation to the following sponsors: Carnegie Corporation of New York Isabella Ponta and Werner Ebm Ford Foundation City of Vienna Cultural Department Elbrun and Peter Kimmelman Family Foundation HOST COMMITTEE Chair, Marifé Hernández Co-Chairs, Gustav Ortner & Tassilo Metternich-Sandor Dr. & Mrs. Wolfgang Aulitzky Mrs. Isabella Ponta & Mr. Werner Ebm Mrs. Dorothea von Oswald-Flanigan Mrs. Elisabeth Gürtler Mr. & Mrs. Andreas Grossbauer Mr. & Mrs. Clemens Hellsberg Dr. Agnes Husslein The Honorable Andreas Mailath-Pokorny Mr. & Mrs. Manfred Matzka Mrs. Clarissa Metternich-Sandor Mr. Dominique Meyer DDr. & Mrs. Oliver Rathkolb Mrs. Isabelle Metternich-Sandor Ambassador & Mrs. Ferdinand Trauttmansdorff Mrs. Sunnyi Melles-Wittgenstein CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 2 Presented by the The CHUMIR FOUNDATION FOR ETHICS IN LEADERSHIP is a non-profit foundation that seeks to foster policies and actions by individuals, organizations and governments that best contribute to a fair, productive and harmonious society. The Foundation works to facilitate open-minded, informed and respectful dialogue among a broad and engaged public and its leaders to arrive at outcomes for a better community. www.chumirethicsfoundation.ca CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 2 CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 3 CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 4 UNDER THE DISTINGUISHED PATRONAGE OF H.E. Heinz Fischer, President of the Republic of Austria HONORARY CO-CHAIRS H.E. Josef Ostermayer Minister of Culture, Media and Constitution H.E. Sebastian Kurz Minister of Foreign Affairs and Integration CHAIR Joel Bell Chairman, Chumir Foundation for Ethics in Leadership CONGRESS SECRETARY Manfred Matzka Director General, Chancellery of Austria CHAIRMAN INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL Oliver Rathkolb HOST Chancellery of the Republic of Austria CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 4 CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 5 CONGRESS OF VIENNA 2015 | 6 It is a great honor for Austria and a special pleasure for me that we can host the Congress of Vienna 2015 in the Austrian Federal Chancellery.