DOCSLIB.ORG

Euriskodata Rare Book Series

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Euriskodata Rare Book Series ttbrarg Itttwrfittg of jpmsburgl? Darlington Memorial Library Sunk.. 5H .^im^^. Ji%& \I , to fax*, zfe \7lO° te — THE UISCOVEEY OF AMEEICA BY THE NORTHMEN, fn ti)t €mtt} Century, NOTICES OF THE EARLY SETTLEMENTS OF THE IRISH IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. NORTH LUDLOW BEAMISH, FELLOW OP THE ROYAL SOCIETY, AND MEMBER OP THE ROYAL DANISH SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES, AUTHOR OF THE " HISTORY OP THE GERMAN LEGION," ETC. Der ar flagga pa mast och den visar at Norr !" Tkgner. LONDON: T. AND W. BOONE, NEW BOND STREET. 1841. : — THE DISCOVEEY OF AMEEICA BY THE NORTHMEN, ^n tfft €mtf) (STfttturo, NOTICES OP THE EARLY SETTLEMENTS OF THE IRISH IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. NORTH LUDLOW BEAMISH, FELLOW OP THE ROYAL SOCIETY, AND MEMBER OF THE ROYAL DANISH SOCIETY OP NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES, AUTHOR OP THE "HISTORY OF THE GERMAN LEGION," ETC. Der ar flagga pa mast och den visar at Norr !" Tbgner. LONDON T. AND W. BOONE, NEW BOND STREET. 1841. -t^^'^i <y ^^ (A TO CHARLES CHRISTIAN RAFN, KNIGHT OF THE ROYAL DANISH ORDER OF DANNEBROG, OF THE ROYAL SWEDISH ORDER OF THE NORTH STAR, COUNSELLOR OF STATE TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF DENMARK, PROFESSOR OF NORTHERN LITERATURE, FELLOW OF THE ROYAL ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND SECRETARY TO THE ROY'AL SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES C]^c foIXoiDtng iSagcsi MOST RESPECTFUTLY INSCRIBED THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. Amongst the various, valuable, and important publica- tions of the Royal Danish Society of Northern Antiquaries, that which has created the greatest general interest in the literary world is the able and elaborate work of Professor Rafn, which came out at Copenhagen in the year 1837, under the title of Antiquitates Americanje, she Scriptores Septentrionales rerum Anti-Columhianarum in America. This interesting publication, the fruit of great literary labour, and extensive research, clearly shews that the eastern coast of North America was discovered and colo- nized by the Northmen more than five-hundred years before the reputed discovery of Columbus. These facts rest upon the authority of antient Icelandic manuscripts preserved in the Royal and University Li- braries of Copenhagen, and which have now been, for the first time, translated and made public. Fac-similes of the most important of these documents are given in Professor Rafn's work, together with maps and delineations of antient monuments illustrative of the subject ; a Danish and Latin translation follows the Icelandic text, and the whole is ac- companied by introductory observations, philological and historical remarks, as well as archaeological and geographical disquisitions of high interest and value. The design of the writer of the following pages is to put before the public in a cheap and compendious form, those parts of Professor Rafn's work, which he considered wei'e likely to prove most interesting to British readers, the greater part of whom, from the expense and language of the original publication, must necessarily be debarred from ; PREFACE. its perusal. The translations of the Sagas and other Ice- landic manuscripts, which embrace the whole detail of the dis- coveries and settlements in America, are made substantially from the Danish version, of the correctness of which, coming from the pen of the learned Editor, there could be no doubt but in some cases, where the style of this version appeared to the translator to depart too much from the quaint and simple phraseology of the original, the Icelandic text has been specially referred to, and an effort has been made through- out, to give to the English narrative, the homely and un- pretending character of the Icelandic Saga. In all cases where it was thought possible that doubts might arise, or where it was considered necessary to impress some par- ticular fact or statement upon the mind of the reader, the original Icelandic word or expression is given ; and free use has been made of the copious and lucid notes and com- mentaries of the learned Editor, to explain or illustrate the various etymological, historical, and geographical points which call for observation : as an appropriate introduction to the whole, is prefixed a sketch of the rise, eminence, and extinction of Icelandic historical literature, founded upon the able Danish Essay of Dr. Erasmus Miiller, Bishop of Zealand. The eminent historian Dr. Robertson appears to have been totally unacquainted with the early voyages of the Northmen to the western hemisphere, and hence it is pre- sumed, that the present summary of their discoveries may be received as an acceptable introduction to his celebrated History of America. The incidental allusions to the voyages and settlements of the Irish, which are contained in the Minor Narratives, are more likely to excite than satisfy enquiry ; much still remains to be unravelled on this interesting subject, and it is to be regretted that no competent hands have yet been applied to this neglected portion of Irish history. It has — PREFACE. been too much the practice to decry as fabulous, all state- ments claiming for the earlier inhabitants of Ireland, a comparatively high degree of advancement and civilization, and notwithstanding the many valuable publications con- nected with the history and antiquities of that country, which have from time to time, come forth, and the more recent candid, learned, and eloquent production of Mr. Moore,* there are not wanting, (even among her sons) those who, with the anti-Irish feeling of the bigotted Cambrensis, would sink Ireland in the scale of national distinction, and deny her claims to that early eminence in religion, learning, and the arts, which unquestionable records so fully testify. And yet a very little unprejudiced enquiry would be sufficient to satisfy the candid mind, that Erin had good claims to be called the "School of the West," and her sons : " Inclyta gens hominum, Milite, Pace, Fide.''t Thus much, at least, will the following pages clearly shew : that sixty-jfive years previous to the discovery of Iceland by the Northmen in the ninth century, Irish emigrants had visited and inhabited that island;—that about the year 725, Irish ecclesiastics had sought seclusion upon the Faroe islands ; —that in the tenth century, voyages between Ice- land and Ireland were of ordinary occurrence ; and that in the eleventh century, a country west from Ireland, and south of that part of the American continent, which was discovered by the adventurous Northmen in the preceding age, was known to them under the name of White Man's Land or Great Ireland. Cork, April, 1841. * History of Ireland, by Thomas Moore, "a work in which," says Hallam, " the claims of his country are stated favourably, and with much learning and industry, but not with extravagant partiality." See Introduc. to Liter, of Europe in the Middle Ages, by Henry Hallam, F.R.A.S. Vol. I. p. 7, note. f Donatus, Bishop of Fiesoli. See p. 222. — CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. RISE, EMINENCE, AND EXTINCTION OF ICELANDIC HISTORICAL LITERATURE. PAGE Eminent position of Icelandic literature—Iceland the seat of religion and learning in the dark ages of Europe— Recollection of events preserved by the Skalds and Sagamen—Investigation of the causes of this mental advancement —Emigration from Norway to Iceland in the ninth century—Manner of fixing the locality of the settlers SetstoMar—Arbitrary appropriation of land—A Republic is formed —Held together by moral laws—Origin of the situation of Chief Norwegian customs followed by the settlers—Herredsthing—Althing —Income of the chief— Hofgode — Powerful individuals rival the chief—General tranquillity—Holmgang—Few Icelanders engage in sea roving— Peaceful pursuits lead to recollections and stories of the past—Sagas— Songs of the Skalds —They pass orally through many generations—The memory aided by Runes—Anecdotes of Egil Skalagrimssou—Of Olaf the Saint — The two Eddas—The soldiers' whetstone — Historical knowledge of the Skalds— Landna- mabok—The Skalds resemble the Troubadours—Of goodly lineage and the confidants of Kings—Their historical songs considered true —The Heiniskringla—Drapas and single strophes—Enigmatical and antithetical style — Cause of these records being preserved in Iceland —Heroic age terminates earlier in Denmark and Sweden than in Norway and Iceland . .1 SECOND PERIOD. Cause of the Icelanders becoming historians— Feuds and lawless pro- ceedings—The time of feud a time of re-union—Skalds thus stimu- lated to composition— Satirical songs — They become the subject of legal enactment by the King of Denmark—Climate, and mode of living favourable to the taste for poetry— Domestic meetings Public amusements —The Althing—Ilestething— Illustration from — CONTENTS. PAGE Tegner's Frithiof— Anecdote of BoUe Bolleson — Accuracy of per- sonal description iu the Sagas — Copiousness of Icelandic language in expressing shades of character— Helge Hardbeinsen identifies some chiefs whom he had never seen —Simplicity of the Saga—Delight of the people in hearing them—Oral tradition ends with the fabulous — Intercourse with Norway and Ireland — Arrival of a mer- chant described—Piratical expeditions are replaced by trading voy- ages—Large building timber imported for the construction of the Drinking Hall — Illustration from Frithiof — Adventurous youth sometimes engage in sea-roving —Northern maxim relative to home —The Icelandic Skalds obtain reputation abroad—Exceed all their competitors of the North— Extraordinary instance of memory Anecdote of the Sagaman Thorstein—Brief account of the eminent Archaeologist Arnas Magnussen—Feast of Yule —Northern origin of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History of Ancient Vinland
    This compilation © Phoenix E-Books UK THE HISTORY OF ANCIENT VINLAND BY THORMOD TORFASON. Translated from the Latin of 1705 by PROF. CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, PH D., LL. D., WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY JOHN GILMARY SHEA. NEW YORK: JOHN G. SHEA, 1891. INTRODUCTION. The work of Torfaeus, a learned Icelander, which is here presented was the first book in which the story of the discovery of Vinland by the Northmen was made known to general readers. After the appearance of his work, the subject slumbered, until Rafn in this century attempted to fix the position of the Vinland of Northern accounts. Since that time scholars have been divided. Our leading his torians, George Bancroft, Hildreth, Winsor, Elliott, Palfrey, regard voyages by the Norsemen southward from Greenland as highly probable, but treat the sagas as of no historical value, and the attempt to trace the route of the voyages, and fix the localities of places mentioned, as idle, with such vague indications as these early accounts, committed to writing long after the events described, can possibly afford. Toulmin Smith, Beamish, Reeves and others accepted the Norseman story as authentic, and Dr. B. F. De Costa, Hors- ford and Baxter are now the prominent advocates and adherents of belief in the general accuracy of the Vinland narratives. As early as 1073 Adam of Bremen spoke of Vinland, a country where grape vines grew wild, and in 1671 Montanus, followed in 1702 by Campanius, the chronicler of New Swe den, alluded to its discovery. Peringskjold in 1697 published some of the sagas and thus brought the question more defin before scholars but a in itively ; Torfaeus, man well versed the history of his native island, in the book here given col lected from the priestly and monastic writings all that was accessible in his day.
    [Show full text]
  • FINE EUROPEAN CERAMICS Thursday 5 July 2018
    FINE EUROPEAN CERAMICS Thursday 5 July 2018 SPECIALIST AND AUCTION ENQUIRIES EUROPEAN CERAMICS Sebastian Kuhn Nette Megens Sophie von der Goltz FINE EUROPEAN CERAMICS Thursday 5 July 2018 at 2pm New Bond Street, London VIEWING ENQUIRIES CUSTOMER SERVICES IMPORTANT INFORMATION Saturday 30 June 11am - 5pm Nette Megens Monday to Friday 8.30am The United States Government Sunday 1 July 11am - 5pm Head of Department to 6pm has banned the import of ivory Monday 2 July 9am - 4.30pm +44 (0) 20 7468 8348 +44 (0) 20 7447 7447 into the USA. Lots containing Tuesday 3 July 9am - 4.30pm [email protected] ivory are indicated by the Wednesday 4 July 9am - 4.30pm Please see page 2 for bidder symbol Ф printed beside the Thursday 5 July by appointment Sebastian Kuhn information including after-sale lot number in this catalogue. Department Director collection and shipment SALE NUMBER +44 (0) 20 7468 8384 REGISTRATION 24937 [email protected] PHYSICAL CONDITION OF IMPORTANT NOTICE LOTS IN THIS AUCTION Please note that all customers, CATALOGUE Sophie von der Goltz Please note that any reference in irrespective of any previous Specialist £25.00 this catalogue to the physical activity with Bonhams, are +44 (0) 20 7468 8349 condition of any lot is for general required to complete the [email protected] BIDS guidance only. Intending bidders Bidder Registration Form in +44 (0) 20 7447 7447 must satisfy themselves as to the advance of the sale. The form +44 (0) 20 7447 7401 fax International Director condition of any lot as specified in can be found at the back of To bid via the internet please European Ceramics & Glass clause 14 of the notice to bidders every catalogue and on our visit bonhams.com John Sandon contained at the end of this website at www.bonhams.com +44 (0) 20 7468 8244 catalogue.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecclesiastical History of Newfoundland, by the Rt
    EcclesiasticalhistoryofNewfoundland ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY OF NEW-1 FOUNDLAND. By the Very Reverend M. F. Howlev, D.D.. Prefect Apostolic of | St. George's, West Newfoundland. 8vo, pp. 4»6. Boston : Doyle & Whittle. It must be confessed that Americans, those I of us at least who lire to the southward of (he | Canadian line, know but little of the great tri angular island that lies off the Gulf of St. Law- I rence. To its own inhabitants, indeed, it is in some decree an unknown land, for its interior | can hardly be said as yet to have been thorough ly explored, and there are solitudes among I the lakes and rivers of its remote wilderness that have probably never yet been seen by the eye of civilized man. Its nigged and pictur esque coast is touched only at widely separated points by passcngrr steamers, and but one short railway line has as yet penetrated the forests or disturbed the silence of the rocky fastnesses with its noisy evidence of civilization. Vet these in hospitable shores were early visited by mission aries from the Mother Church, and the opening | of the sixteenth century saw the symbol of the Christian religion reared at several points along the coast. Dr. Howley has been engaged in collecting material for the present history during the greater part of his life, having at an early age developed a taste for accumulating notes bearing upon the history of Newfoundland. The actual work of preparation, however, has occupied rather moie than a year. The learned author has had only one predecessor in the field, the kt Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • Bliki TÍMARIT UM FUGLA
    30 Bliki NÓVEMBER 2009 TÍMARIT UM FUGLA TÍMARIT UM FUGLA Bliki Nr. 30 – nóvember 2009 Bliki er gefi nn út af Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands í samvinnu Bliki is published by the Icelandic Institute of Natural History við Flækingsfuglanefnd, Fuglavernd, Líf fræðistofnun in cooperation with the Icelandic Rarities Committee, BirdLife- háskólans og áhugamenn um fugla. Birtar eru greinar Iceland, the Institute of Biology (University of Iceland), and og skýrslur um íslenska fugla ásamt smærri pistlum um birdwatchers. The primary aim is to act as a forum for previously ýmislegt sem að fuglum lýtur. unpublished material on Icelandic birds, in the form of longer or shorter papers and reports. The main text is in Icelandic, but summaries and fi gure- and table texts in English are provided, Ritnefnd: Guðmundur A. Guðmundsson (ritstjóri), Arnþór except for some shorter notes. Garðarsson, Daníel Bergmann, Gunnlaugur Pétursson, Gunnlaugur Þráinsson og Kristinn H. Skarphéðinsson. Editorial board: Guðmundur A. Guðmundsson (editor), Arnþór Garðarsson, Daníel Bergmann, Gunnlaugur Pétursson, Afgreiðsla: Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands, Hlemmi 3, Gunnlaugur Þráinsson and Kristinn H. Skarphéðinsson. pósthólf 5320, 125 Reykjavík. – Sími: 590 0500. – Bréfasími: 590 0595. – Netfang: [email protected]. Circulation: Icelandic Institute of Natural History, PO Box 5320, IS-125 Reykjavík, Iceland. – Phone: +354-590 0500. – Fax: Áskrift: Ritið kemur út a.m.k. einu sinni á ári. Þeir sem þess +354-590 0595. – E-mail: [email protected]. óska geta látið skrá sig á útsendingarlista og fá þá ritið við útgáfu. Hvert hefti er verðlagt sérstaklega og innheimt með Subscription: Bliki appears at least once each year. Each issue is priced and charged for separately, hence there is no annual beiðni um millifærslu (reikningur í Íslandsbanka nr.
    [Show full text]
  • Søren Larsen © James D Parbery 2020-2021 This Edition 22 March 2021
    TIMELINE Søren Larsen © James D Parbery 2020-2021 this edition 22 March 2021 The Danes have been building wooden ships since long before the Viking Era (c.790-1100 AD) and passing on skills from father to son while refining the method and ship design through the centuries. The principal building material, oak, was seriously depleted in most European countries by the late 19th century except in Denmark where oak forests were well managed at the initiative of King Frederich VI 1768 – 1839. Consequently wooden ship building in Denmark continued well into the 20th century. Søren Larsen, launched in 1948, was one of the last of these ships built in the 20th century for commercial cargo - a Baltic trader or sejlede paket (sailing packet) as the Danes called it. The builders, Søren Larsen og Sønners, named the ship after themselves as she was exceptionally well built and the last of a kind - a ship they could name with pride. Søren Larsen now has a rich history spanning almost seventy-five years and has sailed every ocean. She is in excellent condition, still sailing, currently based in Sydney, Australia. If readers have more information, articles, photographs etc to offer please contact James Parbery; [email protected] . 1 of 23 TIMELINE Søren Larsen © James D Parbery 2020-2021 this edition 22 March 2021 THE DANISH YEARS - CARGO SHIP 1948 - 1976 1945 May 5 End of Second World War; Denmark is liberated from German occupation. Mines had been laid throughout the Danish sea lanes during the war and these remain a hazard to shipping, with a significant loss of life until at least 1950 when all mines were finally cleared.
    [Show full text]
  • Prince Henry the Navigator, Who Brought This Move Ment of European Expansion Within Sight of Its Greatest Successes
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com PrinceHenrytheNavigator CharlesRaymondBeazley 1 - 1 1 J fteroes of tbe TRattong EDITED BY Sveltn Bbbott, flD.B. FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD PACTA DUOS VIVE NT, OPEROSAQUE OLMIA MHUM.— OVID, IN LI VI AM, f«». THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR GATEWAY AT BELEM. WITH STATUE, BETWEEN THE DOORS, OF PRINCE HENRY IN ARMOUR. Frontispiece. 1 1 l i "5 ' - "Hi:- li: ;, i'O * .1 ' II* FV -- .1/ i-.'..*. »' ... •S-v, r . • . '**wW' PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY I 394-1460 A.D. WITH AN ACCOUNr Of" GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS THROUGH OUT THE MIDDLE AGLi> AS THE PREPARATION FOR KIS WORlf' BY C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., F.R.G.S. FELLOW OF MERTON 1 fr" ' RifrB | <lvFnwn ; GEOGRAPHICAL STUDEN^rf^fHB-SrraSR^tttpXFORD, 1894 ule. Seneca, Medea P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON Cbe Knicftetbocftet press 1911 fe'47708A . A' ;D ,'! ~.*"< " AND TILDl.N' POL ' 3 -P. i-X's I_ • •VV: : • • •••••• Copyright, 1894 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Ube ftntcfeerbocfter press, Hew Iffotfc CONTENTS. PACK PREFACE Xvii INTRODUCTION. THE GREEK AND ARABIC IDEAS OF THE WORLD, AS THE CHIEF INHERITANCE OF THE CHRISTIAN MIDDLE AGES IN GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE . I CHAPTER I. EARLY CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS (CIRCA 333-867) . 29 CHAPTER II. VIKINGS OR NORTHMEN (CIRCA 787-1066) .
    [Show full text]
  • The Norsemen in America Author(S): Fridtjof Nansen Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol
    The Norsemen in America Author(s): Fridtjof Nansen Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 6 (Dec., 1911), pp. 557-575 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1778837 Accessed: 19-06-2016 17:13 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 17:13:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Geographical Journal. No. 6. DECEMBEB, 1911. Vol. XXXVIII. THE NORSEMEN IN AMERICA.* By Dr. FEIDTJOP NANSEN, G.O.Y.O. Dueing eaily times tlie world appeared to mankind like a fairy tale; everything that lay beyond the circle of familiar experience was a shifting cloudland of the fancy, a playground for all the fabled beings of mythology; but in the farthest distance, towards the west and north, sea, land, and sky were merged into a congealed mass?the realm of dark- ness?and beyond this gaped the immeasurable mouth of the abyss, the terror of empty space.
    [Show full text]
  • Sweden in the Seventeenth Century
    Sweden in the Seventeenth Century Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden in the Seventeenth Century European History in Perspective General Editor: Jeremy Black Benjamin Arnold Medieval Germany, 500–1300 Ronald Asch The Thirty Years’ War Christopher Bartlett Peace, War and the European Powers, 1814–1914 Robert Bireley The Refashioning of Catholicism, 1450–1700 Donna Bohanan Crown and Nobility in Early Modern France Arden Bucholz Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871 Patricia Clavin The Great Depression, 1929–1939 Paula Sutter Fichtner The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848 Mark Galeotti Gorbachev and his Revolution David Gates Warfare in the Nineteenth Century Alexander Grab Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe Martin P. Johnson The Dreyfus Affair Paul Douglas Lockhart Sweden is the Seventeenth Century Peter Musgrave The Early Modern European Economy J.L. Price The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century A.W. Purdue The Second World War Christopher Read The Making and Breaking of the Soviet System Francisco J. Romero-Salvado Twentieth-Century Spain Matthew S. Seligmann and Roderick R. McLean Germany from Reich to Republic, 1871–1918 Brendan Simms The Struggle for Mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 David Sturdy Louis XIV David J. Sturdy Richelieu and Mazarin Hunt Tooley The Western Front Peter Waldron The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917 Peter G. Wallace The Long European Reformation James D. White Lenin Patrick Williams Philip II European History in Perspective Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–71694–9 hardcover ISBN 0–333–69336–1 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.
    [Show full text]
  • Christiansted National Historic Site AND/OR HISTORIC: Wharf Area, Christiansted
    3- Form 10-306 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR (Oct. 1972) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES St. Croix INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY FOR FEDERAL PROPERTIES ENTRY DATE (Type all entries - complete applicable sections) COMMON: Christiansted National Historic Site AND/OR HISTORIC: Wharf Area, Christiansted STREET AND NUMBER: Christiansted National Historic Site CITY OR TOWN: ___Christiansted. St. Croix STATE: CODE Virgin Islands 078 CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS ACCESSIBLE (Check One) TO THE PUBLIC District Q Building (31 Public Public Acquisition: Occupied Yes: Sit* Q Structure Q Private Q In Process f~1 Unoccupied O Restricted 0 Object Cl Both ( I Being Considered (~1 Preservation work 2] Unrestricted In progress QNo PRESENT USE (Check One or Man a* Appropriate; O Agricultural Government I I Transportation Q Comments [ | Commercial Industrial [~1 Private Residence Q Other (Spicily) C] Educational ilitary [~) Religious |~1 Entertainment X I Museum I I Scientific National Park Service REGIONAL HEADQUARTERS: (II applicable) STRBET AND NUMBER: Southeast Region 1895 Phoenix Boulevard CITY ON TOWN: STATE: COD* M Atlanta Georgia 30349 13 COURTHOUSE. REGISTRY OF DEEDS, ETC: Registry of Deeds, Government House STREET AND NUMBER! King Street CITY OR TOWN: Christiansted, St. Croix Virgin Islands 078 TITLE OF SURVEY:: Fort Christiansvaern, Scale House, Steeple Building, Old Customs House, Histnrir American *--- - -- - *» DATE OF SURVEY, 1957-1Q61 QJ Federal County O Local DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS:
    [Show full text]
  • America Not Discovered by Columbus
    .7 . '^W^'. » PROFESSOR ANDERSON'S WORKS. NORSE MYTHOLOGY; ok, The Religion of Our Forefa- thers. Containing all the Myths of the Eddae, carefully sys- tematized and interpreted. With an Introduction, Vocabulary, and Index. 47-3 pages, crown 8vo; cloth, $2.50; cloth, gilt edges, $3; half calf, $5. "Prof. Anderson's work is incomparably superior to the already existing books of this order. '"—Sa^ibner's Monthly. "We have never seen so complete a view of the religion of the Norsemen."—^iS^io^^eca Sacra. "No such account of the old Scandinavian Mythology has hitherto been given in the English language. It is full, and eluci- dates the subject from all points of \iew."—Presbyterian Qtiar- terly and Princeton Review. "The exposition, analysis, and interpretation of the Norse Mythology leave nothing to be desired. The whole structure and framework of the system are here; and, in addition to this, co- pious literal translations from the Eddas and Sagas show the reader something of the literary form in which the system found permanent record. Occasionally entire songs or poems are pre- sented, and, at every point where they could be of service, illus- trative extracts accompany the elucidations of the text. " Prof. Anderson, indeed, has left little to be performed by future workers in the special field covered by his present work. * * His work is very nearly perfect."— A^j^^^eto/i's Journal. AMERICA NOT DISCOVERED BY COLUMBUS. A Historical Sketch of the Discovery of America by the Norsemen in the 10th century; with an Appendix on the Historical, Literary and Scientific value of the Scandinavian Languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Ordinances and Articles of War Before the Lieber Code, 866-1863: the Long Pre-History of International Humanitarian Law
    Heuser, B. (2019) Ordinances and Articles of War before the Lieber Code, 866-1863: the long pre-history of international humanitarian law. In: Gill, T. D., Geiß, R., Krieger, H. and Paulussen, C. (eds.) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 21. T.M.C Asser Press, pp. 139-164. ISBN 9789462653429. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/185448/ Deposited on: 29 April 2019 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Chapter X Ordinances and Articles of War before the Lieber Code, 866-1863: the long pre-history of International Humanitarian Law Beatrice Heuser* Contents X.1. Introduction X.2. Antecedents and Background to Ordinances and Articles of War X.2.1. The Origins X.2.2. The First Ordinances X.2.3. Ordinances with international points of reference: the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries X.2.4. Between army regulations and laws of war : the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries X.3. Were the ordinances effective ? X.3.1. The Anglo-Scottish Wars and the Hundred Years’ War X.3.2. The Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604) X.3.3. The English Civil War (1642-1651) X.3.4. Other evidence of application X.4. Ius publicum europaeum? X.5. Conclusion Abstract ABSTRACT TEXT Key textbooks and reference works on International Humanitarian Law treat it as though it had not existed before the American Lieber Code, a set of ordinances for conduct in war, was adopted unilaterally in 1863.
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Planters, Atlantic Merchants: the Development of St
    Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title Irish planters, Atlantic merchants: the development of St. Croix, Danish West Indies, 1750-1766 Author(s) Power, Orla Publication Date 2011-05 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/6011 Downloaded 2021-09-25T07:41:34Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. Irish planters, Atlantic merchants: The development of St. Croix, Danish West Indies, 1750 to 1766 Orla Power A Thesis Submitted for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Professor Nicholas Canny Department of History and The Moore Institute National University of Ireland, Galway May 2011 Contents Dedication iii Acknowledgements iv Abbreviations vi Translations vii Figures viii Introduction 1 1 The eighteenth century Irish West Indian community at Montserrat, British Leeward Islands 33 2 Irish plantations and the development of St. Croix. 56 3 Nicholas Tuite and the Atlantic sugar trade, 1756 to 1763 86 4 The Irish West Indian sugar trade, 1756 to 1763 109 5 The success of Nicholas Tuite’s Catholic haven 159 Conclusion 192 Bibliography 201 ii Dedicated to my mother Catriona L. Little, M.D. (1950-2010) iii Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been possible without the assistance, guidance and support of many individuals. Professor Canny’s undergraduate classes whetted my appetite for this research and I am privileged to have had the benefit of his insightful supervision and sound guidance. I would also like to acknowledge the support I received from the Irish Research Council for the Humanities and the Social Sciences, which funded my research under the auspices of the project, ‘Colonisation and Globalisation, 1500 to 1800’.
    [Show full text]