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The Norsemen in America Author(S): Fridtjof Nansen Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol

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The Norsemen in America Author(S): Fridtjof Nansen Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol The Norsemen in America Author(s): Fridtjof Nansen Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 6 (Dec., 1911), pp. 557-575 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1778837 Accessed: 19-06-2016 17:13 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 17:13:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Geographical Journal. No. 6. DECEMBEB, 1911. Vol. XXXVIII. THE NORSEMEN IN AMERICA.* By Dr. FEIDTJOP NANSEN, G.O.Y.O. Dueing eaily times tlie world appeared to mankind like a fairy tale; everything that lay beyond the circle of familiar experience was a shifting cloudland of the fancy, a playground for all the fabled beings of mythology; but in the farthest distance, towards the west and north, sea, land, and sky were merged into a congealed mass?the realm of dark- ness?and beyond this gaped the immeasurable mouth of the abyss, the terror of empty space. Thus it remained during the early Middle Ages. In those days, Northern England was near the border of the known world. The great change was brought about by the Norsemen. With their remarkable power of expan- sion they extended their wanderings over Western and Southern Europe, and penetrated the vast unknown solitudes in the north. They found their way to the White sea, and lands beyond; they discovered the wide Arctic ocean and its lands; they settled in the Scotch islands, found and colonized the Faroes, Iceland, Greenland, were the discoverers of the At? lantic ocean and of North America. Above all, they were the great pioneers in traversing the ocean. Before them, all navigation had been more or less coast navigation, the ships sailmg chiefly along the coasts from place to place, and never venturing very far from the known land. The general idea of the world made it an island, surrounded on all sides by the sea, beyond which was the darkness of the unknown. The Norsemen destroyed, by their discoveries, * Read at the Royal Geographical Society, November 6, 1911. No. VI.?Decembek, 1911.] 2 p This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 17:13:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 558 THE NORSEMEN IN AMERICA. these learned ideas ; in their small undecked vessels, they sailed across the outer ocean, and found lands beyond. Thus they taught humanity the art of oceanic navigation, which marks in reality perhaps the greatest discovery in the history of exploration. The first informations about the northern discoveries of the Norsemen are met with in England, in King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon edition of Orosius's history, at the close of the ninth century. A later source is the descrip? tion of the islands of the North, written by Adam of Bremen, about 1070. But by far the most important part of our knowledge of the discoveries of the Norsemen is derived from the Norse-Icelandic literature of the FIG. 1.?MAP OF THE WORLD IN THE MS. FIG. 2.?THE OLDEST KNOWN MAP OF OF ISIDORE, TENTH CENTURY, ST. THE WORLD, FROM THE MS. OF ISI? GALLEN (K. MILLER). DORE OF THE END OF THE SEVENTH CENTURY, ST. GALLEN (K. MILLER). twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, chiefly put into writing in that strange island Iceland, rising with its black volcanoes and lava-fields, and its white snow-glaciers above the dark waves of the Northern ocean, " like the waste chaotic battle-field of Frost and Fire." A sombre undercurrent runs through these narratives of voyages across unknown seas ; even though they may be partly legendary, they nevertheless bear witness to the silent enduring struggle of hardy men with ice, storms, cold, and want, in the light summer and the long dark winter of the North. Fancy what it meant to cross the stormy and often misty Northern seas in those days, or to cross the Atlantic in those vessels. They had no compass for finding their course, no instrument for finding their place, This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 17:13:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE NORSEMEN IN AMERICA. 559 only the sun and the stars to steer by; but what when there were none to be seen for days, perhaps for weeks ? We know that many of them found their way, but do not know how many more were lost and never heard of. And still they went on. I cannot think of them without remembering Carlyle's words about these " old true sea- kings ! " What an indomitable rugged energy! In their small un- decked vessels, they forced their way across the dangerous waters into the unknown, "silent, with closed lips, unconscious that they were specially brave." But we cannot go deeper into this absorbing subject now. To-night I propose to discuss what the old literature has to tell about the Norse FIG. 3.?THE SO-CALLED ST. SEVEBUS VEBSION, OF ABOUT 1050, OF THE BEATUS MAP (EIGHTH CENTUBY). discoveries in the farthest West, and especially what is told of that wonder ful land called " Wineland the Good." As is well known, the Norse Icelanders, led by the Norse chief Eric the Red, discovered Greenland, and founded two settlements on its south- western coast in the end of the tenth century. It seems probable that not very long after this, weather-beaten seafarers from Greenland dis? covered lands still farther towards the west or rather towards the south- west. The Icelandic literature contains remarkable statements about such countries. They are called : " Helluland " (i.e. Slate or Stone-land), " Markland " (i.e. Woodland), " FurSu-strandir " (i.e. Marvel-strands), and " Wineland the Good." Yet another, which lay west of Ireland and 2 p 2 This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 17:13:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 560 THE NORSEMEN IN AMERICA. not far from Wineland, was called " Hvitramannaland " (i.e. the white men's land), or " Great Ireland." Although some of these countries are legendary, as we shall see, it must be regarded as certain that the Norsemen reached some of them, which lay on the northern east coast of America; and they thus discovered the continent of North America, besides Greenland, about five hundred years before Cabot (and Columbus). Quite a different question is it, however, whether those accounts of voyages to these countries, which we find in the Icelandic sagas, are historical. Whilst most historians now agree that Hvitramannaland, or Great Ireland, and the account of Are Marson's voyage thither are merely FIG. i,~-A VIKING SHIP FROM OSEBERG, NEAR TONSBERG (NINTH CENTURY). legendary, it has been universally accepted as an established fact that Wineland was some part of America, and that the accounts of the dis? covery of this country and voyages thither were historical. My re- searches have, however, led me to very different views. The story of the discovery of Wineland is the following, according to what is considered to be the most trustworthy accounts. Some time after Greenland had been discovered by Eric the Eed, and the Norsemen had settled there about 985, Eric's son, Leif, sailed to Norway from Greenland, it has been said, in the year 999. This is the first time a voyage straight across the Atlantic is mentioned in literature. Leif came to King Olaf Tryggvason in Norway, and spent the winter there. He adopted Christianity and promised the king to try to introduce the This content downloaded from 128.111.121.42 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 17:13:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE NORSEMEN IN AMERICA. 561 faith in Greenland. In the spring, he set out again to sail straight across the Atlantic to Greenland. But he was driven out of his course, and " for a long time drifted about in the sea, and came upon countries, of which before he had no suspicion. There were self-sown wheatfields, and vines grew there." He also found large trees, which he took home with him to Greenland, where he introduced Christianity. He was afterwards called Leifr hinn Heppni (i.e. Leif the Lucky). In the following year, Leif's brother Thorstein is said to have made an attempt to find the land Leif had discovered, but was unfortunate, and was drifted eastwards towards Iceland and Ireland. The next year, an Icelandic merchant, Thorfinn Karlsevne, who had come to Greenland, equipped a new expedition. They sailed out with FIG. 5.?COUNTBIES AND SEAS DISCOVEBED BY NOBWEGIANS AND ICELANDEBS. THE SHADED COASTS WEBE PBOBABLY ALL KNOWN TO THEM. THE SACLE GIVES 41 DCE GB"-SAILING, BECKONING 2 (OB 129 GEOGBAPHICAL MILES) TO EACH " D03 GB'S " SAIL. three ships,?it was evidently supposed towards the south. After two days, they came to a land, which they called Helluland (i.e. Slate or Stone- land), on account of the many flat stones.
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