Junho 2014 Tese De Doutoramento Em Antropologia Entre "O Céu E A

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Junho 2014 Tese De Doutoramento Em Antropologia Entre Entre "o céu e a areia": turismo, viagens e expedições. Mapeando discursos e práticas sobre a Mauritânia. Joana Lucas de Sousa Tese de Doutoramento em Antropologia Junho 2014 Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Antropologia, realizada sob a orientação científica de Maria dos Anjos Maltez Cardeira da Silva Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. Jurí Presidente: Doutora Susana Trovão, Professora Catedrática do Departamento de Antropologia da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Vogais: Doutor Fréderic Vidal, Investigador no Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia (CRIA) – Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Doutora Sofia Sampaio, Investigadora Auxiliar no Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia (CRIA), Instituto Superior de Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Doutora Amélia Frazão-Moreira, Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Antropologia da da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Doutora Carla Almeida, Professora Adjunta da Escola Superior de Gestão, Hoetelaria e Turismo da Universidade do Algarve Doutora Maria Cardeira da Silva, Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Antropologia da da Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. AGRADECIMENTOS Esta dissertação não teria sido possível sem a generosidade e o empenho da minha orientadora, a Professora Maria Cardeira da Silva, a quem agradeço o sentido crítico, bem como estímulo ao longo destes cinco anos. Agradeço igualmente ao Professor Abdel Wedoud Ould Cheikh o qual, apesar da distância, me guiou na definição do meu objecto de estudo, e me deu sábios conselhos. Quero agradecer igualmente o apoio concedido pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) que, através da atribuição de uma Bolsa de Doutoramento ao meu projecto (SFRH/BD/46734/2008), viabilizou esta pesquisa e esta dissertação. Na Mauritânia um agradecimento especial a Mohamedou Mohamenden Ould Meyine, que contribuiu para descoberta do caminho em direcção à “porta fácil”, e também a Amadou Sall, Mohamed Said Ould Hamody, Mohamed Mahmoud Bewba Nemoud, Ahmed Mahmoud Ould Mohamed, Isabel Fiadeiro e António Araújo. Em Aix-en-Provence não poderia deixar de agradecer a Noël Coulet que me recebeu no apartamento “Paul-Albert Février”, para a realização da minha pesquisa nos Archives d’Outre-Mer. Às colegas de turma: Eunice Lopes, Maria José Lobo Antunes e Filomena Batoreu, pela cumplicidade; e às colegas de sala: Inês David, Sónia Ramalho, Cristina Moreno, Rita Jerónimo e Inês Mestre, pela partilha. Aos amigos e colegas: Raquel Carvalheira, Filipe Martins, Patrícia Pereira, José Mapril, André Pirralha, Ana Almeida, Filipe Calvão e Francisco Freire. Agradecimentos especiais ao Michael Baumtrog, pela revisão do Inglês; à Rita Ávila pelas leituras atentas e dedicadas, e consequentes sugestões; à Lígia Afonso pela revisão cuidada, perspicaz e certeira. À minha família: Miguel Lucas, Cristina Lucas e Ângela Lucas, pelo encorajamento. Por me terem dado tempo. E finalmente ao Nuno Mora, sem o qual nada teria sido possível: pela perseverança, pelo alento, pela criatividade e inteligência que põe em tudo aquilo que faz, pela partilha e pela cumplicidade. Por ter esperado. Entre "o céu e a areia": turismo, viagens e expedições. Mapeando discursos e práticas sobre a Mauritânia. Joana Lucas de Sousa RESUMO A situação periférica da Mauritânia na cartografia dos interesses imperiais, mas também na cartografia dos circuitos e interesses do turismo contemporâneo, foi o mote para esta dissertação. Nela se procura estruturar uma genealogia das construções discursivas sobre o país, produzidas pelo ocidente, com especial incidência para a forma como o território foi promovido turisticamente. Através de uma aproximação fundamentalmente cronológica, esta genealogia é construída num primeiro momento a partir da análise de narrativas de diversos tipos (mapeamento, conquista, viagens, etc.) que se produziram sobre a Mauritânia desde o século XV até ao século XX. O segundo momento de construção desta genealogia incide sobre a forma como a Mauritânia foi promovida turisticamente no quadro das colónias da África Ocidental Francesa. Aí se explora o seu “estatuto periférico” através da análise de guias e brochuras turísticas, mas também através da forma como o território foi exibido nas exposições coloniais realizadas na metrópole. Num terceiro momento, a ênfase é posta na forma como foi organizado o sector do turismo na Mauritânia pós- colonial, e procura-se aferir da operacionalidade da “nostalgia colonial” associada ao deserto enquanto principal atractivo turístico do país. Finalmente, e a partir de dados etnográficos e da realização de entrevistas recolhidas em Nouakchott, pretende-se reflectir sobre a actual crise no sector turístico mauritano, bem como sobre as reconfigurações sociais concomitantemente operadas por esta crise. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mauritânia, Viagens, Turismo, Império Colonial francês. ABSTRACT The peripheral situation of Mauritania in the cartography of imperial interests, but also in the cartography of the circuits and interests of contemporary tourism, was the main guiding force for this dissertation. This dissertation seeks to structure a genealogy of the construction of discourses on the country, produced by the West, with special attention to how the territory was touristically promoted. Through an essentially chronological approach, this genealogy is constructed first, from the analysis of narratives of various types (mapping, conquest, travel, etc.) that took place on Mauritania from the fifteenth to the twentieth century. The second aspect of the construction of this genealogy focuses on how Mauritania was touristically promoted within the colonies of French West Africa. Therein we explore the country’s "peripheral status" through the analysis of tourist guides and brochures, but also by how the territory was displayed in the colonial exhibitions held in the metropolis. In a third discussion, the emphasis is placed on how the tourism sector was organized in post-colonial Mauritania, and seeks to measure the operability of "colonial nostalgia" associated with the desert as the main tourist attraction of the country. Finally, and based on ethnographic data and interviews collected in Nouakchott, a reflection on the current crisis in the Mauritanian tourism sector, as well as on social reconfigurations concurrently in operation because of this crisis, is provided. KEYWORDS: Mauritania, Travels, Tourism, French Colonial Empire ÍNDICE INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO 1: NARRATIVAS DE VIAGEM, MAPEAMENTO E CONQUISTA: BREVE ENQUADRAMENTO HISTÓRICO ...................................................................................... 24 1.1 – Das narrativas de viagem e do eurocentrismo ..................................................... 24 1.2 – As narrativas de “conquista”: as “zonas de contacto” e o “paradigma marítimo”. ..................................................................................................................... 28 1.3 – Das missões de “conquista” aos novos paradigmas: a invenção da ciência ao serviço do imperialismo................................................................................................. 34 1.4 – Breves notas sobre a narrativa ‘sentimental’ ....................................................... 40 1.4.1– Da narrativa ‘sentimental’ ao projecto colonial europeu ........................... 45 CAPÍTULO 2: DO PARADIGMA MARÍTIMO AO MAPEAMENTO DO TERRITÓRIO ........... 51 2.1 – A costa ocidental saariana: de navegadores, exploradores e “conquistas” ........ 51 2.2 – Narrativas e descrições da costa saariana: Gomes Eanes de Zurara e Alvise Cadamosto ..................................................................................................................... 55 2.3 – Do exotismo e das suas narrativas: algumas notas sobre os desafios de escrever sobre o ‘outro’ ................................................................................................ 61 2.4 – Náufragos & Aventureiros. Atravessando e conhecendo os territórios entre Marrocos e o Senegal .................................................................................................... 67 2.4.1 – O tempo dos náufragos .............................................................................. 69 2.5 – A consolidação do conhecimento sobre o Saara: as expedições de longo fôlego..74 CAPÍTULO 3: A CONSOLIDAÇÃO DO IMPÉRIO FRANCÊS EM TERRITÓRIO MAURITANO 86 3.1 – A mudança de paradigma: da exploração do território à sua conquista ............. 86 3.1.1 – A ‘reconstrução’ e a humanização da identidade ‘moura’......................... 89 3.2 – A presença militarizada na Mauritânia: dos projectos coloniais e da viabilidade económica do território................................................................................................. 95 3.3 – Teorias coloniais para a ocupação do território: Robert Arnaud e o Islão tornado política ‘indígena’ .......................................................................................... 102 3.4 – Da economia colonial como prioridade do Império francês e do papel da Mauritânia enquanto agente comercial .....................................................................
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