Innerparteiliche Demokratie

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Innerparteiliche Demokratie Innerparteiliche Demokratie Die Parteiführerauswahl in Deutschland und Großbritannien (1949-2009) im Vergleich Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Politikwissenschaft (Dr. rer. pol.) eingereicht an der Fakultät für Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Ruprecht-Karl-Universität Heidelberg vorgelegt von Hui Ding M. A. Heidelberg 04.05.2012 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Manfred G. Schmidt Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Frank R. Pfetsch Meinen Eltern gewidmet 谨献给生养我的双亲 Inhalt Abbildungsverzeichnis ix Tabellenverzeichnis x Abkürzungsverzeichnis xi 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Der aktuelle Forschungsstand zur Parteiführerauswahl 2 1.2 Innerparteiliche Demokratie - ein lohnender Untersuchungsgegenstand? 5 1.3 Fragestellung und Begriffserklärung 10 1.4 Eine institutionell vergleichende Perspektive 14 1.5 Aufbau der Arbeit 16 2 Theoretische Auseinandersetzungen mit innerparteilicher Demokratie 18 16 2.1 Keine innerparteiliche Demokratie? 18 2.1.1 Robert Michels: Oligarchie ohne innerparteiliche Demokratie 18 2.1.2 Post-Michels: Parteienkonkurrenz ohne innerparteiliche Demokratie 21 2.2 Die Notwendigkeit innerparteilicher Demokratie 25 2.2.1 Der normativ-partizipatorische Ansatz 26 2.2.2 Der kommunikativ-deliberative Ansatz 29 2.2.3 Der rechtspositivistische Ansatz 33 2.2.4 Der Rational-Choice-Ansatz 36 2.2.5 Der systemtheoretische Ansatz 39 2.3 Die Spannungsverhältnisse innerparteilicher Demokratie 43 2.3.1 Der Standort der Parteien zwischen Staat und Gesellschaft 43 2.3.2 Innerparteiliche Demokratie und zwischenparteiliche Demokratie 47 2.3.3 Der Widerspruch zwischen Partizipation und Effizienz 51 2.3.4 Die Diskrepanz zwischen Normen und Wirklichkeit 55 2.4 Fazit 57 3 Ein institutionalistischer Ansatz innerparteilicher Demokratie 59 3.1 Partei als konservative Organisation 60 3.2 Partei als lernende Organisation 63 3.3 Die erzwungene Demokratisierung 67 3.4 Demokratisierung als Institutionalisierung 68 3.5 Die Demokratisierung der Parteiführerauswahl 71 4 Die Parteiführerauswahl im historischen Vergleich 1949-2009 77 4.1 Die Conservative Party 78 4.1.1 Vom Zauberkreis zum demokratischen Wahlprozess 79 4.1.2 Die Abwahl der amtierenden Leadership 81 4.1.3 Die Abwahl der amtierenden Premierministerin 82 4.1.4 Die Einführung der direkten Mitgliederpartizipation 85 4.2 Die Labour Party 88 4.2.1 Die anfänglichen Parteiführer der PLP: Vom Chairman zum Leader 89 4.2.2 Die Selektion der Leadership in der PLP 90 4.2.3 Die Einführung der Electoral College 94 4.2.4 Die Reform „One Member One Vote“ 96 4.3 Die CDU 99 4.3.1 Der Kanzler als natürlicher Parteiführer 99 4.3.2 Die Überlegenheit des Kanzlerwechsels über den Parteiführerwechsel 102 4.3.3 Die erste Kampfabstimmung des Delegiertenwahlsystems 105 4.3.4 Der Streit um die Kanzlerkandidatur zwischen CDU und CSU 107 4.3.5 Der Kreislauf der Parteiführerauswahl seit den 1980er Jahren 108 4.4 Die SPD 110 4.4.1 Vom autoritären Parteiführer zur Teilung der Personalunion 110 4.4.2 Die Teilung der Leadership unter der Führungstroika 115 4.4.3 Das Primat der Kanzlerkandidatur 116 4.4.4 Die Einführung des Mitgliederentscheids 117 4.4.5 Die turbulenten Parteiführerwechsel seit 1998 120 4.5 Fazit 122 5 Die Demokratisierungsperformanz 127 5.1 Die Initiierung des Selektionsprozesses 130 5.1.1 Die Conservative Party: Zwischen Einschränkung und Ermöglichung 130 5.1.2 Die Labour Party: Erhöhung der Initiierungsschwelle 133 5.1.3 Die deutschen Parteien: Zwei-Jahres-Klausel 134 5.1.4 Das Ergebnis des Vergleichs 135 5.2 Die Qualifikation der Kandidaten 135 5.3 Die Nominierung der Kandidaten 137 5.3.1 Die Conservative Party: Fraktionsdominanz 137 5.3.2 Die Labour Party: Fraktionsdominanz 139 5.3.3 Die deutschen Parteien: Parteivorstandsdominanz 141 5.3.4 Die SPD: Die Nominierung der Basismitglieder als Kann-Option 142 5.3.5 Das Ergebnis des Vergleichs 143 5.4 Der Wahlprozess 145 5.4.1 Die Conservative Party: Mehrheitshürde als zentrale Problematik 145 5.4.2 Die Labour Party: Stimmenberechnung als zentrale Problematik 148 5.4.3 Die deutschen Parteien: Bescheidene Institutionalisierung 149 5.4.4 Das Ergebnis des Vergleichs 151 5.5 Die Selektion der deutschen Kanzlerkandidaten 152 5.5.1 Die Initiierung 152 5.5.2 Die Qualifikation der Kandidaten 154 5.5.3 Die Nominierung 156 5.5.4 Die Selektion zwischen Fraktionsdominanz und Parteidominanz 157 5.5.5 Fazit 160 5.6 Bilanz 161 6 Der genetische Mechanismus der Demokratisierung 165 6.1 Die Conservative Party 166 6.1.1 Die Dominanz der Parlamentarischen Partei 166 6.1.2 Die Dominanz der Leadership unter Zustimmung 168 6.1.3 Pragmatischer Opportunismus zwischen Status quo und Reform 171 6.2 Die Labour Party 174 6.2.1 Konföderation unter der Dominanz der Gewerkschaften 174 6.2.2 Schwache Leadership zwischen Autonomie und Solidarität 178 6.2.3 Partei zwischen konkurrierenden Organisationszielen 182 6.3 Die CDU 185 6.3.1 Föderale Partei unter der Kanzlerdominanz 186 6.3.2 Situationsbedingte Leadership von Konrad Adenauer 188 6.3.3 Konsensorientierte Allerweltspartei gegen innerparteiliche Demokratie 190 6.4 Die SPD 194 6.4.1 Zwischen starker Parteizentrale und regionaler Autonomie 194 6.4.2 Zwischen ritualisierter Leadership und kollegialer Parteiführung 198 6.4.3 Partei zwischen ständigen Zielkonflikten 200 6.5 Fazit 203 7 Der Lernmechanismus der Demokratisierung 207 7.1 Die strukturelle Änderung der innerparteilichen Machtverteilung 208 7.1.1 Die Conservative Party 208 7.1.1.1 Die schwache Position der außerparlamentarischen Partei 208 7.1.1.2 Das 1922-Komitee: Interne Differenzierung der Fraktion 211 7.1.2 Die Labour Party 212 7.1.2.1 Aufgang der Linken unter der Gewerkschafsdominanz 213 7.1.2.2 Ende der Gewerkschaftsdominanz 215 7.1.3 Die CDU 216 7.1.3.1 Unionsfraktion als Entscheidungsarena 217 7.1.3.2 Informalisierung der verflochtenen Entscheidungsstruktur 219 7.1.4 Die SPD 221 7.1.4.1 Vom Ende der Funktionärsdominanz zur Führungsverflechtung 221 7.1.4.2 Kanzlerkandidatenauswahl in organisierter Anarchie 223 7.1.5 Fazit 224 7.2 Die Änderung der Leadership 226 7.2.1 Die Conservative Party 226 7.2.1.1 Parteiführer als Reformentrepreneur 227 7.2.1.2 Umstrittene Parteiführerwechsel seit Mrs. Thatcher 229 7.2.2 Die Labour Party: Gestärkter Parteiführer als Reformentrepreneur 230 7.2.3 Die CDU: Wiederholte Turbulenzen der Parteiführerwechsel 232 7.2.4 Die SPD 235 7.2.4.1 Teilung der entzauberten Leadership 236 7.2.4.2 Parteiführer als eingeschränkter Reformentrepreneur 237 7.2.5 Fazit 238 7.3 Die Änderung des Organisationsziels 240 7.3.1 Die Conservative Party: Zielkonflikte in der Post-Thatcher-Ära 241 220 7.3.2 Die Labour Party: Abschied von der Old Labour 243 222 7.3.3 Die CDU: Programmatisches Bekenntnis zur Demokratie 246 225 7.3.4 Die SPD: Richtungsstreit zwischen Parteilinken und -Rechten 248 7.3.4.1 Sozialismus oder Pragmatismus 249 7.3.4.2 Mitglieder oder Macht 251 7.3.5 Fazit 254 7.4 Externe Stimuli der innerparteilichen Demokratisierung 256 7.4.1 Der erzwungene demokratische Wiederaufbau nach dem Krieg 256 7.4.2 Die erzwungene Demokratisierung aufgrund des Parteienrechtes 260 7.4.2.1 Verfassungsrechtliche Grundlagen 260 7.4.2.2 Das Parteiengesetz 1967 262 7.4.2.3 Anpassung an die imperativen Gesetzvorschriften 263 7.4.2.4 Anpassung als Selbstregulierung 264 7.4.3 Wahlniederlagen als externe Schocks 266 7.4.3.1 Parteiführerwechsel nach dem Machtwechsel 267 7.4.3.2 Parteiführerwechsel nach wiederholten Wahlniederlagen 270 7.4.3.3 Demokratisierungsreform nach wiederholten Wahlniederlagen 271 7.4.3.4 Parteiführerwechsel oder Reform der Parteiführerauswahl? 272 7.4.4 Fazit 273 7.5 Bilanz 274 8 Schluss 278 8.1 Innerparteiliche Demokratisierung als Institutionalisierung 278 8.2 Befunde der Demokratisierungsperformanz 281 8.3 Die Interpretationen der Demokratisierungsergebnisse 284 8.4 Diskussion 290 8.4.1 Die Relevanz der Demokratisierung der Parteiführerauswahl für die innerparteiliche Demokratisierung 291 8.4.2 Die Relevanz der Demokratisierung der Parteiführerauswahl für die Parteiendemokratie 294 Literaturverzeichnis 298 Danksagung Abbildungsverzeichnis 1.1 Die Wählerschaft der Parteiführerauswahl 4 3.1 Das Muster „Organizational Learning“ 64 3.2 Die Demokratisierungsmechanismen 69 4.1 Die Parteiführerzahlen (1949-2009) 122 4.2 Die Parteiführerwechsel (1949-2009) 123 5.1 Das Schema der Mitgliederpartizipation 127 5.2 Die Demokratisierungsperformanz: Partizipation 128 5.3 Die Demokratisierungsperformanz: Initiierung 131 5.4 Die Demokratisierungsperformanz: Nominierung 144 7.1 Das Gewicht der CSU-Landesgruppe im Bundestag 218 ix Tabellenverzeichnis 1.1 Untersuchungsobjekte: Labour, Conservative, SPD und CDU 15 4.1 Leaders of the Conservative Party (1949-2009) 78 4.2 Die Parteiführerwahlergebnisse der Conservative Party (1965-2009) 83 4.3 Leaders of the Labor Party (1945-2009) 89 4.4a Die Parteiführerwahlergebnisse der Labour Party (1935-1980) 93 4.4b Die Parteiführerwahlergebnisse der Labour Party (1981-2009) 96 4.5 Die Parteiführer der CDU (1949-2009) 100 4. 6 Das Wahlergebnis der Unions-Kanzlerkandidatur 1966 103 4.7 Die Wahlergebnisse der Parteitage der CDU (1950-2009) 104 4.8 Parteivorsitzende der SPD (1949-2009) 111 4.9 Die Stuttgarter Organisationsreform 1958 112 4.10 Die Parteiführerwahlergebnisse der SPD (1949-2009) 113 4.11 Die Struktur der Leadership in der SPD (1949-2009) 116 4.12 Von „Landesfürsten“ zur Parteispitze in der SPD 117 4.13 Die Parteiführerwechseln nach Machtposition 124 4.14 Die Reformen der Selektionsmuster 125 6.1 Das Mitgliederzahlenverhältnis der Labour Party 176 6.2 Die genetischen Demokratisierungspotenziale im Vergleich 204 7.1 Die Mitgliederzahlen der Conservative Party 209 7.2 Machtverlust und Parteiführerwechsel 268 7.3 Wahlniederlagen und Parteiführerwechsel 270 7.4 Wahlniederlagen und Reformen der Parteiführerauswahl 271 7.5 Demokratisierungsperformanz im Lernprozess im Vergleich 275 X Abkürzungsverzeichnis ADAV Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein APO Außerparlamentarische Opposition CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands CLP Constituency Labour Party CLPD Campaign for Labour Party Democracy CSU Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern e.
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