Hag(E)Ografía. Propaganda Ideológica Y Política Geográfica En Los
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HAG(E)OGRAFÍA. PROPAGANDA IDEOLÓGICA Y POLÍTICA GEOGRÁFICA EN LOS DISCURSOS HAGIOGRÁFICOS PENINSULARES. LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA NACIÓN ESPAÑOLA (SIGLOS XIII A XVII) BY Copyright 2012 MARÍA J. GARCÍA OTERO Submitted to the graduate degree program in Spanish and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ______________________________ Chairperson: Isidro J. Rivera ______________________________ Robert Bayliss ______________________________ Patricia Manning ______________________________ Luis Corteguera ______________________________ Margot Versteeg Date Defended: May 9, 2012 ii The Dissertation Committee for María J. García Otero certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: HAG(E)OGRAFÍA. PROPAGANDA IDEOLÓGICA Y POLÍTICA GEOGRÁFICA EN LOS DISCURSOS HAGIOGRÁFICOS PENINSULARES. LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LA NACIÓN ESPAÑOLA (SIGLOS XIII A XVII) _______________________________ Chairperson Isidro J. Rivera Date approved: <<insert date>> iii ABSTRACT This dissertation explores two thirteenth century hagiographic poems by Gonzalo de Berceo, Vida de San Millán de la Cogolla and Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos, and two seventeenth century hagiographic comedias by Lope de Vega, El santo negro Rosambuco de la ciudad de Palermo and San Diego de Alcalá. I call these works ‘hag(e)ographies’, a term that I propose in order to highlight the underlying geo-political and propagandistic agenda that is explicitly conveyed in the Spanish representations of the lives of saints. I argue that these Medieval and Early-Modern Spanish written hagiographies were not only artistic representations conceived by committed religious followers with the purpose of commemorating the lives of holy historic/legendary figures, but rather, that these productions were strategic tools used to spread ideological propagandas, constantly (re)produced, or rather ‘tradapted (re)creatively’, with the intention of facilitating the geo-political expansion of the hegemonic (Castilian, Christian and Catholic) powers, towards the (re)construction of a Mater Hispania lost to the Muslims in 711, and thus, the (re)creation of the Spanish nation as we know it today. My literary analyses call upon a diverse body of contemporary hagiographical cultural productions and artifacts (i.e. paintings, sculptures, and altar pieces, rituals, performances and celebrations), in an effort to bolster my thesis and effectively situate the literature within its historical, political and cultural context of production. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would never have been able to complete this dissertation without the contribution of my advisor and committee members, or the financial support of the University of Kansas and the Tinker Foundation. I would like to express special gratitude to my advisor, Professor Isidro Rivera, for his guiadance, understanding and patience throughout this extensive journey. His meticulous editing and long talks in the office and on the telephone allowed me to elevate my writing to unanticipated levels. I would also like to thank my committee members, especially, Professor Robert Bayliss for his constant faith in this project and for the confidence that he instilled in me along the way. Thank you to Professor Patricia Manning for offering her invaluable and abundant Early Modern expertise and a number of important texts, fundamental to the completion of this project. I would also like to thank Professor Luis Corteguera for his enthusiasm and unfailing cooperation, Professor Santa Arias for her commitment and great conversations in the initial stages of the dissertation, and finally, to Margot Versteeg, my “compañera de viajes,” for her support and companionship throughout my experience at KU. In addition, I would like to thank the University of Kansas for the financial support along the way and the Tinker Foundation for affording me the chance to visit important archives, monuments, and architectual sites, which helped shape and inspire my writing and research. And last but not least, I would like to thank my family and friends, for all their sympathy, unconditional support and vast patience during all these years. v Índice Índice de figuras, imágenes, mapas y tablas ............................................................................. vi Introducción ...................................................................................................................................1 Capítulo 1. Hag(e)ografía extra regna christiana. Propaganda pro-castellana para el liderazgo de Castilla en el proyecto expansionista cristiano. El caso de ‘la arqueta de San Millán’ (s. XI) y su reescritura en Vida de San Millán de la Cogolla, de Gonzalo de Berceo (s. XIII). ..................26 Capítulo 2. Hag(e)ografía intra/inter regna christiana. Propaganda pro-castellana por la supremacía geográfica de Castilla sobre los reinos cristianos peninsulares. El caso de Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos de Gonzalo de Berceo y el archivo de Silos (s. XIII). ..........................81 Capítulo 3. Hag(e)ografía puritas sanguinis. Subversión y ruptura con el proyecto racial de la España católica e imperial en El Santo negro Rosambuco de la cuidad de Palermo de Lope de Vega (s. XVII) y las representaciones del milagro de la pierna negra (s. XV-XVII). ................146 Capítulo 4. Hag(e)ografía plus ultra Hispania. Subversión y ruptura con la política económica y de exclusión social en la España imperial del s. XVII a través de la Vida de San Diego de Alcalá, de Lope de Vega (s. XVIII). .......................................................................................................213 Coda ...........................................................................................................................................276 Apéndices ....................................................................................................................................288 Bibliografía ................................................................................................................................290 vi Índice de figuras, imágenes, mapas y tablas Capítulo 1. Figura 1. Mapa Península Ibérica, s. X-XV ......................................................................71 Figura 2. Mapa Península Ibérica, 711-1031 .....................................................................72 Figura 3. Relación adquisiciones San Millán. ..................................................................73 Figura 4. Relación donaciones realizadas a San Millán ....................................................74 Figura 5. Arqueta-relicario de San Millán .........................................................................75 Figura 6. Reconstrucción de la arqueta-relicario de San Millán ........................................76 Figura 7. Placa de marfil de la arqueta-relicario de San Millám .......................................77 Figura 8. Placa de marfil de la arqueta-relicario de San Millán .......................................78 Figura 9. Arqueta-relicario de San Millán .........................................................................79 Figura 10. Arqueta-relicario de San Millán ......................................................................80 Capítulo 2. Figura 1. Mapa del condado de Castilla, s. XI .................................................................142 Figura 2. Mapa Península Ibérica, s. XIII .......................................................................143 Figura 3. Relación de pleitos y donaciones a Silos, s. X-XIII ........................................144 Figura 4. Relación de favores reales a Silos, s. XI-XIV .................................................145 Capítulo 3. Figura 1. Estatua de Carlos V, por Leone Leoni..............................................................205 Figura 2. Pintura Milagro Santos Cosme y Damián, por Fra Angelico ...........................206 Figura 3. Pintura Milagro Santos Cosme y Damián, por Pesellino ................................207 Figura 4. Retablo de Santos Abdón y Senén, por J. Huguet ............................................208 Figura 5. Pintura Milagro Santos Cosme y Damián, por Berruguete ..............................209 Figura 6. Pintura Milagro Santos Cosme y Damián, por F. del Rincón .........................210 Figura 7. Relieve Santos Cosme y Damián, por F. de Vigarry .......................................211 Figura 8. Relieve Santos Cosme y Damián, por I. de Villoldo .......................................212 Capitulo 4 Figura 1. Escudo de armas de los Reyes Católicos .........................................................269 Figura 2. Escudo de armas de Carlos I ...........................................................................270 Figura 3. Urna con restos mortales de San Diego de Alcalá ..........................................271 Figura 4 .Urna con restos mortales de San Diego de Alcalá ..........................................272 Figura 5. Relieve San Diego de Alcalá ...........................................................................273 Figura 6. Pintura San Diego de Alcalá, por F. de Zurbarán ............................................274 Figura 7. Pintura San Diego de Alcalá, por F. de Zurbarán ...........................................275 Coda. Figura 1. Tremolación del pendón real en la catedral de Granada .................................284 Figura 2. Morisco en el desfile del día de la Toma de Granada ......................................285