Tectonic Plates

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1 ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN 1

1 1

1 1 Greenland

EURASIA 1 1

PLATE Sweden Iceland F EURASIA Norway Finland Russia PLATE NORTH Estonia

Canada Latvia

E 18 mm/yr Lithuania 47 mm/yr & AMERICA Ireland

OKHOTSK United Belarus

Kingdom Poland

PLATE 58 mm/yr PLATE Belgium Germany E E Czech

AMUR Republic Ukraine

PLATE JUAN DE Slovakia Kazakhstan

FUCA PLATE F Austria Mongolia 78 mm/yr 73 mm/yr E France Hungary 23 mm/yr Croatia Romania 39 mm/yr Serbia Italy Uzbekistan Bulgaria Kyrgyzstan

Portugal North E NORTH Spain & United States Greece ANATOLIA Korea NORTH ATLANTIC PLATE Turkmenistan South 92 mm/yr AEGEAN & SEA PLATE Turkey

China Korea Japan PACIFIC 45 mm/yr OCEAN

E Syria OCEAN E Tunisia Afghanistan Morocco Iraq Iran F 23 mm/yr

1 9 mm/yr 27 mm/yr 1 E Nepal YANGTZE OKINAWA Algeria PLATE PLATE Pakistan Libya Egypt ARABIA 1 48 mm/yr 1 India Taiwan Mexico RIVERA PLATE Myanmar Western Sahara

(Burma) E PLATE Saudi Arabia Laos F Mauritania 1 94 mm/yr MARIANA 25 mm/yr 1 PLATE Oman PHILIPPINE INDIA 63 mm/yr Mali Niger Philippines SEA PLATE E E

CARIBBEAN Yemen Thailand E PLATE 1 18 mm/yr Chad 1 PLATE Senegal Cambodia Sudan BURMA F 61 mm/yr Burkina PLATE 86 mm/yr Nicaragua Guinea Faso 1 COCOS 1 PANAMA Sierra Nigeria Somalia PLATE PLATE Leone Cote F NORTH Sri SUNDA PACIFIC Venezuela Liberiad’Ivoire Central Lanka PLATE ANDES Ghana Ethiopia PLATE African Republic 27 mm/yr 1 1 GALAPAGOS French Cameroon CAROLINE PLATE PLATE Colombia Guiana PLATE Malaysia Guyana Suriname F Democratic  Indonesia MOLUCCA BIRD’S NORTH Uganda Kenya 30 mm/yr  SEA PLATE HEAD F Ecuador Gabon Republic BISMARCK 50 mm/yr PLATE MAOKE PLATE F NUBIA of the Congo 70 mm/yr

PLATE United

Papua SOUTH SOMALIA 6 6 BANDA SEA New BISMARCK F PLATE Republic

PLATE E Guinea PLATE SOLOMON of Tanzania

SEA PLATE E 151 mm/yr PLATE TIMOR 106 mm/yr WOODLARK Peru 35 mm/yr 6 PLATE PLATE SOUTH F 6 Brazil SOUTH INDIAN 70 mm/yr PACIFIC Angola FUTUNA ATLANTIC BALMORAL PLATE

6 OCEAN REEF PLATE OCEAN Bolivia Zambia 6 NEW E NAZCA OCEAN HEBRIDES NIUAFO`OU ALTIPLANO PLATE PLATE PLATE

237 mm/yr Zimbabwe PLATE E Mozambique F F 6 CONWAY 6 TONGA 151 mm/yr Namibia

REEF PLATE SOUTH E PLATE 79 mm/yr Paraguay Botswana 44 mm/yr Madagascar 123 mm/yr EASTER 6 Australia PLATE AMERICA 6 35 mm/yr SOUTH Chile PLATE F 6 PACIFIC South 6 AUSTRALIA KERMADEC Africa

OCEAN PLATE E JUAN Uruguay 88 mm/yr FERNANDEZ PLATE F 6 PLATE 6 Argentina 15 mm/yr F 59 mm/yr 6 6 72 mm/yr 40 mm/yr F 94 mm/yr 75 mm/yr & 6 F 6 New Zealand 14 mm/yr F

6 E F 20 mm/yr F 15 mm/yr 6 6 SCOTIA 78 mm/yr 6 PLATE SANDWICH E PLATE 6 SOUTHERN OCEAN 6 & TRANSFORM SOUTHERN OCEAN ANTARCTICA 6 PLATE 6 DIVERGENCE 6 6 F

6 6 E CONVERGENCE PLATE BOUNDARY 6 Antarctica 6 Converging 8 6 6 Diverging

: : : : : (: : : : : : ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( : : : Transform :  ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

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7KLVPDSKLJKOLJKWVWKH(DUWK¶VWHFWRQLFSODWHERXQGDULHV7KHLQGLYLGXDOWHFWRQLFSODWHVDUHODEHOHGLQZKLWHOHWWHULQJ$UURZV ‡7UDQVIRUP%RXQGDULHV7UDQVIRUPERXQGDULHVDUHIRXQGLQDUHDVZKHUHSODWHVDUH Plate Boundary - Referenced from Bird, Peter (2003) An updated digital LQGLFDWHWKHGLUHFWLRQRISODWHPRWLRQDWPDQ\RIWKHSODWHERXQGDULHVDQGWKHUDWHRIPRWLRQLVVKRZQLQPLOOLPHWHUVSHU\HDU VOLGLQJSDVWRQHDQRWKHU(YHQWKRXJKWKHPLGRFHDQVSUHDGLQJULGJHVDUH model of plate boundaries. (Orogen boundaries omitted.)

0RVWSODWHVDUHPRYLQJWHQVRIPLOOLPHWHUVSHU\HDU±DERXWWKHVDPHUDWHWKDW\RXUILQJHUQDLOVJURZ SUHGRPLQDQWO\GLYHUJHQWERXQGDULHVWKH\DUHEURNHQLQWRVPDOOGLYHUJHQWVHJPHQWV Plate Convergence Vectors - ‡'LYHUJHQW%RXQGDULHV'LYHUJHQWERXQGDULHVDUHIRUPHGZKHUHSODWHVDUHEHLQJVSOLWDSDUWDQGDUHPRYLQJDZD\IURPRQH FRQQHFWHGWRRQHDQRWKHUE\VKRUWWUDQVIRUPIDXOWV2QWKHFRQWLQHQWVWZRRIWKH Referenced from United States Geological Survey: Convergence data are shown by arrows describing direction DQRWKHU0RVWGLYHUJHQWERXQGDULHVDUHPLGRFHDQVSUHDGLQJULGJHVRUFRQWLQHQWDOULIW]RQHV1HZFUXVWLVIRUPHGDORQJWKH ODUJHVWDQGEHVWNQRZQWUDQVIRUPSODWHERXQGDULHVDUHWKH6DQ$QGUHDV)DXOW=RQH and speed, relative to the plate across the boundary. PLGRFHDQVSUHDGLQJULGJHVILOOLQJWKHJDSVOHIWEHKLQGDVWKHSODWHVPRYH7KHPLG$WODQWLFVSUHDGLQJULGJHFRPHVRQODQGDW LQ&DOLIRUQLDDQGWKH1RUWK$QDWROLDQ)DXOW=RQHLQ7XUNH\ TECTONIC PLATES Plate Divergence Vectors - TECTONIC PLATES Referenced from Digital Tectonic Activity Map: Divergence ,FHODQGDQGLVVSOLWWLQJWKHLVODQGQDWLRQLQWZR2QDODUJHUVFDOHWKHPLG$WODQWLFVSUHDGLQJULGJHLVSXVKLQJWKHODQGPDVVHV data are shown by double arrows describing direction and speed. RI$IULFDDQG(XUDVLDDZD\IURP1RUWKDQG6RXWK$PHULFD World WorldSat Color Shaded Relief Image - ‡&RQYHUJHQW%RXQGDULHV6LQFHWKH(DUWKLVQRWJURZLQJODUJHUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIQHZFUXVWDWPLGRFHDQULGJHVPXVWEH Published by Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc EDODQFHGE\FRQVXPSWLRQRIFUXVWHOVHZKHUH7KLVFDQEHVHHQDWWKHFRQYHUJHQWERXQGDULHVZKLFKDUHIRXQGLQDUHDVZKHUH Divergent,Divergent, Convergent,Convergent, andand TransformTransform BoundariesBoundaries Projection: Robinson (World) SODWHVPRYHWRZDUGVRQHDQRWKHU0RVWFRQYHUJHQWERXQGDULHVDUHDVVRFLDWHGHLWKHUZLWKVXEGXFWLRQ]RQHVRUZLWKPRXQWDLQ

UDQJHV$WWKHFRQYHUJHQWERXQGDU\EHWZHHQWKH3DFLILF3ODWHDQGWKH6RXWK$PHULFD3ODWHRFHDQLFFUXVWLVEHLQJFRQVXPHG Produced by VXEGXFWHGXQGHUFRQWLQHQWDOFUXVW$WWKHFRQYHUJHQWERXQGDU\EHWZHHQWKH,QGLD3ODWHDQGWKH(XUDVLD3ODWHWKHFROOLVLRQRI California Institute of Technology Tectonics Observatory DIVERGENT BOUNDARY CONVERGENT BOUNDARY TRANSFORM BOUNDARY WZRFRQWLQHQWDOODQGPDVVHVLVEXLOGLQJXSWKH+LPDOD\DQ0RXQWDLQV April 2009