DOCSLIB.ORG

Overview of the Tectonic Environment in Korea with Reference to HLW Disposal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Overview of the Tectonic Environment in Korea with Reference to HLW Disposal KR9700364 Overview of the Tectonic Environment in Korea with Reference to HLW Disposal Chun-Soo Kim KAERI 1. Introduction It is worldwidely accepted by most of the countries with nuclear energy programs that deep geological disposal in a stable geological environment is a feasible means of isolating HLW for very long time. The geological condition of the Korean peninsula, a major link between the Pacific active margin and the Asian mainland, should be reviewed in terms of the stability over geological time scales for a deep geological repository. Comprehensive understanding of the tectonic evolution of the peninsula will be great help to develop the technical feasibility and performance assessment methodology for HLW disposal in geologic formation. A significant research is recently carried out as an integrated geoscience approach on the tectonics and geodynarnics of the Eastern Asian continent. However, many hypotheses on tectonic evolution should be proved by further studies. This short paper is summarized on the long stability of the Korean peninsula from data available at present. Most of the information are based on Geology of Korea(1987), Geology of Korea(1996), and Tectonic Evolution of Eastern Asian continent(1997). 2. Tectonic Setting 2.1 Tectonic Evolution The Korea peninsula is located in the area where the Eurasian continent is contacted with the west Pacific mobile belt. Whereas the Japan archipelago is characterized by active mobile belt, the Korean peninsula has a close affinity with the Asian continent in geology and tectonic setting(Fig. 1). In a broad category, the peninsula occupying the eastern margin of the Korea-China platform belongs to a part of the shield area regarded as stable land of cratonic nature, but has some differences from the stable platform. In platforms, deep rifts are usually absent and major uplifts/troughs do not have linear structures, and igneous activity is usually slight without granitic intrusions. On the other hand, deep rifts in the peninsula cut the basement and troughs formed in the Paleozoic period are usually linear, and Mesozoic and Cenozoic troughs are filled with thick continental clastic sediments. Moreover, the orogenies occurred were accompanied by volcanic and granitic intrusion, and neotectonic movements are relatively intensive. These tectonic characteristics are considered as the marginal geosyncline phenomena of platform with superimposed tectonic elements during the Meso-Cenozoic era. The Korea-China platform was converted into a stable massif after the crustal movement in the late Lower Proterozoic era(1.8 Ga ago)which is known as a great transitional age in crust development. Unlike other platforms in the world, The Korea-China platform was under a strongly mobilized state after having been converted into a platform. There were the rift type mobile belts such as Imjingang and Okchon Fold belts during the middle Paleozoic age, foreland basin in the margin of the platform during the late Meso-Cenozoic age, and the tectonic sturctures of the Meso-Cenozoic age were superimposed on the peninsula. The tectonic evolution of the Korean peninsula can be divided into three stages as follows : • Ancient geosyncline stage : Archean(2.6 Ga) - Proterozoic(1.8 Ga) • Stable platform stage '• Middle Proterozoic(1.7 Ga) - Late Paleozoic(260 Ma) • Stage influenced by the movement of west Pacific plate : Mesozoic(230 Ma) - Holocene(present) For the geotectonic units of the peninsula, the Mesozoic orogeny is most important. In the wide area of East Asia, magmatism, volcanism, and the deformation/metamorphism of the sedimentary covers of platform occurred intensively during the Mesozoic era. The tectonic movement in this era is explained as a transitional development of platform into geosyncline stage. The Mesozoic tectonic activity started in the Middle Triassic period is the most vigorous crustal movement in the entire Korean peninsula, accompanied by folding, fault bock movement and igneous intrusion. These phenomena are special tectonic movements which are not found in the platform or geosyncline zone in general. It is considered that more intensive orogeny and fault blocks followed by magmatism within the continent occurred due mainly to the influence of the subduction of the west Pacific plate. Such tectonic movements intensified gradually from the north to the south and from the west to the east, resulted from the eastward subduction zone of the Pacific plate. The tectonic movements in the peninsula are considered to be divided into three correlated stages, one after the other from the beginning of the Mesozoic era as follows : • Middle-Upper Triassic(210-180 Ma) : - Songnim disturbance in Korea, - Indosinian movement in China - Akiyoshi movement in Japan • Middle-Upper Juras sic (180-136 Ma) - Daebo orogeny in Korea - Early phase of the Yenshan movement in China - Mid-phase of the Sakawa movement in Japan - Nevadan orogeny in North America • Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene( 120-40 Ma) - Bulguksa disturbance in Korea - Last stage of the Yenshan movement in China - Alpine orogeny in Europe - Laramide orogeny in North America After the Mesozoic tectonic movements, the whole of Korea had been uplifted. The Cenozoic tectonic activity was not intensive as the previous tectonic movements and is generally represented by mafic to intermediate volcanic activities in limited areas. Pleistocene alkali volcanic eruption took places in NNE trending rift zones as well as the Mt. Paektu, UUung and Cheju islands. 2.2 Tectonic Provinces The tectonic framework of the Korean peninsula is considered to consist of the eastern extension of the Korea-China platform in the northern part of the peninsula and the northeastern extension of the Yangtze platform in the southern part. However, some differences exist in geologic settings and structural events between the peninsula and the continent, and thus the further study is necessary to reach the conclusive correlation. Since the tectonic province was first described in 1933, many revision made on the basis of the geological time unit rather than structural distinction(Fig. 2). More recently the division of tectonic units was proposed by the stabilization time of the original crust. Among the tectonic units proposed, massif and fold belts which are more relating to radioactive waste disposal are as follows ; • Archean - Early Proterozoic massif - Rangnim massif (North Korea) - Kwanmo massif (North Korea) - Kyonggi massif (South Korea) - Ryongnam massif(South Korea) • Upper Proterozoic-Upper Paleozoic fold belt - Okchon fold belt(Upper Proterozoic; South Korea) - Imjingang fold belt(Middle Paleozoic; North Korea) - Tumangang fold belt(Upper Paleozoic! North Korea) The Kyonggi massif is located in the central part of the Korean peninsula and bounded by Imjingang fold belt and Okchon fold belt in the north and south, respectively. In the oldest folded basement of Kyonggi massif, metasomatic granites are widely developed and highly metamorphosed schists and migmatites in the metasomatic outliers exhibit mostly amphibolite to granulite facies. Also, the metasedimentary rocks consisting of quartzite, quartz schist are extensively exposed in the southwestern part of the Kyonggi massif. The fault structure has largely two directions. One is parallel to the tectonic direction of NE distributed in the south of the massif, the other has a NNE direction in the north of the massif. The Ryongnam massif, located in the southern part of the peninsula, is bounded by the Okchon fold belt on the north. On the southeast, it contacts to the basement of Cretaceous sedimentary basin(Kyongsang basin). The massif consists of gneiss and schist in early Proterozoic metamorphic group and is characterized by a ploymetarnorphic region due to orogenies in many times. The crystalline basement is exposed mainly on the northeastern part and various kinds of gneiss, migmatite and crystalline schist are developed in the southwestern part. Fault systems developed are in NE-NNE, NWW and EW-NEE directions. Faults with a NE direction proedominate on the southwestern part of the peninsula and faults with a NNE direction increase gradually towards the southeast. Faults with a EW-NNE direction are characterized as thrusts inclined to the south. The Okchon fold belt is extended over 450km in length and 50 ~ 80km in width, between the Kyonggi and Ryongnam massifs. The fold belt is divided into two regions on the basis of metamorphic fades, metamorphic zone in the southwestern region and nonmetamorphic zone in the northeastern region. 3. Igneous Activity The intrusive and effusive rocks in the Korean peninsula were formed from the Archean to the Quaternary and the plutonic rocks are occupied by nearly one-half of the peninsula(Fig. 3). The majority of igneous rocks in Korea are granites and their varieties. Intermediate plutonic rocks of mainly diorite are exposed as small stocks in the southern part of the inland and along the east coast of the northern part. The distribution of mafic and ultramafic plutonics is almost limited to the tectonic regions. Among these plutonic rocks, the rock mass suitable for a host rock of repository based on the areal extent and tectonic environment is summarized in Table 1 . 4. Volcanism Volcanism in the peninsula has occurred thoughout most of the geological ages from Archean to Holocene with igneous activity. But the most prominent volcanism was taken place in the period of the Upper Jurassic- Lower Cretacepus(160~100Ma ago). Volcanic activities in these periods took place along large fault zones and were vigorous during sedimentation in the Mesozoic basin. Volcanic activities in the basin play an important role in establishing the stratigraphy sequences of the Mesozoic basins. The Cretaceous volcanism continued up to the early Tertiary(50Ma ago). But it was relatively inactive throughout the Paleogene and intermittently in the Neogene. The volcanism was continued to the Quaternary in several areas, i.e. Mt. Paektu, Chugaryong fault zone and Cheju island. According to historical records, several volcanic activities in Korea were dated between 1000 and 1600 AD. 5. Seismicity In terms of plate tectonics, the Korean peninsula is located within the Eurasian plate.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glacial Rebound and Plate Spreading: Results from the First Countrywide GPS Observations in Iceland
    Geophys. J. Int. (2009) 177, 691–716 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04059.x Glacial rebound and plate spreading: results from the first countrywide GPS observations in Iceland ∗ T. Arnad´ ottir,´ 1 B. Lund,2 W. Jiang,1 H. Geirsson,3 H. Bjornsson,¨ 4 P. Einarsson4 and T. Sigurdsson5 1Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjav´ık, Iceland. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavagen¨ 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden 3Physics Department, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjav´ık, Iceland 4Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-101 Reykjav´ık, Iceland 5National Land Survey of Iceland, Akranes, Iceland Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/177/2/691/2023257 by guest on 30 September 2021 Accepted 2008 December 10. Received 2008 December 5; in original form 2008 June 12 SUMMARY Iceland is one of the few places on Earth where a divergent plate boundary can be observed on land. Direct observations of crustal deformation for the whole country are available for the first time from nationwide Global Positioning System (GPS) campaigns in 1993 and 2004. The plate spreading across the island is imaged by the horizontal velocity field and high uplift rates (≥10 mm yr−1) are observed over a large part of central and southeastern Iceland. Several earthquakes, volcanic intrusions and eruptions occurred during the time spanned by the measurements, causing local disturbances of the deformation field. After correcting for the largest earthquakes during the observation period, we calculate the strain rate field and find that the main feature of the field is the extension across the rift zones, subparallel to the direction of plate motion.
    [Show full text]
  • Iceland Is Cool: an Origin for the Iceland Volcanic Province in the Remelting of Subducted Iapetus Slabs at Normal Mantle Temperatures
    Iceland is cool: An origin for the Iceland volcanic province in the remelting of subducted Iapetus slabs at normal mantle temperatures G. R. Foulger§1 & Don L. Anderson¶ §Department of Geological Sciences, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Rd., Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K. ¶California Institute of Technology, Seismological Laboratory, MC 252-21, Pasadena, CA 91125, U. S. A. Abstract The time-progressive volcanic track, high temperatures, and lower-mantle seismic anomaly predicted by the plume hypothesis are not observed in the Iceland region. A model that fits the observations better attributes the enhanced magmatism there to the extraction of melt from a region of upper mantle that is at relatively normal temperature but more fertile than average. The source of this fertility is subducted Iapetus oceanic crust trapped in the Caledonian suture where it is crossed by the mid-Atlantic ridge. The extraction of enhanced volumes of melt at this locality on the spreading ridge has built a zone of unusually thick crust that traverses the whole north Atlantic. Trace amounts of partial melt throughout the upper mantle are a consequence of the more fusible petrology and can explain the seismic anomaly beneath Iceland and the north Atlantic without the need to appeal to very high temperatures. The Iceland region has persistently been characterised by complex jigsaw tectonics involving migrating spreading ridges, microplates, oblique spreading and local variations in the spreading direction. This may result from residual structural complexities in the region, inherited from the Caledonian suture, coupled with the influence of the very thick crust that must rift in order to accommodate spreading-ridge extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Playing Jigsaw with Large Igneous Provinces a Plate Tectonic
    PUBLICATIONS Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems RESEARCH ARTICLE Playing jigsaw with Large Igneous Provinces—A plate tectonic 10.1002/2015GC006036 reconstruction of Ontong Java Nui, West Pacific Key Points: Katharina Hochmuth1, Karsten Gohl1, and Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben1 New plate kinematic reconstruction of the western Pacific during the 1Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fur€ Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany Cretaceous Detailed breakup scenario of the ‘‘Super’’-Large Igneous Province Abstract The three largest Large Igneous Provinces (LIP) of the western Pacific—Ontong Java, Manihiki, Ontong Java Nui Ontong Java Nui ‘‘Super’’-Large and Hikurangi Plateaus—were emplaced during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron and show strong simi- Igneous Province as result of larities in their geochemistry and petrology. The plate tectonic relationship between those LIPs, herein plume-ridge interaction referred to as Ontong Java Nui, is uncertain, but a joined emplacement was proposed by Taylor (2006). Since this hypothesis is still highly debated and struggles to explain features such as the strong differences Correspondence to: in crustal thickness between the different plateaus, we revisited the joined emplacement of Ontong Java K. Hochmuth, [email protected] Nui in light of new data from the Manihiki Plateau. By evaluating seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection data along with seismic reflection records of the margins of the proposed ‘‘Super’’-LIP, a detailed scenario Citation: for the emplacement and the initial phase of breakup has been developed. The LIP is a result of an interac- Hochmuth, K., K. Gohl, and tion of the arriving plume head with the Phoenix-Pacific spreading ridge in the Early Cretaceous. The G.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Morphotectonics and Hydrogeology for Groundwater
    STUDY OF MORPHOTECTONICS AND HYDROGEOLOGY FOR GROUNDWATER PROSPECTING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN THE NORTH WEST HIMALAYA, DISTRICT SIRMOUR, HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA Thapa, R1, Kumar Ravindra2and Sood, R.K1 1Remote Sensing Centre, Science Technology & Environment, 34-SDA Complex, Kasumpti, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India 171 009 India - [email protected], [email protected] 2Centre of Advanced Study in Geology,Panjab University Chandigarh,160 014 India - [email protected]. KEY WORDS: Satellite Imageries, Neo-Tectonics,GPS, Hydrogeology, Morphometric Analysis, Weightage, GIS, Ground Water Potential. ABSTRACT: The study of aerial photographs, satellite images topographic maps supported by ground truth survey reveals that the study area has a network of interlinked subsurface fractures. The features of neo-tectonic activities in the form of faults and lineaments has a definite control on the alignment of many rivers and their tributaries. Geology and Morphotectonics describes the regional geology and its correlation with major and minor geological structures. The study of slopes, aspects, drainage network represents the hydrogeology and helps in categorization of the land forms into different hydro-geomorphological classes representing the relationship of the geological structures vis-à-vis the ground water occurrence. Data integration and ground water potential describes the designing of data base for ground water analysis in GIS platform and the use of hydro-geomorphological models based on satellite imageries
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoclimatic Implications of the Spatial Patterns of Modern and LGM European Land-Snail Shell Δ18o
    ARTICLE IN PRESS YQRES-03085; No. of pages: 11; 4C: Quaternary Research xxx (2010) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yqres Paleoclimatic implications of the spatial patterns of modern and LGM European land-snail shell δ18O Natalie M. Kehrwald a,⁎, William D. McCoy b, Jeanne Thibeault c, Stephen J. Burns b, Eric A. Oches d a University of Venice, IDPA-CNR, Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy b Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA c Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA d Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, MA 02452, USA article info abstract Article history: The oxygen isotopic composition of land-snail shells may provide insight into the source region and Received 27 March 2009 trajectory of precipitation. Last glacial maximum (LGM) gastropod shells were sampled from loess from Available online xxxx 18 Belgium to Serbia and modern land-snail shells both record δ O values between 0‰ and −5‰. There are significant differences in mean fossil shell δ18O between sites but not among genera at a single location. Keywords: Therefore, we group δ18O values from different genera together to map the spatial distribution of δ18Oin Land snails shell carbonate. Shell 18O values reflect the spatial variation in the isotopic composition of precipitation and Oxygen isotopes δ 18 LGM incorporate the snails' preferential sampling of precipitation during the warm season. Modern shell δ O Climate decreases in Europe along a N–S gradient from the North Sea inland toward the Alps.
    [Show full text]
  • Plate Tectonics Review from Valerie Nulisch Some Questions (C) 2017 by TEKS Resource System
    Plate Tectonics Review from Valerie Nulisch Some questions (c) 2017 by TEKS Resource System. Some questions (c) 2017 by Region 10 Educational Service Center. Some questions (c) 2017 by Progress Testing. Page 2 GO ON A student wanted to make a model of the Earth. The student decided to cut a giant Styrofoam ball in half and paint the layers on it to show their thickness. 1 Which model below best represents the layers of the Earth? A B C D Page 3 GO ON 2 A student is building a model of the layers of the Earth. Which material would best represent the crust? F Grouping of magnetic balls G Styrofoam packing pellets H Bag of shredded paper J Thin layer of graham crackers 3 Your teacher has asked you to make a model of the interior of the Earth. In your model, how do the thicknesses of the lithosphere and crust compare? A The lithosphere is thinner than the crust. B The lithosphere is exactly the same thickness as the crust. C The lithosphere is thicker than the crust. D The lithosphere is thicker than the oceanic crust, but thinner than the continental crust. 4 Sequence the layers of the Earth in order from the exterior surface to the interior center. F Lithosphere, mantle, inner core, outer core, crust, asthenosphere G Inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, crust H Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core, asthenosphere, lithosphere J Crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, outer core, inner core Page 4 GO ON 5 The tectonic plate labeled A in the diagram is the A Eurasian Plate B Indo-Australian Plate C Pacific Plate D African Plate Page 5 GO ON 6 The tectonic plate labeled B in the diagram is the — F Eurasian Plate G Indo-Australian Plate H Pacific Plate J North American Plate Page 6 GO ON Directions: The map below shows Earth's tectonic plates; six of them are numbered.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsidence and Growth of Pacific Cretaceous Plateaus
    ELSEVIER Earth and Planetary Science Letters 161 (1998) 85±100 Subsidence and growth of Paci®c Cretaceous plateaus Garrett Ito a,Ł, Peter D. Clift b a School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, POST 713, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA b Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Received 10 November 1997; revised version received 11 May 1998; accepted 4 June 1998 Abstract The Ontong Java, Manihiki, and Shatsky oceanic plateaus are among the Earth's largest igneous provinces and are commonly believed to have erupted rapidly during the surfacing of giant heads of initiating mantle plumes. We investigate this hypothesis by using sediment descriptions of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) drill cores to constrain plateau subsidence histories which re¯ect mantle thermal and crustal accretionary processes. We ®nd that total plateau subsidence is comparable to that expected of normal sea¯oor but less than predictions of thermal models of hotspot-affected lithosphere. If crustal emplacement was rapid, then uncertainties in paleo-water depths allow for the anomalous subsidence predicted for plumes with only moderate temperature anomalies and volumes, comparable to the sources of modern-day hotspots such as Hawaii and Iceland. Rapid emplacement over a plume head of high temperature and volume, however, is dif®cult to reconcile with the subsidence reconstructions. An alternative possibility that reconciles low subsidence over a high-temperature, high-volume plume source is a scenario in which plateau subsidence is the superposition of (1) subsidence due to the cooling of the plume source, and (2) uplift due to prolonged crustal growth in the form of magmatic underplating.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetotelluric Data Collected to Characterize Aquifers in the San Luis Basin, New Mexico
    Magnetotelluric Data Collected to Characterize Aquifers in the San Luis Basin, New Mexico By Chad E. Ailes and Brian D. Rodriguez Open-File Report 2014–1248 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2015 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Ailes, C.E., and Rodriguez, B.D., 2015, Magnetotelluric data collected to characterize aquifers in the San Luis Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014–1248, 9 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141248. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. ISSN 2331-1258 (online) ii Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Present-Day Crustal Motion in the Solomon Islands from GPS
    GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 25, NO. 19, PAGES 3627-3630, OCTOBER 1, 1998 Present-day crustal motion in the Solomon Islands from GPS observations Paul Tregoning Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Francis Tan, John Gilliland School of Geoinformatics, Planning and Building, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Herbert McQueen and Kurt Lambeck Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Abstract. Site velocities in the Solomon Islands from Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) collided with the Solomon Arc, Global Positioning System measurements spanning two years probably ∼20 to 25 Ma [e.g. Coleman and Kroenke, 1981; provide direct evidence of active deformation between the Kroenke, 1984; Yan and Kroenke, 1993]. Since that time it Pacific Plate and the Solomon Arc block. Convergence is is thought that subduction of the Pacific Plate ceased dur- occurring at the San Cristobal Trench at a rate of ∼524 ing the Early Miocene but it may have recommenced in the mm/yr, with no apparent local deformation occurring in the Mid-Miocene. About 10 Ma polarity reversal occurred and Australian Plate at a distance of ∼100 km from the trench. the Australian Plate began subducting to the northeast at The islands of Guadalcanal and Makira are in a first ap- the New Britain and San Cristobal Trenches, thus creating proximation moving with the Pacific Plate although there is the southern islands of the New Georgia group, Bougainville evidence of small but significant decoupling from the Pacific and Buka Island [Vedder and Bruns, 1989]. Active shallow Plate of 14-23 mm/yr in a direction of 75-85◦.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinhard Kirsch Groundwater Geophysics a Tool for Hydrogeology
    Reinhard Kirsch Groundwater Geophysics A Tool for Hydrogeology Reinhard Kirsch Groundwater Geophysics A Tool for Hydrogeology With 300 Figures EDITOR DR. REINHARD KIRSCH LANDESAMT FÜR NATUR UND UMWELT DES LANDES SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN HAMBURGER CHAUSSEE 25 24220 FLINTBEK GERMANY E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 10 3-540-29383-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13 978-3-540-29383-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938216 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant pro- tective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: E. Kirchner, Heidelberg Production: A. Oelschläger Typesetting: Camera-ready by the Editor Printed on acid-free paper 30/2132/AO 543210 V Groundwater Geophysics – a Tool for Hydrogeology Access to clean water is a human right and a basic requirement for eco- nomic development.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Impact of Climate Change
    Adhikari et al. Journal of Ecology and Environment (2018) 42:36 Journal of Ecology https://doi.org/10.1186/s41610-018-0095-y and Environment RESEARCH Open Access Potential impact of climate change on the species richness of subalpine plant species in the mountain national parks of South Korea Pradeep Adhikari, Man-Seok Shin, Ja-Young Jeon, Hyun Woo Kim, Seungbum Hong and Changwan Seo* Abstract Background: Subalpine ecosystems at high altitudes and latitudes are particularly sensitive to climate change. In South Korea, the prediction of the species richness of subalpine plant species under future climate change is not well studied. Thus, this study aims to assess the potential impact of climate change on species richness of subalpine plant species (14 species) in the 17 mountain national parks (MNPs) of South Korea under climate change scenarios’ representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and Migclim for the years 2050 and 2070. Results: Altogether, 723 species occurrence points of 14 species and six selected variables were used in modeling. The models developed for all species showed excellent performance (AUC > 0.89 and TSS > 0.70). The results predicted a significant loss of species richness in all MNPs. Under RCP 4.5, the range of reduction was predicted to be 15.38–94.02% by 2050 and 21.42–96.64% by 2070. Similarly, under RCP 8.5, it will decline 15.38–97.9% by 2050 and 23.07–100% by 2070. The reduction was relatively high in the MNPs located in the central regions (Songnisan and Gyeryongsan), eastern region (Juwangsan), and southern regions (Mudeungsan, Wolchulsan, Hallasan, and Jirisan) compared to the northern and northeastern regions (Odaesan, Seoraksan, Chiaksan, and Taebaeksan).
    [Show full text]
  • Visualization of the Geophysical Settings in the Philippine Sea Margins by Means of GMT and ISC Data
    Central European Journal of Geography and Sustainable Development 2020, Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages: 5-15 ISSN 2668-4322, ISSN-L 2668-4322 https://doi.org/10.47246/CEJGSD.2020.2.1.1 Visualization of the geophysical settings in the Philippine Sea margins by means of GMT and ISC data Polina Lemenkova* Ocean University of China, College of Marine Geo-sciences, 238 Songling Rd, Laoshan, 266100, Qingdao, Shandong, China; [email protected] Received: 22 February 2020; Revised: 12 March 2020; Accepted: 20 March 2020; Published online: 25 March 2020 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: The presented research aimed to perform geophysical modelling (gravity and geoid) and to evaluate the spatio-temporal variation of the marine geological data (distribution and depth of earthquakes) using combination of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) and available sources from the International Seismological Centre (ISC-EHB) that produce data on earthquakes as part of seismic survey and regional research projects. The target study area is a Philippine Sea basin (PSB) with two focused marginal areas: Philippine Trench and Mariana Trench, two hadal trenches located in the places of the tectonic plates subduction. Marine free-air gravity anomaly in the PSP shows higher values (>80 mGal) of the gravity fields structure at the volcanic areas and Philippine archipelago. Current study presented comparative geophysical analysis, and mapping free-air gravity and geoid in the Philippine Sea basin area. As a result of this study, the average level of earthquakes located in the Philippine Trench and Mariana Trench areas were compared, and those located in the Philippine archipelago are determined to be in the souther-western part (area of west Mindanao, south-west Visayas islands), while Luzon Islands shown shallower located earthquakes.
    [Show full text]