PUBLISHED BY THE VOLUME 21 NO. 7 1998 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Contents ISSN 1068-4999 To promote and maintain high standards for preserving and managing cultural resources America's Mining Heritage DIRECTOR Mining History—A New Dialogue ... 3 Finding Them Was the Easy Part— Robert Stanton Robert L. Spude Making Sense of Historic Mine Sites on the Last Frontier 26 ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Industrial Archeology and Historic Logan W. Hovis CULTURAL RESOURCE STEWARDSHIP AND PARTNERSHIPS Mining Studies at Michigan Tech 4 Katherine H. Stevenson Patrick E. Martin Gold Rush-Era Mining Sites in Alaska's National Parks 30 EDITOR Geology National Historic Landmark Frank Norris Ronald M. Greenberg Theme Study 6 Harry A. Butowsky Geoarcheology of the ASSOCIATE EDITOR Jinny Hill Mines 31 Janice C. McCoy Quincy Mining Company Landscape in Greg A. Brick GUEST EDITORS Keweenaw National Historical Park . 8 Robert M. Thorson David A. Poirier Edward B. Yarbrough David A. Poirier Robert L. Spude Interpretation at the Western Museum Cow Heads and Trout Farms— ADVISORS of Mining and Industry 10 Underwater Exploration of the David Andrews Eric L. Clements Dalliba-Lee Mine 35 Editor, NPS Arthur B. Cohn Joan Bacharach Museum Registrar, NPS Canada Post Celebrates the Canadian Randall J. Biallas Institute of Mining 12 A Tale of Mines, Prospectors, and Native Historical Architect, NPS Elia Anoia Americans—The Making of Glacier Susan Buggey National Park 40 Director, Historical Services Branch Robert D. Higgins Parks Canada Reflections on Previous Ruminations— John A. Bums Some Thoughts about Mining Site Architect, NPS Eligibility and National Register If the Walls Could Speak—Mariscal Harry A. Butowsky Bulletin 42 13 Mine HAER Documentation 44 Historian, NPS Art Gómez Pratt Cassity Bruce J. Noble, Jr. Executive Director, Abandoned Mines as Bat Habitat ... .46 National Alliance of Preservation Commissions Newgate Prison and Copper Mine . .15 Muriel Crespi David A. Poirier J. Scott Altenbach Cultural Anthropologist, NPS Mary G. Harper Mark R. Edwards Tri-Cultural Use of the Director, Historic Preservation Division, Cerrillos Mines 49 State Historic Preservation Officer, Georgia Historic Mines of Chesapeake & Ohio Roger E. Kelly Frances Joan Mathien Archeologist, NPS Canal National Historical Park 17 Antoinette J. Lee Dianne Ingram Treasure Hill and the Archeology of Historian, NPS Doug Stover Shermantown 53 Donald L. Hardesty ASSISTANT Mexican Mining Heritage— Denise M. Mayo The Real Del Monte Site 19 The Kelly Mine—Archeological Inés Herrera Monitoring and Hollywood Magic . .57 Riña Ortiz Barbara Mackey The Mayflower Mill— The Threats to our Mining Heritage— Reclamation and Re-use 23 A Provincial Point of View 61 An electronic version of this Beverly Rich Homer E. Milford issue of CRM can be accessed through the CRM homepage at <http://www.cr.nps.gov/crm>. Cover: Borite miners at the Jinny Hill Mine entrance (c. 1875). Photo courtesy Cheshire (CT) Historical Society. Statements of fact and views are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflectan opinion or endorsement on the part of the editors, the CRM advi­ sors and consultants, or the National Park Service. Send articles and correspondence to the Editor, CRM. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Cultural Resources, 1849 C Street, NW, Suite 350NC,Washington, DC 20240; 202-343-8164, fax 202-343-5260; email: <[email protected]>. 2 CRM N2 7—1998 Robert L. Spude sequent nomination of historic mining sites to the National Register of Historic Places. An increased awareness, partially because of the loss of mining- related properties in the West, has also facilitated Mining History the recognition of mines and mining-related sites for National Register designation and/or the initiation A New Dialogue of serious preservation efforts. Rare is the extant industrial plant or mill that hile researching the once processed ores, either east or west. Georgetown mining district of Preservation efforts have often been piecemeal— WColorado, I recently discovered with some notable successes, such as the preserva­ information about the Red, tion of the Mayflower Mill near Silverton, Colorado. White, and Blue Mining Company, an entrepre­ Preservation through documentation studies is too neurial enterprise made up of a group of ex-slaves frequently the relied-upon method for recording at from the Missouri lead regions. They had organized least some level of information about a historic min­ their own company, opened mines, and operated ing site before the resource is lost. The Historic one of the first smelters in Colorado. A member of American Engineering Record has provided techni­ this mining company, metallurgist Lorenzo cal guidance and direction as well as conducted spe­ Bowman, became a locally recognized expert cific projects to record the mills and engineering before his death in 1870. Archeological evidence of works at idle mining sites. his operations on the headwaters of South Clear Mitigation efforts for federal clean-up projects Creek is an important reminder of the African or new federally-permitted mining operations have Americans who participated in the Pikes Peak resulted in many studies, especially archeological, of rush. former mining camps and mine sites. As part of the When cultural resource management studies mitigation for the loss of physical evidence of his­ are conducted, we often forget that the story of min­ toric properties, mining companies or agencies have ing is the story of people. Mining history is more funded the archeological study or historical recorda­ than the physical presence of mines or mills. It is tion of mining regions. Occasionally, the need to about new arrivals in a region, the creation of new provide habitat for rare species, such as bats, has towns, and the characteristic mining culture of boom facilitated the preservation of mine works. This for­ and bust. It is about the mix of industrial workers of tuitous overlap of natural resource management a region, the great cultural diversity, and the result­ mandates with an identified cultural resource bene­ ing social and political fabric. And, it is about the fits both. tale of innovators and entrepreneurs, opportunities Nearly 10 years ago, the National Park Service and disappointments. co-sponsored a week-long conference at Death In this, the centennial celebratory year of the Valley National Park on the preservation of historic Klondike Gold Rush and the 150th year after the mining sites in response to a need for guidance on California gold discovery, we continue to study and issues and policies, management and interpretation, re-interpret mining history and places. New parks, National Register and inventory projects, and miti­ such as Virginia City State Park in Montana, pro­ gation approaches for new mining operations or vide further opportunities to explore additional environmental clean-ups within historic areas. themes; in this case, Chinese sojourners and the Today, many of the issues raised at the confer­ society that evolved in the isolated northern Rocky ence have been addressed. However, mining history Mountains. Interpretation of mining sites, like many now needs new direction. There is a need for new other historic places, has been influenced by the points of view and historical methodologies. In par­ "New History," which looks at the broader story of ticular, there exists a continued need for innovative our diverse culture. In my corner of the West, the guidance on preserving and protecting these fragile prehistoric and Spanish-era turquoise mines near remains; a need for additional awareness about min­ Cerrillos, New Mexico, are just as important as the ers, prospectors, and countless other mining-related more celebrated gold rush sites elsewhere. individuals; and a better understanding of the diver­ However, the conservation, preservation, and sity of mining-related technologies and surviving management of mining sites are particularly prob­ historic resources within the national story. We lematic. In general, mining sites lasted only as long hope this edition of CRM begins this new dialogue. as profitable ore or coal was extracted; then they disappeared. Integrity of the resource will always Robert L. Spude is Chief, Cultural Resources and complicate the search for historic mining sites. Over National Register Program Services, NPS the past decade, the National Park Service has Intermountain Support Office, Santa Fe. He served as offered guidance for the survey, evaluation, and sub­ co-guest editor of this issue of CRM. CRM N2 7—1998 3 Patrick E. Martin In the United States, historic mining sites and lore occupy an important place in our collec­ tive memory and popular culture, whether it be stories of the Forty-Niners, coal mining in Industrial Archeology Appalachia, or gold prospecting in the Black Hills. Several states continue to base their identity on mining heritage, such as the Silver State of and Historic Mining Nevada; the totemic Badgers of Wisconsin, refer­ ring to the badger-like diggings of early lead min­ ers; or, the California state slogan, "Eureka!" The Studies at Michigan Tech cultural and technological importance of mining ventures to our national development is reflected ecent years have seen an increas­ in these expressions of shared identity, even if the ing awareness and concern for historic distribution of benefits was limited to industrial heritage in North investors and owners. R America and internationally. Public Few types of human habitation