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Mining and Rock Construction Technology Desk Reference Mining and Rock Construction Technology Desk Reference 77007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb i 110/20/20100/20/2010 110:09:200:09:20 AAMM Mining and Rock Construction Technology Desk Reference Rock mechanics, drilling and blasting Including acronyms, symbols, units and related terms from other disciplines Compiled by a group of experts from the Fragblast Section at the International Society of Explosives Engineers ISEE, Atlas Copco AB and Sandvik AB Editor-in-Chief Agne Rustan, formerly Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Associate Editors Claude Cunningham, Consulting Mining Engineer, South Africa Prof. William Fourney, University of Maryland, USA Prof. K.R.Y. Simha, Indian Institute of Science, India Dr. Alex T. Spathis, Orica Mining Services, Australia Downloaded by [Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU Consortium)] at 01:50 01 March 2016 77007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb iiiiii 110/20/20100/20/2010 110:09:210:09:21 AAMM Cover Illustrations: Illustration, Front Cover: Extensive rock reinforcement using rock bolts in combination with wire mesh in the LKAB mine in Kiruna, Sweden. Shown is a Boltec LC rock bolting rig. Photograph: Rob Naylor, 2010. © Atlas Copco. Used with kind permission. Illustration, Back Cover: It shows the working stages of the Roofex monitor bolt. © Atlas Copco MAI GmbH. Used with kind permission. CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK Typeset by Vikatan Publishing Solutions (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe (a CPI group Company), Chippenham,Wiltshire All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Innovations reported here may not be used without the approval of the authors. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. Published by: CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk – www.balkema.nl Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mining and rock construction technology desk reference : rock mechanics, drilling and blasting, including acronyms, symbols, units, and related terms from other disciplines / compiled by a group of experts from the Fragblast Section at the International Society of Explosives Engineers, ISEE, Atlas Copco AB and Sandvik AB ; editor-in chief, Agne Rustan ; associate editors, Claude Cunningham – [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-415-60043-9 (hard cover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-0-203-83819-8 (e-book) 1. Mining engineering – Encyclopedias. 2. Earthwork – Encyclopedias. 3. Rock mechanics – Encyclopedias. I. Rustan, Agne. II. Cunningham, Claude. Downloaded by [Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU Consortium)] at 01:50 01 March 2016 III. International Society of Explosives Engineers. Fragblast Section. TN9.M66 2010 622–dc22 2010030666 ISBN: 978-0-415-60043-9 (Hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-83819-8 (eBook) 77007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb iivv 110/20/20100/20/2010 110:09:220:09:22 AAMM Contents Editor details vii Introduction ix Terminology list 1 Notes for the user 3 Terms 5 List of symbols 411 Symbols 413 Greek symbols 427 References 431 Downloaded by [Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU Consortium)] at 01:50 01 March 2016 77007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb v 110/20/20100/20/2010 110:09:220:09:22 AAMM Editor details EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Agne Rustan Chairman of the Working Group on Terminology, Fragblast Section at International Society of Explosives Engineers Emeritus Associate Professor, Department of Mining Luleå University of Technology Lagmansvägen 20 SE-954 32 Gammelstad Sweden [email protected] ASSOCIATE EDITORS Claude Cunningham Consulting Mining Engineer Formerly AECI Explosives Limited Modderfontein House P.O. Modderfontein Transvaal 1645 South Africa William Fourney Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering University of Maryland Downloaded by [Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU Consortium)] at 01:50 01 March 2016 College Park MD 20742 USA 77007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb vviiii 110/20/20100/20/2010 110:09:220:09:22 AAMM viii Editor details K.R.Y. Simha Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India Alex T. Spathis Global Mining Applications Orica Mining Services Technical Centre George Booth Drive PO Box 196 Kurri Kurri, NSW 2327 Australia Downloaded by [Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU Consortium)] at 01:50 01 March 2016 77007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb vviiiiii 110/20/20100/20/2010 110:09:220:09:22 AAMM Introduction This publication extends the scope of the book Rock Blasting Terms and Symbols published by A.A. Balkema in 1998 and further embraces terminologies from closely related technolo- gies encountered in Mining and Construction Technology. This makes it today a complete Encyclopaedia in Mining and Rock Construction Technology. Effort has also been directed at including common terms not defined in other dictionaries. Terms from related disciplines commonly used in Mining and Rock Construction litera- ture include chemistry, detonics, fractography, fracture dynamics, mechanics and strength of materials, micro mechanics, geology, geophysics, image analysis, petrology, physics seis- mology etc. Rock types are, however, not included since this would extend the size of the Encyclopaedia too much. The Encyclopaedia aims to enable newcomers and workers in these fields to commu- nicate and learn effectively by standardising the language of these disciplines. As in Rock Blasting Terms and Symbols, it presents not only short definitions of the terms, but also quantifies them and defines their relationship to other parameters. All scientists, engineers, technicians, teachers, practitioners and students working and learning in Mining and Rock Construction Technology should find it indispensable for communicating, reading, writing and teaching through scientific papers, technical reports, etc. These categories will also be better acquainted with symbols, acronyms, abbreviations, shortened forms and units and this knowledge will assist them in publishing in their fields. The Encyclopaedia will therefore be important for the ‘Science and Practical work in Mining and Rock Construction Technology’. The Chairman, Agne Rustan of the Working Group on Terminology belonging to the Fragblast Section at Society of Explosives Engineers (ISEE) formed an International Group, in collaboration with the ISEE Fragblast Section Chairman William Fourney. The group consisted mainly of the following members from the ISEE Fragblast Section; William Four- ney USA, Claude Cunningham South Africa and Alex Spathis Australia. To this group joined later on Prof K.R.Y. Simha India and Prof Lusk USA. Min Eng Walter Harr, a former specialist at Sandvik AB in Sweden, was engaged to check the additional drilling terms. Ulf Linder Atlas Copco AB Sweden, kindly supplied the Downloaded by [Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU Consortium)] at 01:50 01 March 2016 Terminology Group with an extensive drilling dictionary, from which several terms were taken. To cover the field of Rock Mechanics, Prof John Hudson UK was engaged to check most of the new such terms added to the First Edition. 77007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb007TS-RUSTAN0-Book.indb iixx 110/20/20100/20/2010 110:09:220:09:22 AAMM x Introduction A useful source vocabulary list was the historic ‘USBM ‘Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms’ which contains about 55 000 terms and includes approximately 150 000 definitions (because one term can have several definitions). In current literature, short and often incomplete glossaries or dictionaries relevant to Mining and Rock Construction Tech- nology were found. The most extensive dictionaries in blasting were developed by Atlas Powder, USA (365 terms) and the Institute of Makers of Explosives, USA (293 terms). 109 Rock Mechanics terms not defined in the above mentioned sources were taken form the Five volumes “Comprehensive Rock Engineering. Principles, Practice & Projects”, edited by John Hudson. The present Encyclopaedia contains 5127 terms and, 637 symbols, 507 references, 236 acronyms, 108 formulas, 68 figures, 47 tables, 58 abbreviations and 7 shortened forms. The Encyclopaedia of Mining and Rock Construction Technology is arranged for maxi- mum cross-referencing and ease of use. Its features include: • The use of the standard symbols that will make it much easier to read and understand formulas. Each formula must, however, always be followed by an explanation of the symbols and the units being used when used in papers. • When a term is shown in the Encyclopaedia, the symbol will be found after the entry of the term together with its recommended unit and with the most common used prefix for the unit. When synonym terms are presented the same information is given. • When synonyms exist, the entry of the recommended synonym is given in bold and the other
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