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Mining in the Southern California Deserts: a Historic Context Statement and Research Design

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Mining in the Southern California Deserts: a Historic Context Statement and Research Design Mining in the Southern California Deserts: A Historic Context Statement and Research Design Karen K. Swope and Carrie J. Gregory Submitted to Sterling White Desert District Abandoned Mine Lands and Hazardous Materials Program Lead U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California Desert District Office 22835 Calle San Juan de los Lagos Moreno Valley, CA 92553 Prepared for James Barnes Associate State Archaeologist U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California State Office 2800 Cottage Way, Ste. W-1928 Sacramento, CA 95825 and Tiffany Arend Desert District Archaeologist U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California Desert District Office 22835 Calle San Juan de los Lagos Moreno Valley, CA 92553 Technical Report 17-42 Statistical Research, Inc. Redlands, California Mining in the Southern California Deserts: A Historic Context Statement and Research Design Karen K. Swope and Carrie J. Gregory Submitted to Sterling White Desert District Abandoned Mine Lands and Hazardous Materials Program Lead U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California Desert District Office 22835 Calle San Juan de los Lagos Moreno Valley, CA 92553 Prepared for James Barnes Associate State Archaeologist U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California State Office 2800 Cottage Way, Ste. W-1928 Sacramento, CA 95825 and Tiffany Arend Desert District Archaeologist U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management California Desert District Office 22835 Calle San Juan de los Lagos Moreno Valley, CA 92553 Technical Report 17-42 Statistical Research, Inc. Redlands, California October 2017 CONTENTS List of Figures............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... xiii Management Summary ............................................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 1.1 Regulatory Context ................................................................................................................................ 1.5 Methods and Sources ............................................................................................................................. 1.5 Document Organization ......................................................................................................................... 1.8 2. Historic Context.............................................................................................................................................. 2.1 Environmental Setting ............................................................................................................................ 2.3 Geophysical Provinces ....................................................................................................................... 2.3 Mojave Desert ................................................................................................................................ 2.3 Great Basin .................................................................................................................................... 2.5 Sierra Nevada................................................................................................................................. 2.5 Colorado Desert ............................................................................................................................. 2.6 Transverse, Peninsular, and Coast Ranges ..................................................................................... 2.6 Boundaries ......................................................................................................................................... 2.7 Cultural Setting ...................................................................................................................................... 2.7 Historical Overview ........................................................................................................................... 2.7 Discovery and Early Mining Development in the Study Area .......................................................... 2.8 Cultural Events ............................................................................................................................... 2.8 Foreign Miners’ Tax of 1850, Chinese Exclusion Laws ............................................................ 2.8 Post–Gold Rush Prospecting ...................................................................................................... 2.8 Economic Events ........................................................................................................................... 2.9 Coinage Acts of 1849 and 1853 ................................................................................................. 2.9 1873 Coinage Act and Panic ...................................................................................................... 2.9 1878 Bland-Allison Act ............................................................................................................. 2.9 Technological Developments ....................................................................................................... 2.10 1877 California State Geological Society Established ............................................................. 2.11 1880 California State Mining Bureau Established ................................................................... 2.11 Legislation ................................................................................................................................... 2.13 Mining Act of 1866 .................................................................................................................. 2.13 General Mining Act of 1872 .................................................................................................... 2.13 Growth and Zenith of Mining Activities in the Study Area ............................................................ 2.14 Cultural Events ............................................................................................................................. 2.14 World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 ...................................................................... 2.14 Unionization and Strikes .......................................................................................................... 2.15 Mining Discoveries at the Turn of the Twentieth Century ...................................................... 2.16 World War I ............................................................................................................................. 2.16 Economic Events ......................................................................................................................... 2.16 Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 and the Panic of 1893 .................................................. 2.18 Gold Standard Act of 1900 ...................................................................................................... 2.18 iii San Francisco Earthquake 1906 ............................................................................................... 2.18 Panic of 1907 ........................................................................................................................... 2.18 Technological Developments ....................................................................................................... 2.19 Recovery by Chlorination, Flotation, and Cyanidation ........................................................... 2.24 Safety Regulations and Accidents ............................................................................................ 2.26 Bureau of Mines Established ................................................................................................... 2.28 Carbide Lamps ......................................................................................................................... 2.28 Decline and Resurgence of Mining Activities in the Study Area .................................................... 2.29 Cultural Events ............................................................................................................................. 2.29 1929 Stock Market Collapse and the Great Depression ........................................................... 2.29 World War II ............................................................................................................................ 2.31 Economic Events ......................................................................................................................... 2.31 Gold Reserve Act 1933/Price-of-Gold Increase 1934/Silver Purchase Act 1934 .................... 2.31 U.S. War Production Board Limitation Order L-208............................................................... 2.31 World
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