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Milford Mine National Register Historic District, Crow Wing County, Minnesota

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Milford Mine National Register Historic District, Crow Wing County, Minnesota MILFORD MINE NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT, CROW WING COUNTY, MINNESOTA CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT Site History, Existing Conditions, Analysis and Evaluation Prepared by Two Pines Resource Group, LLC and 10,000 Lakes Archaeology, Inc. March 2015 PUBLIC VERSION MILFORD MINE NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT, CROW WING COUNTY, MINNESOTA CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT Site History, Existing Conditions, Analysis and Evaluation Prepared for Crow Wing County Land Services 322 Laurel Street, Suite 12 Brainerd, MN 56401 Prepared by Michelle M. Terrell, Ph.D., RPA Two Pines Resource Group, LLC 17711 260th Street Shafer, MN 55074 Amanda Gronhovd, M.S., RPA 10,000 Lakes Archaeology, Inc. 220 9th Avenue South South St. Paul, MN 55075 THIS PROJECT WAS FUNDED IN PART BY THE ARTS AND CULTURAL HERITAGE FUND March 2015 PUBLIC VERSION MILFORD MINE NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT This publication was made possible in part by the people of Minnesota through a grant funded by an appropriation to the Minnesota Historical Society from the Minnesota Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund. Any views, findings, opinions, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the State of Minnesota, the Minnesota Historical Society, or the Minnesota Historic Resources Advisory Committee. MILFORD MINE NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT MILFORD MINE NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT They came mostly to fulfill dreams of a better life and were willing to work hard and long to achieve that – if not for themselves, at least for their children… ~ ~ ~ Among the miners there developed a closeness and camaraderie that transcended the differences in language, ethnic background, and religion. ~ ~ ~ “For God’s sake, run faster! The whole lake has come in!” The Milford Mine Disaster: A Cuyuna Range Tragedy Berger Aulie, 1994 MILFORD MINE NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT MILFORD MINE NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ____________________________________________________________ V LIST OF TABLES ____________________________________________________________ VII CHAPTER 1 . INTRODUCTION _________________________________________________ 1 STUDY BOUNDARIES _______________________________________________________ 2 PROJECT BACKGROUND____________________________________________________ 4 SCOPE OF PROJECT AND METHODOLOGY ____________________________________ 6 GUIDELINES ____________________________________________________________ 6 HISTORICAL RESEARCH __________________________________________________ 6 PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDIES _________________________________ 7 FIELD VISITS ____________________________________________________________ 8 CURRENT CONDITION ASSESSMENTS ______________________________________ 8 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM DATA_________________________________ 8 REPORT FORMAT__________________________________________________________ 8 SITE HISTORY___________________________________________________________ 8 EXISTING CONDITIONS ___________________________________________________ 9 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION ______________________________________________ 9 PRESERVATION APPROACH ______________________________________________ 9 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ____________________________________________________ 9 CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF THE MILFORD MINE HISTORIC DISTRICT 10 CHAPTER 2 . HISTORIC CONTEXT AND SITE HISTORY ___________________________ 11 MINNESOTA IRON: DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION ___________________________ 12 THE VERMILION RANGE ___________________________________________________ 16 THE MESABI RANGE_______________________________________________________ 18 THE CUYUNA RANGE______________________________________________________ 19 POPULATING THE IRON RANGES____________________________________________ 23 MILFORD MINE ___________________________________________________________ 24 EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IDA MAE/ MILFORD MINE, 1912-1924 24 THE MILFORD MINE DISASTER: FEBRUARY 5, 1924 __________________________ 25 AFTERMATH OF THE DISASTER AND RECOVERY EFFORTS ___________________ 28 POST-DISASTER OPERATIONS AND CLOSURE, 1924-1932 ____________________ 31 CHAPTER 3 . EXISTING CONDITIONS __________________________________________ 35 SITE DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW ____________________________________________ 35 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION___________________________________________________ 38 LAND USE _______________________________________________________________ 39 CIRCULATION ____________________________________________________________ 39 PAGE i MILFORD MINE NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT VEGETATION_____________________________________________________________ 42 STRUCTURES ____________________________________________________________ 45 RAIL GRADES __________________________________________________________ 45 PICNIC SHELTER _______________________________________________________ 45 SMALL-SCALE FEATURES __________________________________________________ 47 PARK ENTRANCE SIGN __________________________________________________ 47 INFORMATIONAL KIOSK AND SIGNAGE ____________________________________ 47 BENCHES AND PICNIC TABLES ___________________________________________ 48 BOAT LAUNCH _________________________________________________________ 49 BICYCLE RACK _________________________________________________________ 49 LANDSCAPE BOULDERS __________________________________________________ 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES (21CW282) ____________________________________ 50 CHAPTER 4 . ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION: SIGNIFICANCE AND NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS _________________________________________________________ 53 EVALUATION OF HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE _________________________________ 53 CURRENT NATIONAL REGISTER STATUS _____________________________________ 53 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE 1912-1932 PERIOD ______________________ 54 NATIONAL REGISTER LISTING BOUNDARY DESCRIPTION_______________________ 54 POTENTIAL REFINEMENT OF THE NATIONAL REGISTER LISTING BOUNDARY____ 54 EVALUATION OF LANDSCAPE INTEGRITY ____________________________________ 56 ANALYSIS OF LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS________________________________ 58 NATURAL SYSTEMS AND FEATURES ________________________________________ 58 GEOLOGY _____________________________________________________________ 58 SOILS _________________________________________________________________ 58 FOLEY POND / MILFORD LAKE ____________________________________________ 60 TOPOGRAPHY____________________________________________________________ 63 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION___________________________________________________ 64 VEGETATION_____________________________________________________________ 65 LAND USE _______________________________________________________________ 68 VIEWS AND VISTAS _______________________________________________________ 69 CHAPTER 5 . ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION: STRUCTURE AND BUILDING REMAINS __ 71 CIRCULATION – ROADS____________________________________________________ 72 ROAD TO WOLFORD ____________________________________________________ 72 ROAD TO MANGANESE __________________________________________________ 74 ROADS WITHIN THE HISTORIC CORE ______________________________________ 75 CIRCULATION – RAILROAD FEATURES _______________________________________ 77 SOO LINE RAILROAD GRADE AND TRESTLE ________________________________ 77 PAGE ii MILFORD MINE NATIONAL REGISTER HISTORIC DISTRICT CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT MINE SPUR ____________________________________________________________ 79 POST-DISASTER SPUR __________________________________________________ 82 BORROW PITS FOR RAIL GRADE AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION ___________________ 85 MINE SHAFTS AND EXPLORATORY DRILL HOLES ______________________________ 85 MAIN SHAFT AND HEADFRAME (SHAFT HOUSE) _____________________________ 85 TIMBER SHAFT NO. 1 ____________________________________________________ 90 TIMBER SHAFT NO. 2 ____________________________________________________ 92 EXPLORATORY DRILL HOLES ____________________________________________ 92 BUILDING REMAINS – INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX _________________________________ 94 MACHINE SHOP / BLACKSMITH SHOP (BUILDING 1) __________________________ 94 ENGINE (HOIST) HOUSE (BUILDING 2)______________________________________ 96 POWER HOUSE (BUILDING 3) ____________________________________________ 100 WATER TANK (BUILDING 4)______________________________________________ 102 DRY HOUSE (BUILDING 5) _______________________________________________ 104 GARAGE (BUILDING 6) __________________________________________________ 107 UNKNOWN (BUILDING 7) ________________________________________________ 109 UNKNOWN (BUILDING 8) ________________________________________________ 109 SHOPS (BUILDING 9) ___________________________________________________ 110 OFFICE_______________________________________________________________ 111 PUMP HOUSE _________________________________________________________ 111 BUILDING REMAINS – RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX _______________________________ 112 MINE WORKER HOUSING _______________________________________________ 112 RESIDENCE - PRESUMED (BUILDING 10) __________________________________ 114 RESIDENCE - PRESUMED (BUILDING 11) __________________________________ 115 RESIDENCE - PRESUMED (BUILDING 12) __________________________________ 115 RESDIENCE - PRESUMED (BUILDING 13) __________________________________ 116 BOARDING HOUSE FOR SINGLE MEN (BUILDING 14) ________________________
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