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Mining for Empire

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Mining for Empire MINING FOR EMPIRE: GOLD, AMERICAN ENGINEERS, AND TRANSNATIONAL EXTRACTIVE CAPITALISM, 1889-1914 by Jeffrey Michael Bartos A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana November 2018 ©COPYRIGHT by Jeffrey Michael Bartos 2018 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION In loving memory of Dr. Harold C. Fleming and Lt. Col. Walter H. King, USAF iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a deep debt to many people who supported this dissertation from start to finish. My partner Molly has been patient with my absent-mindedness and perpetual state of stress, and Jasper and Lucy offer the finest creature comforts. My family has been incredibly supportive as well, even if they weren’t quite sure what I was researching. I could not have come to this point without the amazing intellectual community fostered by the historians of Montana State University. I owe particular gratitude to my doctoral committee, who have seen me through both a Master’s thesis and now to this point. Thanks to Dr. Billy G. Smith, Dr. Tim LeCain, Dr. Mary Murphy, Dr. Bob Rydell, and Dr. Michael Reidy. My fellow graduate students have similarly pushed me in my research and thinking, and I must acknowledge Dr. Cheryl Hendry, Dr. Gary Sims, Jen Dunn, Laurel Angell, Kelsey Matson, Clinton Colgrove, Reed Knappe, Alex Aston, Anthony Wood, Jill Falcon Mackin, Will Wright, and many others for their intellectual rigor and for the exchange of ideas and thinking around this project. Special thanks to Kerri Clement who was my primary reader and sounding board for ideas; whether we were floating down a river or swapping drafts, Kerri was critical in the intellectual formations of this work. Montana State University has been an incredible place to study, and I must acknowledge funding from the Center for Western Lands and Peoples, the College of Letters and Science, and the Graduate School. Finally, the librarians and archivists of several institutions have been profoundly helpful, whether it was Montana State University’s librarians, the archivists at the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, Yale University, or the American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming. Many, many thanks to all of you who had a hand in shaping this project. I can only hope to repay these debts. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION: MINING FOR EMPIRE ...................................................................... 1 Gold ............................................................................................................................................. 4 The Economics of Imperial Gold Mining .............................................................................. 12 Hard Rock Mining in the North American West ................................................................... 21 Mining Cities: London, New York, and San Francisco ......................................................... 27 Conclusion: Mining Engineers as Agents of Capital.............................................................. 30 2. A FEW VENAL CONQUERORS: HENNEN JENNINGS AND JOHN HAYS HAMMOND IN SOUTHERN AFRICA ................................................................................. 37 From Diamonds To Gold ........................................................................................................ 40 Hennen Jennings, 1889-1898 ................................................................................................... 52 John Hays Hammond, 1893-1896 ........................................................................................... 61 Gold Mining and The Anglo-Boer War .................................................................................. 83 Jennings, Hammond, And The Rand After The War ............................................................ 91 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 97 3. SUCH AN ARRAY OF SEVERE CONDITIONS: HERBERT HOOVER AND EFFICIENCY PRACTICES IN WESTERN AUSTRALIAN GOLD MINING ................ 99 Early Life and Education .......................................................................................................102 Charles Algernon Moreing and International Gold Mining ................................................109 Western Australia’s Climate: Investment and Pestilence .....................................................111 The Sons of Gwalia: Acquisition and Financing ..................................................................120 Sons of Gwalia: Efficiency Reforms .....................................................................................124 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................136 4. THE BENEFIT DERIVED HAS BEEN COUNTERBALANCED BY THE HARM DONE: HERBERT HOOVER, FOREIGN INCURSION, AND DISASTER CAPITALISM IN LATE-QING CHINA. ..............................................................................139 The Kaiping Colliery and the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company, 1878-1900 ...143 Hoover, Mine Inspections, and the Boxer Uprising ............................................................148 Acquiring the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company .................................................159 Controlling the Kaiping Colliery ...........................................................................................167 Chinese Officials Sue for Redress .........................................................................................172 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................174 5. A MOST VALUABLE FACTOR IN THE MINING INDUSTRY: HEBERT HOOVER AS A PARTNER IN BEWICK, MOREING & CO. .........................................178 v TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Engineering Partner in Bewick, Moreing & Co. ..................................................................181 Hoover’s Engineering and Managerial Staff .........................................................................184 Mine Management: Lake View Consols, Sons of Gwalia, and East Murchison United ...191 Angry Shareholders and the Rowe Defalcation ...................................................................200 Consolidating and Diversifying Holdings .............................................................................211 The Consolidated Deep Leads...............................................................................................222 Leaving Bewick, Moreing & Co.............................................................................................226 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................231 6. WITHOUT EQUAL: THE ENGINEERING AND MINING JOURNAL AS AN INSTRUMENT OF INFORMATION, INVESTMENT, AND EMPIRE. .......................234 Methodology, Background, and Theory ...............................................................................237 Front Pages and Editorials .....................................................................................................241 Contributed Articles ...............................................................................................................246 Foreign Mining News .............................................................................................................251 London Correspondence .......................................................................................................256 Reports from Working Mines ................................................................................................258 Mining as White Civilization ..................................................................................................260 Prominent Mining Engineers and the E&MJ ......................................................................264 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................267 7. GLORIFYING THE GOLDEN FLEECE: MINING AT WORLD’S FAIRS, FROM CHICAGO TO SAN FRANCISCO ........................................................................................270 The 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition and 1894 Midwinter Exposition .....................275 The 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition.............................................................................278 The 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition ............................................................280 Mining Engineers and World’s Fairs .....................................................................................286 8. THE ACCUMULATED KNOWLEDGE OF A THOUSAND GENERATIONS: MINING ENGINEERS AS PUBLIC INTELLECTUALS..................................................292 Historiography ........................................................................................................................294 The Social World of the Mining Engineer ............................................................................296 Creating a History of the Profession .....................................................................................299 Professionalism in Practice and Principle .............................................................................304 Efficiency, Conservation, and White Trade Unionism ........................................................307
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