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Interpersonal Function of Tones in Mizo Laltleipuii

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Interpersonal Function of Tones in Mizo Laltleipuii INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION OF TONES IN MIZO LALTLEIPUII Supervisor DR. MEENA DEBASHISH Associate Professor Department of Phonetics and Spoken English A dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) in Linguistics and Phonetics SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE SCIENCES THE ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD 500 007, INDIA August 2018 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS AND CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH SCHOOL OF LANGUAGE SCENCES THE ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD 500007 DECLARATION I, LALTLEIPUII hereby declare that this thesis entitled “INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION OF TONES IN MIZO” submitted for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics and Phonetics to the English and Foreign Languages University, embodies the result of a bonafied work that has been carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Dr. C. Meena Debashish. I also declate that it has not been submitted previously in part or full to this university or other university or institution for the award of any degree or diploma. Place: Hyderabad LALTLEIPUII Date: Regd. No. 47/P/2013 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION OF TONES IN MIZO” submitted to the English and Foreign Languages University in partial fulfilments of the requirements for the award of the Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics and Phonetics is a bonafied original work done by Miss. LALTLEIPUII bearing the Regd. No. 47/P/2013 during the period of her study in the Department of Phonetics and Spoken English, the English and Foreign Languages University under my guidance and supervision. As far as I know the thesis has not been submitted previously in part or full to this university or any other university or institution for the award of any degree or diploma. Supervisor (Dr. C. Meena Debashish) Associate Professor Department of Phonetics and Spoken English School of Language Sciences Hyderabad, India, 50000 Abstract This thesis examines the interpersonal function of tones in Mizo, a Tibeto- Burman language spoken mainly in Mizoram, the North-Eastern part of India. The theoretical framework employed for this research is the Systemic Functional theory of Halliday (1970, 2004). The main objective of this research work is to investigate the interpersonal function of tones in Mizo, focusing on the systems of MOOD (lexicogrammar), SPEECH FUNCTIONS (semantics) and KEY (the phonological realization of ‘attitudinal meanings’). The present study investigated the relationship between the linguistic and extralinguistic levels of language, i.e. the realization of contextualized meanings, by adopting a trinocular perspective. This entailed a study of the ‘construal’ of meanings (semantics) by clauses of different Mood types (lexicogrammar), and the ‘realization’ of these meanings by the system of TONE (phonology). Mizo, like most South East Asian languages, employs distinct interpersonal elements for Mood distinction. Therefore, firstly, the Mood types were identified by a thorough study of the interpersonal elements of Mizo, and the MOOD system for each Mood type was set up. Secondly, the system of SPEECH FUNCTIONS was set up and the realization (both congruent and incongruent) of the speech functions in the lexicogrammar was studied. Finally, the interpersonal function of the TONE system of Mizo was researched into through the acoustic study of contextualized examples to determine the function of Mizo tones in the construal of attitudinal meanings. i This dissertation is presented in five chapters. The first chapter is an introductory chapter and begins with an introduction to Mizo language with a brief overview on the history of the language. This is followed by a literature review of formal works conducted by native linguists and also includes a discussion of other works conducted by non-native linguists like P. Sarmah et al. (2010 & 2011). Furthermore, the informal studies conducted by some Mizo language enthusiast have also been looked into. This chapter includes a discussion of the relevance of their works, their contribution and the resource materials that can be used for the present study. In the overview of the theoretical background, a brief discussion of the framework is given where the three dimensions, namely Stratification, Metafunction and Instantiation are briefly discussed. This is followed by an elaborated discussion on the interpersonal metafunction, touching upon the Mood, Speech function and Key aspects. Chapter Two includes the discussion of the aims, procedure and methodology. The process of setting up and collecting the data is elaborated along with the process of the analysis of data. Moreover, the chapter contains a discussion of the problems faced during the process of data collection and discusses the tests (i.e., instrumental and auditory perception) performed for the validation of the data. In Chapter Three, the MOOD system and the speech functions of Mizo are discussed. It is revealed that, unlike European languages, Mizo has distinct interpersonal elements which accompany a Mood type in the lexicogrammar stratum. These distinct elements are explored and investigated for each mood type, illustrating their variants and functions. This is followed by an investigation of the structures available for each mood ii type and a MOOD system network is then set up for each Mood. Lastly, the chapter ends with a discussion of the speech functions (statement, question, command and offer), and the congruent and incongruent realizations of these meanings in the lexicogrammatical stratum. Chapter Four discusses the Key aspect of the interpersonal metafunction of tones, by investigating the phonological realization of contextualized simple clauses, with samples collected from seven informants. The samples for each speaker were meticulously investigated and then the findings compared. Since a simple clause in Mizo can express a different attitude/meaning with a change in either the tone or in one or more acoustic features such as pitch, duration or intensity, the realization of these attitudinal variants (for instance ‘polite,’ ‘irritation,’ ‘anger,’ ‘disappointed,’ ‘surprised’, etc.) have been explored and methodically studied. The investigation of these variants is conducted for each mood type. It was observed that the tones of Mizo behave in a predictable manner depending on the attitudes being conveyed. Chapter Five further explores the ‘Key’ function of tones by analysing continuous speech, through exchanges picked up from four Mizo dramas (stage plays). The study was conducted to observe the acoustic changes in tones while realizing the various attitudinal meanings in these samples of continuous speech. This investigation revealed that the observations made in Chapter Four regarding the phonological realization of various attitudes is corroborated by the samples taken from the drama text. Finally, Chapter Six sums up the investigations conducted in this research and presents the findings. This chapter also discusses areas for future research. iii The findings in the investigation of attitudinal function of tones shows that the four tones of Mizo exhibit a certain change in the acoustic features (like pitch, duration, intensity) when construing specific attitudes. If Attitude 1 (neutral) is realized with Tone 1 (Level pitch), the tone remains the same while realizing Attitude 2 (‘polite,’ ‘friendly,’ ‘worry,’ etc.) but the pitch is higher and the duration is much longer; while realizing Attitude 3 (‘irritated,’ ‘annoyed,’ ‘insistent,’ ‘persistent’, etc.), there is a change in the pitch form, i.e. Tone 1 (neutral) changes to a Rise; while realizing Attitude 4 (‘anger’), the tone is the same as neutral but the tonic exhibits higher intensity and shorter duration. Attitude 5 (‘disappointed,’ or ‘doubtful’) is always realized with a Falling contour, and Attitude 6 (‘surprise’) with a High-pitched Rise. Similarly, Tone 2 (Mid to Low), Tone 3 (Mid-Low or Low to Low), and Tone 4 (Rise Fall) were observed to exhibit specific changes in their acoustic features in the realization of these attitudes. The changes observed for each tone were noted and described in a similar manner in all the renderings of the clauses of all Mood types. Finally, in addition to the attitudes that have been investigated, the analysis of exchanges reveals that Mizo makes use of adverbs, adjectives and interjections to express excitement, intensity or degree, and also for exaggeration. Finally, I hope that this study will motivate and aid further research on Mizo language using the Systemic Functional Approach, especially the interpersonal function of tones in relation to the system of MODALITY. Also, I hope that this research provides a better comprehension of the tones of Mizo and their functions, which, in fact, is an ongoing debate. iv Acknowledgements First of all, I thank God for providing me this opportunity and helping me overcome my obstacles and granting me the ability to complete my research successfully. I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Meena Debashish for her guidance, encouragement, patience and for being a constant support. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Lalrindiki Fanai and Rozama Chawngthu for taking their time to look at my data and offering advice and lending insightful perspective. I am immensely thankful to all my informants Diki, Biakpuii, Grace, Gloria, Sandy, Mamuani and Remremi for willingly participating in the recording of my data. I would further like to thank Diki, Note-i, Mahruaia, and Ht Tluangtea for their participation in auditory perception test. I would also like to thank my colleague and senior Indira and Sheeba for lending me insightful information during preparation of submission. I would also like to thank Dr. Zoramdinthara for gifting me with a useful book ‘Mizo Tawng Grammar.’ v I am especially grateful to Diki, my junior and my friend for always being there and helping me in many ways. I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to the Technical staff in Phonetics department for always assisting me while I was recording my informants. As the recording was tedious and time consuming, I am grateful to them for always being patient.
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