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Home , Evaporation, Regelation

Heat Transfer

● What are the different ways that heat can move from ● What are the different ways that heat can move from one place to another? one place to another?

– Conduction – – Radiation

Which method was involved in the class demonstration last Wednesday with the steel balls that dropped as the wax that held them melted?

Conduction Convection

● Heat transfer by successive ● Heat transfer due to the actual atomic collisions motion of a fluid

– Ex. A metal rod held in a fire – Operates in and DEMO ● Conductors ● What causes convection – built from atoms that currents? have “free” outer electrons

● Readily transport energy via collisions

● Ex. Metals

● Insulators – Tightly bound outer electrons

● Wood, cork, styrofoam, air Does cold flow into your finger, – Air vs. rack in an oven or does heat flow out?

Convection Convection and the Earth

● Heat transfer due to the actual motion of a fluid Convection in the atmospere drives Earth's weather. It also operates in the interior of the Earth and drives plate tectonics or “continental – Operates in liquids and gases drift”. Mantle of the Earth is semi- rock that supports convection. Plates ride on top of convective cells. Lava flows ● Convection currents through cell boundaries. Earth loses internal heat this way. – Heated fluid expands and rises due to buoyant force – Cooler, denser fluid descends and takes its place – Rising fluid cools as it expands

● Demo – breathing vs. blowing on hand – More collisions with receding molecules during expansion => One cycle takes millions of years => heat loss is extremely slow. decrease

1 When plates meet...

1) Head-on collision (Himalayas) side view

2) "Subduction zone" (one slides under the other) (Andes)

3) "Rift zone" (two plates moving apart) (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

4) They may just slide past each other Plates move only a few cm/year. (San Andreas Fault) top view

=> mountain ranges, trenches, earthquakes, volcanoes

Pangaea Theory: 200 million years ago, all the continents were together!

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a rift zone.

Do you know any other rift zones?

Radiation Core of the Sun Temperature : 15 million ● Energy transmitted in the 7 form of electromagnetic K (1.5 x 10 K) waves : 160 gm/cm3, 160 – A mechanism that can times that of , 10 transmit energy across the times the density of lead of space

● Conduction – requires collisions in a material object

● Convection – requires a fluid – Ex. Solar energy received by the Earth Demo - bring in the sun

2 The Interior Structure of the Sun How does energy get from core to surface? (not to scale)

photon path core

"surface" or photosphere: density low enough so "radiative zone": photons can escape into "convection zone" space. photons scatter off nuclei and some electrons bound to nuclei electrons, slowly => radiation can't get through drift outwards: => heats gas, hot gas rises, Let's focus on the core, where the Sun's energy is generated. "diffusion". cool gas falls

Can see rising and falling convection cells => granulation. Bright Can see rising and falling convection cells => granulation. Bright granules hotter and rising, dark ones cooler and falling. (Remember granules hotter and rising, dark ones cooler and falling. (Remember convection in Earth's atmosphere, interior and Jupiter). convection in Earth's atmosphere, interior and Jupiter).

Granules about Granules about 1000 km across 1000 km across

Why are cooler granules dark? Stefan's Law: brightness α T4 Why are cooler granules dark? Stefan's Law: brightness α T4

Clicker Question: Clicker Question:

Earth’s average density is about the same Suppose a region of the sun was cooler by as: a factor of 2 than the average, how would A: water the luminosity compare? B: an iron meteorite A: 2 times higher C: balsa wood B: 2 times lower D: a chunk of volcanic rock C: 4 times lower D: 16 times lower

3 Changes of Clicker Question: ● List the four phases of in order of increasing internal energy What are the main mechanisms of energy transfer in the Sun? A: radiation, convection B: radiation, conduction C: convection, conduction D: radiation

Changes of Phase Changes of Phase

● List the four phases of ● List the four phases of matter in order of increasing matter in order of increasing internal energy internal energy solid => => gas => solid => liquid => gas => plasma

● List the processes that take ● List the processes that take you from a solid to a plasma you from a solid to a plasma => =>

● List the processes that take you from a plasma to a solid

Changes of Phase Evaporation and

● List the four phases of ● Evaporation matter in order of increasing internal energy – A phase change from liquid to gas at the surface of a liquid solid => liquid => gas => plasma ● Which molecules are most likely to escape surface? ● List the processes that take you from a solid to a plasma ● Boiling melting => evaporation => – Evaporation beneath the surface ionization of a liquid

● List the processes that take – must balance you from a plasma to a solid surrounding pressure – electron capture => => ● How does boiling point change with altitude?

4 Condensation Condensation

● A phase change from a gas to ● A phase change from a gas to a liquid a liquid

– Opposite of evaporation – Opposite of evaporation

● Since evaporation (and ● Since evaporation (and boiling) are cooling processes, boiling) are cooling processes, is condensation a warming is condensation a warming process? process?

– Yes. Gas molecules near Water condenses on the outside surface of a liquid are attracted of a cold soda can and warms the to the liquid => collide with soda in the process. greater K.E. => temperature of liquid rises

Sublimation Virga

● A phase change from a solid to a gas (skipping liquid)

● Since evaporation (and boiling) are cooling processes, is sublimation a warming process? ex: Chinook winds

– No. Energy is given up as the molecules of the solid expand into a gas form. DEMO - dry Oposite process is “deposition” ● Evaporation of precipitation before it gets to the ground

Melting and Freezing Melting and Freezing

● Melting ● Melting

– Random thermal motion at high – Random thermal motion at high temp. breaks molecular bonds temp. breaks molecular bonds

● Freezing (reverse process) ● Freezing (reverse process)

– Decreased motion allows – Decreased motion allows binding due to interparticle binding due to interparticle attraction attraction – – Regelation

● Continued melting and refreezing ● Continued melting and refreezing of water under pressure of water under pressure – Ex. Ice skating Regelation – the wire will slowly – Ex. Ice skating Regelation – the wire will slowly – What special property of water pass through the ice without cutting – What special property of water pass through the ice without cutting makes this possible? it in half. makes this possible? it in half. ● Density of ice less than that of water => melts under pressure!

5 Clicker Question: Clicker Question:

What is the first step to convert a plasma What is it called when water goes directly to a solid? from a vapor to form ice or frost? A: ionization A: sublimation B: freezing B: deposition C: condensation C: condensation D: electron capture D: melting

Clicker Question: Temperature and Phase Changes

● Temperature is constant during a change of phase Which requires the most energy input? – Absorbed heat goes into A: melting ice to make water breaking molecular bonds B: vaporizing water to make => increased potential energy. Translational C: sublimating ice to make steam K.E. remains unchanged. A material absorbs energy when melting D: warming water from freezing cold to the boiling (Left to Right) or vaporizing and expels energy when point. condensing or freezing. – Extracted heat allows molecular bonds to form During a phase change, the energy (decreased potential goes into the change of state rather than into changing the object's temperature. energy) at fixed temp. (Right to Left)

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