Tunisian Journal
of Plant Protection Volume 11 Number 2 December 2016
Tunisian Journal of Plant Health Sciences (TJPP)
http://www.iresa.tn/tjpp eISSN 2490-4368 pISSN 1737-5436
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
http://www.iresa.tn/tjpp
Volume 11, Number 2, December 2016
Contents
ALLELOPATHY 179-Differential autotoxicity of five cropped barley varieties. Oueslati, O. and Ben- Hammouda, M. (Tunisia)
MYCOLOGY 191-Evaluation of local watermelon and melon rootstocks resistance to six soilborne plant pathogenic fungi in Tunisia. Ben Salem, I., Boughalleb-M’Hamdi, N., Bnejdi, F., and M’Hamdi, M. (Tunisia)
ENTOMOLOGY 207-Life history parameters of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata on Ceratitis capitata under laboratory conditions: Implications for mass rearing and biological control. Harbi, A., Abbes, K., Chermiti, B., Martins, D., Hafsi, A., Sabater-Muñoz, B., and Beitia, F. (Tunisia, Spain, Brazil, France, Ireland)
WEED SC. 219-Mapping and monitoring an invasive alien plant in Tunisia: Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) a noxious weed of agricultural areas. Sayari, N., Brundu, G., and Mekki, M. (Tunisia, Italy)
229-Inventory of the spontaneous alien flora in Tunisia. Sayari, N. and Mekki, M. (Tunisia)
SHORT COMMUNICATION 239-Preliminary essay on the aggressiveness of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis towards five Tunisian varieties of durum wheat (Triticum durum). Tissaoui, S., Kamel, S., Mougou-Hamdane, A., Chérif, M., and Nasraoui, B. (Tunisia)
FIRST REPORTS 245-First report on natural enemies of Lixus pulverulentus on faba bean crops in Tunisia. Boukhris-Bouhachem, S., Hmem-Bourissa, M., and Souissi R. (Tunisia)
251-First report of Casama innotata in Jebel Brourmet forest, Tataouine, Tunisia. Ezzine, O., Dhahri, S., Mahdhi, S., Hausmann, A., and Ben Jamâa M.L. (Tunisia, Germany)
Photo of the cover page: Larva of Casama innotata (Courtesy Olfa Ezzine)
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Acknowledgement of Reviewers
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection gratefully appreciates the volunteer help of reviewers which evaluate, with care and competence, papers proposed for publication in the 2 Issues of the 11th Volume, 2016. They are listed below in recognition of their contribution.
Al-Jboory Ibrahim, College Agric., Univ. Baghdad, Iraq Allagui, Med Béchir, INRAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunisia Ammar, Mohamed, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Belkadhi, Mohamed Sadok, IRAM/CTCPG, Univ. Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia Benazoun, Abdessalam, IAVHassenII-CHA, Agadir, Morocco Ben-Hammouda, Moncef, ESAK, Univ. Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia Ben Hamouda, Mohamed Lahbib, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Ben Jamâa, Mohamed Lahbib, INRGERF, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Ben Slimane, Hamida, ENSA, Algires, Algeria Besri, Mohamed, IAVHassenII, Rabat, Morocco Bouhachem-Boukhris, Sonia, INRAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Boulahia-Khedher Synda, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Braham, Mohamed, CRRHABChM, Univ. Sousse, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia Chaabane-Boujnah, Hanène, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Chehimi, Sonia, INRAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Chakali Gahdab, ENSA, Algires, Algeria Chérif Raouf, ESAMo, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Chermiti, Brahim, ISAChM, Univ. Sousse, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia Ciscato, Claudia H.P., Instituto Biologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil Debbabi, Hajer, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Dellagi, Alia, AgroParisTech, Paris, France Dmowska, Ewa, MIZ, Warswa, Poland El Kaoua, Mimoun, Univ. Cadi-Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco Farooq, Muhammad, Univ. Agric., Faisalabad, Pakistan Ghanem-Boughanmi, Néziha, FSB, Univ. Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia Ghrabi Zeineb, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Grissa-Lebdi, Kaouthar, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Hajlaoui, Mohamed Rabeh, INRAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Hamada Walid, ESAK, Univ. Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia Hamza, Sonia, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Haouala Rabia, ISAChM, Univ. Sousse, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia Hullé, Maurice, INRA, Rennes, France Jaber, Farouk, FS, Lebanese Univ., Beirut, Lebanon Kallel, Sadreddine, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Koudjil, Mohamed, Univ. Chlef, Chlef, Algeria Kouki-Khalfallah, Karima, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Kremer, Robert J., Univ. Missouri-Columbia, Missouri, USA Krida, Ghazi, INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Massart, Sébastien, ULg, Gembloux, Belgium Mazih, Ahmed, IAV HassenII/CHA, Agadir, Morocco Mediouni-Ben Jamâa, Jouda, INRAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Mekki, Mounir, ISAChM, Univ. Sousse, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia Mhamdi Mahmoud, ISAChM, Univ. Sousse, Chott-Mariem, Tunisia Mnari-Hattab, Monia, INRAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Pasqualini, Edison, Univ. Bologna, Bologna, Italy Rhouma, Ali, IRESA/IO, Univ. Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia Salghi, Rachid, ENSA, Agadir, Morocco Schiffers, Bruno, ULg, Gembloux, Belgium Simpson, Stephen J., Univ. Sydney, Sydney, Australia Souissi, Thouraya, IRESA/INAT, Univ. Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia Taleb, Abdelkader, IAV HassenII, Rabat, Morocco Triki, Mohamed Ali, IO, Univ. Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia Ziedan, El-Sayed H.E., NRC, Cairo, Egypt
Special thanks go to (1) Dr. Abdallah Ben Abdallah and Dr. Faleiro, Jose Romeno, both FAO, Saudi Arabia, and (2) Prof. Ben Jamâa, Mohamed Lahbib, INRGERF, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia, for writing for Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection the Guest Editorials in respectively Issues No. 1 and No. 2 of the Volume 11 (2016).
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Guest Editorial
Reflection on forest insect pests in the Mediterranean region, with particular attention to Tunisia
The forest area in Mediterranean health problems, including those countries was over 85 million ha, associated with insect pests and diseases. representing 2% of the world’s forest A total of 89 insect pests with area. The Mediterranean vegetation major outbreaks were reported from the support 20% of the plant species on Mediterranean countries (FAO, 2013). Earth, where there are more than 25 000 Over the 27 insect pests reported as the plant species and more than half are most serious ones, 13 were coleopterans endemic. Many hot spots are located (beetles), 9 were lepidopterans there, giving to the Mediterranean (butterflies and moths), 4 were ecosystems a high biological value. The hymenopterans (sawflies), and one was a climate is typically warm temperate, with hemipteran (aphid). a dry summer season usually not Insect pests indigenous to the exceeding 4 months but giving it a certain Mediterranean region cause considerable severity. Everywhere however, climate damage. Bark beetles count among the change allows worrying about dramatic most dangerous insects that attack pine problems regarding tree health, as well forests to which they can cause severe as risk of extension of Mediterranean damage, such as Tomicus destruens and pests outside of their native areas. Orthotomicus erosus which is a carrier of The Mediterranean vegetation is pathogenic fungi and is known to carry dominated by evergreen shrubs and Sphaeropsis sapinea, which causes sclerophyllous trees adapted to the mortality in many Pinus species. distinctive climatic regime of summer Defoliators such as the gypsy moth drought and cool moist winters with only (Lymantria dispar) and Pine sporadic frost. In addition to the Processionary Moth ‘PPM’ woodland, we distinguish two main types (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) are also a of degraded forest, the maquis (dense regional problem. L. dispar is a shrub formations) and garrigue (more significant pest because the caterpillars open and aromatic shrubs). The most have various appetites for more than 300 forest species are: Quercussuber (cork species of trees and shrubs. The oak), Quercus ilex (holm oak), Cedrus caterpillars defoliate trees, leaving trees atlantica (Atlas cedar), Pinus halepensis vulnerable to diseases and can eventually (Aleppo pine), Pinus pinea (stone pine), kill the tree. In Tunisia, currently, this Pinus pinaster (Maritime pine). pest is in a latency phase (low level and The Mediterranean forest is absence of defoliation). However, since threatened by abiotic factors (such as air 1995 the PPM’s range has been pollution, storms, drought and fire) and expanding constantly, in both latitude and other biotic factors (such as woody altitude. Moreover, in some areas, invasive species, wildlife browsing and outbreaks are becoming more severe, as grazing). They also have many forest well as repeating over time. The PPM is a major pest in the Mediterranean basin
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 due to their larvae, which voraciously destroying many hectares of planted feed on pine needles and have urticating areas. P. semipunctata was established in hairs. The Intergovernmental Panel on all Eucalyptus forest and survived and Climate Change ‘IPCC’ retained the multiplied due to the absence of natural moth as one of the two insect indicators enemies. However, 20 years later, its egg of climate change because of its parasitoid Avetianella longoi was expansion with warming up. observed in 1994 where its parasitism Similar invasive forest insects rate varies between 30 to 95% in some have been introduced in the various cases. During the 2000’s other wasps gall Mediterranean countries, originating species were detected. The Eucalyptus from other Mediterranean ecosystems gall wasp O. maskelli was detected in and damaging similar tree species. A 2006. Its arrival was followed after about number of high profile insect pest species two years by its parasitoid, Closterocerus native to Australia are established in chamaeleon. A consistent reduction was many Mediterranean countries, where found in the observed host range of the they are causing considerable damage to gall wasp after the establishment of the forests. In Tunisia, six species were parasitoid with a reduction of 83% on reported on Eucalyptus species: Eucalyptus species. Host range narrowed Phoracantha semipunctata, P. recurva, down from 18 to 3 closely-related host Leptocybe invasa, Ophelimus maskelli, species (E. camaldulensis, E. tereticornis Glycaspis brimblecombei and and E. rudis). However, G. Blastopsylla eucalypti. The outbreaks of brimblecombei was recorded in 2010 and many species are now controlled by their its parasitoid Psyllaephagus bliteus was natural enemies. observed two years later. Its parasitism In general, all exotic forest tree rate is continuously increasing from 3.7% species will be attacked by insect pests. in August 2012 to 76.4% in August 2016. For example, Eucalyptus species were At this case, forest health monitoring is introduced in Tunisia since the fifteen, important, because the control agents will but 10 years later their xylophagous re-establish equilibrium to keep the pest Phoracantha sempinuctata was detected under control, and no control needed.
Prof. Mohamed Lahbib Ben Jamâa Chief of the Lab ‘Management and Valorisation of the Forest Resources’ INRGREF, University of Carthage, Tunis Tunisia
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Differential Autotoxicity of Five Cropped Barley Varieties
Oussama Oueslati, Faculté des Sciences de Gabès, Université de Gabès, Tunisia, and Moncef Ben-Hammouda, Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Production des Céréales, Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture du Kef, Université de Jendouba, Le Kef 7100, Tunisia
______ABSTRACT Oueslati, O. and Ben-Hammouda, M. 2016. Differential autotoxicity of five cropped barley varieties. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 179-189.
Field experiments were conducted in the North-West semi-arid zone of Tunisia during two consecutive growing seasons (2002/03, 2003/04) to study: (i) the differential auto-toxicity/allelopathy expressed by five barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties (‘Manel’, ‘Martin’, Moumtez’, ‘Rihane’, ‘Souihli’) residues (straw, stubble), used as mulch in direct drilling, (ii) the effect of soils cultivated with barley, and (iii) the impact of growing season in such auto-toxicity. The auto-toxic potential was assessed on germination and seedlings (coleoptile, radicle) growth bioassays, with ‘Manel’ as the test-variety. Radicle growth bioassay was the most sensitive test to detect barley auto-toxicity, when compared to coleoptile growth and germination bioassays. Barley residue-extracts showed a highly significant inhibitory effect on radicle growth of ‘Manel’ during the two growing seasons, with significant varietal differences. Unexpectedly, soil extracts were not active on germination and seedlings growth of barley. Stubble-extracts were more auto-toxic then those of straw, independently of variety and growing seasons. Among the five tested varieties, ‘Manel’ and 'Martin' were found as the most allelopathic and ‘Souihli’ as the least allelopathic one. Such results suggest a particular care in choosing the appropriate barley variety in monoculture under a direct drilling system. Moreover, the residues amount to be left on the soil surface must be reduced.
Keywords: Allelopathy, auto-toxicity, barley, bioassays, growing season ______
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a Monoculture of barley, frequently and strategic cereal crop grown in Tunisia, potentially, causes a depression of grains especially in the semi-arid zone. Cereal and straw yields. This phenomenon could producers continue to grow barley that is be partially attributed to allelopathy, and more adapted to semi-arid and rain-fed would be amplified when practicing conditions which was characterized by an direct drilling (7). Under conservation erratic and low rainfall and cold winter. agriculture, abandoned biomass (mulch) on soil surface could be a source of supplementary auto-toxic substances Corresponding author: Oussama Oueslati originated by residues leachates and/or Email: [email protected] exudation that have been identified throughout barley tissues and soil extracts previously cropped with barley (5, 20). Accepted for publication 19 July 2016 Barley plant (root, leaf, stem, seed) aqueous extracts expressed a highly auto- Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 179 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 toxic potential which was positively expressed by barley residues (straw, associated with three phenolic acids (p- stubble) and soils cultivated with barley hydroxybenzoic, syringic, p-coumaric over two consecutive growing seasons. phenolic acids) (18, 19), and varied with seasonal harvest and varieties (18). Green MATERIALS AND METHODS sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) post- harvest Plant material and field experiments. residues, expressed an allelopathic/auto- Five barley varieties (‘Manel’, toxic potential manifested by a delay in ‘Martin’, ‘Moumtez’, ‘Rihane’, ‘Souihli’) early leaf development (25). Oat (Avena were grown at the Experimental Station sativa), in a mixed culture system showed of the Ecole Supérieure d’Agriculture du a high allelopathic potential against bread Kef (NW/Tunisia) during two successive wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1). Both green growing seasons (2002/03, 2003/04). For and dry residues tissues of alfalfa each season, barley was sown in a fallow (Medicago sativa) showed a form of auto- soil. The experimental site was located in toxicity, reducing seedling growth, with a the semi-arid zone on slightly alkaline more pronounced effect of green tissues (pH = 7.5) clay soil (10) with 48% clay, (13). 34% sand, and 18% silt, but with only 2% Despite the beneficial aspects of organic matter. direct drilling (reduction of soil erosion, For soil preparation standard, rebuilt of soil organic matter) yield techniques are adapted in rain-fed depression may happen. Sometimes, grain conditions of the semi-arid zone. The yields of winter barley under direct field layout followed a Randomized drilling were lower than those of Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4- conventional drilling (2), and a 53% replications in six-row plots of 12 m2 (10 reduction in grain yield between the two m × 1.2 m) each. Seeding rate was 120 types of drilling was recorded (14). kg/ha. Climatic data relative to the two Monoculture of spring barley grown with growing seasons were collected from a or without fertilizer under no-till, resulted neighboring meteorological station (Table in less grain yields when compared to 1). When severe wilting was observed, conventional-till (15). Annual ryegrass plots were irrigated with 40 mm of tap (Lolium multiflorum) presents a better water. plant stands and produces more forage under conventional-till and no-till on Preparation of aqueous extracts. shredded stubble of ryegrass and corn Straw and stubble of barley were (Zea mays), when compared to no-till on randomly collected from field at mature ryegrass stubble (6). In an annual stage. After being removed from soil, maize/wheat rotation, grain yield of roots were washed first by tap water then maize was higher under permanent raised with distilled water. Thereafter, they had bed when compared to no-till flat system been dried between two paper towels then (12). Decomposing straw of wheat and chopped into 1 cm long pieces and oven oat and their associated soils were dried at 50°C for 24 h. The extraction generally inhibitory to early root growth followed the procedure reported by Ben- of wheat and oat, with straw being more Hammouda et al. (3). Barley plant parts effective (9). and residues (straw, stubble) were clean This work was conducted to study and disease-free. the differential auto-toxic potential
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Table 1. Climate data* relative to the biological cycle of barley during two successive growing seasons (2002/03) and (2003/04) Water balance Rainfall (mm) PET** (mm) Month (mm) 2002/03 2003/04 2002/03 2003/04 2002/03 2003/04 November 117.1 13.0 61.0 141.8 56.1 -128.8 December 53.2 203.1 30.0 93.6 23.2 109.5 January 235.9 49.1 31.0 95.8 204.9 -46.7 February 66.8 16.7 51.0 136.3 15.8 -119.6 Mars 19.6 77.0 78.0 250.2 -58.4 -173.2 April 90.0 48.0 100.0 193.4 -10.0 -145.4 May 25.5 47.5 138.0 264.1 -112.5 -216.6 Total 608.1 454.4 489.0 1175.2 119.1 -720.8 Mean/month 86.9 64.9 69.9 167.9 17.0 -103.0 CV (%) 85.3 99.6 55.9 41.5 588.2 104.1 * Source: Meteorological Station of Boulifa/Kef, neighboring to the experimental site. ** Potential Evapotranspiration.
After harvest, soil samples were medium, amended with 20 ml of residues randomly collected from plots cultivated (straw, stubble) or soil extracts. The in 2002/03 and 2003/04 with the five control was 1.2% distilled water-agar. barley varieties at 30 cm depth, then air After incubation for 35 h in dark at 25°C, dried for 1 day and sieved through 0.3 seeds with the radicle extended 2 mm out mm stitches. Soil extraction was done as of the seed coat were counted as follow: A sample of 250 g equivalent of germinated. dry soil was extracted in 250 ml distilled For seedlings growth bioassays, water on a horizontal shaker for 24 h at the growth medium was also 1.2% water- 200 rpm (22). Soil suspensions were agar amended with 20 ml of residues filtered across Whatman # 2 filter paper (straw, stubble) or soil extracts. The by gravity and stored at less than 5°C control was 1.2% distilled water-agar. until bioassay. Surface-sterilization, pre-germination and bioassay setting of ‘Manel’ seeds, than Bioassays of barley extracts. data collection were done as reported by Extracts of the five barley varieties Ben-Hammouda et al. (4, 5). Inhibition of were tested for auto-toxicity on 'Manel' growth was expressed as follows: germination and seedlings (radicle, [(Control – Treatment) / Control × 100]. coleoptile) growth using ‘Manel’ as a test-variety. For germination bioassays, Statistical analysis. seeds of barley were surface sterilized Bioassays were conducted in a with 5% aqueous solution of sodium Complete Randomized Block Design hypochlorite for 1 min, rinsed 5 times (CRBD) with 4 replications. Data were with distilled water and dried between subjected to analysis of variance two paper towels. Surface sterilized seeds (ANOVA) using SAS software (23). were placed in a 10 × 150 mm Petri dish Treatments with a significant main effect containing 15 ml of water-agar, as growth were separated by the protected LSD Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 181 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Fisher-test at the probability level of 5% test-variety and the source of extracts (24). (Table 3). Soil-extracts effect was not The average of individual source significant on germination during both of extracts (straw, stubble) effects was growing seasons (Table 2). used as inhibition rate of 'Manel' radicle growth, to make a single observation Coleoptile bioassays. relative to one variety. A combined During the first (2002/03) growing analysis of variety effects on barley auto- season, only stubble-extracts manifested a toxicity across two growing seasons was highly significant effect on barley conducted. The same statistical procedure coleoptile growth (Table 2). Only 'Martin' was used for the average individual effect was inhibitory to barley coleoptile growth of varieties according to each source of (Table 4). However, soil extracts have no extracts (straw, stubble). The effects of significant effect on coleoptile growth extracts from soils cultivated with barley during both growing seasons were not considered, due to the lack of the significance test in previous analysis. Radicle bioassays. Extracts of barley residues RESULTS (stubble, straw) showed a very highly Germination bioassays. significant effect on barley radicle growth During the first (2002/03) growing during 2002/03 and 2003/04 (Table 2). season, barley residues (straw, stubble) The high significance of residues extracts extracts of tested varieties showed a is the evidence of barley auto-toxicity. significant allelopathic/auto-toxic effect Straw extracts of the five tested on 'Manel' (test-variety) germination barley varieties showed a differential (Table 2). Straw extracts of three barley inhibitory potential on ‘Manel’ radicle varieties ('Manel', 'Martin', 'Moumtez') growth during the two growing seasons outof the five tested had significantly (2002/03, 2003/04). Extracts of inhibited 'Manel' germination, with ‘Moumtez’ and 'Rihane' were the most 'Martin' being the most phytotoxic. phytotoxic in all cases and extracts of However, stubble-extracts of four ‘Souihli’ were the least effective. In the varieties (namely 'Martin', 'Moumtez', same manner was the case of stubble 'Rihane', 'Souihli') showed a similar effect extracts with 'Moumtez' and ‘Rihane' as (Table 3). In the second (2003/04) the most inhibitory in one case (2003/04), growing season, only stubble extracts and ‘Souihli’ as the least in the two showed a significant allelopathic effect on growing seasons (Table 5). However, barley germination (Table 2). Stubble soil-extracts effect was not significant on extracts of three varieties ('Moumtez', radicle growth during both growing 'Rihane', 'Souihli') inhibited 'Manel' seasons (Table 2). Independently of the germination, with 'Moumtez' extracts source of plant tissues extracts, barley being the most effective. There was no varieties inhibited differentially radicle stubble-extract effect on germination growth of 'Manel' seedlings. when 'Manel' was at the same time the
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Table 2. Treatment mean squares for ‘Manel’ germination, radicle and coleoptile growth assayed with three sources of extracts (straw, stubble, soil) during 2002/03 and 2003/04 growing seasons, independently from barley variety Source of extracts Growing Straw Stubble Soil Season G RL CL G RL CL G RL CL 2002/03 33.02* 3.80*** 0.01 190.96*** 5.35*** 0.13** 1.04 0.08 0.03 2003/04 104.01 4.15*** 0.01 261.10** 5.05*** 0.14 9.79 0.09 0.02 *, **, *** Significantly different at 5, 1 and 0.1% levels of probability, respectively. The remaining values are not significant at 5% level of probability. G: Germination (%), RL: Radicle length (cm) and CL: Coleoptile length (cm).
Table 3. Effects of residues (straw, stubble) extracts of five barley varieties on ‘Manel’ germination, during 2002/03 and 2003/04 growing seasons Growing Germination (%) Season 2002/03 2003/04 Treatment Straw Stubble Stubble Control 92.20 a† 99.00 a† 99.00 a† ‘Manel’ 86.00 b 96.50 ab 96.50 ab ‘Martin’ 84.00 b 90.00 b 90.00 abc ‘Moumtez’ 86.00 b 82.50 c 78.00 d ‘Rihane’ 92.50 ab 92.00 b 86.50 bcd ‘Souihli’ 92.50 ab 82.50 c 82.50 cd LSD (5%) 9.02 6.87 11.12 †Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at 5% level of probability.
Table 4. Effects of stubble-extracts of five barley varieties on ‘Manel’ coleoptile growth in 2002/03 growing season Treatment Coleoptile growth (cm) Control 3.63 a† ‘Manel’ 3.44 a ‘Martin’ 3.15 b ‘Moumtez’ 3.38 ab ‘Rihane’ 3.61 a ‘Souihli’ 3.58 a LSD (5%) 0.25 †Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at 5% level of probability.
Table 5. Effects of residues (straw, stubble) extracts of five barley varieties on ‘Manel’ radicle growth, during 2002/03 and 2003/04 growing seasons Growing Radicle growth (cm) Season 2002/03 2003/04 Treatment Straw Stubble Straw Stubble Control 4.39 a† 4.90 a† 4.71 a† 4.95 a† ‘Manel’ 2.87 b 2.04 c 2.69 bc 2.29 c ‘Martin’ 2.37 c 2.66 b 2.39 c 2.66 b ‘Moumtez’ 1.56 d 2.18 c 1.90 d 2.18 c ‘Rihane’ 2.05 c 1.64 d 2.05 d 1.78 d ‘Souihli’ 2.89 b 2.72 b 2.89 b 2.72 b LSD (5%) 0.31 0.38 0.32 0.35 †Means within a column followed by different letters are significantly different at 5% level of probability.
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Independently of variety and (Table 6), and stubble extracts displayed growing season, the main effect due to the most allelopathic effect in comparison source of extracts was highly significant to straw extracts (Fig. 1).
Table 6. ANOVA of growing seasons and source of barley residues (straw, stubble) extracts effects on ‘Manel’ radicle growth SV DF SS MS F value p > F Total 15 0.0301 Growing season (GS) 1 0.0006 0.0006 0.52 0.4828NS Source of extracts (SE) 1 0.0132 0.0132 11.10 0.0060** GS × SE 1 0.0020 0.0020 1.70 0.2168NS Error 12 0.0143 0.0011 NS: Not significant at 5% level of probability. ** Significantly different at 1% level of probability.
53 a 52 51 LSD = 3.76% 50 49 48 47 b 46 45 44
Radicle Radicle growth inhibition (%) 43 Straw Stubble
Source of aqueous-extracts
Fig. 1. Effect of source of aqueous extracts on ‘Manel’ radicle growth. Bars having different letters are significantly different at 5% level of probability.
Soil-extracts did not express any Barley variety × environment significant auto-toxic potential during the The relative distribution of rainfall two growing seasons (2002/03, 2003/04). during the two growing seasons (2002/03, Such result suggests that rate of 2003/04) parallels barley radicle growth allelochemicals in residues (straw, inhibition (Fig. 2 vs Table 1), though the stubble) is higher and/or more effective difference is not significant (Table 7). than those of root residues or exudates released into the soil.
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70
60 LSD = 2.69% 50
40
30
20
10 Radicle Radicle growth inhibition (%) 0 2002/03 2003/04
Growing season Fig. 2. Effect of growing season on ‘Manel’ radicle growth as a test-variety.
Table 7. ANOVA of growing season and barley variety effects on ‘Manel’ radicle growth SV DF SS MS F value p > F Total 39 0.2758 Growing season (GS) 1 0.0015 0.0015 0.97 0.3316NS Variety (V) 4 0.2216 0.0554 34.54 0.0001*** GS × V 4 0.0045 0.0011 0.71 0.5896NS Error 30 0.0481 0.0016 NS: Not significant at 5% level of probability. *** Significantly different at 0.1% level of probability.
Regardless the plant source of 'Rihane' ones. 'Souihli' was the least extracts, the auto-toxicity expressed by allelopathic variety (Fig. 3). barley varieties was not stable over the Interaction between growing two growing seasons. Interaction between season and source of extracts was not growing season and variety was not significant (Table 6), indicating that significant (Table 6). 'Manel' and 'Martin' variability of allelopathic activity residues extracts were the most auto-toxic between source of aqueous extracts over when compared to 'Moumtez' and growing season, is variety-dependant.
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a a 60 LSD = 4.09%
50 b b
c 40
30
20 Radicle Radicle growth inhibition (%) 10
0 'Manel' 'Martin' 'Moumtez' 'Rihane' 'Souihli'
Variety Fig. 3. Effect of variety on ‘Manel’ radicle growth. Bars having different letters are significantly different at 5 % level of probability.
DISCUSSION The auto-toxicity of barley Due to its relatively high varieties was not stable over growing sensitivity, only radicle growth bioassay seasons. In addition, the interactions was retained for data analysis. This growing season × variety, and growing procedure was supported by previous season × extracts-source were not references (5, 19). There were varietal significant. These results suggest that differences in inhibition of radicle growth barely allelopathy is more inherited of 'Manel'. Similar differences in genetically than environmentally. allelopathic activity of barley (5, 8) and Barley auto-toxicity is variety- other crops (11, 17, 26) were reported. dependent with ‘Souihli’ being generally Stubble-extracts of barley were most the least allelopathic variety. Choosing allelopathic/auto-toxic than straw- the crop sequence 'Manel'/'Souihli' in case extracts. Straw and stubble of rice of monoculture of barley could minimize expressed similar effects (16). the subsequent yield depression. Soil-extracts did not significantly Reducing the biomass of stubble on soil inhibit barley germination and growth. surface as mulch requires research on These results are not in agreement with inhibition threshold, in order to practice the previous ones where extraction was properly direct drilling. Moreover, the conducted under vacuum (20). This persistence of the allelopathic effect of difference could be attributed to soil cereal/wheat straw that remains for more extraction procedure, since extraction for than 90 days after harvest (21) has to be this study was done by gravity that may considered. Laboratory experiments on lead to less concentrated allelochemicals. auto-toxicity of extracts out of soils Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 186 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 cultivated with barley appeared to be ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS insufficient to quantify its partial Authors express their appreciations and thanks to (i) the Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial contribution in the overall (FFEM) for financial support to both Scientific allelopathic/auto-toxic potential. Research Program and Extension Program of Direct Greenhouse and field experiments may Drilling in Tunisia, and (ii) the Agence Française de offer a better understanding. Développement (AFD) for the fluid management of FFEM funds, serving well both introduction and extension of Direct Drilling in Tunisia.
______RESUME Oueslati O. et Ben-Hammouda M. 2016. Autotoxicité différentielle de cinq variétés cultivées d'orge. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 179-189.
Des essais sur champ ont été menés au Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie dans une zone semi-aride au cours de deux campagnes agricoles (2002/03, 2003/04) pour étudier: (i) l'auto-toxicité/allélopathie différentielle des résidus (paille, chaume) de l'orge (Hordeum vulgare ), utilisés comme couverture avec le semis direct, (ii) l'effet des sols cultivés en orge, et (iii) l'impact de la saison sur l'éventuelle auto-toxicité. Cinq variétés d'orge ('Manel', 'Martin', 'Moumtez', 'Rihane', 'Souihli') ont été testées. 'Manel' a été choisie pour évaluer le potentiel auto-toxique par des bio-essais de germination et de croissance. Le bio-essai de la croissance de la radicule était le test le plus sensible pour détecter l'auto-toxicité de l'orge. Les extraits des résidus de l'orge ont montré un effet inhibiteur hautement significatif sur la croissance de la radicule de 'Manel' au cours des deux campagnes agricoles, avec des différences significatives entre les variétés. Un tel résultat suggère que la génétique est plus déterminante sur l'expression de l'auto-toxicité de l'orge que l'environnement (saison). De façon inattendue, les extraits de sol n'étaient pas actifs sur la germination et la croissance des jeunes plantes d'orge. Toutefois, indépendamment de la variété et au cours des deux campagnes agricoles, les extraits des chaumes étaient plus auto-toxiques que les extraits des pailles. Parmi les cinq variétés testées, 'Manel' et 'Martin' ont exprimé le potentiel le plus allélopathique alors que 'Souihli' a exprimé le potentiel le moins allélopathique. Les résultats indiquent que lors de la monoculture de l'orge conduite en semis direct, un soin particulier doit être porté au choix de la variété appropriée comme précédent cultural. En outre, la quantité des résidus à laisser sur le sol doit être réduite.
Most clés: Allélopathie, autotoxicité, bio-essais, orge, saison de culture ______ملخص الوسالتي، أسامة والمنصف بنحمودة. 2016. الفوارق في السمومية الذاتية لخمسة أصناف مزروعة من الشعير. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 179-189.
تم إجراء تجارب ميدانية بمنطقة شبه قاحلة للشمال الغربي في تونس خالل موسمين فالحيين )2002/03، 2003/04 ( و ذلك لدراسة: (1(السمومية الذاتية/المجاهضة لبقايا )قش، قصب( الشعير المستعملة كغطاء نباتي أثناء القيام بالبذر المباشر، (2( تأثير التربة المزروعة بالشعير و (3(تأثيرالظروف الموسمية على السمومية الذاتية. لذلك الغرض تم اختيار خمسة أصناف شعير )'منال'، 'مرتان'، 'ممتاز'، 'ريحان'، 'سويحلي'( األكثر تداوال في تونس لدراسة السمومية الذاتية باالعتماد على اختبارات حيوية لإلنبات ونمو البادرات، مع اختيار 'منال' كصنف اختبار. كان نمو جذير البادرات األكثر حساسية للكشف عن سمومية الشعير، كما أظهرت مستخلصات بقايا الشعير تأثيرا مثبطا هاما على نمو جذير 'منال' خالل الموسمين المتتاليين، مع وجود فوارق معنوية بين األصناف. تشيرهذه النتائج إلى أن اإلرث الجيني هو األكثر تأثيرا في السمومية الذاتية للشعير مقارنة بالعوامل المناخية.و بشكل غير متوقع كانت مستخلصات التربة عديمة التأثير على اإلنبات ونمو بادرات الشعير، ثم بصرف النظر عن الصنف وخالل الموسمين الزراعيين كانت مستخلصات قصب الشعير أكثر سمومية من مستخلصات القش. كما كانت 'منال' و'مرتان' األكثر سمومية و'سويحلي' األقل سمومية من بين األصناف Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 187 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
المختبرة. واستنادا على هذه النتائج يجب التدقيق في اختيار الصنف المناسب كسابق زراعي عند الزراعة األحادية للشعير ضمن نظام البذر المباشر. وعالوة على ذلك، يجب التقليص من كمية بقايا الشعير التي تترك على سطح األرض.
كلمات مفتاحية: اختبار حيوية، سمومية ذاتية، شعير، مجاهضة، موسم فالحي ______
LITERATURE CITED 1. Ali, K.A. 2013. Allelopathic potential of some 12. Jat, M.L., Gathala, M.K., Saharawat, Y.S., crop plant species on bread wheat Triticum Tetarwal, J.P., Gupta, and Yadrinder, R.S. aestivum using equal compartment agar method. 2013. Double no-till and permanent raised beds J. Agric. Vet. Sci. 2: 52-55. in maize-wheat rotation of north-western Indo- 2. Ball, B.C., Lang, R.W., Robertson, E.A.G., and Gangetic plains of India: Effects on crop yields, Franklin, M.F. 1994. Crop performance and soil water productivity, profitability and soil conditions on imperfectly drained loams after physical properties. Field Crop Res. 149: 291- 20-25 years of conventional tillage or direct 299. drilling. Soil Till. Res. 31: 97-118. 13. Jennings, J.A. and Nelson, C.J. 2002. Zone of 3. Ben-Hammouda, M., Kremer, R.J., and Minor, autotoxic influence around established alfalfa H.C. 1995. Phytotoxicity of extracts from plants. Agronomy Journal 94: 1104-1111. sorghum plant components on wheat seedlings. 14. López, M.V. and Arrúe, J.L. 1997. Growth, Crop Sci. 35: 1652-1656. yield and water use efficiency of winter barley 4. Ben-Hammouda, M., Ghorbal, H., Kremer, R.J., in response to conservation tillage in a semi- and Oueslati, O. 2001. Allelopathic effects of arid region of Spain. Soil Till. Res. 44: 35-54. barley extracts on germination and seedlings 15. Machado, S., Petrie, S., Rhinhart, K., and Qu, A. growth of bread and durum wheat. Agronomie 2007. Long-term continuous cropping in the 21: 65-71. Pacific Northwest: Tillage and fertilizer effects 5. Ben-Hammouda, M., Ghorbal, H., Kremer, R.J., on winter wheat, spring wheat, and spring and Oueslati, O. 2002. Autotoxicity of barley. J. barley production. Soil Till. Res. 94: 473-481. Plant Nutr. 25: 1155-1161. 16. Olofsdotter, M. 1998. Allelopathy in Rice. 6. Bueno, J., Amiama, C., and Hernanz, J.L. 2007. International Rice Research Institute. Los No-tillage drilling of Italian ryegrass (Lolium Banos, Philippines, 125 pp. multiflorum L.): crop residue effects, yields and 17. Oueslati, O. 2003. Allelopathy in two durum economic benefits. Soil Till. Res.95: 61-68. wheat (Triticum durum L.) varieties. Agric. 7. Christian, D.G., Bacon, E.T.G., Brockie, D., Ecosys Environ. 96: 161-163. Glen, D., Gutteridge, R.J., and Jenkyn, J.F. 18. Oueslati, O., Ben-Hammouda, M., Ghorbal, H., 1999. Interactions of straw disposal methods Gazzeh, M., and Kremer, R.J. 2005. Barley and direct drilling of cultivations on winter autotoxicity as influenced by varietal and wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in a clay soil. seasonal variation. J Agron Crop Sci. 191: 249- J. Agric. Engin. Res. 73: 297-309. 254. 8. Dhima, V.K., Vasilakoglou, I.B., 19. Oueslati, O., Ben-Hammouda, M., Ghorbal, H., Eleftherohorinos, I.G., and Lithourgidis, A.S. Gazzeh, M., and Kremer, R.J. 2009. Role of 2006. Allelopathic potential of winter cereals phenolic acids in expression of barley and their cover crop mulch effect on grass weed (Hordeumvulgare) autotoxicity. Allelopathy suppression and corn development. Crop Sci. Journal 23: 157-166. 46: 345-352. 20. Oueslati, O. and Ben-Hammouda, M. 2014. 9. Dias, L.S. 1991. Allelopathic activity of Etude du Pouvoir Allélopathique de l'Orge. 1st decomposing straw of wheat and oat and ed. Presses Académiques Francophones. associated soil on some crop species. Soil Till. Saarbrücken, Germany, 79 pp. Res. 21: 113-120. 21. Rawat, S.L., Maikhuri, R.K., and Negi, V.S. 10. Donahue, R.L., Miller, R.W., and Shickluna, 2013. Inhibitory effect of leachate from J.C. 1983. Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Helianthus annuus on germination and growth Plant Growth: Soil Physical Properties. 5th ed. of kharif crops and weeds. Acta Ecol. Sin. 33: Prentice-Hall, Inc. NJ, USA, 46 pp. 245-252. 11. Ghahari, S. and Miransari, M.2009. Allelopathic 22. Read, J.J. and Jensen, J.H. 1989. Phytotoxicity effects of rice cultivars on the growth of water-soluble substances from alfalfa and parameters of different rice cultivars. Int. J. barley soil extracts on four crop species. J. Biol. Chem. 2: 56-70. Chem. Ecol. 15: 619-628.
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23. SAS Institute, Inc. 1992. SAS Technical Report 25. Viator, R.P., Johnson, R.M., Grimm, C.C., and P-229, SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Richard, Jr.E.P. 2006. Allelopathic, auto-toxic Enhancements. Release 6.07, Cary. NC-USA. and hormetic effects of post-harvest sugarcane 24. Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. 1980. Principles residue. Agron. J. 98: 1526-1531. and Procedures of Statistics, 2nd ed. McGraw- 26. Xuan, T.D. and Tsuzuki, E. 2002. Varietal Hill, New York, 207 pp. differences in allelopathic potential of alfalfa. J. Agron. Crop Sci.188: 2-7.
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 190 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Evaluation of Local Watermelon and Melon Rootstocks Resistance to Six Soilborne Plant Pathogenic Fungi in Tunisia
Naima Boughalleb-M’Hamdi, Ibtissem Ben Salem, Fethi Bnejdi and, Mahmoud M’Hamdi, Institut Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem, Université de Sousse, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia ______ABSTRACT Boughalleb-M’Hamdi, N., Ben Salem, I., Bnejdi, F., and M’Hamdi, M. 2016. Evaluation of local watermelon and melon rootstocks resistance to six soilborne plant pathogenic fungi in Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 191-206.
Five melon (M16, M17, M12, M9.1, and V4R3) and two watermelon (P7 and P6.1) accessions were evaluated under greenhouse conditions for their resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM), F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae (FSC), F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) Monosporascus cannonballus, M. eutypoides, and Macrophomina phaseolina based on disease severity index, leaf alteration index and shoot and root dry biomass. Student-Fisher test revealed significant difference in the susceptibility among the tested local germplasms. Separate statistical analyses of variance confirmed the Duncan test and revealed a significant effect of genotype × isolate interaction. For the four assessed traits, mean scores indicated that the resistance to the six soilborne pathogens varied from moderate to high. The local melon germplasm M9.1 was found to be the best accession showing the highest resistance. M9.1 and M17 accessions have showed important shoot and dry biomasses. For watermelon accessions, the lowest disease severity index and leaf alteration index were recorded for the combination germplasm, P6.1 and M. eutypoides. In the other hand, the presence of plant-pathogen interaction indicated that the mechanism controlling the resistance for each pathogen varied from one accession to another. The presence of several genetic sources of resistance to the six soilborne pathogens in the accessions assessed had two advantages, firstly the exploitation of the pool genes for further breeding program and secondly the limitation of emergence of new fungal adapted species.
Keywords: Local germplasms, melon, rootstock resistance, soilborne pathogens, watermelon ______
In Tunisia, watermelon (Citrullus mainly due to several factors such as lanatus) and melon (Cucumis melo) are biotic and abiotic stresses. Many crops of major importance. They cover soilborne fungi such as Fusarium about 21.300 ha, representing 12% of the oxysporum, F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae, vegetable area with a production of Monosporascus cannonballus, M. 498.000 tons in 2012 (40). However, eutypoides, and Macrophomina important yield fluctuations were phaseolina affecting cucurbits in Tunisia recorded from year to year and this is are responsible for collapse and vine decline and decrease both in yield and fruit quality (8, 12, 13, 16, 45). Corresponding author: Ibtissem Ben Salem Due to the persistent nature of Email: [email protected] these pathogens, the diseases are best managed with wilt-resistant cultivars (20). Rootstocks resistance to these Accepted for publication 5 October 2016 soilborne fungi has been widely studied
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 191 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 by many authors in Tunisia (9, 14, 15, 46) Verticillium sp., Phytophthora sp., and in many other countries (4, 24, 66). Pseudomonas sp., Didymella bryoniae, Grafting has been used in Eastern Asia Ms. cannonballus, and nematodes (11, 18, (51) and recently, it has been adopted on 19, 22, 30, 31, 35, 58, 72) even though a large scale in the Western world (24). the degree of tolerance differs The ban of methyl bromide has resulted considerably with the rootstocks. Several in the massive adoption of grafting attempts have been made to find sources technology in the Mediterranean basin for resistance (10, 42, 69, 70). However, and Europe (1, 2, 43, 52, 56, 57, 73). It in actual planting, adventitious rooting was also adopted in North American (48) from the scion is common. Plants having and Brazil (41). Grafting is effective in the root systems of the scion and reducing the incidence of Fusarium wilt, rootstock are expected to be easily Monosporascus sudden wilt and vine infected by soilborne diseases (32, 33, 50, decline caused by M. phaseolina (20, 21, 51). 23, 25, 37) and provides a fast and easy Tunisian plant flora is extremely control approach to acute soilborne rich in various species of Cucurbita; local pathological problems, in contrast to long melon and watermelon germplasm are a and expensive breeding programs (24). genetic makeup that varies from one The efficacy of this method was not yet region to another. The objective of this tested against Macrophomina [Mm.] study was to evaluate local germplasm of phaseolina in Tunisia unlike Fusarium wild selected local germplasm population sp. (5, 6, 14, 15, 17, 45, 68) or melon and watermelon as rootstocks to Monosporascus [Ms.] cannonballus (9, control six major cucurbit soilborne 46). Root stocks were used to increase fungi. tolerance to low and high temperatures (63, 70), to enhance nutrient uptake (29), MATERIALS AND METHODS increase synthesis of endogenous Plant material and fungal isolates. hormones (34, 36), improve water use A total of 7 selected local efficiency (64), reduce uptake of germplasm population of cucurbitaceous persistent organic pollutants from 5 Cucumis melo and 2 Citrullus lanatus agricultural soils (59, 60), improve (as citron or preserving melon [C. lanatus alkalinity tolerance (28), raise salt and var. citroides] collected from the south of flooding tolerance (26, 27, 74), and limit Tunisia (oasis)) at 2010/11. The the negative effect of boron, copper, vegetative and fruit characteristics of the cadmium, and manganese toxicity (38, local melon and watermelon germplasms 39, 65, 67). Rootstock can exhibit studied are presented below (Fig. 1; excellent tolerance to serious soilborne Tables 1 and 2). pathogens such as Fusarium sp.,
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Fig.1: Morphological characterization of melon and watermelon local germplasms. a, c, e and g: melon plant and leaves; i and j: watermelon plant and leaves; b, d, f and h: melon fruits; k: watermelon fruits.
Table 1. UPOV descriptors used for morphological characterization in melon M12/M16/M17/M9.1/V4R3 Traits Description Local germplasm code Short M12/M16 Length of hypocotyl Medium M12/M17/V4R3 Long M9.1 Seedling Small M16 Size of cotyledon Medium M12/M17 Large M9.1/V4R3 Light M16 Leaf blade: intensity of color Medium M17/M9.1/V4R3 Dark M12 Weak M12/M16/M17/M9.1/V4R3 Leaf blade: blistering Medium Strong Weak M16/M17 Plant Leaf blade: undulation of margin Medium M12 Strong M9.1/V4R3 Narrow M12/M16/M17/M9.1/V4R3 Leaf blade: width Medium Broad Short M17 Petiole: length Medium M12/M16/M9.1/V4R3 Long Round M16/M17/M9.1 Broad elliptic M16 Shape of longitudinal section Elliptic M12/M17/V4R3 Fruit Cylindrical M12/M17/M9.1 White Ground color of skin Yellow M12/M16/M17/M9.1/V4R3 Green M12/M16/M17/M9.1/V4R4
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Table 2. UPOV descriptors used for morphological characterization in watermelon P6.1/P7 Local Traits Description germplasm code Narrow elliptic P6.1/P7 Shape of cotyledon Elliptic
Broad elliptic Seedling Small P6.1/P7 Size of cotyledon Medium Large Small Leaf blade: ratio length/width Medium P6.1/P7 Large Light P6.1 Leaf blade: intensity of color Medium Dark P7 Plants Weak Leaf: degree of lobing (beyond first flower) Medium P6.1/P7 Strong Short Petiole: length Medium P6.1/P7 Long Round P6.1/P7 Broad elliptic P6.1/P7 Shape of longitudinal section Elliptic Fruit Cylindrical White Ground color of skin Yellow Green P6.1/P7
They were evaluated for resistance Mm. phaseolina, the inoculum was to F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM) prepared using the method described by (melon Afamia; Beja (2010)), F. Ben Salem et al. (9). Fungal cultures were oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) first grown on PDA for 6 days at 26°C. (watermelon Crimson sweet; Kairouan Inoculum was produced on bread wheat (2010)), F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae (FSC) (Triticum estivum) seeds, which were (melon Afamia; Sfax (2010)), Ms. soaked for twelve hours in distilled water cannonballus (MC) and Mn. phaseolina and then air dried. Seeds were transferred (watermelon Sentinel; Chott-Mariem to 1-litre flasks, which were subsequently (2011)), and Ms. eutypoides (watermelon autoclaved on 3 successive days at 120ºC Dumara; Sfax (2010)). during 1 h. Two fungal discs of each FOM, FON, and FSC were grown isolate, previously grown on PDA at in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) on a 25ºC, were placed aseptically in separate rotary shaker for 10 days at room flasks. The flasks were incubated at 28ºC temperature. Microconidia were for four weeks, and shaken once a week harvested by filtration through an to avoid clustering of inoculum. autoclaved nylon mesh. Spore concentration was determined using a Inoculation and experimental design. hemocytometer and adjusted to 106 Ten-day-old pre-germinated local conidia/ml. For Monosporascus spp. and melon and watermelon germplasm Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 194 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 seedlings were transferred to plastic pots Measurements and analysis. containing peat and vermiculite (v:v), 10 Disease severity index (DSI). ml of the conidial suspension Response of watermelon and (106conidia/ml) of the three species of melon rootstocks to Fusarium wilt and Fusarium, were added to each pot. The collar rot. Thirty days after inoculation, pots were then placed in a greenhouse at inoculated plants of different local 26/22°C (day/night). Plants were kept germplasm with the different Fusarium under observation for 30 days; seedlings species were assessed for typical were irrigated and fertilized in order to symptoms incited by each fungus. favorite a normal growth. At the end of Severity of symptoms induced by FOM this period, the presence of any Fusarium on melon accessions was assessed based wilt symptom or Fusarium root and collar on an arbitrary 1 to 5 scale (1: no rot were noted in order to classify each symptoms; 2: beginning of wilting or plant as susceptible or resistant. For the yellowing symptoms on leaves; 3: leaves two Monosporascus species and for Mm. heavily affected; 4: all leaves completely phaseolina, seedlings were placed in pots wilted, stem standing; 5: dead plants) (3). containing the inoculated substrate (200 g FON-incited disease severity on of infected wheat/pot at the root zone of watermelon accessions was assessed each plant). Each pot contains 40 g of using the 0 to 4 scale adopted by inoculated wheat. Thus, 200 g of infected Boughalleb et al. (12) where 0: healthy; wheat seed were mixed with 1 kg of peat, 1: healthy hypocotyl with a slight and distributed into five pots (25 cm in discoloration of roots; 2: healthy diameter), and cucurbit seedlings were hypocotyl with 10% of necrotic roots; 3: planted separately (one plant per pot). hypocotyl slightly infected with 30% of The pots were spaced apart and carefully necrotic roots; 4: hypocotyl infected with irrigated to prevent soil splashing. The 70% of the primary and secondary inoculated plants were then kept in the necrotic roots. Severity of FSC-induced greenhouse for 45 days. Control treatment symptoms on watermelon and melon consisted of 40 g of non-infested sterile accessions were assessed using the 0 to 3 wheat seed per pot. scale adopted by Boughalleb et al. (12) The evaluation of the resistance where 0: healthy; 1: slight yellowing of was performed in a randomized complete leaves with slight rot pivot and lateral block, conducted under greenhouse roots and crown rot; 2: significant conditions with 10 plants per replicate (3 yellowing in leaves with or without replicates) for each individual treatment. wilting, stunting of plants, severe rot at This assay consists of the artificial the pivot and lateral roots, significant rot inoculation of the 7 local germplasm by and discoloration of vessels in the stem; each fungus and treatment was distributed 3: death of the plant. Plants scored with 1 randomly. This essay was conducted or 2 were ranked as resistant whereas twice, the isolates of Fusarium sp., were plants scored with 3, 4 or 5 were inoculated by drenching the substratum classified as susceptible (3). per pot (near the roots) and Monosporascus spp., and Mm. phaseolina Response of watermelon and isolates were inoculated using the accessions to Ms. cannonballus and Ms. infected wheat mixed with the eutypoides. All plants were carefully substratum. extracted from the pots 45 days after planting. Their roots were carefully
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 195 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 submerged in a container of clean water Aldrich, Madrid, Spain) (PDAS) at 0.5 using a fine mesh strainer to allow all mg/ml and incubated in darkness at 25°C. sand to wash away. Clean roots were then For all samples, 21 root fragments per rated based on an arbitrary 1 to 5 scale plant (3 Petri dishes containing 7 root where 1: no apparent necrosis, healthy fragments each) were prepared. Plates roots; 2: slight necrosis of fine roots, few were examined daily for fungal growth tan lesions; 3: slight necrosis of all roots, during 7 days. The developed colonies moderate tan lesions; 4: severe necrosis were selected, purified and identified. of all roots, few remaining fine roots, extensive tan lesions; 5: only tap root Shoot and root dry biomass. remaining, necrotic and completely tan to For the evaluation of growth brown (31). parameters, fifteen plants were harvested and graded for disease using the top and Response of watermelon and root dry biomass rates, weighing the accessions to Mm. phaseolina. Disease shoot and roots separately before and severity index (DSI) was assessed using after drying for 48 h at a temperature of the scale described by Ambrosio (4), 70°C for each treatment. The percentage where 0: symptomless, 1: 1 to 3% of of dry biomass DB (%) is determined for shoot tissues infected, 2: 10% of shoot the shoot and roots of plants following tissues infected, 3: 25% of shoot tissues formula: DB (%) = (DW/FW) × 100, with infected, 4: 50% of shoot tissues infected DB: dry biomass, DW: dry weight and and 5: more than 75% of shoot tissues FW: fresh weight of shoot or roots. infected. Data analysis Leaf alteration index (LAI). Disease severity (DSI) and leaf Foliar symptoms (leaf alterations) alteration (LAI) indexes were analyzed for all treatments were evaluated twice a with the GENMOD procedure using the week, 15 days after inoculation. multinomial distribution and the Symptoms were recorded using the leaf cumulative logit as link function, and alteration index expressing the progress means of the values were separated by χ2 and the severity of the disease (7, 22, 53). test at P < 0.05 using SAS program (SAS Leaf alteration index was evaluated using Institute, Cary, NG). The other variables: an arbitrary0 to 4 scale where 0: healthy SDW and RDW, were compared by leaves; 1: discoloration of leaves; 2: analysis of variance (ANOVA) and yellowing of leaves; 3: necrotic leaves; 4: means of the values were separated with leaves wilted and died. Student´s least significant difference (LSD) test at P < 0.05 using SPSS 20.0 Re-isolation of soilborne fungi. for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, To verify the Koch postulates, USA). small root fragments were surface- disinfected for 1 min in a sodium RESULTS hypochlorite solution (1.5% active According to the GLM analysis chlorine) and washed twice with sterile data of IDS, LAI, SDW and RDW, local water. Root fragments from discolored melon and watermelon germplasms tissues were transferred onto Potato differed significantly among all Dextrose Agar (PDA) (Biokar- combination with tested pathogens (P < Diagnostics, Zac de Ther, France) 0.05) (Table 3). containing streptomycin sulfate (Sigma- Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 196 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Table 3. Analysis of variance for the effects of pathogens and crops on disease severity index (DSI), leaf alteration index (LAI), and Shoot (SDW) and root (RDW) dry biomass (%) Parameters Pathogens Local germplasms Pathogens ×Local germplasms dfa 5 6 30 MSb 2.476 0.824 1.145 DSI P>Fc < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 MSb 1.606 0.482 1.083 LAI P>Fc < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 dfa 6 6 36 MSb 43.089 89.939 11.902 SDW P>Fc < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 MSb 572.202 8168.527 543.003 RDW P>Fc < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 a Degrees of freedom. b Mean square. c Probabilities associated with individual F tests.
Disease severity index (DSI). All local germplasm showed high Disease severity index data of the resistance to FSC recording the lowest different local germplasms inoculated values ranging between 0.56 and 0.89. with the soilborne plant pathogenic fungi Germplasms M9.1 and V4R3 with P7 are presented in Table 2. Local melon behaved as resistant against Mm. germplasms showed high resistance to phaseolina with 0.33 and 0.11, FOM where DSI ranged from 0.67 respectively. M9.1 was resistant to Ms. (M9.1) to 0.89 (M12), with an exception cannonballus (0.54) but susceptible to of M17, for which a DSI of 1.1 was Ms. eutypoides (1.11), P6-1 and P7 were recorded. Local watermelon germplam P7 both resistant to both species (Table 4). was resistant to FON with 0.33 as DSI.
Table 4. Disease severity index noted on five melon (M16, M17, M12, M9.1 and V4R3) and two watermelon (P6-1 and P7) local germplasms after their inoculation with Fusarium sp. FOM, FON, FSC, Macrophomina phaseolina (MP), Monosporascus cannonballus (MC),and Ms. eutypoides (ME) a Local Disease severity index germplasms Control FOM FON FSC MP MC ME
M16 0 0.78b±0.01ab - 0.68±0.01a 0.89±0.04ab 0.67±0.01a 0.56±0.01bc M17 0 1.112±0.01a - 0.66±0.01a 1.33±0.02a 0.56±0.01a 0.78±0.01ab M12 0 0.89±0.05ab - 0.67±0.02a 0.56±0.01bc 0.56±0.02a 0.56±0.04bc M9.1 0 0.67±0.01b - 0.56±0.02a 0.33±0.01bc 0.54±0.02a 1.11±0.04a V4R3 0 0.78±0.02ab - 0.63±0.02a 0.33±0.01bc 0.67±0.02a 0.56±0.04bc P6-1 0 - 1.11a 0.89±0.01a 1.22±0.02a 0.67±0.01a 0.11±0.01c P7 0 - 0.33±0.01b 0.89±0.01a 0.11±0.02c 0.67±0.01a 0.22±0.01c
P values - < 0.05 < 0.05 0.445 < 0.05 0.886 < 0.05 a Disease severity index per each fungus (three plants/replication). b Means ± standard error in the column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to χ 2 test at P < 0.05. FOM: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis FSC: F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae FON: F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum
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Leaf alteration index (LAI). exhibiting resistance to Mm. phaseolina The lowest leaf alteration index were V4P3 and P7 with 0.11 and 0.18 as was recorded on melon local germplasm LAI values, respectively. Both M17 and M9.1 inoculated with FOM (0.66) and on M12 inoculated with Ms. cannonballus local watermelon germplasm P7 recorded the lowest leaf alteration index inoculated with FON with a LAI of 0.55. with 0.29 and 0.33, respectively. For the Additionally, three local melon second Monosporascus species, P6-1 germplasms, namely M12, M9.1, and showed resistance to Ms. eutypoides with V4P3, showed low susceptibility to FSC 0.18 (Table 5). with a LAI of 0.55. Local germplasm
Table 5. Leaf alteration index of the five melon (M16, M17, M12, M9.1 and V4R3) and two watermelon local germplasms (P6-1 and P7) after inoculation with Fusarium sp. FOM, FON, FSC, Macrophomina phaseolina (MP), Monosporascus cannonballus (MC), and M. eutypoides (ME)
a Local Leaf alteration index (LAI) germplasms Control FOM FON FSC MP MC ME
M16 0 0.85b±0.01ab - 0.63±0.01ab 0.62±0.02bc 0.66±0.01ab 0.59±0.02b M17 0 0.7±0.04ab - 0.85±0.01ab 0.88±0.02ab 0.29±0.01b 0.44±0.02bc M12 0 0.99±0.04a - 0.52±0.01b 0.26±0.04d 0.33±0.01b 0.40±0.02bc M9.1 0 0.66±0.05b - 0.55±0.02b 0.33±0.04cd 0.37±0.01b 1.03±0.02a V4R3 0 0.81±0.05ab - 0.55±0.02b 0.11±0.01d 0.62±0.01ab 0.44±0.01bc P6-1 0 - 1.03±0.05a 0.92±0.02a 1.14±0.05a 0.88±0.01a 0.18±0.01c P7 0 - 0.55±0.01b 0.92±0.02a 0.18±0.01d 0.88±0.01a 0.41±0.01bc
P values - < 0.05 < 0.05 0.0507 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 a Leaf alteration index per each fungus (three plants/replication). Means ± standard error in the column followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to χ2 test at P < 0.05. FOM: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis FSC: F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae FON: F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum
Shoot and root dry biomass rates. 8.09 and 11.21%. Local watermelon Shoot dry biomass. germplasm P7 inoculated with FON Obtained results showed a low showed the highest SDW value susceptibility of both local melon about10.42%. Both M9.1 and V4P3 local germplasms M16 and M17 to FSC with melon germplasms inoculated with all SDW of 15.34 and 11.31%, respectively. fungi species presented the lowest values The highest SDW values were recorded of shoot dry biomass with values on the majority of melon local comprised between 7.02 and 9.09% germplasms inoculated with FOM where (Table 6). recorded values were comprised between
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Table 6. Shoot dry biomass of the five melon (M16, M17, M12, M9.1 and V4R3) and two watermelon (P6-1 and P7) local germplasms after inoculation with Fusarium sp. FOM, FON, FSC, Macrophomina phaseolina (MP), Monosporascus cannonballus (MC), and Ms. eutypoides (ME)
a Local Shoot dry biomass (%) germplasms Control FOM FON FSC MP MC ME
M16 11.54b±0.8a 13.7±1.2a 10.56±0.8a 15.34±1.24a 9.42±0.04b 9.11±0.01b 7.22±0.02d M17 9.18±0.12b 10.40±0.8b 10.76±0.8a 11.31±1.07b 10.82±0.04a 10.21±0.01a 10.5±0.01b M12 9.25±0.02b 11.21±0.9b 10.29±0.9ab 9.55±0.09c 9.89±0.01b 8±0.01c 9.21±0.01b M9.1 9.09±0.01b 8.09±0.07c 7.27±0.06c 7.7±0.01d 7.02±0.02d 7.3±0.02c 7.25±0.01d V4R3 9.03±0.01b 8.98±0.07c 7.21±0.06c 8.62±0.01cd 7.94±0.02c 8.1±0.02c 8.53±0.02bc P6-1 10.12±0.01b 10.42±0.9b 7.19±0.06c 8.59±0.01cd 8.23±0.04c 7.49±0.02c 8.12±0.02cd P7 9.18±0.01b 10.42±0.9b 9.48±0.7b 8.59±0.01cd 8.16±0.04c 7.49±0.02c 8.09±0.02d
P values < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 a Shoot dry biomass to each fungus (three plants/rep). bMeans ± standard error within a columnfollowed by the same letter are not significantly different according to χ2test at P < 0.05. FOM: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis FSC: F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae FON: F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum
Root dry biomass. watermelon on watermelon rootstocks The highest root dry biomass (33, 49), could prevent the fruit-quality values were noted on two local melon problems resulting from interspecific germoplasms M17 and M12 among all grafting. However, developing such treatments, M17 inoculated with FON rootstocks requires finding sets of and MP with 53.5 and 53.32%, resistance that are absent or unknown in respectively, and M12 inoculated with commercial watermelon cultivars and ME, FSC and FON with values breeding the multi-resistant rootstocks. In comprised between 42.32 and 45.19%. the survey for resistant melon and Concerning local watermelon watermelon germplasm, some important germoplasm P6-1 inoculated with MC pathogens were screened for their and MP, RDW values ranged between interactions with local melon and 12.4 and 11.75%, respectively, compared watermelon germplasms. The two local to 8.02% noted in control plants (Table melon (C. melo) germoplasms, M9.1 and 7). V4R3, were highly resistant. According to disease severity index (DSI) and leaf DISCUSSION alteration index (LAI) data, all these Intraspecific grafting, in which the inoculated local germplasms showed a rootstock and the scion belong to the high resistance to the six fungal same species, is common for tomato, for pathogens where these parameters ranged which a large collection of tomato from 0.37 (P7) to 0.76 (M17) and from rootstocks that vary in specific traits is 0.42 (M12 and V4R3) to 0.69 (P6.1), available (61). In cucurbits, however, respectively. The importance of disease interspecific grafting is common. severity index in the discrimination Intraspecific grafting that is grafting between resistant and susceptible melon on melon rootstocks (18) or genotypes was reported in many
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researches (24, 62). The variation in leaf these fungal diseases were not similar and alteration scores depending upon crops confirmed the significant interaction and the pathogen indicated that the between local germplasms and pathogens mechanisms involved in the control of (P < 0.05).
Table 7. Root dry biomass of the five melon (M16, M17, M12, M9.1 and V4R3) and two watermelon (P6-1 and P7) local germplasms after inoculation with Fusarium sp. FOM, FON, FSC, Macrophomina phaseolina (MP), Monosporascus cannonballus (MC), and Ms. eutypoides (ME)
a Local Root dry biomass (%) germplasms Control FOM FON FSC MP MC ME
M16 17.17b±0.21c 24.15±1.05b 27.51±0.05b 33.73±0.04c 20.25±2.02c 19.11±0.03b 11.11±0.8c M17 25.18±0.01b 37.23±1.33a 53.5±3.05a 47.83±0.05a 53.32±3.02a 29±1.02a 33.15±0.8b M12 26.97±0.01b 22.51±0.05b 27.31±0.44b 44.53±0.05ab 35.5±0.02b 29.39±1.02a 45.19±3.6a M9.1 28.64±0.02b 25.37±0.06b 29.16±0.01b 24.02±0.05d 36±0.02b 32.72±2.56ab 32.22±2.01b V4R3 38.16±0.04a 18.47±0.06b 13.77±0.01c 38.33±0.06bc 10.38±0.02d 17.27±1b 16.72±0.2c P6-1 8.02±0.04d 8.41±0.05c 8.86±0.02c 9.09±0.01e 11.75±0.01d 12.4±0.9b 9.85±0.05c P7 9.74±0.04d 8.41±0.05c 11.11±0.02c 9.09±0.01e 9.47±0.01d 12.4±0.9b 8.78±0.05c
P values < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 a Root dry biomass to each fungus (three plants/rep). bMeans ± standard error within a columnfollowed by the same letter are not significantly different according to χ2test at P < 0.05. FOM: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis FSC: F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae FON: F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum
At the end of the assay, most of (1.14) whereas the lowest value was the accessions showed symptoms to all noted on local melon germplasm V3R4 pathogens, however, FOM and Mm. inoculated by the same pathogen. phaseolina were the most re-isolated. The Ambrosio et al. (4) reported the resistance roots are not immune to the pathogen; this of seven C. melo accessions against Mm. latter penetrates through the roots and phaseolina, one cantaloup from PTO, one could be found in root extracts, similar to common accession from Korea, two wild the response of Cucurbita rootstock (40). agrestis and one acidulus from Africa and Previous studies suggested that the vigor two dudaim accessions from Middle East. root system induced the plant The screened 22 exotic watermelon development even in the presence of resistance against Fusarium wilt caused soilborne pathogens (21, 33). Wild by FON, Fusarium crown rot caused by Cucumis species, which belong to the F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum, subgenus Melo, have been reported to Mm. phaseolina and Ms. cannonballus possess resistance to some melon (C. exhibited various responses to the tested melo) diseases such as Fusarium wilt (3, pathogens indicating high levels of 55, 71). The most alteration of leaves was resistance and no negative effect on fruit observed on local watermelon germplasm quality (24). In addition, P6-1 inoculated with Mm. phaseolina phytopathological data on such a
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 200 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 germplasm collection could serve as a germplasms. Grafting watermelon on tool for studying the resistance watermelon rootstocks has been studied mechanisms and the genetics of disease and the examined exotic watermelon resistance (24). In Tunisia, most of accessions did not adversely affect fruit watermelon and melon seedlings are quality and can be used as a basic grafted onto Cucurbita rootstocks, germplasm for watermelon rootstock namely Cucurbita moschata, C. maxima, breeding (39). C. pepo, Benincasa hispida, Lagenaria Cohen et al. (20) studied Mm. siceraria, and Sicyos angulatus (49, 50). phaseolina management using grafted Jebari et al. (46) showed that grafting plants or soil application of fungicides to Pancha and Protéo on the rootstocks non-grafted melons during the growing Strongtosa and TZ-148 enhanced plant season, two Ananas-type melons cv. 6405 growth and increased early and total yield and Eyal, were grafted onto interspesific as well as weight of fruits, compared to F1 Cucurbita rootstock TZ-148. None of control treatments. However, grafted the tested melon cultivars was immune to plants wilted towards the end of the all the soilborne plant pathogenic fungi as culture. On the other hand, most of the Ms. cannonballus, Mm. phaseolina and plants grafted on the rootstock Emphasis Rhizoctonia solani. However, Salari et al. wilted after plantation, probably due to (66) reported that two melon cultivars the attack by Pythium spp. (46). were moderately resistant to all the three Aounallah et al. (6) found rootstocks fungi under greenhouse conditions. The showing resistance to FSC and were disease management achieved from recommended for the grafting. Other tolerant rootstocks could be less rootstocks like Strongtoza, TZ148, consistent due to environmental factors or Emphasis, Polifemo and Ercole (14) and high inoculum pressure challenging GV100 and Just (15) ascendants of tolerance (19, 33). Unfortunately, not all Citrullus colocynthis and hybrids (17) rootstocks have resistance to every target showed resistance to FSC and FON. An pathogen. For example, some rootstocks assessment of eight Cucurbita hybrid for watermelon are resistant to FON, but rootstocks resistance to Ms. cannonballus rootstocks used for the management of was conducted in a greenhouse Mm. cannonballus, Phytophthora capsici experiment. Kasuko F1, Carnivor F1 and and Verticillium dahliae in watermelon Citrus F1 appeared to be resistant to Ms. are only tolerant to these pathogens (33). cannonballus (9). However, the use of tolerant rootstocks in To our knowledge, this work is the combination with additional cultural first screening of local cucurbit practices or pesticides can provide high germplasms for resistance to soilborne levels of efficacy (44, 74). fungi. Horticultural traits such as shoot To conclude, the presence of and root dry biomass (SDW and RDW) several genetic sources of resistance to showed a significant variation between the six soilborne pathogens in the local melon and watermelon germplasms. accessions assessed had two advantages. In fact, the highest values of SDW and Firstly the exploitation of the pool genes RDW were found for M16/FSC and for further breeding program and M17/FON combinations, respectively. secondly the limitation of the possibility However, the lowest values were of creation of new fungal adapted species. recorded on the two local watermelon
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______RESUME Boughalleb-M’Hamdi N., Ben Salem I., Bnejdi F. et M’Hamdi M. 2016. Évaluation de la résistance des porte-greffes locaux de melon et de la pastèque vis-à-vis de six champignons phytopathogènes telluriques en Tunisie. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 191-206.
Cinq germoplasmes locauxde melon (M16, M17, M12, M9.1 et V4R3) et deux de pastèque (P7 et P6.1) ont été évalués sous serre pour leur résistance à Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis, F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae, F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, Monosporascus cannonballus, M. eutypoides et Macophomina phaseolina en mesurant l’indice de sévérité des dégâts racinaires (IDS), l'indice d'altération foliaire (IAF) et le taux de réduction de la biomasse sèche de la tige et des racines. Le test Student-Fisher a révélé une différence significative entre les sept germoplasmes locaux. Les analyses statistiques de la variance ont confirmé l’effet significatif de l’interaction germoplasmes locaux × pathogènes. Selon les quatre paramètres mesurés, la résistance aux six agents pathogènes était variable. Le germoplasme local de melon M9.1 était le plus résistant. Les accessions M6.1 et M17 avaient enregistré une réduction faible de la biomasse sèche de la tige et des racines. Pour la pastèque, les plus faibles valeurs de IDS et IAF ont été enregistrées au niveau de la combinaison P6.1/M. eutypoides. En revanche, la présence de l'interaction plante-pathogène a indiqué que le mécanisme de résistance vis-à-vis de chaque agent pathogène varie entre les accessions. La présence de plusieurs sources génétiques de résistance aux cinq pathogènes au niveau des accessions évaluées a deux avantages : l’exploitation des gènes de résistance pour les programmes de sélection des porte-greffes potentiels et la limitation de la possibilité de créer de nouvelles espèces fongiques adaptées.
Mots clés: Germoplasmes locaux, melon, pastèque, pathogènes telluriques, porte-greffes résistants
______ملخص بوغالب-محمدي نعيمة وابتسام بن سالم وفتحي بناجدي ومحمود محمدي. 2016. تقييم مقاومة األصول الوراثية المحلية من البطيخ و الدالع لفطريات التربة. :Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11 191-206.
في نطاق البحوث التي قمنا بها تم اختبار مدى مقاومة خمسة أصول وراثية من البطيخ )M16 وM17 و M12 و M9.1 و V4R3 ( واثنين من الدالع (P6.1 و P7) في الزراعة المحمية ضد oxysporum f. sp. melonis Fusarium و Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae و Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum و Monosporascus cannonballus و Monosporascus eutypoides و Macophomina phaseolina اعتمادا على مؤشرمرض الجذور ومؤشر تغيير الورقة ونسبة التخفيض للوزن الجاف من األجزاء الهوائية والجذور. لوحظ وجود فرق معنوي بين األصول الوراثية المحلية. وأكدت التحليالت اإلحصائية تفاعل أصول وراثية × فطريات تربة. ومن بين النتائج كانت هناك درجات متفاوتة بينهما وفقا لتقييم المعايير األربعة. تبين أن األصل الوراثي المحلي للبطيخ M9.1 هو األكثر مقاومة. أما M17 وM6.1 فسجال انخفاضا طفيفا للكتلة الجافة من األجزاء الهوائية والجذور. بالنسبة إلى األصول الوراثية المحلية للدالع، فإن أقل المعدالت لمؤشرات مرض الجذور وتغيير الورقة سجلت في تركيبة eutypoides .P6.1/M إال أن وجود تفاعل بين النبات وفطريات التربة بيّن أن آلية المقاومة تجاه مسببات األمراض تتفاوت حسب األصول الوراثية المحلية. إن وجود مصادر وراثية متعددة لهذه المقاومة لمسببات األمراض لها مزيتين: استغالل الجينات في برامج تربية األصول المقاومة المحتملة والحد من إمكانية ظهور أنواع فطريات جديدة متأقلمة.
كلمات مفتاحية: أصول مقاومة، أصول وراثية محلية، بطيخ، دالع، فطريات تربة، أصول مقاومة
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LITERATURE CITED 1. Abd EL-Wanis, M.M., Amin, A.W., and Tomader growth, yield, and Verticilium wilt of eggplant. G.A.R. 2013. Evaluation of some HortScience 38: 183-186. cucurbitaceous rootstocks 2-effect of cucumber 12. Boughalleb, N., Armengol, J., and El Mahjoub, grafting using some rootstocks on growth, yield M. 2005. Detection of races 1 and 2 and its relation with root-knot nematode of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae and their Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium wilt, distribution in watermelon fields in Tunisia. J. infection. Egypt. J. Agric. Res. 91: 235-257. Phytopathol. 153: 162-168. 2. Alexopoulos, A.A., Kondylis, A., and Passam, 13. Boughalleb, N., Ben Salem, I., Beltran, R., H.C. 2007. Fruit yield and quality of Vicent, A., Perez Sierra, A., Abad-Campos, P., watermelon in relation to grafting. J. García-Jiménez, J., and Armengol, J. 2010. Food Agric. Environ. 5: 178-179. Occurrence of Monosporascus cannonballus in 3. Alvarez, J.M., Gonzalez-Torres, R., Mallor, C., watermelon fields in Tunisia and factors and Gomez-Guillamo, M.L. 2005. Potential associated with ascospore density in soil. J. sources of resistance to Fusarium wilt and Phytopathol. 158: 137-142. powdery mildew in melons. HortScience 40: 14. Boughalleb, N., Tarchoun, N., ElMbarki, M.A., 1657-1660. and El Mahjoub, M. 2007. Resistance 4. Ambrosio, M.M.Q., Dantas, A.C.A., Martınez- evaluation of nine rootstocks and grafted Perez, E., Medeiros, A.C., Nunes, G.H.S., and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) varieties Pico, M.B. 2015. Screening a variable against Fusarium wilt and Fusarium Crown and germplasm collection of Cucumis melo L. for Root Rot. J. Plant Sci. 2: 102-107. seedling resistance to Macrophomina 15. Boughalleb, N., M’hamdi, M., AlAssadi, B., phaseolina. Euphytica 206: 287-300. Elbourji, Z., Tarchoun, N., and Romdhani, M.S. 5. Aounallah-Chouka, S. and Jebari H. 1999. Effect 2008. Resistance evaluation of grafted of grafting in watermelon vegetative and root watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) varieties development fruit quality. Pages: 85-93. In: against Fusariumwilt and FusariumCrown and Proceeding of the 1st International Symposium Root Rot. Asian J. Plant Pathol. 2: 24-29. on cucurbits, 20-23 May 1997, Adana, Turkey. 16. Boughalleb, N. and El Mahjoub M. 2006. 6. Aounallah, S., Jebari, H., and El Mahjoub, M. Watermelon sudden decay in Tunisia: 2002. Study of watermelon grafted to Fusarium Identification of pathogenic fungi and oxysporum f. sp. niveum and F. solani f. sp. determination of primary agents. Pakistan J. cucurbitae. Ann. INRAT 75: 191-204. Biol. Sci. 9: 1095-1103. 7. Ayed, F., Daami-Remadi, M., Jebari, H., 17. Borgi, Z., Hibar, K., Boughalleb, N., and Jebari, Jabnoun-khiareddine, H., and ElMahjoub, M. H. 2009. Evaluation of four local colocynth 2007. Effect of some Tunisian Fusarium solani. accessions and four hybrids, used as f. sp. cucurbitaeisolates on muskmelon growth watermelon rootstocks, for resistance to and crown and root rot severity. Int J. Agri. Res Fusarium wilt and Fusarium Crown and Root 2: 719-7214 Rot. Afr. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol 3: 37-40. 8. Ben Salem, I., Correia, K.C., Boughalleb, N., 18. Cohen, R., Burger, Y., Horev, C., Porat, A., and Michereff, S.J., León, M., Abad-Campos, P., Edelstein, M. 2005. Performance of Galia-type García-Jiménez, J., and Armengol J. 2013. melons grafted on to Cucurbita rootstock in Monosporascus eutypoides, a cause of root rot Monosporascus cannonballus-infested and non- and vine decline in Tunisia, and evidence that infested soils. Ann. Appl. Biol.146: 381- 387. M. cannonballus and M. eutypoidesare distinct 19. Cohen, R., Burger, J., Horev, C., Koren, A., and species. Plant Dis. 97: 737-743. Edelstein, M. 2007. Introducing grafted 9. Ben Salem, I., M’Hamdi, M., Berbegal, M., cucurbits to modern agriculture. The Israeli Armengol, J., and Boughalleb-M’Hamdi N. experience. Plant Dis. 91: 916-923. 2015. Development of a screening test for 20. Cohen, R., Horev, C., Burger, Y., Shriber, S., resistance of cucurbits and Cucurbitahybrid Hershenhorn, J., Katan, J., and Edelstein, rootstocks to Monosporascus cannonballus. M.2002a. Horticultural and pathological aspects Tunisian J. Plant Prot. 10: 23-33. of Fusarium wilt management using grafted 10. Bithell, S.L., Condè, B., Traynor, M., and melons. HortScience 37: 1069-1073. Donald, E.C. 2013. Grafting for soilborne 21. Cohen, R., Omari, N., Porat, A., and Edelstein, disease management in Australian vegetable M. 2012a. Management of Macrophomina production systems-a review. Australas. Plant phaseolina in melons using grafting or Pathol. 42: 329-336 fungicide soil application: pathological, 11. Blestos, F., Thanassoulopoulos, C., and horticultural and economical aspects. Crop Prot. Roupakias, D. 2003. Effect of grafting on 35: 58-63.
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Life History Parameters of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata on Ceratitis capitata Under Laboratory Conditions: Implications for Mass Rearing and Biological Control
Ahlem Harbi, Institut Supérieure Agronomique de Chott-Mariem (ISA-ChM), Université de Sousse, 4042 Chott-Mariem, Tunisia; Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Montcada, València, Spain, Khaled Abbes and Brahim Chermiti, ISA-ChM, Université de Sousse, 4042 Chott-Mariem, Tunisia, David Martins, Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Montcada, València, Spain; Department of Entomology, Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistencia Tecnica e ExtensaoRural (INCAPER), Rua Afonso Sarlo 160, CEP 29052-010, Vitoria-ES, Brazil, Abir Hafsi, ISA-ChM, Université de Sousse, 4042 Chott-Mériem, Tunisia; CIRAD-University of La Réunion, UMR-PVBMT CIRAD, France, Beatriz Sabater-Muñoz, Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Montcada, València, Spain; Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College of Dublin, Dublín, Ireland, and Francisco Beitia, Unidad Asociada de Entomología UJI-IVIA-CIB CSIC, Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), 46113 Montcada, València, Spain ______ABSTRACT Harbi, A., Abbes, K., Chermiti, B., Martins, D., Hafsi, A., Sabater-Muñoz, B., and Beitia, F. 2016. Life history parameters of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata on Ceratitis capitata under laboratory conditions: Implications for mass rearing and biological control. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 207-217.
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, is considered one of the most destructive pests worldwide. The braconid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata is the most widely used parasitoid in biological control programs of tephritids. It has been mass-reared and used in augmentative releases against major fruit fly species in tropical and subtropical countries, and recently in the Mediterranean Basin. After its introduction into Spain and then Tunisia, reproductive and demographic parameters have been studied on C. capitata under laboratory conditions. These parameters were compared to those published elsewhere. The role of artificial diet for rearing the host is discussed. Our findings showed the good fitness of the parasitoids produced on C. capitata in laboratory with a generation time of 28.1 days, a reproductive rate of 39.2, an intrinsic rate of increase of 0.125, a doubling time of 5.2 days and the finite rate of increase (per day) was 1. Involvements on the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly in Tunisia are discussed.
Keywords: Biocontrol, Ceratitis capitata, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, parasitoids, rearing conditions ______Corresponding author: Brahim Chermiti Email: [email protected] Accepted for publication 12 July 2016 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 207 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
The Mediterranean fruit fly the genera Bactrocera, Anastrepha and (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Ceratitis worldwide (5, 22, 24). Tephritidae), is one of the most D. longicaudata has a high polyphagous and important pests of fruits capacity to adapt to the different worldwide (14, 29, 30). It is native from environmental conditions where it has sub-Saharan Africa, where it is found in been introduced (1, 7, 15), and can relatively small populations that do not achieve higher levels of parasitism, up to cause major damage (2, 17, 35). 50% in field conditions, than other known However, in its other distribution zones, parasitoids of fruit flies (8, 11, 20, 28). this species has a great ability to disperse, Consequently, efficient mass-rearing to explore alternative hosts and to exhibit methods and augmentative release a high ecological plasticity which allows procedures of this parasitic wasp have it to overwinter and survive throughout been extensively developed (10, 27). the year in many countries causing In Spain, D. longicaudata was economically important losses (30). introduced from Mexico in 2009, where it The use of conventional has been reared on Anastrepha ludens, suppression techniques to control or and subsequently imported in Tunisia eradicate the Medfly from an area where from Spain in 2013 in the framework of a it is well established has been cooperation project between the Institut demonstrated to be insufficient in many Supérieur Agronomique de Chott-Mariem cases, and consequently, the efficient (ISA-CM), University of Sousse, Tunisia, control schemes have developed and the Intituto Valenciano de integrated management strategies through Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), the use of multiple and compatible Valencia, Spain (AECID projects control techniques, including insecticide A/01877/08 and A/024220/09). sprays, toxic baits, mass trapping Approximately 6000 wasps were systems, sterile insect technique (SIT) imported as parasitized pupae of C. and classic biological control mainly capitata. The aim of these introductions based on the release of parasitoids (21, was to include this parasitoid in an 33). integrated control program of the Medfly The opiine wasp in citrus orchards in the two countries Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (18). (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is considered In insect mass production, the among the successful parasitoid species quality of reared parasitoids is assessed currently used in biological control throughout the study of biological programs (inundative releases). It is a parameters which depends, among others, koinobiont, synovigenic, larval-pupal on the host used as well as on the general endoparasitoid of several genera of fruit conditions of the laboratory rearing fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) (22, including climatic parameters (4). 27). Native from the Indo-Pacific region, Recently, many research works studying it was widely disseminated into America the basic biological parameters of D. (23). This wasp is increasingly used as longicaudata reared on C. capitata and part of integrated pest management using similar experimental conditions as schemes through augmentative releases to our rearings installed in Spain and control many fruit fly pests and is Tunisia have been published. These regarded as one of the most important studies showed many differences parasitoid species against fruits flies of regarding reproductive fitness and life
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 208 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 history parameters which were explained Mexico, in 2009. The laboratory rearing by several factors including, differences of the parasitoids was maintained since of host flies, used parasitoid strains and then in the IVIA on larvae of C. capitata climatic conditions of rearings. According as host for more than 6 years and to several authors, there are differences in refreshed yearly with adults collected in reproductive fitness and life history the field to avoid high levels of endogamy parameters among strains of the wasp (19, (18, 26). Both insects, D. longicaudata 32, 34). and C. capitata, are reared under constant The aim of this research work is to conditions in environmental chambers (25 evaluate the fitness of D. longicaudata ± 2ºC, 65 ± 10% RH and 16:8 (L:D) strain imported from Mexico, reared first photoperiod). on A. ludens and later on C. capitata, in The fruit fly culture on artificial order to provide data to improve its diet is maintained in plastic cages (40 × laboratory rearing. Thus, we evaluated: (i) 30 × 30 cm) with one mesh framed lateral developmental and reproductive side to allow the oviposition of females parameters of the wasp (adult life span, according to the rearing method described oviposition, pre-oviposition, post- by Harbi et al. (11). Briefly described, the oviposition, fertility, immature artificial diet on which the Medfly was development time and daily and total sex reared is a mixture of wheat bran, ratio), and (ii) demographic parameters distilled water, yeast, sugar, benzoic acid, (net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate nipagin, and nipazol. Eggs of the fly were of natural increase (rm), finite rate of daily collected from the rearing cages and increase (k), doubling time (Dt) and mean put on the diet before being incubated in generation time (T)). climatic chambers (25 ± 2ºC, 65 ± 10% The incidence of laboratory RH and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod). D. rearing conditions on the expected longicaudata is reared on third instar performance of the parasitoid, as a larvae of Medfly, in plastic cages (40 × biological control agent of the Medfly in 40 × 40 cm) using various adult densities Mediterranean countries including (4,000-5,000 female wasps per cage). Tunisia, was explored. Adults were provided ad libitum with water, honey and sugar. Medfly larvae MATERIALS AND METHODS mixed with the artificial diet were daily Insects. exposed to the parasitic action of D. Fruit flies and parasitoids were longicaudata. Parasitized larvae were obtained from laboratory rearings collected and allowed to pupate in maintained in the facilities of IVIA, separate cages until the emergence of the Valencia, Spain, where all experiments new parasitoid generation 14-16 days were performed. later. D. longicaudata rearing was initiated with individuals obtained from Experimental procedure. parasitized pupae of A. ludens provided A total of 20 newly emerged by the Centro Internacional de parasitoid couples of the same age (one Capacitación en Moscas de la Fruta day-old), were put separately in (CICMF), Plantas de Cría y experimental units consisting of 15 ×15 × Esterilización de Moscas del 10 cm transparent plastic boxes with side Mediterráneo y Mosca Mexicana de la aeration windows of 16 cm² and provided Fruta, Metapa de Domínguez, Chiapas, ad libitum with water, sugar and honey as
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 209 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 adult complementary food. The upper were estimated by counting the emerged part of each box was provided with a progeny of each couple. mesh-framed rectangular opening Total developmental time of allowing the exposition of fruit fly larvae immature stages, from egg to adult to the parasitoids. Twenty larvae of the emergence, was calculated based on daily third instar were offered daily and for 24 observations of parasitized Medfly hours to each of the parasitoid couples individuals (third instar larvae and then until the death of all females (maximum pupae) and counting the number of days 55 days, see results section). After between the exposition of the larvae to exposure, the supposed parasitized parasitism and the days of emergence of larvae/pupae were removed daily and the adult parasitoid. The daily sex ratio kept in darkness to reproduce natural was estimated as the proportion of female pupation conditions which occur in the offspring in the total number of progeny soil until the emergence of adult fruit flies (males + females) produced per day. The or parasitoids. The experiment was total sex ratio was assessed as the conducted in controlled climatic proportion of female offspring in the total chambers at 23 ± 2ºC, 65 ± 10% RH and number of progeny (males + females) 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. produced during the life span of the female. Developmental and reproductive parameters. Demographic parameters. Longevity of adults (male and This study was based on several female) and periods of pre-oviposition population parameters which are detailed (the number of days between female in Table 1. emergence and the day of the first oviposition), post-oviposition (the Data analysis. number of days the female stays alive Life tables were constructed using after the last oviposition) and oviposition, the daily survival values and the number as well as performed fertility (the total of progeny produced by the females. progeny of females) were assessed. Demographic parameters were calculated Longevity was assessed by checking the according to Birch (3) and Mackauer parasitoid couples daily whereas pre- (16). Kaplan Meyer survival curves of oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition males and females were compared using periods as well as performed fertility Log-rank test with the statistical software IBM-SPSS statistics version 20.0. Table 1. Assessed population parameters of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata on third instar larvae of Ceratitis capitata under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2ºC, 65 ± 10% RH and 16:8 L:D) (6)
Parameter Designation Definition Formula ß Number of females produced by one Net reproductive rate (R ) 0 female during its life ∑ 푙푥푚푥 푥=푥 Intrinsic rate of natural Rate at which the population increases in rm ß −푟푥 increase size 1=∑푥=푥 푒 푙푥푚푥 Factor by which a population increases in Finite rate of increase k 푒푟 size from time t to time t+1 Time span necessary for doubling the Doubling time Dt (log 2)/푟 initial population 푒 Mean time span between the birth of an Mean generation time T (log R0)/푟 individual and the birth of its offspring 푒 x: Age in days; lx: Cohort survival; mx: Number of female eggs laid by average female at age x; Ex: expectation of life. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 210 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
RESULTS and the average post-oviposition period Developmental and reproductive was of 5.4 ± 0.8 days. parameters. The performed fertility was 71.2 ± The mean developmental period of 6.4 individuals/female, remained low the immature stages, from egg to adult first day after emergence then increased emergence, was 21.3 ± 0.1 days for males to reach its maximum, 7-9 and 22.9 ± 0.1 days for females. Our individuals/female/day, between the results show that the pre-oviposition second and the sixth day after emergence. period was very short or absent, with an During this period, 75% of the total average time of 0.3 ± 0.1 day and a progeny of the females were produced. maximum of 2 days. The mean Beyond this period, the performed oviposition period was 16.4 ± 0.8 days fertility decreased gradually until the end of the oviposition period (Fig. 1).
10 9 8 7
/day/female 6 5 4 3 2 1 Performed fertility 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 Period after female emergence (days)
Fig. 1. Estimated mean of daily performed fertility (individuals emerged from pupae) of Dichasmimorpha longicaudata females reared on third instar larvae of Ceratitis capitata.
Males were able to live The sex ratio of the wasps was significantly longer than females female biased, 0.8:1 (male: female). according to the survival analysis (P = During the first three days of the 0.013). The maximum life span was 55 oviposition period, the produced progeny days for females and 57 days for males was mainly males while in the rest of the (Fig. 2). The average longevity of females period a predominance of females was was 33.7 ± 1.8 days while that of males observed. Thus, the wasp reproduction was 40.1 ± 2.8 days. was marked by a protandry since males emerge earlier than females (Fig. 3).
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100 90 Male Female 80 70 60 50 40 30
Survivorship (%)rate 20 10 0 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 Period after emergence (days) Fig. 2. Survivorship (lx) curves of males (n = 20) and females (n = 20) of Dichasmimorpha longicaudata reared on third instar larvae of Ceratitis capitata.
7 100 Male Female 90 6 80 5 70 4 60 50 3 40
2 30 females) Offspring/day 20 1 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Sex ratio of the progeny (%of Days after female emergence (days) Fig. 3. Daily sex ratio of the progeny of Dichasmimorpha longicaudata reared on third instar larvae of Ceratitis capitata.
Demographic parameters. other strains. Life history parameters of In our experiment the generation several laboratory strains of this time of D. longicaudata was 28.1 days, parasitoid maintained on different hosts the reproductive rate was 39.2, the of fruits flies are shown in Table 2. intrinsic rate of increase was 0.125, the Although reared on the same host species, doubling time was 5.2 days and the finite performed fertility of C. capitata differed rate of increase (per day) was 1. among our study and those of other research works. Ovruski et al. (25) found DISCUSSION that the fertility of D. longicaudata Biological parameters. (established in Argentina in 1999 with This experiment was conducted to individuals imported from Mexico (24), assess life history parameters of our and reared on A. ludens (22)) is 32.1±1.5 laboratory strain of D. longicaudata and emerged adults, which is lower than that compare the results with available data of of the strain tested in the current study
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(71.2 ± 6.4 individuals/female). rate of increase were comparable in all Conversely, Meirelles et al. (19) reported presented studies. However, the doubling a higher fertility than of our strain with time of our strain was shorter than that 104.6 ± 4.12 individuals/female on C. found by Viscarret et al. (34) on two capitata (the strain was obtained from strains of Medfly and longer than that Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura reported by Meirelles et al. (19) either on Tropical, Cruz das Almas, state of Bahia, C. capitata or A. fraterculus. Brazil). On the other hand, Meirelles et In summary, our data and those al. (19) reported a fertility of 124.8±1.11 available in the literature suggest that individuals/female on the same host differences in the origin of a parasitoid species. strain could have important effect on the Significantly lower adult longevity reproductive and demographic traits of than that found in this work was reported the parasitoid. Likewise, available data by other studies when rearing different suggest also the presence of significant strains of D. longicaudata on C. capitata, within-strain differences depending on A. fraterculus and Bactrocera dorsalis the host fly species used for the rearing of (19, 32, 34). By contrast, our strain D. longicaudata. In particular, the presents a shorter oviposition period than intrinsic rate of increase (rm), which is of that reported for other strains on all tested high interest to determine the host flies species except on B. dorsalis development capacity of a population in (Table 2). Development duration from field and thus the potential capacity of a egg to adult of our strain was similar to parasitoid in controlling a pest, showed those reported by Meirelles et al. (19) on important variations among and within C. capitata and A. fraterculus. strains and/or hosts. Furthermore, these Concerning the sex ratio of the progeny, variations can be more significant since it is female biased for all strains and on Lawrence et al. (13) found differences in all host flies. immature development of D. longicaudata depending the age of the Demographic parameters. parasitized larvae. Moreover, Kitthawee Reported demographic parameters and Dujardin (12) found differences in from the literature are summarized in three populations of D. longicaudata Table 3. The generation time calculated coupled with lack of inter-population for our strain of D. longicaudata was reproductive compatibility or the similar to that of other strains as reported production of rare, sterile female by Vargas et al. (32) and Meirelles et al. offspring using Forced-contact mating (19) on B. dorsalis and C. capitata, technique, concluding that possible respectively, whereas the strain tested by presence of three indistinguishable Viscarret et al. (34) had longer generation species rather than one (referred to as time. Conversely, this parameter was "The Diachasmimorpha longicaudata shorter on A. fraterculus (19). complex") based on the geometry of the The reproductive rate was similar wing. Further studies are needed, mainly to that found by Viscarret et al. (34), on the genetic level to advance our lower than that reported by Meirelles et knowledge on this wasp which can al. (19) on C. capitata and A. fraterculus ultimately lead to a better understanding and higher than that reported by Vargas et of the differences highlighted in this work al. (32) on B. dorsalis. The estimates of and in the literature. the intrinsic rate of increase and the finite
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Table 2. Biological parameters of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata reported in the literature on different fruit fly species compared to this work Sex ratio Fruit fly Experimental Adult Oviposition Fertility Egg to adult (female References host conditions longevity period (individuals/♀) duration proportion) T: 26 ± 2°C; RH: 60 ± Bactrocera 10%; 10:14 L: D 15.67 ± 4.10 9.33 ± 1.64 ------0.59 ± 0.05 32 dorsalis photoperiod 23 ± 2ºC, 65 ± 10% RH 33.7 ± 1.8 (♀) 21.3 ± 0.1(♂) and 16:8 (L:D) 16.4 ± 0.8 71.2 ± 6.4 0.55 This work 40.1 ± 2.8 (♂) 22.9 ± 0.1 (♀) photoperiod. Larvae and pupae: 24.61 ± 0.33°C; HR (65.00 ± 2.75%, continuous light. Adults: 28.33 ± 2.07 22.57 ± 1.87 ------0.56 ± 0.05 34 22.90 ± 2.90°C; RH: 47.73 ± 1.66%, and 12L:12D photoperiod Larvae and pupae: 24.61 ± 0.33°C Ceratitis Temperature; 65.00 ± capitata 2.75% HR, and continuous light. Adults: 34.08 ± 3.13 28 ± 2.56 ------0.55 ± 0.04 34 22.90 ± 2.90°C Temperature; 47.73 ± 1.66% RH, and 12L:12D photoperiod 25 ± 2°C Temperature; 20.7 ± 2.11 (♀) 19.2 ± 0.23 (♀) 65 ±10% RH and 14:10 h 27.4 ± 3.17 104.6 ± 4.12 0.55 19 14.2 ± 20.3 (♂) 18.5 ± 0.13 (♂) L:D photoperiod 25 ± 1°C Temperature; 75 ± 5% RH, and 12:12 ------32.1 ± 1.5 --- 50.7 ± 2.8 25 (L:D) h photoperiod 25 ± 2°C Temperature; 20.4 ± 3.39 (♀) 18.8 ± 0.17 (♀) 65 ± 10% RH and 14:10 29.6 ± 2.98 124.8 ± 1.11 0.59 19 15.6 ± 2.09 (♂) 17.2 ± 0.13 (♂) Anastrepha h L:D photoperiod fraterculus 25 ± 1°C Temperature; 75 ± 5% RH, and 12:12 ------36.3 ± 1.8 --- 82.4 ± 1.5 25 (L:D) h photoperiod
Table 3. Demographic population parameters of Dichasmimorpha longicaudata reported in the literature on different fruit fly species
Host fruit fly T R0 k rm DT References Bactrocera 27.2 28.2 1.13 0.12 --- 32 dorsalis Ceratitis 28.1 39.2 1 0.125 5.2 This work capitata Ceratitis 37.93 32.54 1.102 0.098 7.11 34 capitata ± 0.68 ± 5.65 ± 0.006 ± 0.005 ± 0.38 Ceratitis 39.37 33.84 1.0990 0.094 7.36 34 capitata ± 0.55 ± 5.14 ± 0.004 ±0.004 ± 0.28 Ceratitis 26.03 ± 45.56 1.15 0.14 4.73 19 capitata 0.451 ± 5.685 ± 0.028 ± 0.019 ± 0.074 Anastrepha. 22.57 53.82 1.19 0.17 3.92 19 fraterculus ± 0.594 ± 10.001 ± 0.051 ± 0.031 ± 0.082 T (mean generation time, days); R0 (net reproductive rate, female/female); k (finite rate of increase, per day); DT (doubling time, days); rm (intrinsic rate of increase/day).
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From a practical perspective, we traits depending on rearing conditions can conclude that, in the case of D. especially temperature and host fly longicaudata, reared strain for later use in species. The good choice of these factors the field should have the highest intrinsic can improve the quality of produced rate of increase and all the conditions of natural enemies which is a key factor for the rearing should be optimal as the wasp a successful biological control of insect showed variations in its demographic pests (9, 31). ______RESUME Harbi A., Abbes K., Chermiti B., Martins D., Hafsi A., Sabater-Muñoz B. et Beitia F. 2016. Paramètres de vie de Diachasmimorpha longicaudata en conditions de laboratoire: Implications pour l'élevage en masse et le contrôle biologique de Ceratitis capitata. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 207-217.
La mouche méditerranéenne des fruits, Ceratitis capitata, est considérée comme l'un des ravageurs des fruits les plus dommageables du monde en raison de sa grande capacité d'affecter la production, sa distribution mondiale et sa large gamme d'hôtes. Le braconide Diachasmimorpha longicaudata est l’un des parasitoïdes les plus utilisés dans les programmes de lutte biologique contre les Tephritidae. Il a été élevé en masse et utilisé dans les lâchers augmentatifs contre diverses espèces de mouches des fruits dans les pays tropicaux et subtropicaux et récemment dans le bassin méditerranéen. Après son introduction en Espagne et puis en Tunisie, l'étude de ses paramètres de reproduction et démographique sur une souche méditerranéenne de C. capitata en conditions de laboratoire proches des conditions climatiques méditerranéennes, a été réalisée pour améliorer nos connaissances sur ce parasitoïde et améliorer son utilisation dans les programmes de contrôle biologique. Les résultats de cette étude ont été comparés à d'autres dans différentes conditions d'élevage pour les mêmes espèces et l'influence des conditions de l'élevage sur l'utilisation pratique du parasitoïde a été discutée. Ces résultats ont révélé les bonnes aptitudes des parasitoïdes produits sur C. capitata avec un temps de génération de 28,1 jours, un taux de reproduction de 39,2, un taux intrinsèque d'accroissement de 0,125, un temps de dédoublement de 5,2 jours et un taux fini d'accroissement (par jour) égal à 1. Les implications sur la lutte biologique contre la mouche méditerranéenne des fruits en Tunisie ont été discutées.
Mots clés: Ceratitis capitata, conditions d'élevage, contrôle biologique, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, parasitoïdes ______ملخص حربي، أحالم وخالد عباس وابراهيم شرميطي ودافيد مرتين وعبير حفصي وبياتريس سابتارـ مونوزو وفرانسيسكو بايتيه. 2016. الخصائص الحياتية للحشرة Diachasmimorpha longicaudata تحت ظروف المخبر : تداعياتها على التربية المكثفة والمكافحة البيولوجية لحشرة Ceratitis capitata. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 207-217.
تعتبر الذبابة المتوسطية للفاكهة Ceratitis capitata أحد أخطر اآلفات نظرا لقدرتها على إلحاق أضرار كبيرة بالمحاصيل، و لتوزعها الجغرافي الممتد، ولتنوع عوائلها. من أفضل الكائنات المضادة المستعملة في برامج المكافحة البيولوجية لذباب الفاكهة، شبه الطفيل Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. تمت تربيته واستعماله بطريقة النثر ضد عدة انواع من الذباب في البلدان االستوائية والشبه استوائية ومؤخرا في بعض البلدان المتوسطية. .بعد أن تم إدخاله إلى إسبانيا ثم إلى تونس، تمت دراسة قدراته الحيوية وخصائصه الديموغرافية على ساللة متوسطية لذبابة الفاكهة في المخبر في ظروف شبيهة بالمناخ المتوسطي لتحسين معارفنا حول هذا الشبه طفيل وتطوير استعماالته في برامج المكافحة الحيوية. تمت مقارنة نتائج هذه الدراسة بمثيالتها ومناقشة مدى تأثير ساللة شبه الطفيل وظروف تربيته على نجاعتها البيولوجية. أظهرت نتائجنا الحالة البيولوجية الجيدة لشبه الطفيل المربى على C. capitata في المخبر فكان زمن الجيل 28,1 يوما ومعدل التكاثر 39,2 ومعدل الصميم للزيادة 0,125 ومضاعفة الوقت 5,2 يوم وكانت نسبة محدودة من
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الزيادة )يوميا( بقيمة 1. وقد تمت مناقشة تداعيات هذه النتائج على المكافحة البيولوجية للذبابة المتوسطية للفاكهة في تونس.
كلمات مفتاحيه: شبه طفيل، ظروف التربية، مكافحة بيولوجية، Diachasmimorpha ،Ceratitis capitata longicaudata ______
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and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Effects on longevity and fecundity. Entomol. Flo. Entomol. 96: 412-418. Exp. Appl. 118: 193-202. 20. Meirelles, R.N., Redaelli, L.R., Jahnke, S.M., 28. Suarez, L., Murua, F.,Lara, N., Escobar, J., Ourique, C.B. and Ozorio, D.V.B. 2016. Taret, G., Rubio, J.L., Van Nieuwenhove, G., Parasitism Of Fruit Flies (Tephritidae) In Field, Bezdjian, L., Schliserman, P. and Ovruski, S.M. After The Releases Of Diachasmimorpha 2014. Biological Control of Ceratitis capitata Longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Argentina: Releases of Braconidae) In Rio Grande Do Sul. Revista Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal. 38 (2): Braconidae) in Fruit-Producing Semi-Arid (e-673). Areas of San Juan. Natural Science 6: 664-675. 21. Molina, C.A., Caña-Roca, J.F., Osuna, A., and 29. Tormos, J., Beitia,F., Alonso, M., Asís, J.D., and Vilchez, S. 2010. Selection of a Bacillus Gayubo, S. 2010. Assessment of Ceratitis pumilus strain highly active against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae) pupae killed by capitata (Wiedemann) larvae. Appl. Environ. heat or cold as hosts for rearing Spalangia Microbiol. 76: 1320-1327. cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Ann. 22. Montoya, P., Liedo, P., Benrey, B., Cancino, J., Appl. Biol. 156: 179-185. Barrera, J.F., Sivisnki, J., and Aluja, M. 2000. 30. Tormos, J., Sabater-Muñoz, B., Asís, J.D., and Biological control of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Beitia, F. 2014. Validation of a methodology for Tephritidae) in mango orchards through rearing Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: augmentative releases of Diachasmimorpha Pteromalidae) on Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Tephritidae). Can. Entomol. 146: 676-683. Braconidae). Biol. Control 18: 216-224. 31. Van Driesche, R.G., Hoddle, M.S., and Center, 23. Oroño, L.E. and Ovruski, S.M. 2007. Presence T.D. 2007. Control de plagas y malezas por of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata enemigos naturales. Forest Health Technology (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in a guild of Enterprise Team. USDA, USA, 751 pp. parasitoids attacking Anastrepha fraterculus 32. Vargas, R.I., Ramadan, M., Hussain, T., (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northwestern Mochizuki, N., Bautista, R.C., and Stark, J.D. Argentina. Flo. Entomol. 90: 410-412. 2002. Comparative demographic of six fruit fly 24. Ovruski, S.M., Schliserman, P., and Aluja, M. (Diptera: Thephritidae) parasitoids 2003. Native and introduced host plants of (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biol. Control 25: Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata 30-40. (Diptera: tephritidae) in northwestern 33.Vargas, R.I., Piñero, J.C., Mau, R.F.L., Jang, Argentina. J. Econ. Entomol. 96: 1108-1118. E.B., Klungness, L.M., McInnis, D.O., Harris, 25. Ovruski, S.M., Bezdjian, L.P., van E.B., McQuate, G.T., Bautista, R.C., and Wong, Nieuwenhove, G.A., Albornoz-Medina, P., and L. 2009. Area-wide suppression of the Schliserman, P. 2011. Host preference by Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymneoptera: the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, in Braconidae) reared on larvae of Anastrepha Kamuela, Hawaii Roger I. J. Insect Sci. 10: 135. fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: 34.Viscarret, M.M., La Rossa, R., Segura, D.F., Tephritidae). Flo. Entomol. 94: 195-200. Ovruski, S.M., and Cladera, J.L. 2006. 26. Sabater-Muñoz, B., Martins, D.S., Skouri, W., Evaluation of the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha Laurín, C., Tur, C., and Beitia, F. 2009. longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Primeros ensayos sobre la utilización de Braconidae) reared on a genetic sexing strain of Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Hymenoptera, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Braconidae) para el control biológico de Tephritidae). Biol. Control 36: 147-153. Ceratitis capitata (Diptera, Tephritidae) en la 35. Wharton, R.A., Trostle, M.K., Messing, R.H., Comunidad Valenciana. Levante Agrícola 398: Copeland, R.S., Kimani-Njogu, S.W., Lux, S., 372-376. Overholt, W.A., Mohamed, S., and Sivinski, J. 27. Sivinski, J., Aluja, M., and Holler, T. 2006. 2000. Parasitoids of medfly, Ceratitis capitata, Food sources for adult Diachasmimorpha and related tephritids in Kenyan coffee: a longicaudata, a parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies: predominantly koinobiont assemblage. Bull. Entomol. Res. 90: 517-526.
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Mapping and Monitoring an Invasive Alien Plant in Tunisia: Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) a Noxious Weed of Agricultural Areas
Najla Sayari, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Chott-Mariem, BP 47, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia, Giuseppe Brundu, Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia 39, 07100 Sassari, Italy, and Mounir Mekki, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Chott- Mariem, BP 47, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia ______ABSTRACT Sayari, N., Brundu, G., and Mekki, M. 2016. Mapping and monitoring an invasive alien plant in Tunisia: Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) a noxious weed of agricultural areas. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 219-227.
The study was conducted during the period of June-July 2014 to update Solanum elaeagnifolium mapping in the irrigated land of Chott-Mariem (Tunisia). S. elaeagnifolium distribution was mapped with a handheld GPS. GPS point positioning took place in the centroid of each infestation. Surveys were made following roads and tracks using the full covering method. We recorded, for each plot, observation date, plot size, S. elaeagnifolium ground cover and distribution pattern within each plot and along its borders. The weed distribution maps were drawn using Quantum GIS software. Of the 105 surveyed plots 36% were infested by S. elaeagnifolium, covering 196 ha. The patchy pattern was the most common distribution type for the weed which was moderately abundant (10-50% ground cover) in 70% of the infested plots and highly abundant (> 50%) in 22% of them. On the other hand, 25 linear infestations were recorded along plot borders. They were spread over 4.8 km with an estimated continuous length of 0.5 km. Compared to 2008 survey data, the number of infested plots increased by 50% and the infested area increased by 60%. Furthermore, S. elaeagnifolium presence along plot borders increased by 3.5 times. This updated S. elaeagnifolium mapping in the irrigated land of Chott- Mariem reveals an ongoing invasion process in the absence of an effective control program.
Keywords: Invasive alien plants, mapping,monitoring, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Tunisia ______
Invasive non-native weeds are a animals, and other organisms that depend serious threat to native species, on them, alter ecosystem functions and communities, and ecosystems in many cycles significantly, hybridize with native areas around the world (9, 16). They can species, and promote other invaders (19). compete with and displace native plants, Accordingly, early detection, mapping and active management of invasive weeds are extremely important, particularly with Corresponding author: Najla Sayari the swift increase in global travel and Email: [email protected] trade, which accelerates weed invasion (6). Mapping of invasive weeds is considered the foundation for the Accepted for publication 4 July 2016 development of a strategic long-term management plan to protect agro- Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 219 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 biodiversity and prevent invasion of other We describe in the present paper noxious weed species (14, 18). It allows the mapping survey of 2014 to compare characterizing the pattern of distribution the actual situation with the previous of these plants, predicting their rate of survey and to highlight the importance of spread and evaluating the relationship monitoring weed population dynamics for between their spatial extent and future management plans. abundance (8). One of the most widespread MATERIALS AND METHODS invasive weeds in the world is Silverleaf Study area and survey methodology. nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium, The region of Chott-Mariem is Solanaceae). Native to Northeast Mexico located in the Centre-East of Tunisia, and Southwest USA (2, 11), S. between 35°90'-35°99' N and 10°50'- elaeagnifolium is recorded as an alien 10°60' E. The climate is semi-arid with plant species in many regions of the mild rainy winters and hot, dry summers. world (3). It is listed as a noxious weed in Annual rainfall ranges from 300 to 400 21 USA states (13) and figures on the mm. The irrigated land of Chott-Mariem EPPO A2 list of species recommended (IL-CM) covers 576 ha, extending 9 km for regulation to EPPO member countries along the coast, divided into three main (5). Introduced into Morocco in sectors with similar ecological contaminated cotton seeds in 1950, it is characteristics (Fig. 1): ZI: 173 ha, ZII: now considered the nation’s most noxious 154 ha, and ZIII: 249 ha. The choice of weed (15) in irrigated fields (1). the study site was based on land In Tunisia, S. elaeagnifolium was accessibility, which plays a crucial role in first detected around 1985 at Sbikha in mapping alien plants, and makes mapping the Kairouan district (4). Since then, the easier and geometrically correct. The invaded area is increasing and this alien study area is also representative of the plant is becoming a potential threat to main irrigated crops (vegetable crops) thousands of hectares of irrigated fields in that are usually affected by S. arid and semi-arid regions (10). The most elaeagnifolium in Tunisia. infested habitats and land-uses are Field surveys were conducted roadsides, waste lands and summer crops during June-July 2014, based on the site (4). These infestations generate map and taking into account the imagery considerable crop yield losses. Therefore, available in "Google Earth". The study the implementation of a management site was divided into 105 large plots (Fig. strategy for this invasive weed is 2). For each plot, a descriptive fact sheet fundamental. S. elaeagnifolium mapping was completed to document: (1) in the irrigated land of Chott-Mariem Observation date: day/month/year; (2) (Tunisia) was first conducted in May Plot size: length (m), width (m) and 2008, with a comprehensive survey of the surface (ha); (3) S. elaeagnifolium entire region. In each infested area, distribution patterns within each plot (Fig. S.elaeagnifolium ground cover and 3) and along its borders (Table 1), and (4) distribution pattern were recorded (17). S. S. elaeagnifolium ground covering using elaeagnifolium distribution maps were the scale: low (1-10%), moderate (10- drawn manually based on the site map. 50%) and high (> 50%).
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Fig. 1. Geographical position of irrigated land in the region of Chott-Mariem, Sousse (Tunisia)
Fig. 2. Study site and plots in the region of Chott-Mariem, Sousse (Tunisia)
Fig. 3. Scheme used in the field to evaluate the distribution patterns of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the invaded plots.
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Table1. Solanum elaeagnifolium distribution patterns along plot borders
Parameter Data collected
1: isolated plants (< 10%) Infestation continuity 2: discontinued (11-50%) 3:continued (> 51%) Low: <10 plants/m2 Density Moderate: 10-20 plants/m2 High: > 20 plants/m2
Mapping methodology. Resources, was used as a base map for the S. elaeagnifolium patches were GIS analysis. located using a handheld GPS (Garmin eTrex Vista, 12 channels) and the RESULTS coordinates of the centroid of each S. elaeagnifolium was found in 36 invaded area were recorded. GPS plots (over the 105 considered), covering accuracy was about 5 m. Prospection was a total area of 196 ha, corresponding to made following primary and secondary 34% of the total investigated area of IL- road networks, surveying the whole CM (Table 2). The patchy pattern was the surface of the study area. Additional most common distribution type. In fact, surveys were located in adjacent fields, to scattered spots were present in above evaluate the situation at the borders of the 64% of the infested plots and uniform investigated area (IL-CM). GPS data distribution was the second dominant were imported into a geographic pattern in over 22% of the infested plots. information system (GIS) (WGS84 However, sporadic infestations were only Geographic - EPSG 4326) to produce S. recorded in 5% of the infested plots. elaeagnifolium distribution maps, using S. elaeagnifolium abundance in the Quantum GIS software (version 1.8, infested plots was moderate (10-50% “Lisboa 2012”). A topographical map of ground cover) in 70% of these plots and the studied site, provided by the Regional high (> 50% ground cover) in 22% of Department of Agriculture and Water them (Fig. 4).
Table 2. Solanum elaeagnifolium distribution patterns in the irrigated land of Chott-Mariem-Sousse (Tunisia) in 2014
Infested plots Distribution pattern Number Surface (ha) Absent 69 380 Sporadic 2 12.5 Scattered plants 3 16.5 Scattered spots 23 128 Uniform 8 39 Total 36 196
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Fig. 4. Solanum elaeagnifolium abundance in the irrigated land of Chott-Mariem, Sousse (Tunisia) in 2014.
Along plots borders, 25 linear Therefore, S. elaeagnifolium density in infestations were recorded along 4.8 km, plot borders was moderate (10-20 having an estimated continuous length of plants/m2) to high (> 20 plants/m2) and 0.5 km (Table 3). These infestations were low densities (< 10 plants/m2) were only most frequently discontinued (56%) and occasional. less frequently continued (20%).
Table 3. Solanum elaeagnifolium distribution patterns along plot borders of the irrigated land of Chott-Mariem, Sousse (Tunisia) in 2014 Infestation length Plot border Distribution patterns Frequency (km) length (km) Sporadic 6 - - Discontinued 14 0.429 3.434 Continued 5 0.080 1.376 Total 25 0.509 4.810
Compared to 2008, S. low (1-10%) to moderate (10-50%) in elaeagnifolium occurence increased by 2008 and from moderate to high (> 50%) 50%. In fact, the number of infested plots in 2014. Furthermore, along plot borders evolved from 24 in 2008 (Fig. 5A) to 36 S. elaeagnifolium occurrence increased in 2014 (Fig. 5B). Consequently, the total 3.5 times. Indeed, 7 linear infestations surface of infested plots increased by were recorded along 1.5 km in 2008 (Fig. 60%, it evolved from 123.5 ha in 2008 to 5A) and 25 linear infestations were 196 ha in 2014. In addition, the weed recorded along 4.8 km in 2014 (Fig. 5B). abundance in infested plots varied from
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Fig. 5. Solanum elaeagnifolium infestation progress in the irrigated land of Chott-Mariem, Sousse (Tunisia) from 2008 to 2014 (5.A: 2008; 5.B: 2014).
The ongoing colonization process abundance varied from moderate to high. of S. elaeagnifolium has been expanded to Along plots borders, six linear adjacent fields of the IL-CM. An infestations were recorded and their additional number of 18 infested fields densities were mainly moderate (10-20 were recorded (Fig. 6) where this weed plants/m2).
Fig. 6. Solanum elaeagnifolium infestations in the adjacent fields to the irrigated land of Chott-Mariem, Sousse (Tunisia) in 2014.
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DISCUSSION In intensive agriculture, weed control is Mapping of invasive weeds allows mainly a reactive approach based on characterizing the pattern of distribution herbicide technology and aims to preserve of these plants, predicting their rate of crop yields. However, invasive alien spread and evaluating the relationship plants management based on a risk between their spatial extent and assessment scheme is mainly a proactive abundance (8). In our case, S. approach which aims to prevent invasive elaeagnifolium occurrence in IL-CM was alien plants introduction and about 34% and the patchy pattern was the establishment. most common distribution type for the These findings highlight the weed which reflects a wide expansion of importance of mapping of invasive alien this species in IL-CM and gives us an plants using the GPS/GIS technologies idea about its residence time in the study which offers many advantages, including area. Furthermore, moderate and high increased speed and accuracy, enhanced abundance may be explained by a long data sharing capabilities, comaparison and continuing colonisation process with other thematic layes, multitemporal without any effective control program. analysis and easy updates. S. Along plot borders, S. elaeagnifolium mapping in IL-CM in elaeagnifolium density varied from 2008 and its update in 2014 draw moderate to high which indicate that plot attention to the ongoing invasion process borders do act as reservoirs for further of this alien weed. We can expect that this spread. Therefore, any management trend may be similar in the following strategy should consider S. years without any management strategy elaeagnifolium as an agricultural, ruderal or specific action plan. In fact, and environmental weed. On the other management action tackling EPPO A2 hand, according to Sabra and Haidar (14), invasive alien plants (i.e., pests surveying the spread of invasive weeds in recommended for regulation as arable and non-arable lands is essential quarantine pests) seems to be generally for identifying their sources and neglected, in comparison with other preventing their distribution. quarantine organisms. Invasive alien From 2008 to 2014, S. plants mapping and monitoring are very elaeagnifolium occurence in IL-CM useful tools to address management increased by 50% and the total surface of priorities and provide a baseline for future infested plots augmented by 60%. monitoring efforts (7). Moreover, infestations have been Agricultural land infested with S. expanded to adjacent fields of the IL-CM. elaeagnifolium loses considerable rental These results confirm the ongoing and resale value, there is an increase in colonization process of S. elaeagnifolium crop production costs due to the need of and show that its control as a using management methods (mechanical conventional weed is inappropriate and and chemical control + hand weeding) that a specific strategy should be adopted. and the species can also invade adjoining In fact, according to Mekki (12), weed natural or semi-natural areas. Therefore a control and invasive alien plants national action plan to tackel S. management are two distinct approaches. elaeagnifolium is urgently required.
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______RESUME Sayari N., Brundu G. et Mekki M. 2016. Cartographie et monitoring d'une plante exotique envahissante en Tunisie: la morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium), une mauvaise herbe redoutable dans les zones agricoles. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 219-227.
L’étude a été menée durant la période juin-juillet 2014 dans le but d’actualiser la cartographie de Solanum elaeagnifolium dans le périmètre irrigué de Chott-Mariem (Tunisie). La localisation des infestations a été faite à l’aide d’un GPS portatif. Les coordonnées géographiques des infestations ont été déterminées à l’aide d’un point au centre de chaque infestation. Tout le périmètre a été parcouru, lot par lot, en suivant les routes et les pistes. Pour chaque lot, nous avons enregistré la date d'observation, les dimensions du lot, la couverture du sol par S. elaeagnifolium et son mode de distribution à l’intérieur et au niveau des bordures des lots. Les cartes de distribution de la mauvaise herbe ont été établies en utilisant le logiciel Quantum GIS. Parmi les 105 lots explorés, 36% étaient infestés par S. elaeagnifolium couvrant une superficie totale de 196 ha. Les infestations en taches dispersées étaient les plus fréquentes. Les infestations ayant une couverture moyenne (10-50%) ont été enregistrées dans environ 70% des lots infestés; celles ayant une couverture élevée (> 50%) ont été enregistrées dans 22% des lots infestés. Les infestations linéaires au niveau des bordures des lots étaient au nombre de 25, réparties sur environ 4.8 km et ayant une longueur totale de 0.5 km. Depuis 2008, le nombre de lots infestés a augmenté de 50% et ainsi la surface totale infestée a augmenté de 60%. De même, le nombre d'infestations linéaires a augmenté de 3,5 fois. Cette actualisation de la cartographie de S. elaeagnifolium dans le périmètre irrigué de Chott-Mariem montre que, en l’absence de tout programme de gestion, le degré d’infestation ne cesse d’accroitre au fil du temps.
Mots clés: Cartographie, monitoring, plantes exotiques envahissantes, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Tunisie ______مـلخـص السياري،نجالء وجوزيبيبروندوومنير المكي.2016. التوزيع الجغرافي والمراقبة لنبتة غريبة غازية بتونس: الشويكة الصفراء )Solanum elaeagnifolium( نبتة ضارة خطيرة في المناطق الفالحية. Tunisian Journalof Plant Protection 11: 219-227.
تمت هذه الدراسة في غضون الفترة ما بين جوان وجويلية2014 بهدف تحيين خريطة التوزيع الجغرافي للشويكة الصفراء )Solanum elaeagnifolium( بالمنطقة السقوية بشط مريم )تونس(. تم تحديد اإلحداثيات الجغرافية للمناطق الموبوءة باستعمال GPSو تم إعداد الخرائط باستعمال البرنامج االلكترونيQuantum GIS. تبين من خالل مسح كامل المنطقة السقوية أن 36% من مجموع 150 قطعة فالحية كانت موبوءة وهو ما يمثل 196 هك. كان انتشار الشويكة الصفراء بشكل غير منتظم في معظم القطع الموبوءة. احتوت 70% من هذه األخيرة على تغطية متوسطة )10-50%( لهذه النبتة و22% منها احتوت على تغطية عالية (>50%).من جهة أخرى قدرانتشارالشويكة الصفراء بالطرقات والمسالك الفالحية بحوالي 0.5 كم ممتدة على 4.5 كم. مقارنة بما تضمنته الدراسة المنجزة في 2008، يمكن أن نستنتج أن عدد القطع الموبوءة تزايد بنسبة 50% و بالتالي ارتفعت المساحة الجملية النتشار الشويكة الصفراء بنسبة 60%. أما في ما يخص انتشارها بالطرقات والمسالك الفالحية فقد كان 3.5 مرات اكثر من 2008. يبين هذا التحيين للتوزيع الجغرافي للشويكة الصفراء أنه، في غياب أي برنامج لمقاومة النباتات الغريبة الغازية بتونس، ال ينفك مستوى اإلاصابةيرتفع مع مضي الزمن.
كلمات مفتاحية: تونس، توزيع جغرافي، نباتات غريبة غازية، مراقبة، Solanum elaeagnifolium ______
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LITERATURE CITED 1. Ameur, A. and Bouhache, M. 1994. elaeagnifolium Cav.). EPPO Bull. 37: 114- Emergence dynamic of silverleaf 118. nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium 12. Mekki, M. 2011.Distinction between weed Cav.) in sugarbeet and wheat in Tadla control and invasive alien plant management (Morocco). Page 220. In: 5th Arab approaches: case study of Solanum Congress of Plant Protection, November elaeagnifolium management in North African 27- December 2, 1994, Fez, Morocco. countries. Pages 16-18. In: Proceedings of the 2. Brunel, S. 2011. Pest risk analysis for Solanum International symposium on system elaeagnifolium and international management intensification towards food and measures proposed. EPPO Bull. 41: 232-242. environmental security. Organized by the 3. CABI. 2016. Solanum elaeagnifolium Crop and Weed Science Society and Bidhan (silverleaf nightshade). Invasive Species Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, February 24- Compendium [Internet]. Available on: 27, 2011, Kalyani, West Bengal, India. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/50516 13. Roche, C. 1991. Silverleaf Nightshade (Accessed 10 April 2016). (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) In Pacific 4. Chalghaf, E., Aissa, M., Mellassi, H., and Northwest Extension Publication, no. 365. Mekki, M. 2007. Maîtrise de la propagation Washington State University, Washington, de la morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium USA, 2 pp. Cav.) dans le gouvernorat de Kairouan 14. Sabra, A.H. and Haidar, M.A. 2012. Invasive (Tunisie). EPPO Bull. 37: 132-136. weed mapping of Lebanon. Journal of 5. EPPO. 2016. EPPO lists of invasive alien plants Agricultural Science and Technology B 2: [Internet]. Available on: 1010-1015. http://www.eppo.int/INVASIVE_PLANTS/ia 15. Taleb, A. and Bouhache, M. 2005. Etat actuel s_lists (Accessed 10 April 2016). de nos connaissances sur les plantes 6. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). envahissantes au Maroc. Pages 99-107. In. 2011. Iraq and Syria under attack from Proceedings of the International Workshop on devastating alien weed Silverleaf nightshade, Invasive Plants in Mediterranean Type FAO Media Center. Available on: Regions of the World, May 25-27, 2005, http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/75333 Mèze, France. /icode/ (Accessed 20 Mai 2016). 16. TeBeest, M., Esler, K.J., and Richardson, D.M. 7. Gonzalez-Andujar, J.L., Gonzalez-Diaz, L., and 2014. Linking functional traits to impacts of Navarrete, L. 2007. Characterizing spatial invasive plant species: a case study. Plant weed distribution with a distance index of Ecol. 216: 293-305. dispersion and the effect of spatial scales. 17. Trimech, I. 2008. Faisabilité de l’éradication de World J. Agric. Res. 3: 777-780. la morelle jaune dans le périmètre public 8. Hulme, P.E. 2003. Biological invasions: irrigué de Chott-Mariem. Projet de Fin winning the science battles but losing the d’Etudes, Horticulture. Institut Supérieur conservation war? Oryx 37: 178-193. Agronomique de Chott Meriem, Université de 9. Lemke, D., Schweitzer, C.J., Tadesse, W., Sousse, Tunisia, 89 pp. Wang, Y., and Brown, J.A. 2013. Geospatial 18. Trueman, M., Standish, R.J., Orellana, D., and assessment of invasive plants on reclaimed Cabrera, W. 2014. Mapping the extent and mines in Alabama. Inv. Plant Sci. Manag. 6: spread of multiple plant invasions can help 401-410. prioritize management in Galapagos National 10. Mekki, M. 2005. Potential threat of Solanum Park. NeoBiota 23: 1-16. elaeagnifolium Cav. to the Tunisian fields. 19. Tu, M., Hurd, C., and Randall, J.M. 2001. Weed Pages 170-175. In: Proceedings of the Control Methods Handbook: Tools and International Workshop on Invasive Plants in Techniques for Use in Natural Areas. The Mediterranean Type Regions of the World, Nature Conservancy. Availableon: May 25-27, 2005, Mèze, France. http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu (Accessed 27/05/ 11. Mekki, M. 2007. Biology, distribution and 2016). impacts of silverleaf nightshade (Solanum
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 228 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Inventory of the Spontaneous Alien Flora in Tunisia
Najla Sayari and Mounir Mekki, Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, BP 47, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia ______ABSTRACT Sayari, N. and Mekki, M. 2016. Inventory of the spontaneous alien flora in Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 229-237.
The first step in any management strategy to control plant invasion is the compilation of a national and regional inventory of alien plant species. In this paper, we present a comprehensive inventory of the spontaneous alien vascular flora of Tunisia, including accepted names, family, biological form, habitat type, native origin, and invasive status. National flora accounts were the main source of information. Data were completed with new flora records and field surveys. The Raunkiaer’s life forms were adopted to distinguish plant biological forms. Information on species habitats, geographical origins and invasive status were checked based on literature and online databases. The alien flora of Tunisia comprises 92 taxa belonging to 33 families, with 80% Dicotyledoneae and 20% Monocotyledoneae. The families represented most in the Tunisian alien flora are Asteraceae (15%), Amaranthaceae (14%) and Poaceae (12%). Amaranthus is the most represented genus. The most numerous are the therophytes followed by geophytes and phanerophytes. The majority of the alien taxa has its native range in the Americas followed by Africa (tropical and south), Eurasia and Australia. About 90% of the alien taxa are recognized as weeds of disturbed habitats. On other hand, almost 40% of these alien taxa are listed in the invasive alien plants lists of many regions i.e. Mediterranean Basin and Sardinia or institutions i.e. EPPO, CAB International and Invasive Species Specialist Group. Hence, all these alien taxa are likely to be invasive in Tunisia.
Keywords: Alien flora, invasive status, inventory, native origin, Tunisia ______
Biological invasions are The first step in any management recognized as major environmental strategy to control plants invasion is the problems and one of the major threats to compilation of a national and regional biodiversity (11, 44, 61). Their impacts inventory of alien plant species (4, 48). on native plants and animals, human Annotated checklists of IAP were made health and economic activities are being by many institutions. The European and studied and reported in many regions of Mediterranean Plant Protection the world (30, 41, 55). Considering that Organization (EPPO) maintains lists of the adverse effects of invasive alien known and emerging IAP; the DAISIE plants (IAP) are increasingly recognized (Delivering Alien Invasive Species worldwide, management strategies Inventories for Europe) project (2004- implementation is becoming crucial (8, 2008) provides an inventory of invasive 38). species that threaten European terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments (4), and the Bern Convention of the Council Corresponding author: Najla Sayari Email: [email protected] of Europe has aggregated existing official lists of invasive species (24). Such data Accepted for publication 16 July 2016 compilation is of fundamental importance
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 229 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 in the establishment of a national system records such as El Mokni and El Aouni of early detection and rapid response (62). (17, 18) and El Mokni et al. (21). Tunisia is one of the contracting Nomenclature follows Le Floc’h et countries in the CBD since 1993 and al. (36) and has been cross-checked member of EPPO since 1955. However, considering online databases, i.e. The IAP inventories are missing. Therefore, Plant List (56) and the African Plants the primary aims of this research are to (i) Database (1). Names of the families of provide an inventory of the spontaneous Angiosperms follow APG III (28). alien flora in Tunisia including accepted names, family, biological form, habitat Field explorations. type and geographical origin, (ii) Field surveys were made by the categorize alien plant species according to authors during the period July-September their invasive status in Tunisia and over 2011 at Hencha-Sfax (Lat. 35°07’ N, the world. Long. 10°45’E, Altitude: 62 m; (2)) in the purpose to confirm the presence of some MATERIALS AND METHODS species. Within an area of 40 km² and Study area. along 35 km of roadsides floristic Tunisia is the northernmost explorations were made to record and country in Africa, covering 165,000 km2. collect specimens from agricultural fields It lies between latitudes 30° and 38°N, and pathway borders. Specimens were and longitudes 7° and 12°E. It is identified based on dichotomous keys separated from Europe by the (26), relevant literature (34, 39, 54, 58) Mediterranean Sea which spans about and online databases (1, 22). 1,300 km of Tunisian coastline in the North and East. It is bordered to the West Life form and habitat types. by Algeria, throughout 965 km, and to the The Raunkiaer’s life forms (49) South East by Libya, throughout 459 km. were adopted to distinguish plant According to the Köppen-Geiger biological forms. Information on species Climate Classification (40) Tunisia's habitat was checked based on national climate is Mediterranean in the North, floras (10, 36, 42) and we cross-checked with mild rainy winters and hot dry considering literature and online summers. The South of the country is databases. In the purpose to standardize semi-arid and merges into the Sahara. habitat types, two categories were Annual rainfall ranges from 1000 mm in adopted (i) disturbed habitats (i.e. crop the North, between 300 and 200 mm in fields, roadsides, waste land, fallows) and the Center and below 50 mm in the South (ii) natural habitats (i.e. forest, open (27). woodlands, natural grasslands).
Data sources and terminology. Native range and invasive status. The main source of data for the Information on species inventory of the Tunisian alien flora is the geographical origins was checked based national flora of Cuénod et al. (10) and on literature (4, 11, 13, 48) and online Pottier-Alapetite (42, 43). We cross- databases (i.e. CAB International (5); checked considering the updated national California Invasive Plant Council (6); flora catalogue of Le Floc’h et al. (36). Delivering Alien Invasive Species Data were completed with new flora Inventories for Europe (14); EPPO Lists of IAP (16); Hawaiian Ecosystems at
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Risk (29); Invasive plant atlas of US (31); over the world and particularly in Invasive Species of South Africa (32); neighboring countries to Tunisia. Species Invasive Species Specialist Group (33); were divided into weeds, alien naturalized Weeds of Australia (60)). We follow the plants and alien invasive plants as defined above-cited authors and online databases in Table 1. to collect information on alien plant status
Table 1.Terminology adopted in the present study
Status Definition Source
Species that has a perceived negative ecological or economic effect on Weed (3) agricultural or natural systems.
(Synonymes: allochtonous, introduced, non-indigenous, exotic, Alien xenophytes). Plant taxa in a given area whose presence is due to (47) intentional or unintentional human involvement.
(Synonym: established). Alien plants that sustain self-replacing Naturalized populations without the direct intervention of people, through the (47) plants recruitment of seeds or ramits capable of independent growth.
Invasive A subset of naturalized plants whose establishment and spread threaten (53) plants ecosystems, habitats or species.
RESULTS 33 families, with 80% Dicotyledoneae Taxonomy. and 20% Monocotyledoneae. The families Our field explorations at the region represented most in the Tunisian of Hencha-Sfax allowed us to firstly spontaneous alien flora are Asteraceae report the presence of a new alien species: (15%), Amaranthaceae (14%), Poaceae Verbesina encelioides. This finding (12%), Solanaceae (9%), Fabaceae (5%), provided an updated of the range of Cyperaceae (4%), and Brassicaceae (3%) Asteraceae family in Tunisia and reported (Fig. 1). the genus Verbesina for the first time Eight families are represented by only (52). In addition, these results allowed to two taxa and 18 families are represented confirm the presence of some other alien by only one taxon. The total number of species such as Nicotiana glauca, alien taxa belongs to 68 genera. The Solanum elaeagnifolium, and Amaranthus genera that account for the highest albus. number of alien entities are Amaranthus Data compilation and field with eight taxa, followed by Erigeron and explorations totals 92 alien taxa including Cyperus with four taxa each, and 82 species, 7 subspecies and 2 varieties. Solanum and Xanthium with three taxa This spontaneous alien flora belongs to for each genus.
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Brassicaceae 3% Cyperaceae 4% Fabaceae 5% Solanaceae 9% Poaceae 12% Amaranthaceae 14% Asteraceae 15%
Fig. 1. The most represented families in the Tunisian spontaneous alien flora (% total number of taxa).
Life form and habitat type. Hemicryptophytes are represented only Among the 92 Tunisian alien taxa, by one taxon. We counted also two taxa the most numerous are the therophytes as therophytes and hemicryptophytes and (35 taxa), followed by geophytes (32 five taxa as therophytes and geophytes taxa) and phanerophytes (17 taxa). (Fig. 2).
Geophyte/Therophyte 5
Hemicryptophyte/Therophyte 2
Hemicryptophyte 1
Geophytes 32
Phanerophytes 17
Therophytes 35
Fig. 2. Life forms of the Tunisian spontaneous alien flora (Number of taxa).
Up to 90% of the alien taxa occur Ehrharta calycina, Ipomoea purpurea, in disturbed habitats. They are mainly Lamium amplexicaule, and Lantana recognized, in Tunisia or in other regions camara. of the world, as common weeds in cultivated fields, pasture and roadsides Native range. (i.e. Abutilon theophrasti, Agave The majority of the alien taxa has americana, Amaranthus retroflexus, its native range in the Americas (46 taxa), Datura stramonium, Erigeron followed by Africa (tropical and South) bonariensis, S. elaeagnifolium, (13 taxa), Eurasia (10 taxa), Australia (6 Symphyotrichum squamatum, and taxa), and Asia (4 taxa). Europe and Xanthium spinosum). On the other hand, Macaronesia are each represented by one 10% of this alien flora occurs both in taxon. Eleven taxa have uncertain origin disturbed and natural habitats (i.e. (Fig. 3).
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Uncertaine origin 11 Macaronesia 1 Europe 1 Eurasia 10 Asia 4 Australia 6 Americas 46 Tropical Africa 2 South Africa 11
Fig. 3. Geographical origins of the Tunisian spontaneous alien flora (Number of taxa).
Alien plant status. Echinochloa colona, I. purpurea, and According to the Tunisian Oxalis corniculata). literature, 34 alien taxa are naturalized in Tunisia, among them nine are categorized DISCUSSION as weeds (36, 42, 43), three species Asteraceae and Amarantaceae are (Cardaria draba, Crassula helmsii, and S. the most represented families in Tunisian elaeagnifolium) are invasive (36) and one spontaneous alien flora. However, species (Verbesina encelioides) was Asteraceae and Poaceae are the most newly detected in 2011 (52). represented families in European alien According to the international flora (35). On a worldwide scale, literature, four taxa are invasive in the Asteraceae and Poaceae are the most Mediterranean Basin (25) and 18 are represented families in alien floras (9, 37, invasive in Sardinia-Italy (11). According 45, 59). In fact, they are among the to the EPPO IAP list, S. elaeagnifoliumis largest families (9, 12, 46). listed on the A2 List of pests Amaranthus is the most recommended for regulation and V. represented genus in Tunisian encelioidesis listed on the observation spontaneous alien flora and it is the most List of IAP. Six other taxa (Arctotheca represented in alien floras of many calendula, Carpobrotus edulis, Cyperus Mediterranean countries i.e. Greece (13) esculentus, C. rotundus, Paspalum and Italy (9). distichum, and Oxalis pes-caprae) are Therophytes are the most common listed on the EPPO list of IAP (16). In life form in Tunisia, Sardinia (11) and addition, the Invasive Species Specialist California (50). Usually, the rich annual Group, listed three taxa (namely Arundo flora is characteristic of California and donax, Lantana camara, and Schinus the Mediterranean type regions whereas terebenthifolius) among the 100 World’s there are relatively few annuals in the Worst Invasive Alien Species and Cape flora (11, 23). according to the CAB International five The majority of alien taxa in taxa are invasive in Europe (Acacia Tunisia come from Americas, which is saligna, Alternanthera sessilis, similar to the total non-native floras of
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 233 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 many Mediterranean regions i.e. Sardinia many countries and regions i.e. (7, 57) and Portugal (15). Mediterranean Basin (25) and Sardinia Alien taxa account for 3% of the (11) or institutions i.e. EPPO, CAB whole Tunisian flora (3067 taxa). This is International and Invasive Species the lowest percentage in comparison to Specialist Group. Hence, all these alien 12% in Spain (51) and 13.4% in Italy (9). taxa are likely to be invasive in Tunisia. We note that almost 40% of alien taxa in Tunisia are listed in IAP lists of ______RESUME Sayari N. et Mekki M. 2016. Inventaire de la flore exotique spontanée en Tunisie. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 229-237.
La première étape de toute stratégie de gestion des plantes exotiques envahissantes est la compilation des inventaires nationaux et régionaux de ces espèces. Dans ce travail, nous présentons un inventaire de la flore vasculaire exotique en Tunisie, comportant les noms scientifiques acceptés, les familles, les formes biologiques, les types d’habitats, l’origine géographique et le statut malherbologique. Les trois volumes de la flore de Tunisie ont été la principale source de données. La littérature signalant la découverte de nouveaux taxons et l’exploration du terrain ont été également pris en considération. Les types biologiques ont été adoptés d’après la classification de Raunkiaer. Le type d’habitat, l'origine géographique des espèces et leurs statuts malherbologiques ont été vérifiés en se basant sur la littérature et les bases de données en ligne. La liste élaborée comprend 92 taxons exotiques appartenant à 33 familles, avec 80% de dicotylédones et 20% de monocotylédones. Les familles qui contribuent le plus dans cet inventaire sont les Asteraceae (15%), les Amaranthaceae (14%) et les Poaceae (12%). Le genre Amaranthus est le plus représenté. Les thérophytes sont les plus nombreuses suivies des géophytes et des phanérophytes. D’autre part, la majorité des taxons exotiques sont originaires du continent américain, suivis par ceux originaires de l'Afrique tropicale, de l’Afrique du Sud, de l’Eurasie et de l’Australie. Nous notons que près de 40% de ces taxons sont classés dans les listes des plantes exotiques envahissantes dans nombreuses régions du monde telles que le Bassin méditerranéen et la Sardaigne, ainsi que les listes élaborées par l’OEPP, le CAB International et l’Invasive Species Specialist Group. Ces taxons exotiques sont susceptibles de devenir envahissants en Tunisie.
Mots clés: Flore exotique, inventaire, origine géographique, statut invasif, Tunisie ______ملخص السياري، نجالء ومنير المكي. 2016. دراسة حول النباتات الغريبة التلقائية بتونس. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 229-237.
يعتبر إعداد القائمات الوطنية والجهوية للنباتات الغريبة الغازية الخطوة األولى في تركيز أي استراتيجية تهدف للقضاء على هذه األنواع من النباتات. هذا العمل يعرض قائمة متكاملة للنباتات التلقائية الغريبة بتونس حيث يقدم أسماء هذه النبات والعائالت النباتية واألشكال البيولوجية واألصول الجغرافية. إلنجاز هذا العمل تم االعتماد على المراجع والدراسات المتعلقة بالنباتات التونسية وكذلك االعمال الميدانية. تعد القائمة 92 نبتة غريبة موزعة على 33 عائلة نباتية وتتضمن 80% من النباتات ذات الفلقتين و20% من النباتات ذات الفلقة الواحدة. إن العائالت النباتية (Asteraceae (%15 و (Amaranthaceae (%14 و Poaceae (12%) و النوع Amaranthusهم األكثر تمثيال بهذه القائمة،وكذلك بالنسبة إلى النباتات البذرية الحولية وتتبعها النباتات األرضية واألشجار. إن أغلب النباتات الغريبة بتونس قادمة من أمريكا وإفريقيا الجنوبية والمنطقة األورو-آسيوية وأستراليا. وتعد القائمة 40% من النباتات الغازية بعدة مناطق بالعالم مثل الحوض المتوسطي وسردينيا وكذلك القائمات المعدة من طرف المنظمة األورومتوسطية لحماية النبات )OEPP) والمركزالدولي للعلوم البيولوجية الزراعية )CAB International( والفريق المتخصص في النباتات الغازية
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)Invasive Species Specialist Group(. يمكن لهذه النباتات الغريبة التلقائية أن تتحول إلى نباتات غازية تمثل خطرا بيئيا.
كلمات مفتاحية: أصول جغرافية، نباتات غريبة، تونس، جرد، وضع الغزو ______
LITERATURE CITED 1. African Plants Database. 2015.Available on: 11. Cossu, A.T., Camarda, I., and Brundu, G. 2014. http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/ A catalogue of non-native weeds in irrigated (Accessed 20/12/2015). crops in Sardinia (Italy). Webbia 69: 145-156. 2. ANME. 2005. Réglementation Thermique et 12. Daehler, C. 1998. The taxonomic distribution of Energétique des Bâtiments Neufs en Tunisie. invasive angiosperm plants. Biological Agence Nationale pour la Maîtrise de Conservation 84: 167-180. l’Energie. Tunis, 54 pp. 13. Dal CinD'Agata, C., Skoula, M., and Brundu, 3. Booth, B.D., Murphy, S.D., and Swanton, C.J. G. 2009. A preliminary inventory of the alien 2003. Weed ecology in natural and flora of Crete (Greece). Bocconea 23: 301- agricultural systems. CABI Publishing, 315. Wallingford, USA,299 pp. 14. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories 4. Brundu, G., Aksoy, N., Brunel, S., Elia´s, P., and for Europe. 2016. Available on: Fried, G. 2011. Rapid surveys for http://www.europe-aliens.org/ (Accessed inventorying alien plants in the Black Sea 30/01/2016). region of Turkey. EPPO Bull. 41: 208-216. 15. Domingues de Almeida, J. and Freitas, H. 2001. 5. CAB International. 2016. Available on: The exotic and invasive flora of Portugal. http://www.cabi.org/ (Accessed 30/01/2016). Botanica Complutensis 25: 317-327. 6. California Invasive Plant Council. 2016. 16. EPPO. 2016. Lists of Invasive Alien Plants. Available on: http://www.cal-ipc.org/ Available on: (Accessed 30/01/2016). http://www.eppo.int/INVASIVE_PLANTS/ia 7. Camarda, I., Carta, L., Manca, M., and Brundu, G. s_lists (Accessed 25/02/2016). 2010. (Sardegna) [Sardinia]. Pages 149-154. 17. El Mokni, R. and El Aouni, M.H. 2011a. In: [Non-native and invasive vascular flora of Sparaxis tricolore, Sparaxis tricolor (Curt.) the regions of Italy] (Flora vascolare Ker-Gawl. (Iridaceae): Une nouvelle alloctona e invasiva delle regioni d’Italia). L. adventice naturalisée pour la flore de Tunisie. Celesti-Grapow, F. Pretto, E. Carli and C. Le monde des plantes 505: 11-14. Blasi, Ed. Editions Casa Editrice Università 18. El Mokni, R. and El Aouni, M.H. 2011b. La Sapienza, Roma, Italy. Découverte de la grande camomille, 8. CBD. 2014. A toolkit to facilitate Parties to Tanacetumparthenium(Asteraceae) pour la achieve Aichi Biodiversity Target 9 on flore de Tunisie: une adventice naturalisée. invasive alien species (Prototype) [Internet]. Flora Medit. 21: 299-303. Available on: 19. El Mokni, R., Nabil, H., De Belair, G., and El http://www.cbd.int/invasive/doc/toolkit- Aouni, M.H. 2011. Découverte prototype-en.pdf (Accessed 25/02/2016). d’Ibicellalutea (Lindl.) Van Eselt. 9. Celesti-Grapow, L., Alessandrini, A., Arrigoni, (Martyniaceae) en Kroumirie (Nord Ouest de P.V., Banf, E., Bernardo, L., Bovio, M., la Tunisie). Poiretia 4: 1-6. Brundu, G., Cagiotti, M.R., Camarda, I., 20. El Mokni, R. and El Aouni, M.H. 2012. Carli, E., Conti, F., Fascetti, S., Galasso, G., Zantedeschiaaethiopica (Araceae) a new Gubellini,L., La Valva, V., Lucchese, F., species naturalized in the Northwest of Marchiori, S., Mazzola, P., Peccinini, S., Tunisia. Flora Medit. 22: 191-196. Poldini, L., Pretto, F., Prosser, F., Siniscalco, 21. El Mokni, R., Kasri, M., and El Aouni, M.H. C., Villani, M.C., Viegi, L., Wilhalm, T., and 2013.Volkameria inermis (Lamiaceae) a new Blasi, C. 2009. The inventory of the alien alien species naturalized to the Tunisian flora of Italy. Plant Biosyst. 143: 386-430. coast, first record for North-Africa. Flora 10. Cuenod, A. 1954. Flore analytique et Medit. 23: 117-122. synoptique de la Tunisie: Cryptogames 22. Euro+MedPlantbase. 2016. Available on: vasculaires, Gymnospermes et ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/ (Accessed monocotylédones. Imprimerie S.E.F.A.N. 05/01/2016). Tunisie, 287 pp. 23. Fox, M.D. 1990. Mediterranean weeds: Exchanges of invasive plants between the five
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Mediterranean regions of the world. Pages 34. Kaul, M.L.H. and Mangal, P.D. 1987. 179-200. In: Biological Invasions in Europe Phenology and Germination of Crown beard and the Mediterranean Basin. F. Di Castri, (Verbesina encelioides). Weed Sci. 35: 513- A.J. Hansen and M. Debussche, Ed. Kluwer 518. Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The 35. Lambdon, P.W, Pyšek, P., Basnou, C., Netherlands. Arianoutsou, M., Essl, F., Hejda, F., Jarosık, 24. Genovesi, P., Scalera, R., Brunel, S., Roy, D., V., Pergl,J., Winter, M., Anastasiu, P., and Solarz, W. 2010. Towards an early Andriopoulos, P., Bazos, I., Brundu, G., warning and information system for invasive Celesti-Grapow, L., Chassot, P., Delipetrou, alien species (IAS) threatening biodiversity in P., Josefsson, M., Kark, S., Klotz, S., Europe. EEA Technical report No. 5. Office Kokkoris, Y., Kuhn, I., Marchante, H., for Official Publications of the European Perglova, I., Pino, J., Vila, M., Zikos, A., Union. Luxembourg, 52 pp. Roy, D., and Hulme, P.E. 2008. Alien flora of 25. Guillerm, J.L., Le Floc’h, E., Maillet, J., and Europe: Species diversity, temporal trends, Boulet, C. 1990. The invading weeds within geographical patterns and research needs. the Western Mediterranean Basin. Pages 61- Preslia 80: 101-149. 84.In:In: Biological Invasions in Europe and 36. Le Floc’h, E., Boulos, L., and Vela, E. 2010. the Mediterranean Basin. F. Di Castri, A.J. Catalogue synonymique de la flore de Hansen and M. Debussche, Ed. Kluwer Tunisie. Ministère de l’Environnement et du Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Développement Durable. Tunisie, 500 pp. Netherlands. 37. Mack, R.N. 1996. Predicting the identity and 26. Haines, A. 2011. New England Wild Flower fate of plant invaders: Emergent and Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for emerging approaches. Biological the Identification of Native and Naturalized Conservation 78: 107-121. Higher Vascular Plants of New England. New 38. McNeely, J.A., Mooney, H.A., Neville, L.E., Haven, 1008 pp. Available on: Schei, P., and Waage, J.K. 2001. A Global http://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/. Strategy on Invasive Alien Species.IUCN (Accessed 10/02/2016). Gland, Switzerland, 50 pp. 27. Hamdane, A. 2013. L’eau et la sécurité 39. Parker, K.F. 1972. An Illustrated Guide to alimentaire en méditerranée: Cas de la Arizona Weeds. Tucson, USA, 338 pp. Tunisie. In: Séminaire eau et sécurité 40. Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., and McMahon, alimentaire en méditerranée. February 21-22, T.A. 2007. Updated world map of the 2013, Montpellier, France. Available on: Köppen-Geiger climate http://www.agropolis.fr/pdf/actu/2013- classification.Hydrol. Earth Sys. Sci. 11: seminaire-eau-securite-alimentaire- 1633-1644. mediterranee/presentation-abdelkader- 41. Pimentel, D., Lach, L., Zuniga, R., and hamdane-sesame-2013.pdf (Accessed Morrison, D. 2000. Environmental and 10/02/2016). economic cots of non-indigenous species in 28. Haston, E., Richardson, J.E., Stevens, P.F., the United States. BioScience 50: 53-65. Chase, M.W., and Harris, D.J. 2009. The 42. Pottier-Alapetite, G. 1979. Angiospermes- linear angiosperm phylogeny group (LAPG) Dicotylédones: Apétales-Dialypétales. Pages III: A linear sequence of the families in APG 1-651. In:Flore de la Tunisie.G. Pottier- III. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 161: 128-131. Alapetite, Imprimerie Officielle de la 29. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk. 2016. Available République Tunisienne, Tunis, Tunisia. on: http://www.hear.org. (Accessed 43. Pottier-Alapetite, G. 1981. Angiospermes- 25/02/2016). Dicotylédones: Gamopétales. Pages 655- 30. Hulme, P.E., Pyšek, P., Jarošík, V., Perg, J., 1190. In:Flore de la Tunisie.G. Pottier- Schaffner, U., and Vilà, M. 2013. Bias and Alapetite, Imprimerie officielle de la error in understanding plant invasion impacts. république Tunisienne, Tunis, Tunisia. Trends Ecol. Evol. 28: 212-218. 44. Powell, K.I., Jonathan, M.C., and Tiffany, M.K. 31. Invasive plant atlas of US. 2016. Available on: 2011. A synthesis of plant invasion effects on http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org. (Accessed biodiversity across spatial scales. Am. J. Bot. 25/02/2016). 98: 539-548. 32. Invasive Species South Africa. 2016. Available 45. Pysek, P. 1997. Compositae as invaders: Better on: http://www.invasives.org.za. (Accessed than the others? Preslia 69: 9-22. 25/02/2016). 46. Pysek, P. 1998. Is there a taxonomic pattern to 33. Invasive Species Specialist Group. 2016. plant invasions? Oikos 82: 282-294. Available on: http://www.issg.org. (Accessed 47. Pysek, P., Hulme, P.E., and Nentwig, W. 2009. 25/02/2016). Glossary of the main technical terms used in
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the handbook. Pages 375-378. In: Handbook Edition Nature et Impression, Paris, France, of alien species in Europe. DAISIE Edition, 66 pp. Berlin. 54. Taleb, A. and Bouhache, M. 2006. Etat actuel 48. Pysek, P., Danihelka, J., Sadlo, J., Chrtek, de nos connaissances sur les plantes J.Jr.,Chytry, M., Jarosik, V., Kaplan, Z., envahissantes au Maroc. Pages 99-107. In: Krahulec, F., Moravcova, L., Pergl, J., Proceedings of the International Workshop on Stajerova, K., and Tichy, L. 2012. Catalogue invasive plants in Mediterranean type regions of alien plants of the Czech Republic (2nd of the world. May 25-27, 2005, Mèze, France. edition): Checklist update, taxonomic 55. TeBeest, M., Esler, K.J., and Richardson, D.M. diversity and invasion patterns. Preslia 84: 2014.Linking functional traits to impacts of 155-255. invasive plant species: a case study. Plant 49. Raunkiær, C. 1905. Types biologiques pour la Ecol. 216: 293-305. géographie botanique. Bulletin de l’Académie 56. The Plant List. 2015. Available on: Royale des Sciences et des Lettres de http://www.theplantlist.org/ (Accessed Danemark5: 347-438. 20/11/2016). 50. Robbins, W.W., Bellue, M.K., and Ball, W.S. 57. Viegi, L. 1993. Exotic flora of Italy: the aliens 1941. Weeds of California.CaliforniaState in Sardinia. Bollettino della Società Sarda di Department of Agriculture. Sacramento, Scienza Naturali 29: 131-234. California, USA, 547 pp. 58. Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., and Sohmer, S.H. 51. Sanz-Elorza, M., Dana Sánchez, E.D., and 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Sobrino Vesperinas, E. 2004. (Atlas de Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press, Hawaii, lasplantasalóctonasinvasoras en enEspaña) 1853 pp. [Atlas of invasive alien plants in Spain] 59. Weber, E.F. 1997. The alien flora of Europe: A Edition Dirección General para la taxonomic and biogeographic review. Journal Biodiversidad, Madrid, Spain, 384 pp. of Vegetation Science 8: 565-572. 52. Sayari, N. and Mekki, M. 2013. Verbesina 60. Weeds of Australia. 2016. Available on: encelioides: une nouvelle plante http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org. (Accessed potentiellement envahissante en Tunisie. 25/02/2016). Poster session presented at the 2nd 61. Williamson, M. 1996. Biological Invasions International Conference of the Tunisian Chapman and Hall.Edition, New York, 244 Association of Taxonomy. April 26-28, 2013, pp. Hammamet, Tunisie. 62. Wittenberg, R. and Cock, M.J.W. 2001. 53. Soubeyran, Y. 2010. Gestion des espèces Invasive Alien Species: A Toolkit for Best exotiques envahissantes. Guide pratique et Prevention and Management Practices. CAB stratégie pour les collectivités françaises International Edition, Wallingford, USA, 228 d’outre-mer. Comité français de l’UICN. pp.
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 238 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 Short Communication Reaction of Five Durum Wheat Tunisian Varieties Toward Some Populations of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis Collected From Different Geographical Origins
Salma Tissaoui, LR14AGR02 LR/Bioagresseurs et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, INAT, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia, Sana Kamel, Département d’Agronomie et Biotechnologies Végétales, INAT, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia, Amira Mougou-Hamdane, LR14AGR02 LR/Bioagresseurs et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, INAT, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia, Mejda Chérif, Département d’Agronomie et Biotechnologies Végétales, INAT, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia, and Bouzid Nasraoui, LR14AGR02 LR/Bioagresseurs et Protection Intégrée en Agriculture, INAT, Université de Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia ______ABSTRACT Tissaoui, S., Kamel, S., Mougou-Hamdane, A., Chérif, M., and Nasraoui, B. 2016. Reaction of five durum wheat Tunisian varieties toward some populations of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis collected from different geographical origins. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 239-243.
This preliminary study aimed to evaluate reaction of fiveTunisian commercial varieties of durum wheat against six populations of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), the causal agent of tan spot, collected from different Tunisian northern regions. Seedlings were sown in growth chamber and inoculated by foliar spray of Ptr suspension. The reactions of durum wheat varieties were evaluated 10 days post- inoculation based on necrosis and/or chlorosis severity on leaves. This assessment revealed symptoms of variable intensity on wheat seedlings, with populationsP1 and P6 three times more aggressive than population P5. The variety behavior was quite similar, however Salim followed by Maali were found be the most susceptible ones and Nasr was the most relatively resistant.
Keywords: Durum wheat, population, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, reaction, variety ______
Tan spot disease of durum wheat other grasses hosts (5, 6). This disease (Triticum durum) is a fungal disease can spread seriously under favorable caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis climatic conditions where wheat crops (Ptr). It causes also the same disease in were grown as monoculture associated to common wheat (Triticum aestivum) and minimum soil cultivation (1). This disease can lead to decreased production (5, 6, 7, 11) and its impact on durum Corresponding author: Bouzid Nasraoui wheat is variable depending on cropping Email: [email protected] seasons. Unlike some Maghreb countries
(3, 4) and many other countries in the Accepted for publication 17 November 2016 world (3, 4, 5, 6, 9), tan spot could be considered as an emerging wheat disease Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 239 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 in Tunisia and no interest had been given Salim) were used in this assay. to this disease. This preliminary assay Populations of Ptr have been isolated aims to evaluate the reactions of Tunisian from symptomatic plants collected from durum wheat varieties currently different northern regions of Tunisia commercialized (6, 7) against six (Wad Mliz, Boussalem, Beja, Gboullat, Tunisian populations of Ptr. Missaadine, and Borj ElAamri) as Seeds of five varieties of durum indicated on the map (Fig. 1). wheat (Karim, Razzek, Nasr, Maali, and
Fig. 1. Tunisian geographical origin of durum wheat samples showing tan spot symptoms.
Leaves exhibiting visible lesions seeds per pot. Seedlings were inoculated of tan spot were cut and sterilized in at the 2- to 3-true-leaf stage. Inoculum hypochlorite solution during 3 min and in was obtained by scratching the mycelium alcohol 70° for 10 s. They were rinsed in with spores and suspending all in 200 ml sterile distilled water three times. These of sterile distilled water. Then, wheat fragments were dried and placed in Petri seedlings were sprayed with inoculum dishes on a V8-Potato Dextrose Agar and were covered by transparent plastic (20%:80%) culture medium (2, 8).They film for 24 h to keep high humidity were incubated at 20°C for 10 days (6) by required for infection. The tan spot alternating light and darkness with a 12 h disease was evaluated after 10 days post- photoperiod (6). inoculation based on 0 to 5 rating scale (0 The essay was conducted in =Absence of lesions on leaves;1 = Small growth chamber (10) according to a dark brown to black spots without any completely randomized design with five surrounding chlorosis or tan necrosis replicates per individual treatment. The (resistant); 2 = Small dark brown to black sowing was performed in pots with five spots with very little chlorosis or tan
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 240 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 necrosis (moderately resistant); 3 = were observed and were registered based Small dark brown to black spots on the rating scale mentioned above. Fig. completely surrounded by a distinct 2 showed that tan spot ratings recorded chlorotic or tan necrotic ring, lesions ranged from 1 to 4 indicating variable generally not coalescing (moderately degrees of disease severity on wheat resistant to moderately susceptible); 4 = leaves. Reactions of wheat varieties to tan Small dark brown or black spots spot were quite similar with a slight completely surrounded with chlorotic or difference for Nasr variety on which tan necrotic zones; some of the lesions smallest lesions were observed for the coalescing (moderately susceptible); 5 = majority of the cases (severity degree 1-2 The dark brown or black centres may or over the 0-5 scale). More severe may not be distinguishable; most lesions symptoms were recorded on the variety consist of coalescing chlorotic or tan Salim (severity degrees 1-3) followed by necrotic zones (Susceptible) (8). The Maali, Karim, and Razzak (Fig. 2). results were analyzed statistically using The populations P1 and P6 were SAS software (10) and means were the most aggressive (severity degree3 compared using the least significant over the 0-5 scale). The less aggressive difference (LSD) test at P = 0.05. population was P5 (severity degree 1), After 10 days of inoculation, while P2, P3 and P4 populations showed symptoms of tan spot on wheat leaves intermediate aggressiveness (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Reactions of wheat varieties to inoculation with Pyrenophora tritici-repentis populations
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______RESUME Tissaoui S., Kamel S., Mougou-Hamdane A., Chérif M. et Nasraoui B. 2016. Réaction de cinq variétés tunisiennes de blé dur vis-à-vis de quelques populations de Pyrenophora tritici-repentis collectées de différentes origines géographiques. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 239-243.
Cette étude préliminaire vise à évaluer la réaction de cinq variétés tunisiennes de blé dur vis-à-vis de six populations de Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, agent causal de l’helminthosporiose ou taches bronzées, collectés de différentes régions du nord tunisien. Des plantules de blé dur cultivées en chambre de culture ont été inoculées par pulvérisation foliaire d’une suspension de Ptr. La réaction des variétés de blé a été évaluée 10 jours après l’inoculation sur la base de la sévérité des nécroses et/ou chloroses sur les feuilles. Cette évaluation a révélé des symptômes d’intensité variable selon les plants de blé, avec les populations 1 et 6 trois fois plus agressives que la population 5. Le comportement des variétés était assez similaire, cependant Salim suivi de Maali étaient les variétés les plus sensibles et Nasr relativement le plus résistant.
Mots clés: Blé dur, population, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, réaction, variété ______ملخص تيساوي، سلمى وسناء كمال وأميرة موقو-حمدان وماجدة الشريف وبوزيد نصراوي، 2016. تقييم لردة فعل خمسة أصناف تونسية من القمح الصلب/القاسي تجاه بعض مجتمعات من فطر Pyrenophora tritici-repentis مجمعة من مناطق جغرافية مختلفة. .Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 239-243
اهتمت هذه الدراسة األولية بتقييم ردة فعل خمسة أصناف من القمح الصلب تجاه ستة مجتمعات للفطر Pyrenophora tritici-repentis المسبب لمرض التبقع البرنزي، تم تجميعها من مناطق مختلفة بالشمال التونسي. تم إمراض بادرات قمح مزروعة داخل بيت مكيف برش أوراقها بمع ّلق الفطر. تم تقييم ردة فعل بادرات القمح بعد 10 أيام من عملية اإلمراض باالعتماد عل شدة نخر و/أو اصفرار األوراق. أظهر هذا التقييم أعراضا مختلفة الحدة على بادرات القمح كان فيها المجتمعان 1 و 6 ثالث مرات أكثر عدوانية من المجتمع 5. وكان سلوك أصناف القمح متشابه تقريبا، ولكن كان الصنف "سليم" متبوعا بالصنف "معالي" األكثر حساسية والصنف "نصر" نسبيا األكثر مقاومة.
كلمات مفتاحية: ردة فعل، صنف، قمح صلب/قاسي، مجتمع، Pyrenophora tritici-repentis ______
LITERATURE CITED 1. Andonova, R. and Todorova, M. 2007. In vitro 2013. Genetic diversity of Pyrenophora tritici- Characteristics of different Pyrenophora tritici- repentis in Algeria as revealed by amplified repentisisolates.Bulg. J. Agric. Sci. 13: 673- fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) 678. analysis. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 12: 4082-4093. 2. Andrie, R.M., Pandelova, I., and Ciuffetti, L.M. 5. Ciuffetti, L.M. and Tuori, R.P. 1999. Advances in 2007. A combination of phenotypic and the characterization of the Pyrenophora tritici- genotypic characterization strengthens repentis-wheat interaction. Phytopathology 89: Pyrenophora tritici-repentis race identification. 444-449. Phytopathology 97:694-701. 6. Gilchrist, S.L., Fuentes, F., and Isla de Bauer, 3. Benslimane,H., Lamari, L., Benbelkacem, M.L. 1984. Determinacion de Fuentes de A.,Sayoud, R., and Bouznad, Z., 2011. Resistencia contra Helminthosporiumtritici- Distribution of races of Pyrenophora tritici- repentisbajoconditiones de campo e inernadero. repentisin Algeria and identification of a new Agrocienca56: 95-105. virulence type. Phytopathol. Medit. 50: 203- 7. Krupinsky, J.M. 1992. Aggressiveness of 2011. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis isolated from grass 4. Benslimane, H., Labidi, S., Yahyaoui A., and barley hosts. Plant Dis. 76: 783-789. Ogbonnaya, F., Bouznad, Z., and Baum, M. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 242 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
8. Lamari, L. and Bernier, C.C. 1989. Evaluation of 10. Raymond, P.J., Bockus, W.W., and Norman, wheat lines and cultivars to tan spot B.L. 1985. Tan Spot of winter wheat: [Pyrenophora tritici-repentis] based on lesion Procedures to determine host response. type. Can. J. Plant Pathol.11: 49-56. Phytopathology 75: 686-690. 9. Moreno, M.V., Stenglein, S.A., Balatti, P.A., and 11. Singh, S., Bockus, W.W., Sharma, I., and Perelló, A.E. 2008. Pathogenic and molecular Bowden, R.L. 2008. A novel source of variability among isolates of Pyrenophora resistance in wheat to Pyrenophora tritici- tritici-repentis, causal agent of tan spot of wheat repentisrace 1. Plant Dis. 92: 91-95. in Argentina. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 122: 239-252.
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 244 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
First Report First Report on Natural Enemies of Lixus pulverulentus on Faba Bean Crops in Tunisia
Sonia Boukhris-Bouhachem, Manel Hmem-Bourissa, and Rebha Souissi, Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, INRAT, Université de Carthage, Rue HédiKarray, 2049 Ariana, Tunis, Tunisia ______ABSTRACT Boukhris-Bouhachem, S., Hmem-Bourissa, M., and Souissi R. 2016. First report on natural enemies of Lixus pulverulentus on faba bean crops in Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 245-250.
The insect Lixus pulverulentus is known to attack faba bean and to induce many damages on plants. The bioecology studies of L. pulverulentus was conducted at Béja (North-West of Tunisia) and Kairouan (Center of Tunisia). We report here the first identification of a natural enemies of L. pulverulentus (syn. L. algirus), a parasitoid wasp Pteromalus lixiand a predatory fly Zeuxia aberrans at both Béja and Kairouan. Parasitization incited by wasps was of about 0.8-2.6% and that displayed by larvae of flies was around 1.3-4.7%, respectively, which are considered low parasitism rates. Rearing attempts of thiswasp may be useful forbiological control of beetles based on indigenous natural enemies.
Keywords: Diptera, faba bean, Hymenoptera, Lixus pulverulentus, parasitization ______
Lixus pulverulentus (syn. L. algirus) using synthetic insecticides such as DDT (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) is reported to which has been banned. Targeting of attack faba bean and several Circium, juvenile instars, occurring inside plant Carduus and Malvaceae plants (3, 5, 12). tissues, is more difficult due to their Few researches were undertaken on its cryptic nature (3). According to Weigand biology and its impact on faba bean crops and Bishara (20), seed treatment using (13, 14, 20). The adult consumes leaves, carbofuran did not reduce L.pulverulentus young shoots and even flowers (3). infestation. Insecticide-based treatment Larvae live inside faba bean stem, and in should aim adults before occurrence of late season adults perform a hole causing oviposition. Once larvae inside stems, severe crop damage. During the 70s, chemical control becomes inefficient control L. pulverulentus adults, (20). characterized by a long-life span on In Tunisia, L. pulverulentus has vegetative organs, was relatively easy, become one of the main faba bean pests. In fact, previous surveys undertaken in several Tunisian faba bean-growing Corresponding author: Sonia Bouhachem Email: [email protected] regions showed important infestation rates reaching 41% in Cap Bon, 52% in
Accepted for publication 1 July 2016 Béja, 28% in Bizerte, and 11% in Kef Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 245 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
(11). Few data are available about natural Canada balsam. enemies of L. pulverulentus in Tunisia. Parasitoids and predators were Auxiliary fauna such as parasitic identified using taxonomic characters; Hymenoptera developing on various these include the antennal club and stages of L. pulverulentus seems to be an venation of the forewing in males and interesting alternative to control this females, as well as the male genitalia, insect pest (3). In this context, we using specific keys (6, 16). Specimen performed a faunistic survey of natural identification was confirmed by Prof. enemies associated with the faba bean Michelle Martinez (INRA-Montpellier). weevil, L. pulverulentus, for their Parasitizing percentage was eventual use in a biological control determined by dividing the number of program. parasitized L. pulverulentus larvae by the The study site is located in Béja total number of individuals counted. (North-Western Tunisia), in the research A total of 942 L. pulverulentus station of the Institut National de la larvae were observed on 1800 stems Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie collected in 2008 and 2012 of which two (36°44’05’’N, 9°13’35’’E, 150 m natural enemies of L. pulverulentus were elevation). According to the Institut identified. The first one is Pteromalus lixi National de Météorologie de Tunisie, the (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) observed at average temperature of this location is the first time on 18 March in Béja station around 19ºC and a total precipitation is of while the second is Zeuxia aberrans about 600 mm per year, falling from (Diptera, Tachinidae) observed on 25 September to June. This site was chosen March 2008 in the same samples coming because of its history of abundant L. from Béja. From 894 faba bean stem pulverulentus populations. The survey collected at Kairouan, 192 L. was carried out from February to June pulverulentus larvae were counted, 4 2008 and 2012 by collecting 200 were parasitized by P. lixi and 9 by Z. randomly chosen faba bean stems from a aberrans. 2 ha field of the variety “Badii”. During The parasitic wasp is metallic spring 2012, 300 samples were collected green with 1 to 2 mm long, characterized three times (between March and April) by a petiole separating the thorax and from Kairouan (a continental zone with abdomen. Its wings are transparent with arid cold winter of the center of Tunisia, reduced venation and with a coupling with coordinates 35°39’50”N 9°59’10”E). type hamule. Forewings are with Each infested stem was examined postmarginal and stigmal veins well- in the laboratory, and all living L. developed. The antennae with 13 articles pulverulentus larvae were counted. (2:2:6:3) are bent (superfamily Parasitized larvae showing brown and Chalcidoidea), tarsi with 5 articles and matte appearance and pupae of potential the ovipositor is visible characteristic for auxiliary flies were placed individually in the Pteromalidae family) (Fig.1b). It is an plastic boxes with perforated top for ectoparasitoid insect with yellowish larva aeration and stored at room temperature (Fig.1a) feeding on L. pulverulentus until emergence of parasitoids and flies. larvae. Emerging adults were slide mounted in
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 246 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Fig. 1. Pteromalus lixi: parasitoid of Lixus pulverulentus, a: Larva; b: Adult
The second natural enemy, an arista (suborder Brachycera) (Fig. 2c). collected on L. pulverulentus larvae, is a Fly larvae are apoda (Fig. 2a) and the Tachinidae fly identified as Z. aberrans. pupa is free, brown-reddish with an The adult is a small fly from 10 to 15 mm average of 7mm long and 2 mm wide. At long, brown provided with an abundant their emergence, the adult performs a chetotaxy (Fig. 2c). The mouthparts are circular whole to get out from the pupa transformed into trunk, the head has two (Fig. 2b). red eyes, the antennae are provided with
Fig. 2. Zeuxia aberrans, a: Larva feeding on Lixus pulverulentus; b: pupa; c: adult.
The prevalence of the Dipteran prevalence of the two enemies within L. predator on the larval stages of L. pulverulentus populations was extremely pulverulentus was more important than low (Table 1). Hymenopteran parasitoid with a This is the first record for P. lixi parasitism rate estimated to 1.3% and and Z. aberrans on the faba bean weevil 0.8%, respectively (Table 1). The L. pulverulentus in Tunisia.
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Table 1. Prevalence of identified natural enemies of Lixus pulverulentus larvae on faba bean crops in spring 2008 and 2012 in Tunisia Béja 2008 Kairouan 2012 Number of Number of Number of Number of Prospection parasitized predatory Prospection parasitized predaceous dates larvae midge Z. dates larvae with midge Z. with P. lixi aberrans P. lixi aberrans 10-03-2008 0 0 18-03-2008 3 0 25-03-2008 1 6 23-03-2012 2 5 02-04-2008 2 2 08-04-2008 1 1 10-04-2012 1 2 17-04-2008 0 1 30-04-2008 1 2 29-03-2012 1 2 16-05-2008 0 0 24-05-2008 0 0 Parasitism (%) 0.8 1.3 2.1 4.7
Pteromalus lixi, synonym of Europe on Lixus sp. infesting Carduus, Habroytus lixi, was reported as primary Centaurea, and Carlina (2). A low level parasitic host of L. algirus in Spain (7, of parasitism of L. pulverulentuslarvae 13). It was also previously cited in Italy was observed. The possible causes for (17), Sicily (15), and Morocco (10). The such low parasitism potential could be the genus Pteromalus, is worldwide cryptic life of L. pulverulentus larvae. distributed with oophagous species Nevertheless, eggs of L. algirus were known to attack beetle eggs, Dictyoptera reported to be parasitized by Anaphes and Lepidoptera. This genus is divided leptoceras (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae) into two sub-genera namely Pteromalus (15), which was responsible for 15-20% and Habrocytus, and the only species in parasitism (13). In this case, it seems Europe which displayed oophagous more related to the efficiency of the ectoparasitic behavior is P. lixi which was parasitoid host research than to L. reported on Lixus anguinus (17). Another pulverulentus larvae accessibility. parasitoid, Anaphes leptoceras is also Besides for hymenopteran species, reported as a parasitoid of L. algirus (13, three diptera were reported as predators 15, 18). Other parasitoids as Norbanus of L. anguinus, Drosophila buschkii, scabriculus are known as endoparatoids Siphonella parallela, and Fannia of L. pulverulentus larvae, in a provincia canicularis. of Madrid (7) and Balearic Islands (2). In In this work, we identified Z. addition, Bracon forticeps was reported aberrans as a new predator of L. as parasite of L. anguinus larvae (17), B. pulverulentus larvae. However, it is worth chrysostigma on L. canescens and mentioning that Z. aberrans was reported Exerites roborator on L. subtilis (19). in the Spanish dipteran fauna (4) as well Calosota obscura was even recorded on as another Tachinidae species namely Lixus sp. (1). Furthermore, Entedon Zeuxia sicardi (Diptera, Tachinidae) insignis and E. thomsonianus are also which was recorded as an endoparasitoid reported as parasitoids of L. cardui on of larval instars in several Iberdorcadion some Carduus plants (8) and in central Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 248 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) living inside weevil. Nevertheless, studies of P. lixi grass roots (9). and Z. aberrans biology are required. A The survey of endemic natural thorough search on their biology, mass enemies of L. pulverulentus is the first rearing laboratories and their potential use step to establish control strategies of L. in biological control is interesting to pulverulentus. The use of endemic develop in order to find an alternative to biological control agents is a key tool for fight the weevil due to the lack of a successful control of this faba bean effective insecticides against larvae. ______RESUME Boukhris-Bouhachem S., Hmem-Bourissa M. et Souissi R. 2016. Premier signalement d'ennemis naturels de Lixus pulverulentus dans les cultures de fève en Tunisie. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 245-250.
Le coléoptère Lixus pulverulentus est un ravageur connu de la fève capable de provoquer des dégâts importants sur les plantes. L'étude de la bioécologie de cet insecte a été suivie dans deux régions de la Tunisie Béja (Nord-Ouest) et Kairouan (Centre). Nous signalons ici la première identification des ennemis naturels de L. pulverulentus, un hyménoptère parasitoïde Pteromaluslixi et une mouche prédatrice Zeuxia aberrans détectés à la fois à Béja et à Kairouan. Le parasitisme induit par l’hyménoptère parasite a été autour de 0,8-2,6% et celui exprimé par les larves de la mouche a été de 1,3-4,7% environ; ces taux de parasitisme sont faibles. Des tentatives d'élevage de cette guêpe peuvent être utiles pour la lutte biologique contre les scarabées moyennement des ennemis naturels indigènes.
Mots clés: Diptera, fève, Hymenoptera, Lixus pulverulentus, parasitisme ______ملخص بوهاشم، سنية ومنال حمام-بوريس ورابحة سويسي. 2016. التقرير األول لألعداء الطبيعية لسوسة ) Lixus pulverulentus( ساق الفول في تونس. .Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 245-250
تعيش سوسة الفول )Lixus pulverulentus( في وسط ساق النبتة وتسبب العديد من األضرار على النباتات المصابة. أنجزت دراسة اإليكولوجيا األحيائية لحشرة السوسة في باجة )شمال غرب تونس( والقيروان )وسط تونس( لتحديد األعداء الطبيعيين للحشرة. و قد تم ألول مرة تحديد األعداء الطبيعيين لحشرة L. Pulverulentus، وهما كل من طفيل دبور Pteromalus lixi )غشائية األجنحة، Pteromalidae( وذبابة مفترسة Zeuxia aberrans )ذوات الجناحين، Tachinidae( في كل من باجة والقيروان. كانت نسبة التطفل لغشائية األجنحة 0.8% و2.6% بينما يرقات الذباب افترست بما يعادل 1.3% و4.7%، وهي معدالت منخفضة. إن تربية هذه األعداء الطبيعية بأعداد كبيرة تجعل المكافحة البيولوجية ممكنة ضد حشرات السوس في تونس.
كلمات مفتاحية: تطفل، ذوات الجناحين، غشائية األجنحة، فول، Lixus pulverulentus ______
LITERATURE CITED 1. Askew, R.R. and Nieves-Aldrey, J.L. 2006. 2. Askew, R.R., Blasco-Zumeta, J., and Pujade- Calosotinae and Neanastatinae in the Iberian Villar, J. 2001. Chalcidoidea y peninsula and Canary Islands, with Mymarommatoidea (Hymenoptera) de un descriptions of new species and a sabinar de Juniperus thurifera L. en Los supplementary note on Brasema Cameron, Monegros, Zaragoza, Vol 4. Monografias 1884 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (SEA), Eupelmidae). Graellsia 62: 87-100. Zaragoza, España,76 pp. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 249 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
3. Balachowsky, A.S. 1963. Coléoptères. Pages 962- 12. Hoffman, A. 1950. Coléoptères Curculionides 973. In : Entomologie appliquée à (1ère partie), Faune de France 52, Paule l’agriculture, Tome I(Second Volume), Paris, Lechevalier (ed), Paris, 486 pp. France. 13. Isart, J. 1970. Geographical distribution, 4. Carles-TolraHjorth-Andersen, M. 2002. Catálogo biology and control methods of beet's Lixus in de los diptera de espana, Portugal y Andorra Spain. Savremena Poljoprivreda 18:75-86 (insecta). Monografias SEA, Socieda 14. Korotyaev, B.A. and Gültekin, L. 2003. Biology EntomologicaAragonesa, 327 pp. of two weevil, Lixus ochraceus Boheman and 5. Compte, J.C. 2010. Curculionidae, Lixinae Melanobarisgloriae sp. n. (Insecta: Lixini, 54 pp. Available on : www.insecte.org Coleoptera, Curculionidae), associated with 6. Delvare, G. and Aberlenc, H.P. 1989. Les insectes Tchihatchewia isatidea Boissier, a d'Afrique et d'Amérique tropicale : clés pour cruciferous plant endemic of Turkey. la reconnaissance des familles. Entomologische Abhandlungen 61: 93-99. CIRAD/PRIFAS, Montpellier, France, 302 15. Liotta, G. 1965. Observations on Lixus pp. algirus L. (broad-bean stem 7. Garrido, A.M. and Nieves Aldrey, J.L. 1990. borer). Bollettinodell' Istituto di Entomologia Catálogo actualizado de los pteromálidos de Agraria e dell' Osservatorio di Fitopatologia la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares (Hym., di Palermo 5:105-128. Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae). Boletin de la 16. Pintureau, B. 2008. Les espèces européennes de Association Española de Entomologia, 14:82. trichogrammes. ILV Edition. Cergy-Pontoise, 8. Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1963. Additions and France, 95 pp. corrections to the British list of Eulophidae 17. Sarra, R. 1924. Notiziebiologiche di un (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Trans. Soc. Br. coleottero (Lixus anguinus L.) Entomol. 15: 167-275. dannosoaicavoli. Bolletino del Laboratorio di 9. Hernandez, J.M. and Montes, F.A. 1999. Zoologia Generale e agraria della R. Scuola Zeuxiasicardi Villeneuve, 1920 (Diptera: Superiore d’Agricultura, Portici 17:143. Tachinidae): premier endoparasite connu de 18. Viggiani, G. and Jesu, R. 1988. Considerazioni Iberodorcadion Breuning, 1943 (Coleoptera: sui mimaridi italiani ed i loro ospiti. Pages Cerambycidae). L’entomologiste 55:39-43. 1019-1029.In :Atti XV Congresso Nazionale 10. Herting, B. 1973. Coleoptera to Strepsiptera. A Italiano di Entomologia, Accademia catalogue of parasites and predators of Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia, L’Aquila, terrestrial arthropods. Section A. Host or Italy. Prey/Enemy. Commonwealth Agricultural 19. Volvonik, S.V. 1994. On parasites and Bureaux, Institute of Biological Control, predators of Cleoninae weevils (col. 3:103-104. Curculionidae) in Ukrainian steppe. Аnz. 11. Hmem Bourissa, M., Boukhris-Bouhachem, S., Schadlingskde., Pflanzenschutz Krida, G., Souissi, R., and Kharrat, M. 2010. Umweltschutz. 67: 77-79. Incidence et cycle biologique d’un ravageur 20. Weigand, S. and Bishara, S.I. 1991. Status of de la fève Lixus algirus L. (Coleoptera: insect pests of faba bean in the Mediterranean Curculionidae). Page 269. In : Proceedings du region and methods of control. Pages 67- 21ème Forum International des Sciences 74.In: Present status and future prospects of Biologiques, Mars 10-18, 2010, Mahdia, faba bean production and improvement in the Tunisia. Mediterranean countries, Cubero J.I. & Saxena M.C., eds., June 27-29, 1989, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 250 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
First Report First Report of Casama innotata in Jebel Brourmet forest, Tataouine, Tunisia
Olfa Ezzine, Samir Dhahri, LR Gestion et valorisation des ressources forestières, INRGREF, Université de Carthage, BP. 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia, Faculté des Sciences, Université El Manar, 2092 El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia, Sassi Mahdhi, Arrondissement des Forêts, CRDA-Tataouine, 3200, Tataouine, Axel Hausmann, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausen strasse 21, D-81247 München, Germany, and Mohamed Lahbib Ben Jamâa, LR Gestion et valorisation des ressources forestières, INRGREF, Université de Carthage, BP. 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia. ______ABSTRACT Ezzine, O., Dhahri, S., Mahdhi, S., Hausmann, A., and Ben Jamâa M.L. 2016. First report of Casamainnotatain Jebel Brourmet forest, Tataouine, Tunisia. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 251-254.
At the end of December 2009, an important defoliation of Acacia horrida was observed in the southern part of Tunisia, at Jebel Brourmet, Tataouine. Mature larvae, pupae and egg masses of Casama innotata were observed on defoliated A. horrida trees. In this paper, we presented a first report of this species in Tunisia.
Keywords: Acacia horrida, Casama innotata, South of Tunisia. ______
At the end of December 2009, a Brourmet forest was performed to defoliation of Acacia horrida trees was identify the pest at the species level. PCR observed in Jebel Brourmet (329 m alt.), amplification and DNA sequencing were located in Tataouine (32°56’N; 10°26’E) conducted at the Canadian Center for situated in the South of Tunisia. Mature DNA Barcoding (CCDB), Guelph, larvae (Fig. 1) and pupae of Casama Canada, following standard high- innotata (Erebidae, Lymantriinae) were throughput protocols (3) that can be observed on defoliated A. horrida trees accessed under the website (9). PCR (Figs.2 and 3). Nevertheless, egg masses amplification with a single pair of primers were observed on Pinus halepensis consistently recovered a 658 bp region foliage (Fig. 4). DNA analysis of C. near the 5’ terminus of the mitochondrial innotata (n=17) collected from Jebel Cytochrome c Oxidase I (COI) gene that included the standard 648 bp barcode region for the animal Kingdom (2). DNA Corresponding author: Olfa Ezzine extracts were stored at the CCDB, with Email: [email protected] aliquots being deposited in the DNA- Bank facility of the ZSM (10). All
Accepted for publication 23 August 2016 sequences were also deposited in GenBank according to the iBOL Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 251 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
(International Barcode of Life) data MAS_DataRetrieval_OpenSequence?sele release policy. This work is the first ctedrecordid=2149108). record of C. innotata in Tunisia. In Europe, C. innotata has been C. innotata was described by observed in Malte (11) and in Canary Walker (1855), under the name Casama Islands (1). In North Africa, this insect innotata (7) = Spilosoma innotata Walker was previously reported in Morocco (8, (1855) = Ocneria flavipalpata Staudinger 11), Algeria (5), and Libya (4). In the (1895) = Ocneria uniformis Rothschild Middle East, this pest was observed in (1913) = Casama leporina Zerny (1935) Egypt (7) and Jordan (6). In Asia, C. = Ocneria alfierii Krüger (1939) = Laelia innotata was detected in United Arab alfierii = Casama uniformis = Beeria Emirates (11). innotata (12). During November, larvae of C. Thirteen barcode sequences were innotata feed on Acacia tortilis (11) and obtained and were equal to 658 bp (13). on A. karroo (14). Nucleotide sequence consisted of A In November 2015, a new (204), G (96), C (101) and T (257). outbreak of C. innotata was observed on Compared to the existing specimens in the same station. Male (Fig. 5) and female BOLD system, we found 98.77% of (Fig. 6) were observed on A. horrida. Egg similarity with Tunisian specimens masses and pupa were also observed on (http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/ A. horrida and Hamada scoparium (Fig.7).
Fig. 1. Mature larva of Casama Fig. 2. Acacia horrida tree defoliated innotata on Acacia horrida following Casama innotata attack (on the right)
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 252 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Fig. 3. Pupa of Casama innotata on Fig. 4. Egg masses of Acacia horrida Casama innotata on Aleppo pine needles
Fig. 5. Male of Casama innotata Fig. 6. Female of Casama innotata
Fig. 7. Egg masses and pupa of Casama innotata on Hamada scoparium Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 253 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
______RESUME Ezzine O., Dhahri S., Mahdhi S., Hausmann A. et Ben Jamâa M.L. 2016. Premier signalement de Casama innotata dans la forêt de Jebel Brourmet, Tataouine, Tunisie. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 251-254.
A la fin du mois de décembre 2009, une défoliation importante des arbres d’Acacia horrida a été observée à Jebel Brourmet, dans la région de Tataouine, au sud de la Tunisie. Des chenilles âgées, des chrysalides et des œufs de Casama innotata ont été observés sur les arbres défoliés d’A. horrida. Dans cet article, nous présentons un premier signalement de cette espèce en Tunisie.
Mots clés: Acacia horrida, Casama innotata, Sud de la Tunisie. ______ملخص الزين، ألفة وسمير الظاهري وساسي محظي وأكسل هوسمان ومحمد الحبيب بن جامع. 2016.أول تقريرحول حشرةCasama innotata فيغابة جبل برورمات، تطاوين، البالد التونسية. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 11: 251-254.
في نهاية شهر ديسمبر لسنة ، 2009لوحظ إتالف حاد ألوراق شجرة الطلح Acacia horrida في غابة جبل برورمات، تطاوين، في جنوب البالد التونسية. لوحظت يرقات وشرانق وبيض حشرة Casama innotata على أشجار Acacia horrida متلفة األوراق. في هذا المقال، نقدم أول تقرير عن هذه اآلفة في تونس.
كلمات :مفتاحية جنوب البالد التونسية، Acacia horrida ،Casama innotata ______
LITERATURE CITED 1. Baez, M. 1998. Mariposas de Canarias. Editorial Entomologischen Zeitschrift Iris zu Rueda, Alcorcón,Canary Islands, Spain, 224 Dresden. O. Staudinger Ed. Editions Alwin pp. Arnold, Dresden-Blasewitz, Germany. 2. Hebert, P.D.N., Ratnasingham, S., and De Waard, 7. Walker, F. 1855. List of the specimens of J.R. 2003. Barcoding animal life: cytochrome Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among British Museum. Edition Edward Newman, closely related species. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. London, England, 775pp. B. 270Supplement 1: S96-S99. 8. Zerny, 1935. Die Lepidopterenfauna des Grossen 3. Ivanova, N.V., De Waard, J.R., and Hebert, Atlas in Marokko und seiner P.D.N. 2006. An inexpensive, automation- Randgebiete Mém. Société des Sciences friendly protocol for recovering high-quality Naturelle de Maroc 42: 1-163. DNA. Mol. Ecol. Notes 6: 998-1002. 9. http://www.dnabarcoding.ca/pa/ge/research/protoc 4. Krüger, 1939. Notizie sulla fauna della Sirtica ols occidentale: Lepidotteri. Annales du Museum 10. http://www.zsm.mwn.de/dnabank/ Libico National. 1: 317-357. 11. http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Casama_I 5. Rothschild, W. 1913. Lepidoptera. Pages 109-143. nnotata In: Novitates Zoologicae, vol (XX). W. 12. http://lepidoptera.pro/taxonomy/6957 Rothschild and E. Hartert, Ed. Editions 13. http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/MAS_ Hazell, Watson and Viney. London and Management_RecordList Aylesbury, England. 14. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our- 6. Staudinger, O. 1895. Neue palaearktische science/data/hostplants/search/ Lepidopteren. Pages 288-299. In: Deutschen
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Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 254 Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
Plant Protection News
Report on
LAUNCHING WORKSHOP Adaptive Management and Monitoring of the Maghreb’s Oases Systems Project (GCP/SNE/002/GFF)
Tozeur, Tunisia, 19-21 September, 2016
. FAO project ID: 629461, GEF/LDCF/SCCF Project ID: 5798 . Resource Partner: Global Environment Facility (GEF) . Recipient Countries: Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia . Financing Plan: GEF/LDCF/SCCF, Allocation: GEFTF (USD 1,726,484) . The Global Environmental Objective of the project is: To enhance, expand and sustain the adaptive management and monitoring of the Maghreb oasis systems . This project is coordinated by regional coordinator Mr. Slaheddine Abdedaiem and national coordinator Mr. Ahmed Namsi (CRRAO-Degache)
This project is based on the key the sound management of oases has been assumption that adequate and timely the lack of understanding, among the key knowledge is key to the sustainable oasis users, of trends, indicators, and management of oases. The project dynamics of the oasian ecosystem. It is recognizes that, to date, a key barrier to therefore focusing on providing the right
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016 kind of knowledge, to the right kind of . Increased awareness among policy users, at the appropriate time. The project makers, communities, associations will be supporting activities addressing and networks about oasis ecosystems the barriers that prevent dynamic and adaptive management tools conservation and adaptive management of (outcome 3). Maghreb oasis ecosystems. To do so, the . The project's Monitoring and project will endeavor to: Evaluation System enables adaptive . Enhanced institutional skills and management (outcome 4) technical capacity for managing, monitoring and analyzing the oasis Thus, within the scope of this production systems (outcome 1). project, two main levels of activities are Among others, Phytosanitary systems considered: (1) to support country level and especially the pest and disease information systems on oasian surveillance degradation trends, as well as monitoring . Local Stakeholders' capacities are systems that will enhance the national enhanced to disseminate knowledge and regional monitoring and management and conduct trainings on best of oasis ecosystems, and (2) linking and practices for SLM and better harmonizing initiatives at a local level management of oases (outcome 2). In while sharing knowledge on best between, best practices in methods of adaptive management practices. control against pests and diseases.
Dr. Ahmed Namsi Plant Pathologist Researcher CRRAO, Tozeur, Tunisia
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016
T U N IS IA N J O U R N A L OF PLANT PROTECTION
Vol. 11 No. 2 DECEMBER 2016
CONTENTS
ALLELOPATHY 179-Differential autotoxicity of five cropped barley varieties. Oueslati, O. and Ben-Hammouda, M. (Tunisia)
MYCOLOGY 191-Evaluation of local watermelon and melon rootstocks resistance to six soilborne plant pathogenic fungi in Tunisia. Ben Salem, I., Boughalleb-M'Hamdi, N., Bnejdi, F., and M'Hamdi, M. (Tunisia)
ENTOMOLOGY 207-Life history parameters of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata on Ceratitis capitata under laboratory conditions: Implications for mass rearing and biological control. Harbi, A., Abbes, K., Chermiti, B., Martins, D., Hafsi, A., Sabater-Muñoz, B., and Beitia, F. (Tunisia, Spain, Brazil, France, Ireland)
WEED SC. 219-Mapping and monitoring an invasive alien plant in Tunisia: Silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) a noxious weed of agricultural areas. Sayari, N., Brundu, G., and Mekki, M. (Tunisia, Italy)
229-Inventory of the spontaneous alien flora in Tunisia. Sayari, N. and Mekki, M.(Tunisia)
SHORT COMMUNICATION 239-Preliminary essay on the aggressiveness of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis towards five Tunisian varieties of durum wheat (Triticum durum). Tissaoui, S., Kamel, S., Mougou-Hamdane, A., Chérif, M., and Nasraoui, B. (Tunisia)
FIRST REPORTS 245-First report on natural enemies of Lixus pulverulentus on faba bean crops in Tunisia. Boukhris- Bouhachem, S., Hmem-Bourissa, M., and Souissi R. (Tunisia)
251-First report of Casama innotata in Jebel Brourmet forest, Tataouine, Tunisia. Ezzine, O., Dhahri, S., Mahdhi, S., Hausmann, A., and Ben Jamâa M.L.(Tunisia, Germany)
Photo of the cover page: Larva of Casama innotata (Courtesy Olfa Ezzine)
Tunisian Journal of Plant Health Sciences (T JP P )
Plantae Senae in Terra Sena
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection Vol. 11, No. 1, 2015