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O'zbek Tilidan Universal Qo'llanma

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O'zbek Tilidan Universal Qo'llanma BAXTIYOR MENGLIYEV O'RAL XOLIYOROV O'ZBEK TILIDAN UNIVERSAL QO‘LLANMA abituriyent va talabalar uchun (Qayta ishlangan 2-nashri) Toshkent O'zbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar akademiyasi «Fan» nashriyoti 2008 Dars jamlanmasini tuzishda o‘rta maktab, akademik litsey, oliy ta’iim va mustaqil shug'ullanuvchi uchun o'zbek tili bo‘yicha yaratilgan turli darsiik va manbaga tayanildi. Shunihg uchun qo'llanmani tuzuvchilaro'zlarini muallif emaz, balki musannif sifatida e’tirof etishadi. Qollanma o'rta maktab o'quvchisi, akademik litsey, kasb-hunar kolleji va oliy maktab talabasi, ona tili o‘qituvchisi, oliy o‘quv yurtiga kirish uchun mustaqil tayyorlanuvchi hamda qiziquvchilar uchun moijallangan. Mas’ui muharrir: Bashorat BAHRIDDINOVA, filologiya fan lari nomzodi, dotsent Taqrizchilar: Odil BEGIMOV, filologiya fan lari nomzodi, dotsent Otabek SHUKUROV, filologiya fanlari nomzodi, dotsent Ushbu nashr haqidagi mulohazalaringizni quyidagi elektron manzillarga jo'nati- shingiz mumkin: [email protected], [email protected] ISBN 978-9943-09-248-8 © 0 ‘zR FA «Fan» nashriyoti, «Akademnashr NMM», 2008 yil. 1- DARS TIL - ENG MUHIM ALOQA VOSITASI. TILNING PAYDO BO'LISHI VA TARAQQIY ETISHI Til - eng muhim aloqa vositasi. Til yordamida suhbatlashib, savol- javob qilamiz. Til yordamida fikrni ifodalab, tushuntiramiz. Ajdoddan ma’lumot olib, avlodga uzatamiz. Tilning eng muhim aloqa vositasi ekanligi shunda namoyon bo'ladi. Insonning eng asosiy, uni boshqa jonzotdan farqlab turuvchi belgisi - ong va tilga egaligi. Til faqat insonga va u mansub jamiyatga xos bo'lgan hodisa. Til bir kishi tomonidan emas, balki kishilik jamiyati tomonidan uzoq davr mobaynida yaratilgan. Shuningdek, u ayrim shaxsga emas, balki jamiyatga xizmat qiladi. Shuning uchun til ijtimoiy hodisa deyiiadi. Til - yaxlit bir butunlik. Borliqdagi barcha narsa qismdan tashkil topganligi kabi til ham gap, so'z birikmasi hosil qilish va so'z yasash qolipi, so'z, qo'shimcha va tovushdan iborat. Ana shu qismlar bir-biri bilan turli qonun- qoida, tartib asosida birikib butunlikni, ya’ni tilni hosil qiladi. Til qismi til birligi hisoblanadi. Maktab darsligida gap, so'z birikmasi, so'z, qo'shimcha va tovush til birligi sifatida qaraladi.1 Tilning paydo bo'lishi. Tilning paydo bo'lishi masalasi - azaliy mavzu. Biror tilning qachon paydo bo'lganini taxminan aytish mumkin. Masalan, manbalarda o'zbek tili XV asrda shaklianib bo'lgan, boshqa turkiy tillardan ajralib chiqqan deyiiadi.2 Biroq, umuman insoniyatga xos tilning qachon paydo bo'lganini aniqlab bo'lmaydi. Chunki ma’lum bo'lgan tillarning yozuv tarixi 10-15 ming yildan nariga bormaydi. Olimlar esa tilning paydo bo'lishini yozma manba asosida belgilaydi. Olimlarning tilning paydo bo'lishi haqidagi fikrini umumlashtirib, shuni aytish mumkinki, til bizga in’om etilgan so'zlash imkoniyati asosida kishilarning birga mehnat qilishi jarayonida o'zaro muloqotda bo'lish zaruriyati, ehtiyoji natijasida paydo bo'lgan. Til kishining bir-birini tushunishiga, yashash vositasini topish va yaratishda birlashishiga yordam bergan. Tilning taraqqiy etishi. Til uzoq davr o'tishi bilan kishining ehtiyojiga muvofiq ravishda o'zgarib, boyib borgan. Kishi tilni taraqqiy ettirishi bilan birga, uning mukammallashib borishi ham kishi bilim va tajribasining takomillashishiga hamda ajdoddan avlodga o'tishiga imkon bergan. Natijada fan, madaniyat, texnika vujudga kelgan va taraqqiy etgan, ya'ni kishilik jamiyati rivojlangan. Tilning taraqqiy etishi deganda lug'at boyligining oshishi, ichki qonun- qoidasining qulaylashib borishi tushuniladi. Jamiyat taraqqiyoti til rivojiga ta’sir ko‘rsatgan. Chunki til jamiyat taraqqiyoti bilan chambarchas bog'liq. Til taraqqiyotiga qo'shni xalq bilan bo'lgan turli munosabat - savdo-sotiq, madaniy aloqa, shuningdek, urush ham ta’sir qiladi. Masalan, hozirgi ingliz tili Iug'at boyligidagi so'zning taxminan 30 foizi sof inglizcha bo'lsa, o'zbek tilidagi 57 foiz so'z turkiy qatlamga mansub, qolgani chetdan o'zlashgan. Tilda o'zlashma so'z asosida yoki qo'shimcha yordamida yasalgan so'z ham shu tilning boyligi sanaladi. Mustahkamlash uchun savollar 7.7/7 nega eng muhim aloqa vositasi deb ataladi? 2. Til nega ijtimoiy hodisa deyiladi? 3. Til birliklarini sanang. 4.Tilning paydo bolishi haqida gapiring. 5.0 ‘zbek tilining paydo bo lishi haqida gapiring. 6. Tilning taraqqiyoti qanday kechadi? 1. Tilning sof lug‘at boyligi deganda nima tushuniladi? DUNYO TILLARI Dunyo tillari. Dunyoda taxminan 3000 dan (ba’zi adabiyotda ular 3000 dan 7000 gacha sanaladi) ortiq til bor.3 Bu tilning ayrimida bir necha o n, hatto yuz millionlab kishi gaplashsa, ba’zisidan bir necha ming kishigina foydalanadi, xolos. Masalan, Kongoda aholi 500 tilda, Indoneziyada 250 tilda, Sudanda 117 tilda gaplashadi. Xitoy tilida hozir bir milliardga yaqin kishi so'zlashsa, chukot va vele tilida bor-yo‘g‘i bir necha ming kishi muloqotda boladi. Kavkaz tog£ida joylashgan Dog‘istonda 1 mln.dan ortiq kishi bolib, ular 40 ga yaqin tilda so‘zlashadi. Yangi Gvineyada deyarli har bir qishloq aholisi o'z tiliga ega.4 Dunyodagi 200 tilning har birida 1 mln.dan ortiq, 70 tilning har birida 5 mln.dan ziyod, faqat 13 tilning har birida 50 mln.dan ortiq kishi so‘zlashadi. Qolganining har birida esa 1 mln.dan kam kishi gaplashadi. Angliya, AQSH, Kanada kabi mamlakat fuqarosi, asosan, ingliz tilida, Ispaniya, Kuba, Chili, Meksika fuqarosi, asosan, ispan tilida gaplashadi. Demak, tilning tarqalish, ishlatilish doirasi va nomlanishi har xil. Jahon tili orasida nomi bir tovushdan iborat til ham mavjud. Bu I tilidir. I tili Xitoyning Sichuan, Yunnan, Guyjou viloyatlariga tarqalgan. Juda ko'p til hozirgi kunda qo'llanilib kelishi bilan bir qatorda ba’zi til butunlay iste’moldan chiqib ketgan va bizga yozma yodgorlik orqali ma’lum. Shu asosda til tirik va olik tilga bolinadi. Hozir kishilar gaplashadigan til tirik til hisoblanadi. Masalan, o'zbek tili, ukrain tili, nemis tili, qozoq tili va hokazo. Qadimda qo'llanib, shu tilda gaplashgan xalqning turli sabab bilan yo'q bo'lib yoki boshqa xalqqa qo'shilib, o'zga tilda gaplashib ketishi natijasida iste’moldan chiqib, muomalada ishlatilmaydigan bo'lib qolgan, bugungacha faqat yozma manba orqali yetib kelgan til o‘lik til deyiiadi. Masalan, lotin, qadimgi hind yoki sanskrit, qadimgi slavyan, qadimgi xorazmiy, qadimgi arab, qadimgi fors, so‘g‘d tili va boshqalar shular jumlasidan. Lotin tili qadimgi Rim imperiyasining rasmiy tili sifatida mavjud bo'lgan. Imperiya yemirilgandan keyin asta-sekin o'lik tilga aylana borib, hozirgi davrda qoldig'i ilmiy atama sifatida uchraydi. Lotin tili o'rta va oliy tibbiyot o'quv yurtidagina o'qitiladi. Lekin bu uning muomalada ekanligini ko'rsatmaydi. Eroniy tilning sharqiy turkumiga kirgan qadimgi xorazmiy tilida qadimgi Xorazm aholisi gaplashgan. Bu til XI asrgacha muomalada bo'lgan. So'ngra iste’moldan chiqib, o'lik tilga aylangan. Dunyoda qo'llanish doirasi juda keng, boshqa til egasi ham foydalanadigan til xalqaro til yoki jahon tili deyiiadi. Hozir rasmiy tan olingan 6 ta xalqaro til mavjud: ingliz, ispan, rus, xitoy, arab va fransuz tili. Ko'p qo'llanadigani - ingliz tili. Turli davrda turli til xalqaro vazifani o'tagan. O'rta asrda Sharqda arab tili, Yevropada esa lotin, undan keyingi davrda fransuz tili katta ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan. XX asrda ingliz va nemis tili xalqaro til darajasiga ko'tarildi. Xalqaro til shu til amal qiluvchi davlatning xalqaro maydondagi nufuzi bilan belgilanadi. BMT tashkil topishi bilan rasmiy xalqaro til masalasi hal bo'ldi. 1945- yil rasmiy xalqaro til sifatida ingliz, fransuz, rus, ispan, xitoy tili belgilandi. 1973- yildan arab tili ham jahon tili sifatida tan olindi. Qadim zamondan xalqaro tilga talab sun’iy til yaratishga ham sabab bo'ldi. 1880- yilda Germaniyada I.M.Shleyer tomonidan “volyapuk” degan til loyihasi e’lon qilindi. 1887- yilda esa polshalik vrach-poliglot Zamengof “esperanto” tilini yaratdi va u ko'pchilikka ma’qul bo'ldi, tez orada turli mamlakatga tarqaldi. Hatto badiiy asar yozildi yoki bu tilga tarjima qilindi. Ayni paytda esperanto tilida gazeta-jurnal chop etilib, radioeshittirish uzatiladi, xalqaro tashkilotlar ish yuritadi.5 Dunyo tillari tasnifi. Olimlar tillar orasidagi o'xshashlikni ko'rsatuvchi dalilni o'rganib borishgan. O'zbek tilidagi ona so'zining ruscha мать, bulg'orcha moyka, polyakcha matka, litva tilida mamina, nemischa mutter, fransuzcha mere, tojik tilida modar kabi muqobilga o'xshashligi bunga misol bo'la oladi. Kuzatish va qiyoslash tasnifga olib kelgan. Tilni o'xshashlik va farqqa ko'ra guruhlash til tasnifi (klassifikatsiyasi) deyiiadi. Tilshunoslikda tilni tasniflashda, odatda, ikki belgi qo'llanildi: morfologik va genetik. Biz uchun genetik (geneologik) tasnif muhim. Genetik tasnif tilni o'zaro qarindoshligi asosida guruhlaydi. Bir tildan tarqalgan deb taxmin qilinuvchi, tuzilishi va boshqa xususiyati bir-biriga yaqin, o'xshash bolgan tillar bir butun hoida til oilasi deyiiadi. Bir til oilasiga asos bo'lgan til bobo til ham deb yuritiladi. Til qancha ko‘p bo‘lsa-da, sanoqli til oilasi mavjud. Ma’lumotga ko'ra, hozirgi kunda 20 dan ortiq til oilasi bor. Har bir til oilasi, o'z navbatida, qarindoshlik darajasiga ko'ra bir necha guruhga ajralishi mumkin. Guruh tildan tashkil topsa, oila guruhning birlashuvidir. Ba’zi oila avval tarmoqqa ajralib, keyin guruhga bo'linadi. Til oilasidan keng tarqalganini ko'rib o'tamiz: 1. Hind-Yevropa oilasi. Bu oilaga slavyan guruhi (belorus, rus, ukrain, Slovak, chex, polyak, makedon, serb, xorvat, sloven tili), german guruhi (ingliz, nemis, shved, norveg, dat, island, goiland tili), roman guruhi (fransuz,
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