War in an Age of Revolution, 1775-1815 Edited by Roger Chickering and Stig Forster Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89996-3 - War in an Age of Revolution, 1775-1815 Edited by Roger Chickering and Stig Forster Frontmatter More information

War in an Age of Revolution, 1775–1815

This volume investigates a critical moment in the history of warfare. It assembles historians of the early modern and modern eras to speak to one another across the great historiographical divide that has traditionally separated them. The central questions in the volume have to do with the historical place of revolutionary warfare on both sides of the Atlantic – the degree to which such warfare extended practices common in the eighteenth century or introduced fundamentally new forms of warfare. Among the topics covered in the volume are the global dimensions of warfare, logistics, universal military service and the mobilization of noncombatants, occupation, and the impact of war on civilian life in both Europe and North America.

Roger Chickering is Professor of History at the BMW Center for German and European Studies, Georgetown University. His recent publications include The Great War and Urban Life in Germany: Freiburg, 1914–1918 (2007) and A World at Total War: Global Conﬂict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945 (2005), coedited with Stig Forster¨ and Bernd Grenier.

Stig Forster¨ is Professor of General Modern History at the University of Bern and has also taught at the University of Augsburg and held research fellowships at the German Historical Institutes in London and Washington, D.C. His most recent publications include Der doppelte Militarismus. Die deutsche Heeresrustungspolitik¨ zwis- chen Status-quo-Sicherung und Aggression, 1890–1913 (1985) and Die machtigen¨ Diener der East India Company. Ursachen und Hintergrunde der britischen Expansionspolitik in Sudasien,¨ 1793–1819 (1992).

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publications of the german historical institute

Edited by Hartmut Berghoff with the assistance of David Lazar The German Historical Institute is a center for advanced study and research whose purpose is to provide a permanent basis for scholarly cooperation among historians from the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States. The Institute con- ducts, promotes, and supports research into both American and German political, social, economic, and cultural history; into transatlantic migration, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; and into the history of international relations, with special emphasis on the roles played by the United States and Germany.

Recent books in the series:

Cathryn Carson, Heisenberg in the Atomic Age: Science and the Public Sphere Michaela Hoenicke Moore, Know Your Enemy: The American Debate on Nazism Matthias Schulz and Thomas A. Schwartz, editors, The Strained Alliance: U.S.- European Relations from Nixon to Carter Suzanne L. Marchand, German Orientalism in the Age of Empire: Religion, Race, and Scholarship Manfred Berg and Bernd Schaefer, editors, Historical Justice in International Perspective: How Societies Are Trying to Right the Wrongs of the Past Carole Fink and Bernd Schaefer, editors, Ostpolitik, 1969–1974: European and Global Responses Nathan Stoltzfus and Henry Friedlander, editors, Nazi Crimes and the Law Joachim Radkau, Nature and Power: A Global History of the Environment Andreas W. Daum, Kennedy in Berlin Jonathan R. Zatlin, The Currency of Socialism: Money and Political Culture in East Germany

War in an Age of Revolution, 1775–1815

Edited by roger chickering Georgetown University stig forster¨ Universitat¨ Bern, Historisches Institut

german historical institute Washington, D.C. and

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao˜ Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo

Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521899963

c The German Historical Institute 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2010

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data War in an age of revolution, 1775–1815 / edited by Roger Chickering, Stig Forster.¨ p. cm. – (Publications of the German Historical Institute) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-89996-3 (hbk.) 1. Military art and science – History – 18th century. 2. Military art and science – History – 19th century. 3. Revolutions – History – 18th century. 4. Revolutions – History – 19th century. 5. Europe – History, Military – 1789–1815. 6. United States – History – Revolution, 1775–1783. 7. United States – History – War of 1812. 8. War and society – Europe – History. 9. War and society – North America – History. I. Chickering, Roger, 1942– II. Forster,¨ Stig. U39.W36 2009 355.0209033–dc22 2009044094

ISBN 978-0-521-89996-3 Hardback

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Contents

Contributors page xi

Introduction: A Tale of Two Tales: Grand Narratives of War in the Age of Revolution 1 Roger Chickering

part i: perspectives on a military history of the revolutionary era 1. What Constituted the Military Revolution of the Early Modern Period? 21 Azar Gat 2. Guibert: Prophet of Total War? 49 Beatrice Heuser 3. Innovation or Evolution? The French Wars in Military History 69 Ute Planert 4. Reluctant Reformers, Observant Disciples: The Prussian Military Reforms, 1807–1814 85 Dierk Walter 5. The First World War: Global Dimensions of Warfare in the Age of Revolutions, 1775–1815 101 Stig Forster¨ 6. “The Most Terrible World War”: Friedrich Gentz and the Lessons of Revolutionary War 117 Gunther¨ Kronenbitter

vii

viii Contents

part ii: the growing dimensions of battle 7. The Native American Way of War in the Age of Revolutions, 1754–1814 137 Timothy J. Shannon 8. The American Militias: “The Garnish of a Table”? 159 Matthew C. Ward 9. The Logistics of Revolutionary War in France 177 Alan Forrest 10. Revolt and Repression in Napoleonic Italy, 1796–1814 197 Michael Broers 11. Naval Power in the Revolutionary Era 219 Jeremy Black 12. Partisan Warfare in Spain and Total War 243 John Lawrence Tone

part iii: civil institutions and the growing scope of war 13. Where Have All the People Gone? Reﬂections on Popular Political Mobilization on the Eve of American Independence 263 T. H. Breen 14. Achilles’ Heel: Slavery and War in the American Revolution 285 Jorg¨ Nagler 15. Revolutionary France and the Meanings of Levee´ en Masse 299 Wolfgang Kruse 16. Religion in a Time of War: The Case of Lower Alsace, 1789–1794 313 Donatus Dusterhaus¨ 17. The Military and Masculinity: Gendering the History of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792–1815 331 Karen Hagemann 18. A Tale of Two Cities: Washington and Baltimore during the War of 1812 353 Marion Breunig

Contents ix

19. Lost Neutrality and Economic Warfare: Napoleonic Warfare in Northern Europe, 1795–1815 373 Katherine B. Aaslestad 20. War and Everyday Life in Britain 395 Mary A. Favret

Index 411

Contributors

Katherine B. Aaslestad, Department of History, West Virginia University

Jeremy Black, Department of History, University of Exeter

T. H. Breen, Department of History, Northwestern University

Marion Breunig, Historical Seminar, University of Heidelberg

Michael Broers, Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford

Roger Chickering, Department of History, Georgetown University

Donatus Dusterhaus,¨ “War Experiences” Research Group, University of Tubingen¨ (2005–8); University Library, University of Heidelberg

Mary A. Favret, Department of English, Indiana University

Alan Forrest, Department of History, University of York

Stig Forster,¨ Historical Institute, University of Bern

Azar Gat, Department of Political Sciences, Tel Aviv University

Karen Hagemann, Department of History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Beatrice Heuser, School of Politics and International Relations, University of Reading

xii Contributors

Gunther¨ Kronenbitter, Department of History, University of Augsburg

Wolfgang Kruse, Historical Institute, Fern Universitat¨ Hagen

Jorg¨ Nagler, Historical Institute, University of Jena

Timothy J. Shannon, Department of History, Gettysburg College

Ute Planert, Historical Seminar, University of Wuppertal

John Lawrence Tone, School of History, Technology, and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology

Dierk Walter, Theory and History of Violence Research Unit, Hamburg Institute for Social Research

Matthew C. Ward, Department of History, University of Dundee