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Civil-Military Relations and the Dynamics of American American of Dynamics the and Relations Civil-Military La Guerre Et La Paix Sont Toutes Deux Dans Nos Gènes

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Civil-Military Relations and the Dynamics of American American of Dynamics the and Relations Civil-Military La Guerre Et La Paix Sont Toutes Deux Dans Nos Gènes 2016-04 Outside cover.indd 1 cover.indd Outside 2016-04 12/12/2016 11:20:38 AM 11:20:38 12/12/2016 ASPJ–Afrique etFrancophonie4 4e trimestre 2016 Volume 7, No. 4 e Trimestre 2016 Trimestre Azar Gat, PhD Gat, Azar Both War and Peace Are in Our Genes Our in Are Peace and War Both Les relations civilo-militaires et la dynamique de l’expansion militaire américaine Jeffrey W. Meiser, PhD Axel Heck, PhD Heck, Axel Television Colonel Klein and the legitimacy of the Kunduz Airstrike in German German in Airstrike Kunduz the of legitimacy the and Klein Colonel Le questionnement dans l’analyse du renseignement Apocalypse Now Apocalypse Avantage concurrentiel ou occasion manquée ? Charles Vandepeer, PhD Sherri S. Replogle, PhD Replogle, S. Sherri Alexandru Grigorescu, PhD Grigorescu, Alexandru Interactions des normes internationales The Case of the Civilian Protection and Antiterrorism Norms Antiterrorism and Protection Civilian the of Case The Le cas des normes de protection des civils et de lutte contre le terrorisme Interactions between International Norms International between Interactions Alexandru Grigorescu, PhD Sherri S. Replogle, PhD Charles Vandepeer, PhD Vandepeer, Charles Competitive Advantage or Lost Opportunity? Lost or Advantage Competitive Apocalypse Now Question-Asking in Intelligence Analysis Intelligence in Question-Asking Le colonel Klein et la légitimité de la frappe aérienne de Kunduz dans les films de la télévision allemande Axel Heck, PhD Jeffrey W. Meiser, PhD Meiser, W. Jeffrey Military Expansion Military Civil-Military Relations and the Dynamics of American American of Dynamics the and Relations Civil-Military La Guerre et la paix sont toutes deux dans nos gènes Azar Gat, PhD Volume 7, No. 4 No. 7, Volume 2016 Quarter 4th ASPJ–Africa and Francophonie 4th Quarter 2016 Chief of Staff, US Air Force Gen David L. Goldfein Commander, Air Education and Training Command Lt Gen Darryl Roberson Commander and President, Air University http://www.af.mil Lt Gen Steven L. Kwast Director, Air Force Research Institute Dr. Dale L. Hayden Editor Rémy M. Mauduit Megan N. Hoehn, Editorial Assistant Marvin Bassett, PhD, Contributing Editor http://www.aetc.randolph.af.mil Nedra O. Looney, Prepress Production Manager Daniel M. Armstrong, Illustrator L. Susan Fair, Illustrator The Air and Space Power Journal (ISSN 1931-728X), published quarterly, is the professional journal of the United States Air Force. It is designed to serve as an open forum for the presentation and stimulation of innovative thinking on military doctrine, strategy, force structure, readiness, and other matters of national defense. The views and opinions expressed or implied in the Journal are those of the authors http://www.au.af.mil and should not be construed as carrying the official sanction of the Department of Defense, Air Force, Air Education and Training Command, Air University, or other agencies or departments of the US government. Articles in this edition may be reproduced in whole or in part ASPJ–Africa and Francophonie without permission. If they are reproduced, the Air & Space 600 Chennault Circle Power Journal requests a courtesy line. Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6026 USA Fax: 1 (334) 953-1451 e-mail: [email protected] Visit Air and Space Power Journal online at http://www.airpower.au.af.mil Subscribe at http://www.af.mil/subscribe 4th Quarter 2016 Volume 7, No. 4 Editorial Civil Military Relations, International Norms, Question-Asking in Intelligence Analysis: Competitive Advantage or Lost Opportunity? Apocalypse Now?, and War and Peace in Our Genes................... 2 Rémy M. Mauduit Articles Civil-Military Relations and the Dynamics of American Military Expansion .......................................... 5 Jeffrey W. Meiser, PhD Question-Asking in Intelligence Analysis Competitive Advantage or Lost Opportunity?........................... 24 Charles Vandepeer, PhD Interactions between International Norms The Case of the Civilian Protection and Antiterrorism Norms ................ 44 Alexandru Grigorescu, PhD Sherri S. Replogle, PhD Apocalypse Now Colonel Klein and the Legitimacy of the Kunduz Air Strike Narratives in German Television Films ........................................ 74 Axel Heck, PhD Both War and Peace Are in Our Genes ............................... 93 Azar Gat, PhD Civil-Military Relations, Question-Asking in Intelligence Analysis, International Norms, Apocalypse Now, and War and Peace Are in Our Genes In recent years, influential field commanders have pushed for prolonged and expanded military strategies in Iraq and Afghanistan. Prof. Jeffrey Meiser raises the question of whether this position is a characteristic of modern general offi- cers or part of a broader attitude of military officers for the most part. His article “Civil-Military Relations and the Dynamics of American Military Expansion” uses the United States’ experience during its “imperial” era to test the hypothesis that military officials are more likely to advocate for political-military expansion than are civilian officials. This supposition is derived from the literature on civil-military rela- tions, which has found that military leaders tend to favor military solutions to policy problems. The inference is that military officials will tend to see political-military control of foreign territory as the best solution to instability and will advocate for political-military expansionism. Professor Meiser’s study seeks to clarify the various arguments that link civil-military relations to foreign policy actions by analyzing 10 cases of American military intervention in the Caribbean Basin and the Asia- Pacific region during a particularly belligerent period of American foreign policy: the presidential administrations of presidents Cleveland, McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft (1893–1913). In “Question-Asking in Intelligence Analysis: Competitive Advantage or Lost Opportunity?,” Dr. Charles Vandepeer states that questions are central to intelli- gence analysis. As intellectual tools, they represent the most accessible, teachable, and broadly relevant approach to the development of knowledge, well-reasoned judgments, and identification of assumptions. He argues that intelligence analysts are expected to answer questions asked of them by policy makers, commanders, and operators. Furthermore, analysts are expected to proactively identify and ask the 2 right questions that are critical to understanding the particular situation or problem at hand. Nevertheless, recent inquiries and investigations raise concerns over the degree to which intelligence organizations encourage analytic debate, dissent, or questioning. Without establishing cultures that actively encourage question asking, the risk is that intelligence organizations will lose the opportunity for analysts to identify the right questions to ask. Ultimately, if they are unable or unwilling to ask difficult, uncomfortable questions and pursue the answers, then the consequences could prove disastrous, resulting not simply in lost opportunities but perhaps in lost lives. In “Interactions between International Norms: The Case of the Civilian Protec- tion and Antiterrorism Norms,” Prof. Sherri Replogle and Prof. Alexandru Grigo- rescu help us understand how norms act upon each other. Their approach is based on a theoretical framework that focuses on actors’ efforts to reshape norms to promote their material interests. The authors argue that actors rarely accept norms and their prescriptions as they are originally promoted or that they simply challenge them. Most often actors attempt to reshape norms by using “narrowing” or “broadening” strategies that often connect them to other existing norms. Professors Replogle and Grigorescu assess the plausibility of their arguments by discussing the evolution of the civilian protection norm and the antiterrorism norm. They especially emphasize developments after 2001 when the United States reinforced the antiterrorism norm and, by doing so, inadvertently empowered the civilian protection norm. This result, in turn, put pressure on the United States to alter some of its policies in its wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Prof. Axel Heck analyzes two docudramas about an air strike ordered by a Ger- man colonel on an area near the Kunduz River in Afghanistan in September 2009, killing more than 140 people—many of them civilians. In “Apocalypse Now: Colo- nel Klein and the Legitimacy of the Kunduz Air Strike Narratives in German Television Films,” Dr. Heck examines the hotly contested question of whether Col Georg Klein’s order should be considered an act of self-defense or a war crime. The two films take a crucial position regarding the interpretation of the incident in terms of its legitimacy. The central research question of Dr. Heck’s article, the- refore, is how the Kunduz air strike is audiovisually constructed and narrated in these two productions. He maintains that docudramas are important sources for international relations research for three reasons: (1) television productions reach millions of people and tremendously affect public discourses on the legitimacy of military action, especially in cases in which knowledge is incomplete, limited, or even contested; (2) documentary films in general and docudramas in particular can 3 contribute to the collective memory by rendering audiovisual narratives and inter- pretations of the represented military operations; and (3) docudramas deconstruct reality by assembling fictional and nonfictional elements. As such, they are aesthetic artifacts
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