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The Conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Colonial Chile

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The Conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Colonial Chile The Conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Colonial Chile (1545-1787) Stefan Eim An der Philosophischen Fakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg eingereichte Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde Heidelberg, June 2010 Acknowledgements This study is based on two research trips to Chile, the first from December 2005 to July 2006 and the second from May 2008 to August 2008. I would like to take this opportunity and thank everyone who supported my work in Chile and Germany. Starting with Germany, I express my deepest gratitude to my teachers and supervisors Prof. Dr. Gregor Ahn and Prof. Dr. Peter McLaughlin for having actively and constantly supported this project throughout the various stages of its development. Furthermore, I would especially like to thank Antje Constantinescu for her profundity in Italian, Jürgen Kaufmann for providing me with thoughtful comments on the theoretical part of this study and Michaela Oswald for patiently reading over large parts of the manuscript. I would also like to thank the participants of the “Arbeitskreis Theorie und Methode” of the “Deutsche Vereinigung für Religions- wissenschaft”, which met in Mainz in April 2009 to discuss postcolonial approaches to religious studies. Here I am especially indebted to Prof. Dr. Edith Franke, Prof. Dr. Morny Joy and Prof. Dr. Gritt Klinkhammer, whose insightful lectures and discussions were a great inspiration for the theoretical part of this study. My personal thanks go to my friends and family and here especially, to my wife, who always believed in and strongly supported this project: Without her, the study would not have been accomplished. Turning to Chile, I am especially indebted to Alejandro Herrera and Rodrigo Contreras and the whole staff of the “Instituto de Estudios Indìgenas” (Temuco), who supported the study from its very beginning. Furthermore, I thank Sylvia Galindo and Ximena Zedán of the unique “Centro de Documentación Indìgena” (Temuco), who were of great help especially during the initial launching phasis of the study. For taking the time for personal talks and discussions I would like to thank: Dr. Hugo Carrasco, Dr. Teresa Durán, Dr. Rolf Foerster, Dr. Jorge Pinto and Dr. Daniel Quilaqueo. For the collegial correspondence I am indebted to: Dr. Ana Mariella Bacigalupo, José Bengoa, Dr. Helmut Schindler and Dr. Jorge Vergara. Moreover, I thank for their support Dr. Walter Eckel and the staff of the “Heidelberg Center” (Santiago), the knowledgeable staff at the “Archivo Nacional” (Santiago) and Father Rigoberto of the “Archivo de la Orden Franciscana” (Santiago). I am grateful to the staff at the “Sala Medina” of the “Biblioteca Nacional” (Santiago), who walked many long ways for my microfiches. My very special thanks go to the chief librarian of the “Salón de los Investigadores” in the “Biblioteca Nacional”, Liliane Montesinos, who made the access to the rarest documents possible. Not least at all, I would like to acknowledge the support of the friends Patricio Coliqueo, Javier and Silvia Delgado, as well as the hospitable Villablanca family. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... 1 A Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4 B Context and theory ............................................................................................................ 14 1. Europeans and others: Tendencies in the colonial Mapuche Spanish encounter .......... 15 2. The postcolonial frame .................................................................................................. 30 2.1 Postcolonialism, Orientalism and colonial discourse analysis ............................... 30 2.2 Towards a postcolonial religious studies ................................................................ 38 3. Towards a colonial discourse analysis of Mapuche Religion ....................................... 49 3.1 Foucault‟s four principles of discourse analysis .................................................... 49 3.2 Defining discourse and discourse analysis ............................................................. 53 3.3 Analysing Mapuche Religion as a colonial discourse ............................................ 55 3.4 Second thoughts on authors, audiences and texts ................................................... 60 C The conceptualisation of Chilean Mapuche Religion ....................................................... 66 4. Alonso de Ercilla‟s La Araucana and its aftermath ...................................................... 67 4.1 Ercilla and the Mapuche Spanish Conflict ............................................................. 67 4.2 Ercilla‟s conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion................................................... 72 4.3 La Araucana tamed: Pedro de Oña and Arias de Saavedra .................................... 83 4.3.1 The conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Oña‟s Arauco domado ...... 83 4.3.2 The conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Arias‟ Purén indómito ....... 88 5. Towards and beyond Defensive War: Luis de Valdivia and Alonso de Ovalle ............ 91 5.1 Valdivia and Defensive War in Chile ..................................................................... 91 5.2 The conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Valdivia‟s Arte and Sermón ...... 100 5.3 Ovalle and the divine miracles of the conquista ................................................... 110 5.4 Ovalle‟s conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in the Historica relacion ........ 112 6. Dutch sailors and a German botanist: Georg Markgraf and his epigones ................... 119 6.1 The Brouwer expedition to Chile ......................................................................... 119 6.2 Markgraf‟s Historia .............................................................................................. 121 6.2.1 A botanist‟s view on Mapuche culture ....................................................... 121 6.2.2 Markgraf‟s conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion .................................. 123 6.3 Caspar van Baerle‟s Rerum and Caspar Schmalkalden‟s Wundersame Reisen ... 127 7. Changing perspectives: Rosales‟ Historia and Bascuñan‟s Cautiverio ...................... 131 7.1 Diego de Rosales on (un)just war ......................................................................... 131 7.2 Rosales‟ conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion ................................................ 135 7.3 Francisco Nuñez de Pineda y Bascuñan, the happy captive ................................. 147 7.4 Bascuñan‟s conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in the Cautiverio ................ 150 2 8. Miguel de Olivares and the Jesuit legacy to Chile ...................................................... 156 8.1 The expulsion of the Jesuits ................................................................................. 156 8.2 Olivares‟ conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion ............................................... 157 8.3 The hour of the Franciscans ................................................................................. 168 8.4 Espiñeira‟s and Sors‟ conceptualisations of Mapuche Religion .......................... 169 9. Two Jesuits in exile: Andrés Febrés and Bernhard Havestadt .................................... 174 9.1 Mapudùngun for beginners................................................................................... 174 9.2 Febrés‟ conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in the Arte ................................ 175 9.3 Havestadt‟s conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in the Chilidúgú ................ 183 10. Reintroducing Mapuche Religion to the world: Juan Ignacio Molina ...................... 188 10.1 The „last‟ of the Jesuits ....................................................................................... 188 10.2 Molina‟s conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion .............................................. 191 11. The discourse beyond Molina ................................................................................... 202 D Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 205 E Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 227 Primary sources ............................................................................................................... 228 Secondary sources ........................................................................................................... 240 F Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 262 Appendix 1: Chronological list of authors and texts in the Mapuche Religion discourse, 1545 to 1787. ........................................................................................................................ i Appendix 2: Main traits of conceptualisation in the strand of discourse Mapuche supernatural beings. ............................................................................................................. v Appendix 3: Main traits of conceptualisation in the strand of discourse Mapuche religious specialists. ........................................................................................................... vi Appendix 4: Main traits of conceptualisation in the strand of
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