STUDIA HISTORIAE OECONOMICAE UAM Vol. 35 Poznań 2017 zhg.amu.edu.pl/sho Stanisław J a n k o w i a k (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań) THE “GRYFICE SCANDAL” IN POZNAŃ — DEALING WITH ABUSES COMMITTED IN THE PROCESS OF ESTABLISHING COOPERATIVE FARMS IN THE POZNAŃ REGION Several years after the war, a revolution started in the Polish agriculture — even though until 1948, the authorities claimed that farms in Poland would not be collectivized. The new stage meant that things accelerated quickly. Central party authorities determined the number of cooperatives to be es- tablished per year in a top-down manner. The Poznań region was considered particularly opposed to the system, hence the pressure to establish cooperative farms was particularly intense. The quick pace of the operation and accountability of the party officials for its results meant that they often re- sorted to prohibited methods of forcing resistant individuals to enter into cooperatives. Though par- ty guidelines emphasized that the process was voluntary, and formally banned any form of pressure, various forms of power abuse were tolerated in practice. Only when the situation rapidly escalated into scandals, the authorities stigmatized the illegal methods. However, after a while, the situation returned to normal, and the anomalies reoccurred. The problem was that the principles of the oper- ation were flawed. One of the party activists claimed that establishing cooperatives according to the guidelines would have taken 200 years to complete. Farmers had to be coerced, otherwise they would never have joined cooperatives. Most cooperative farms established this way collapsed in 1956. Key words: cooperative farms, kolkhozes, repressions in the countryside, Stalinism doi:10.1515/sho-2017-0005 INTRODUCTION Right after the war, the authorities promoted a policy of equal treat- ment of all sectors in the countryside, and tried to persuade farmers that individual agricultural holdings were to be an everlasting element of the rural reality. However, the defeat of the political opposition in the 1947 election, combined with the changes in international politics, allowed the authorities to launch more offensive actions. As early as April 1947, the di- 62 Stanisław Jankowiak vision of the economy into three sectors came under heavy attack on the part of the political leaders of the time1. Final decisions concerning the di- rection of changes affecting rural areas in socialist states were made dur- ing the Information Bureau conference in Bucharest in June 1948. This is when the systemic reformation of the countryside was identified as the main objective. Small and medium holdings were meant to be combined into cooperative farms and large holdings (belonging to affluent “kulaks”) were meant to disappear. These guidelines evolved into an ideological declaration of the Polish United Worker’s Party (PUWP), which empha- sized that providing prosperity to farmers was only possible through col- lective economy in the form of cooperative farms2. The transition to the construction of the “foundations of socialism” had to involve a radical change in the policy towards the Polish countryside. A fundamental ob- jective was the establishment of cooperatives and the simultaneous elim- ination of “kulaks”. This was meant to lead to major changes in the prop- erty profile in the countryside. This is when “major efforts were made to make the working class aware of their leading role on the path to the so- cialist reconstruction of the countryside, to make the masses of poor and medium farmers more active, and liberate them from the hostile influence of the class of rural capitalists”3. Party committees at all levels were burdened with the task of establish- ing cooperatives. The problem was often discussed during the meetings of regional authorities, and was by no means simple. It must be noted that various unfavorable circumstances overlapped in the process. The basic is- sue was the pace of the transformation. Additionally, the people involved in the process had no prior experience, and only completed short trainings which could not compensate for these shortcomings. Finally, central au- thorities held the regional committees accountable for the number of es- tablished cooperatives. The combination of all these factors meant that the process of collectivization could not go without aberrations. Difficulties 1 Shorthand report of the plenary session of the PUWP Central Committee, April 13–14, 1947 [in] Archiwum Ruchu Robotniczego [Archive of the Workers’ Movement], vol. 7, Warsaw, 1982, p. 290 2 Ideological declaration of the PUWP, “Nowe Drogi” [New ways], 1949, no. 1, p. 16 3 “On the current tasks of the Party in the countryside”. From the resolution of the Organizational Bureau of the PUWP Central Committee, May 1949, [in] O budownictwie partyjnym. Uchwały Komitetu Centralnego Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej 1949-1953 [On the Party construction industry. Resolutions of the Polish United Worker’s Party Central Committee 1949–1953], Warsaw, 1954, p. 141. The “Gryfice Scandal” in Poznań 63 piled up particularly in Greater Poland. The authorities had poor grasp of the mentality of farmers in Greater Poland, who had focused for ages on protecting their property. The authorities assumed that resistance to- wards cooperatives was a sign of poor political awareness of farmers in the Poznań region. The Poznań countryside is conservative, influenced by reactionary movements, easily affected by word-of-mouth propaganda spread by kulaks and clergy. [...] The greatest difficulties in any kind of activity, and specifically in the development of cooperative farms, lay in the absence of class struggle in the countryside and in the solidarity be- tween small and medium farmers with kulaks and affluent farmers4. In these conditions, declarations concerning the voluntary nature of cooperatives did not sound convincing. Furthermore, in the system, deci- sions concerning the number of cooperatives to be established in Greater Poland were made at the central level, while the Regional Committee was only responsible for implementing the task. Of course, the responsible of- ficials delegated the tasks to still lower ranking activists, who made as lit- tle effort as possible. As early as 1948, eighty villages were selected where cooperatives were to be established. The selection was made “in the of- fice” rather than “in the field”, and therefore the results were foreseeably poor. According to the report: “The County Committee selected the villag- es, but nobody wants to join the cooperatives”. It was also added that the selected villages were perfect for establishing cooperatives, the only prob- lem being that farmers did not want to comply5. A solution was quickly found — the Citizens’ Militia, Security Office and courts became involved. The attitude of field activists to the “freedom” of collectivization was best expressed by an activist from Rawicz who said that: he knew the resolution of the Political Bureau, but did not agree, because if he were to establish cooperatives according to the resolution, “it would take 300 years or more to build socialism in the countryside. I have been working here for 16 years and I know farmers well [...] and if you do not force them, there will be no cooperatives. I sum- moned farmers for 10 days, every day from dusk till dawn, and we have results — some of them signed the statute of the cooperative farm”6. 4 National Archive in Poznań, Domestic Affairs Office, sign. 77, Situational report for the 2nd quarter of 1950. 5 The Archive of New Files in Warsaw, PUWP Central Committee, sign. 237/VII- 1792, Report of the PUWP Regional Committee in Poznań for the period from March 15 to April 15, 1949. 6 National Archive in Poznań, PUWP Regional Committee, sign. 264, Minutes of the meeting of the PUWP Regional Committee Executive Body on January 31, 1951, see: 64 Stanisław Jankowiak From the very beginning of the process, the Central Committee (fol- lowed by the Regional Committees) suffered from a peculiar form of meg- alomania. First “successes” led to plans for intensifying efforts in this area. From March until the end of 1949, 32 cooperatives were established in the Poznań region, and by the end of 1950 — another 251. This made region- al authorities hungry for more. During a plenary session of the Regional Committee, it was optimistically assumed that: nowadays in our region there is no village and no house where cooperative farms would not be discussed and debated. There is no village where the masses of poor and medium farmers would not struggle with kulaks and those small and medium farmers who, intoxicated by the kulaks’ reactionary propaganda, do not understand the eco- nomic and political significance of cooperative farms7. In December 1951, a plan was adopted to create 255 new cooperatives in the period from December 15, 1950 until April 1, 1951, so that the to- tal number would exceed 500 in April 1951. Only one of the activists was critical of this optimistic plan. He emphasized that establishing cooper- atives was a matter of political and organizational planning, rather than just setting target figures. When planning the development of coopera- tives, County Committees should avoid mechanical planning and chas- ing after figures. “[...] cooperatives should be established from the bot- tom up, as a result of the effort of the village, as a result of class struggle against kulaks”8. He suggested a review of the plan, which was approved by the executive body of the Regional Committee. This was significant, as until June 1, 1950, only 73 cooperative farms were established in the Poznań region, so the actual pace was in sharp contrast with the ambitious plans. “Activation” in the second half of the year produced the desired ef- fect, as in this period, 154 cooperatives were established, and it happened a month ahead of the plan. On December 1, 1950 there were 227 cooper- atives in the region.