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Generic and Subtribal Relationships in Neotropical Cymbidieae (Orchidaceae) Based on Matk/Ycf1 Plastid Data
LANKESTERIANA 13(3): 375—392. 2014. I N V I T E D P A P E R* GENERIC AND SUBTRIBAL RELATIONSHIPS IN NEOTROPICAL CYMBIDIEAE (ORCHIDACEAE) BASED ON MATK/YCF1 PLASTID DATA W. MARK WHITTEN1,2, KURT M. NEUBIG1 & N. H. WILLIAMS1 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-7800 USA 2Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Relationships among all subtribes of Neotropical Cymbidieae (Orchidaceae) were estimated using combined matK/ycf1 plastid sequence data for 289 taxa. The matrix was analyzed using RAxML. Bootstrap (BS) analyses yield 100% BS support for all subtribes except Stanhopeinae (87%). Generic relationships within subtribes are highly resolved and are generally congruent with those presented in previous studies and as summarized in Genera Orchidacearum. Relationships among subtribes are largely unresolved. The Szlachetko generic classification of Maxillariinae is not supported. A new combination is made for Maxillaria cacaoensis J.T.Atwood in Camaridium. KEY WORDS: Orchidaceae, Cymbidieae, Maxillariinae, matK, ycf1, phylogenetics, Camaridium, Maxillaria cacaoensis, Vargasiella Cymbidieae include many of the showiest align nrITS sequences across the entire tribe was Neotropical epiphytic orchids and an unparalleled unrealistic due to high levels of sequence divergence, diversity in floral rewards and pollination systems. and instead to concentrate our efforts on assembling Many researchers have posed questions such as a larger plastid data set based on two regions (matK “How many times and when has male euglossine and ycf1) that are among the most variable plastid bee pollination evolved?”(Ramírez et al. 2011), or exon regions and can be aligned with minimal “How many times have oil-reward flowers evolved?” ambiguity across broad taxonomic spans. -
The Atlanta Orchid Society Bulletin
The Atlanta Orchid Society Bulletin Affiliated with the American Orchid Society, the Orchid Digest Corporation and the Mid-America Orchid Congress 2001 Recipient of the American Orchid Society’s Distinguished Affiliated Societies Service Award Newsletter Editor: Danny Lentz Society Librarian: Elaine Jacobson Volume 45: Number 7 www.altantaorchidsociety.org July 2004 JULY EVENTS The Meeting: 8:00 PM Monday, July 12, 2004, Atlanta Botanical Garden - Day Hall Mr. Mark Rose, Breckinridge Orchids Mark Rose, the owner of Breckinridge Orchids in North Carolina, will present a wonderful slide show on species Paphiopedilums and will talk about their culture. Mark is well known for his work in Paphs and Phalaenopsis; and, since he grows in a climate similar to Atlanta, he should have a lot of useful information that Atlanta members can apply. He will be bringing plants for sale. You can order plants by phone at 336-656-7991. His website does not appear to be working (www.breckinridgeorchids.com). The cutoff date for preorders is July 8. Inside This Issue Atlanta Orchid Society 2004 Officers…………………………………………..….…………… Page 2 Collector’s Item……Encyclia cordigera (H.B.K.) Dressler……Ron McHatton…..………... Page 2 Events Out and About………………Dates for your Calendar…………...……….…….……… Page 3 Minutes of the June Meeting ………………..….…….…...……….………….…………….… Page 3 The June Exhibition Table (with notes by Ron McHatton)….………………………………..... Page 4 Recent AOS Awards from the Atlanta Judging Center…………………………………………. Page 7 American Cattleyas – book info……………………………………………………………….. Page 9 Second Quarter Exhibition Table Results, Notices……………………………………….……. Page 10 Understanding pH Management and Plant Nutrition part 4 : Substrates…….Bill Argo …….... After Page 10 All contents © Atlanta Orchid Society unless otherwise noted. -
Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London
I 3 2044 105 172"381 : JOURNAL OF THE llopl lortimltoal fbck EDITED BY Key. GEORGE HEXSLOW, ALA., E.L.S., F.G.S. rtanical Demonstrator, and Secretary to the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. VOLUME VI Gray Herbarium Harvard University LOXD N II. WEEDE & Co., PRINTERS, BEOMPTON. ' 1 8 8 0. HARVARD UNIVERSITY HERBARIUM. THE GIFT 0F f 4a Ziiau7- m 3 2044 i"05 172 38" J O U E N A L OF THE EDITED BY Eev. GEOEGE HENSLOW, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. Botanical Demonstrator, and Secretary to the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society. YOLUME "VI. LONDON: H. WEEDE & Co., PRINTERS, BROMPTON, 1 8 80, OOUITOIL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 8 8 0. Patron. HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN. President. The Eight Honourable Lord Aberdare. Vice- Presidents. Lord Alfred S. Churchill. Arthur Grote, Esq., F.L.S. Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bt., M.P. H. J". Elwes, Esq. Treasurer. Henry "W ebb, Esq., Secretary. Eobert Hogg, Esq., LL.D., F.L.S. Members of Council. G. T. Clarke, Esq. W. Haughton, Esq. Colonel R. Tretor Clarke. Major F. Mason. The Rev. H. Harpur Crewe. Sir Henry Scudamore J. Denny, Esq., M.D. Stanhope, Bart. Sir Charles "W. Strickland, Bart. Auditors. R. A. Aspinall, Esq. John Lee, Esq. James F. West, Esq. Assistant Secretary. Samuel Jennings, Esq., F.L S. Chief Clerk J. Douglas Dick. Bankers. London and County Bank, High Street, Kensington, W. Garden Superintendent. A. F. Barron. iv ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE, 1880. Chairman. Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, K.C.S.I., M.D., C.B.,F.R.S., V.P.L.S., Royal Gardens, Kew. -
Estudio De Factibilidad De Exportación De Orquídeas Ecuatorianas Utilizando La Estrategia B2c”
UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS MAESTRÍA EN NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES CON MENCION EN COMERCIO EXTERIOR TESIS PRESENTADA PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES CON MENCIÓN EN COMERCIO EXTERIOR “ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE EXPORTACIÓN DE ORQUÍDEAS ECUATORIANAS UTILIZANDO LA ESTRATEGIA B2C” ELABORADOR POR: TANIA PALACIOS SARMIENTO TUTOR DE TESIS: ING. MARIO VASQUEZ J. GUAYAQUIL – ECUADOR DICIEMBRE - 2015 1 DERECHOS DE AUTORÍA POR MEDIO DE LA PRESENTE CERTIFICO QUE LOS CONTENIDOS DESARROLLADOS EN ESTA TESIS SON DE ABSOLUTA PROPIEDAD Y RESPONSABILIDAD DE TANIA PALACIOS S. CON C.C. No. 0917542672, CUYO TEMA ES: “ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE EXPORTACIÓN DE ORQUÍDEAS ECUATORIANAS UTILIZANDO LA ESTRATEGIA B2C” TANIA PALACIOS S. C.C. No. 0917542672 GUAYAQUIL, DICIEMBRE DE 2015. 2 CERTIFICACIÓN DEL TUTOR ING. COM. MARIO VASQUEZ JIMENEZ, TUTOR DE LA TESIS PARA GRADO DENOMINADA: “ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE EXPORTACIÓN DE ORQUÍDEAS ECUATORIANAS UTILIZANDO LA ESTRATEGIA B2C” COMO REQUISITO PARA OPTAR POR EL TÍTULO DE MAGISTER EN NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES POR LA EGRESADA: TANIA PALACIOS S. C.C. No. 0917542672 CERTIFICA QUE: SE HA DESARROLLADO, REVISADO Y APROBADO EN TODAS SUS PARTES, POR CONSIGUIENTE SE ENCUENTRA APTA PARA SU TRÁMITE DE SUSTENTACIÓN. ______________________________________ Ing. Com. Mario Vásquez Jiménez TUTOR DE TESIS 3 AGRADECIMIENTO TANIA PALACIOS Agradezco a mi amiga Viviana Medina, mi compañera y amiga de estudios del pregrado en la ESPOL, ya que gracias a su intensa insistencia y tortura diaria me ayudó a encender motores para terminar este gran reto; el mismo que ha sido a base de mucho sacrificio. Y también agradezco a mi Dios, ya que me ha concedido vida y gracias a su voluntad puedo terminar este sueño que creí no lograrlo. -
ORQUÍDEAS DE CUNDINAMARCA: CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO SOSTENIBLE Conservación Orquídeas De
ISBN: 978-958-5418-30-1 ISBN: ORQUÍDEAS DE CUNDINAMARCA CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO SOSTENIBLE : CONSERVACIÓN ORQUÍDEAS DE CUNDINAMARCA Y APROVECHAMIENTO SOSTENIBLE ORQUÍDEAS DE CUNDINAMARCA CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO SOSTENIBLE Citación de obra completa sugerida: Castellanos-Castro, C. y Torres-Morales, G. 2018. Orquídeas de Cundinamarca: conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible. Insti- tuto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Jardín Botánico de Bogotá ORQUÍDEAS DE “José Celestino Mutis”, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria Corpoica, Gobernación de Cundinamarca. Bogotá CUNDINAMARCA D.C., Colombia. 328 p. Citación de capítulo sugerida: conservaciÓN Y Ibarra, J., Rincón-Useche, C., Rincón, A., Cely, N. y Rojas, C. 2018. Aprovechamiento comercial de orquídeas: Contexto socioeconó- APROVECHAMIENTO mico en San Antonio del Tequendama y Fusagasugá. En: Castellanos-Castro, C. y Torres-Morales, G. Orquídeas de Cundinamarca: SOSTENIBLE conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible (92 - 125 pp.) Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Hum- boldt, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Jardín Botánico de Bogotá “José Celestino Mutis”, Corporación Colombiana de Investiga- ción Agropecuaria Corpoica, Gobernación de Cundinamarca. Bogotá D.C., Colombia. SISTEMA GENERAL DE REGALÍAS Fondo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación GOBERNACIÓN DE CUNDINAMARCA Orquídeas de Cundinamarca: conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible / editado por Carolina Castellanos-Castro -
Diversidad De Orquídeas En Áreas Silvestres Y De Uso Antrópico De La Región Del Tequendama, Cordillera Oriental De Colombia
DIVERSIDAD DE ORQUÍDEAS EN ÁREAS SILVESTRES Y DE USO ANTRÓPICO DE LA REGIÓN DEL TEQUENDAMA, CORDILLERA ORIENTAL DE COLOMBIA MARGARITA MARÍA LÓPEZ ARDILA PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS AMBIENTALES Y RURALES CARRERA DE ECOLOGÍA BOGOTÁ, D.C. 2018 DIVERSIDAD DE ORQUÍDEAS EN ÁREAS SILVESTRES Y DE USO ANTRÓPICO DE LA REGIÓN DEL TEQUENDAMA, CORDILLERA ORIENTAL DE COLOMBIA Presentado por: MARGARITA MARÍA LÓPEZ ARDILA Trabajo de grado como requisito para optar el título profesional de Ecóloga Director JUAN CAMILO ORDÓÑEZ BLANCO Codirector MARÍA ÁNGELA ECHEVERRY GALVIS PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS AMBIENTALES Y RURALES PROGRAMA DE ECOLOGÍA BOGOTÁ, D.C. 2018 2 Agradecimientos Un agradecimiento especial a mi Familia, a Juan Camilo Ordoñez desde el Jardín Botánico por su guianza, a Nicolás López en la parte estadística, a María Ángela Echeverry por el acompañamiento, a Carlos Andrés Arias por los recorridos dentro de la Reserva, a Lina Pedraza por abrirnos las puertas, al grupo de Colecciones Vivas del Jardín Botánico, a Carlos Rene López en la parte de SIG y al profe Gustavo Morales, Finalmente a los especialistas Elizabeth Santiago, Luis Baquero y Stig Dalstrom por su colaboración en la identificación de algunas especies. 3 Contenido 1. Introducción ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Descripción del tema y problema de investigación ................................................................ 8 1.2 -
Floristic Composition of a Neotropical Inselberg from Espírito Santo State, Brazil: an Important Area for Conservation
13 1 2043 the journal of biodiversity data 11 February 2017 Check List LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 13(1): 2043, 11 February 2017 doi: https://doi.org/10.15560/13.1.2043 ISSN 1809-127X © 2017 Check List and Authors Floristic composition of a Neotropical inselberg from Espírito Santo state, Brazil: an important area for conservation Dayvid Rodrigues Couto1, 6, Talitha Mayumi Francisco2, Vitor da Cunha Manhães1, Henrique Machado Dias4 & Miriam Cristina Alvarez Pereira5 1 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Quinta da Boa Vista, CEP 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 2 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, CEP 29013-600, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil 4 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA/UFES), Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciências Florestais e da Madeira, Av. Governador Lindemberg, 316, CEP 28550-000, Jerônimo Monteiro, ES, Brazil 5 Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (CCA/UFES), Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Alto Guararema, s/no, CEP 29500-000, Alegre, ES, Brazil 6 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Our study on granitic and gneissic rock outcrops environmental filters (e.g., total or partial absence of soil, on Pedra dos Pontões in Espírito Santo state contributes to low water retention, nutrient scarcity, difficulty in affixing the knowledge of the vascular flora of inselbergs in south- roots, exposure to wind and heat) that allow these areas eastern Brazil. We registered 211 species distributed among to support a highly specialized flora with sometimes high 51 families and 130 genera. -
Redalyc.LISTADO DE ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA ORCHIDACEAE PARA
Lankesteriana International Journal on Orchidology ISSN: 1409-3871 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Leopardi, Carlos; Cumana, Luis J. LISTADO DE ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA ORCHIDACEAE PARA EL ESTADO SUCRE, VENEZUELA Lankesteriana International Journal on Orchidology, vol. 8, núm. 3, diciembre, 2008, pp. 93-103 Universidad de Costa Rica Cartago, Costa Rica Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44339817003 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto LANKESTERIANA 8(1): 93-103. 2008. LISTADO DE ESPECIES DE LA FAMILIA ORCHIDACEAE PARA EL ESTADO SUCRE, VENEZUELA CARLOS LEOPARDI1,2 & LUIS J. CUMANA1 1Herbario Isidro Ramón Bermúdez Romero, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Oriente, Núcleo de Sucre, Cumaná, Sucre, 6101 Apdo. 245, Venezuela. 2Autor para correspondencia: [email protected] RESUMEN. La familia Orchidaceae es uno de los grupos de Magnoliophyta de mayor distribución a nivel mundial, ocupan una amplia gama de nichos, desde el medio terrestre hasta las copas de los árboles (epífitas). Históricamente esta familia ha recibido mucha atención dada la belleza de las flores de algunos de sus miembros, lo que ha llevado con el tiempo a buscar el conocimiento, entre otras cosas, sobre su distribución; por lo que han aparecido listas de especies para varios lugares de América y el mundo. En Venezuela, exceptuando los tratamientos que a nivel general se ha dado a la familia, son escasos los estudios a nivel local y en particular en la cordillera de la costa; razón por la que en este trabajo se presenta una lista actualizada de las especies de Orchidaceae conocidas hasta el presente en la flora del estado Sucre. -
Introduction to the Phylogenetic Analysis of Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav
BRC Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 3-4: 200-204, 2006 www.brc.amu.edu.pl Introduction to the phylogenetic analysis of Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. (Maxillariinae, Orchidaceae) Magdalena Sitko, Piotr Tuka≥≥o & Marcin GÛrniak Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of GdaÒsk, Al.†LegionÛw†9, 80-441 GdaÒsk, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. is the largest genus of the subtribe Maxillariinae Lindl. (Orchidaceae) and also one of largest genera within the subfamily Vandoideae Endl. Maxillaria contains mainly tropical and subtropical orchids. It is a highly disorderly genus because of the great number of species as well as a multitude of features occurring in many combinations. Both the number of species assigned to this genus, and the infrageneric classifications of Maxillaria, are not clearly resolved yet. In this paper, a phylogenetic study based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences is presented. The results show the monophyletic character of the subtribe Maxillariinae and the paraphyletic character of Maxillaria. Key words: Orchidaceae, Maxillariinae, Maxillaria, ITS, taxonomy, phylogenetic relationship 1. Introduction The significant unification of flower structures can be observed as well as a very high variability of the vegeta- The subtribe Maxillariinae comprises taxa widely tive characters, such as: plant size and type, model of distributed within the area of tropical America, with growth, leaf number and type, and inflorescence type. most of them clustered in the genus Maxillaria Ruiz & It must be noted that such a great morphological Pav. sensu Dressler. Maxillarias range from south variability can be due to adaptation to local habitats, Florida and Mexico, throughout Central America, to and the unification of the flower structures may result Argentina, with the highest diversity in the Andean from convergence as an effect of adaptation to a similar region. -
Redalyc.DNA Barcode Regions for Differentiating Cattleya Walkeriana and C. Loddigesii
Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences ISSN: 1679-9283 [email protected] Universidade Estadual de Maringá Brasil Rivera-Jiménez, Hernando; Rossini, Bruno César; Vagner Tambarussi, Evandro; Veasey, Elizabeth Ann; Ibanes, Bruna; Marino, Celso Luis DNA barcode regions for differentiating Cattleya walkeriana and C. loddigesii Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, vol. 39, núm. 1, enero-marzo, 2017, pp. 45-52 Universidade Estadual de Maringá Maringá, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=187150588007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Acta Scientiarum http://www.uem.br/acta ISSN printed: 1679-9283 ISSN on-line: 1807-863X Doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v39i1.33024 DNA barcode regions for differentiating Cattleya walkeriana and C. loddigesii Hernando Rivera-Jiménez1, Bruno César Rossini1,2, Evandro Vagner Tambarussi3,4*, Elizabeth Ann Veasey5, Bruna Ibanes5 and Celso Luis Marino1 1Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. 2Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 3Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, PR-153, Km 7, 84500-000, Irati, Paraná, Brazil. 4Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, 18610-307, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. 5Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]. ABSTRACT. Growers appreciate Cattleya walkeriana and C. loddigesii due to striking shape and rarity. -
Do Orchids Grow in Hawaii? and How!
Do Orchids Grow in Hawaii? And How! SYNOPSIS This is an historical sketch of the Saga of Orchids in Hawaii. The sequence of events from the incidental introduction of species by the Agriculturists for the Sugar Industry; to their efforts in propagation and culture, hybridizing and germination; to the development of personal nurseries to commercial ranges; and ultimately to the creation of a viable orchid industry, re cognized world wide; to the natural formation of orchid societies staging of orchid shows; and finally to the introduction of a system of orchid judging , should bring interesting reading to orchidists, amateur and professional alike. In fact, this could serve as a reference syllabus to keep. DO ORCHIDS GROW IM HAWAII? AMD HOW i Compiled and Edited by Dr. T. David Woo and Wallace K. Nakamoto Published under the auspices of The Hawaii Orchid Foundation for the American Orchid Society, Inc. Hawaii Regional Judging Center 1990 i TABLE OF CONTE NTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... i PREFACE........................................................................................................ vii PART I. INTRODUCTION OF ORCHIDS TO HAWAII.............................................. 1 The History of Orchids in Hawaii by Dr. T. David Woo ................................................................... 3 Development of Floriculture in Hawaii by J. H. Beaumont ................................................ 10 A Short History of Orchids in Hawaii by Loraine -
E29695d2fc942b3642b5dc68ca
ISSN 1409-3871 VOL. 9, No. 1—2 AUGUST 2009 Orchids and orchidology in Central America: 500 years of history CARLOS OSSENBACH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ORCHIDOLOGY LANKESTERIANA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON ORCHIDOLOGY Copyright © 2009 Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica Effective publication date: August 30, 2009 Layout: Jardín Botánico Lankester. Cover: Chichiltic tepetlauxochitl (Laelia speciosa), from Francisco Hernández, Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus, Rome, Jacobus Mascardus, 1628. Printer: Litografía Ediciones Sanabria S.A. Printed copies: 500 Printed in Costa Rica / Impreso en Costa Rica R Lankesteriana / International Journal on Orchidology No. 1 (2001)-- . -- San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, 2001-- v. ISSN-1409-3871 1. Botánica - Publicaciones periódicas, 2. Publicaciones periódicas costarricenses LANKESTERIANA i TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Geographical and historical scope of this study 1 Political history of Central America 3 Central America: biodiversity and phytogeography 7 Orchids in the prehispanic period 10 The area of influence of the Chibcha culture 10 The northern region of Central America before the Spanish conquest 11 Orchids in the cultures of Mayas and Aztecs 15 The history of Vanilla 16 From the Codex Badianus to Carl von Linné 26 The Codex Badianus 26 The expedition of Francisco Hernández to New Spain (1570-1577) 26 A new dark age 28 The “English American” — the journey through Mexico and Central America of Thomas Gage (1625-1637) 31 The renaissance of science