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Index 253

t Index

Aathi hamizhar Peravai (ATP), 121 Bajaj Auto, 58–60, 123 AGC Automotive, 50 export share, 58–59 All-India Central Council of Trade Unions factories, 58 (AICCTU), 119 industrial conlict at, 124 All-India Trade Union Congress motorcycle and three-wheeler (AITUC), 114, 165 production volume, 59 American automotive OEMs, 18 regular workforce, 58 apprentices, 218 suppliers, 60 Apprenticeship Act, 101 Bellsonica, 45 Asahi India, 45 BharatBenz, 55, 57, 119 Ashok Leyland, 57 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 165 Ashutosh Rubber, 53 Bharatiya Kamdar Ekta Sangh (BKES), Asia, auto-producing regions in, 37 128 auto assembly manufacturing, 9 Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS), 165 auto-based global value chains, 15 Bharat Seats, 45 Automotive Components Manufacturers Bhargava, R.C., 197 Association of India (ACMA), 137 Bidi Workers Welfare Cess Act 1976, 100 automotive global production networks, BMW, 119 17–23 passenger cars and Sports Utility automotive manufacturers in NCR, Vehicles (SUVs), 1 149–158 Bosch India, 16, 69 average proportion of contract labour, BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) 155–156 economies, auto manufacturing in, 10 female labour force participation, 156 Building and Other Construction Workers’ hiring and employment relations Welfare Cess Act 1996, 100 practices, 151 buyer-driven commodity chain, 12–13 wage rates, 156–158 Automotive Mission Plan 2006- 2016 Caparo Engineering India, 123 (AMP-1), 96 Caparo Maruti, 45–46 Automotive Mission Plan 2016-2026 captive governance, 13 (AMP-2), 96–97, 197 casual labour system, 32 Automotive Mission Plans, 34 casual workers, 215–216 Auto Sector Skill Development Council, 97 Central Trade Union Organisations auto workers, 34 (CTUOs), 114, 116, 165–166 data collection (ield research and Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), interviews), 137–139 114, 165

254 Index

Chakan Special Economic Zone (C-SEZ), Criminal Procedure Code 1973, 117 39–41, 57–67, 134, 198, 226 day labouring, 28 Bajaj Auto, 58–60 de facto informal work, 29 employment relations in, 119–123 Delhi FCA India Automobiles Private female labour force participation, 143 Limited (Fiat India), 64–67 historical structure of manufacturing Mahindra and Mahindra Limited, in, 141 60–61 informal enterprises across, 143 Mercedes Benz India (MBI), 67 Okhla Industrial Estate, 142 Piaggio, 60 proportion of inter-regional migrants SAIC Motor, 63–64 living in, 141 Skoda Auto India Private Limited shift of migrating rural families, 143 (SAIPL), 63–64 slum clearance initiatives, 143 Volkswagen India, 62–63 Denso, 46–47 Chakan-Special Economiz Zone Denso India, 45 (C-SEZ), 10 Dev, Awanish Kumar, 3 Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA), domestic OEMs, 9 39–41, 51, 136, 198 Dongsun Automotive, 52 BharatBenz, 55 employment relations in, 119–123 Eicher Motors, 119 Ford India Private Limited (FIPL), Eicher Motors Ltd, 56 54–55 emergent neo-liberalism, 9 Hyundai Motor India Ltd (HMIL), Employees Provident Funds Act 1952, 27, 52–53 170, 217 income disparities, 121 Employees’ State Insurance Corporation OEMs, 55–57 Act 1948, 27, 170, 217 proportion of migrant workers, 121 employment coniguration, 9, 23, 31–32, Renault-Nissan, 53–54 199, 207–210 trade unionism, 121 deinition, 26 trend towards workforce employment relations at Maruti Suzuki contractualisation, 120–121 under emergent neo-liberalism, violation of labour rights, 121 111–119 China, automotive output, 36 at its Gurugram plant, 114 Chrysler, 64 under ‘restricted openness,’ 1982-91, classes of labour, 20 107–111 Complete-Knockdown (CKD) kits, 43, 48, structure of employees’ pay and 62, 65, 67, 70, 73, 90, 125, 200, 204 conditions, 112–113 contract labour, 9, 28–29. see also regional Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS), contract labour system 112, 206 Contract Labour (Abolition and employment security, 10, 30, 32, 108, 111, Regulation) Act 1970 (CLARA), 123, 130, 132–133, 163, 190, 196, 99–102, 140, 164, 207, 212–213 206, 213 contract worker, 211–215 Endurance Technologies, 59 contract workers in India, 9, 121 extra-irm actors, 17–18 income disparities, 121 extra-irm bargaining, 18

Index 255

Factories Act 1948, 27, 30, 126, 165, 170, Global Commodity Chains (GCC), 10, 12 213, 218–219 Global Production Network (GPN), 10, FAME policy (Faster Adoption and 12, 17–23, 35–36, 42–43, 181 Manufacturing of Hybrid & in auto-manufacturing, 9, 199–202 Electric Vehicles), 97 deinition, 17 FCA India Automobiles Private Limited GPN 2.0, 17–19, 22 (Fiat India), 64–67 global-regional integration, 8 Fiat Chrysler (FCA), 63 Global Value Chains (GVC), 10, 12–17, Fiat Uno CKD kits, 65 19–20, 35, 42, 181 licensing agreement with Premier, 65 governance in, 13, 15–16 strategic partners, 66 Graziano Trasmissioni, 106 Tier-1 suppliers, 66–67 Halla Visteon, 45 Fiat India Haryana State Electronics Development industrial conlict at, 124–125 Corporation (HARTRON), 83 irst-mover coupling, 78–84, 200 Haryana State Industrial and irst-mover foreign OEMs, 8–9 Infrastructure Development FMI Automotive Components, 45 Corporation (HSIIDC), 82 Force Motors, 56, 119, 123 Haryanvi population, caste status of, 145 Ford, 15 helper, 196 Ford India Employees Union (FIEU), Hero Group, 202 122–123 Hero Honda, 95, 207 Ford India Private Limited (FIPL), 54–55, industrial action at, 129 68, 119 Hero MotoCorp, 46–49, 68, 72, 80, 83, market share, 54 129, 136, 149, 198, 200, 207 support for independent foreign assembly factories abroad, 48 suppliers, 54–55 brand and reputation, 48 Tier-1 suppliers, 54–55 conlict between the Munjals and Ford Motor Company, 94 Honda, 48–49 apprentices, 120 joint venture partner, 47 percentage of contract workers, 120 manufacturing and assembly facilities, wage rates, 120 47 foreign OEMs, 8–9, 45, 50–51, 57, 64, partnership with suppliers, 48 76–79, 81–82, 87, 89–95, 102–103, regular workforce, 48 106, 111–112, 195, 199–200 shareholders, 49 formal employment contracts, 27 two-wheeler production, output ‘form of exploitation,’ concept of a, 26 volume, 47 hierarchy-based governance, 13 Friends Industrial Complex, 172 Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), 114, 165 Gabriel India, 63 Honda General Motors (GM), 15, 40, 68, 123 cars, 49 Delphi’s relationship, 15 core suppliers, 50 SAIC Motor as a minority shareholder production network, 50–51 in, 64 Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India suppliers, 63 (HMSI), 45, 48–51, 58, 95, 150, 198 Genpact, 83 protests at, 129

256 Index

share of national two-wheeler market, role of precarious and informal work 49 in, 23–33 Honda Motorcycle and Scooter Limited social-relational explanation for conlict (HMSI), 136 in, 12 hostile industrial disputes, 2–6 sub-national territorial unit, 19 Asti case, 131–132 supply chain production and in C-SEZ and Pune district, 123–126, distribution, 39 134 turnover, 2014-15, 36 dismissal-related issues, 122 two-wheelers, production volumes in, in Gujarat, 127–128 37 in NCR, 2, 106, 116–117 Indian National Trade Union Congress in Pantnagar, 128 (INTUC), 114, 165 wages, issues related to, 123 Indian OEMs, 11, 16 workforces, issues related to, 129–132 industrial citizenship, 30 Hwashin Automotive, 52 industrial colonies of NCR, 171–174 Hyundai Motor India Anna hozhilalar Aliyar Village, 148 Sangam (HMIATS), 121 automotive manufacturers in, 149–158 Hyundai Motor India Employees Union Ballabgarh, 173 (HMIEU), 121–122 Binola, 174 Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL), Binola Village, 146, 168 119, 121–122, 200 Faridabad, 142–144, 171–172, 181–183, Hyundai Motor India Ltd (HMIL), 195, 198 52–53, 68, 70, 81, 94 Gurugram, 144–145, 173, 198 global production network, 52 Kharkara, 174 Tier-2 suppliers of, 52–53 Kharkari Village, 146–147, 165 Manesar, 174 Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI), Mujesar, 173 28, 77, 85, 87–89, 91–92, 99, 103, Industrial Disputes Act 1947, 30, 163, 219 106, 109, 203 Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) income security, 30, 32, 123, 130, 165, 192, Act 1946, 101, 115 209, 213–214, 217–218, 221–224, industrial society, 23 226 Inergy Automotive Systems, 45 Incomplete Knockdown (IKD) kits, 90, 204 informal work, 24, 27, 29 India as the global ‘destination of choice,’ 1 institutional conlict, 7, 106 Indian auto manufacturing, 1, 3, 7 inter-irm control, 18, 181 contract labour in, 28–29 inter-irm coordination, 18 employment conigurations in, 31 inter-irm partnership, 18, 43, 75–76, 80– gendering of work in, 21 81, 90–91, 95, 158, 181, 201–202 hostile industrial disputes, 2–6 inter-irm relations between OEMs and inter-regional competition, 8 suppliers, 14–15 key foreign OEMs in, 93–94 intermediaries, 18 list of industrial actions reported in, 4–6 International Labour Organisation (ILO), modernisation of, 22 24 process of global-regional integration, IT and IT-enabled Services (ITES) 8–10 industries, 83

Index 257

Jagdambay Forgings, 52 Mahindra and Mahindra Limited, 60–61 Japanese OEMs, 11, 15, 151, 158 Mahindra Sona, 61 relational governance in, 15 Mahindra Ugine Steel, 61 strategy of inter-irm control, 80–81 Mahindra USA (MUSA), 61 Jay Bharat, 45 Make in India initiative, 1, 6, 34 JBM Auto System, 54–55, 59 Makino Auto, 59–60 job application and recruitment processes, Mando India, 54 31 Manesar Steel Processing India, 45 job security, 30 manufacturing design, 14 market-based governance, 13, 15, 171, 184 Kamgar Ekta Premier Sanghatana Mark Exhaust, 45 (KEPS), 125 Maruti Suzuki conlict in 2011/12, 2, Kirloskar Group, 94 106, 116–117, 131, 133–134, 167, Krishna Ishizaki, 45 205–206, 226 Krishna Maruti, 45 changes to its employment relations labour agency, 20 practices in, 117 Labour Code on Industrial Relations Bill Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL), 43– 2015, 101 47, 68–69, 74, 76, 80, 105, 136, 200, labour contractors, 28 205. see also employment relations at labour control mechanism, 11 Maruti Suzuki labour control regimes, 23, 25–26 capacity to control key suppliers, 202 labour market intermediaries, 2 car exports, 2014-15, 44 labour market security, 30 equity shares in in associate companies, labour-related security, 30 45 labour relations within OEMs, 12 equity stakes in Tier-1 suppliers, 46 labour standards and employment relations Good Conduct Bond, 115 in OEMs, Tier-1, and Tier-2 irms, hiring practices for temporary workers, 105–106 45 Land Acquisition Act 1894, 97 initial eforts to restructure workers’ lean manufacturing principles and wages, 106 techniques, 8, 10–11 investment in Tier-1 supply irms, 45 Lumax Industries, 69 main facilities, 44 Machino Plastics, 45 market capitalisation, 118 Magneti Marelli, 46, 66, 75 partnerships with foreign companies, Magneti Marelli Powertrain India, 45 46 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural regular workforce, 44–45, 117–118 Employment Guarantee Act 2005 shareholding pattern, 44 (NREGA), 100 share in passenger car market, 43–44 Mahindra and Mahindra, 11, 123, 198, 207 strategic partners and joint venture assembly factories, 61, 124 irms, 106 exports, 61 subsidiary companies, 45 industrial conlict at, 124 suppliers, 45–47 regular workforce, 61 transformation of employment Tier-1 suppliers, 61 relations, role of, 107

258 Index

Maruti Suzuki Powertrain Employees economic liberalisation and Union (MSPEU), 118 transformation of auto industry, Maruti Suzuki Workers Union (MSWU), 202–205 2, 114, 116 establishment of fully-owned subsidiary membership, 3 companies, 94 Maruti Udyog Employees Union irst-mover coupling, 78–84, 103 (MUEU), 206 Ford–Mahindra, joint venture between, Maruti Udyog Kamgar Union (MUKU), 92, 94 112 foreign OEMs, 79, 81–82, 87, 89–95, Mercedes Benz India (MBI), 67, 123 102–103 family-oriented customs at, 125 Honda–Siel Limited, joint venture Minimum Wage Act, 101 between, 92 Modi, Narendra, 1, 8 implementation of lean manufacturing modular governance, 13 practices, 82 Motherson Sumi, 68 Import Substitution Industrialisation MRF (Madras Rubber Factory) Limite, 59 (ISI), 28, 77, 85, 87–89, 91–92, Munjal family, 47–48, 72, 95 99, 103, 106, 109, 203 industrial subsidies and land National Capital Region (NCR), 39–41, acquisition, 99 141, 198 joint venture policy, 92 auto manufacturing and ieldwork sites labour law framework, 99 in, 142 major concessions and exemptions, Faridabad, 43 82–83 Gurugram, 43 model of land acquisition, 83–84 Hero MotoCorp, 47–49 model of regional state support, 83 Honda Motorcycle and Scooter model of state institutional support for (HMSI), 49–51 foreign OEMs, 82 land acquisition, 144–148 Modi’s ‘Make in India’ initiative, 95–96, Maruti Suzuki India Limited (MSIL), 101–102 43–47 neo-liberal policy-making after 1991, Tier-3 and Tier-4 auto manufacturers, 91–102 174–180 ofshore services operations, 83 trajectories of socio-political conlict in, 100 per cent foreign-owned operation, 128–132 94 National Capital Region Planning Board restricted openness, 1982-1991, 84–91, (NCRPB), 141 103 national industry policy and auto SEZ Act 2005, 98 manufacturing strategic coupling, 78–79 AMP-1 and AMP-2, 96–97 strategy of inter-irm partnership, 80 conditions of trade and investment Toyota–Kirloskar Group, joint venture liberalisation, 95 between, 92, 94 contract worker law, 99–100 New Holland Fiat India Private Limited, Daimler-Chrysler–TELCO, joint 64 venture between, 92 Nippon Seiki, 50

Index 259

Nippon hermostat, 45 Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA), 39–41 Original Equipment Manufacturers emerging regions, 42 (OEMs), 7–8, 197 employment relations in, 119–128 panchayat system, 145–146 Gujarat, 67–71 passenger cars and commercial vehicles Mysuru, 73–74 export proile, 37 National Capital Region (NCR), 39–41 production volume, 2000-14, 38 of OEMs, 41–42 top countries, production volume, 37 Uttarakhand, 71–72 Piaggio, 60 regular worker, 219 employment relations practices, 126 relational governance, 13, 15, 76, 181–182, investment in India, 60 184 Premier Limited, 16 Renault-Nissan, 53–54, 119–121, 123, 207 Pricol Limited, 2 competitors of Renault Kwid, 53 Pricol Ltd., 119 employment relations strategy, 134 market expansion plans, 53 producer-driven commodity chain, 13 Tier-1 suppliers, 53–54 Punjab Shops and Commercial representation security, 30 Establishments Act 1958, 172 restricted openness, 8 Rajhans Pressings, 51 Rico Auto, 129 Rao, Narasimha, 91 Right to Education Act 2009, 100 regional casual labour system, 9, 32, 35, Right to Fair Compensation and 171, 185–193, 221 Transparency in Land Acquisition, global production networks and, Rehabilitation and Resettlement 219–224 Act (Land Acquisition Act) 2013, in Tier-3 and Tier-4 irms, 185–193 98 regional contract labour system, 34–35, Rockman Industries, 72 140, 171, 180, 199 Royal Enield, 56 de facto informal workers, 163–168 SAIC Motor, 63–64 labour-related security, 163–165 Satyam Auto Components, 48, 72 in NCR, 34, 158–163 Setco Automotive, 56 relationship with union members, 167 SEZ Act 2005, 84 roots of, 141 Shanghai Volkswagen, 64 working conditions, 165–166 Shivam Autotech, 129 regional industrialisation, 104, 141, 144, short-term contracts, 9 168, 225 Singh, Manmohan, 91 regional labour control regime, 25 SKH Metals, 45 regional social structure of accumulation, skill reproduction, 30, 111, 193, 213–214, concept of, 21 217–219 regions of motor vehicle manufacturing in Skoda Auto India Private Limited India (SAIPL), 62–64 Bidadi village, 72–73 manufacturing base, 62 Chakan Special Economic Zone production volume, 62 (C-SEZ), 39–41 suppliers, 63

260 Index

Society of Indian Automobile relational value chain governance, 220 Manufacturers (SIAM), 34, 95–96, survival of, 183 197 wage workers in, 222–224 Sogei India, 63 work security, 223 Sona Kayo Steering Systems, 69 Tier-4 irms, 15, 35, 105, 123, 137–139, Sona Koyo Steering, 45 144, 147–148, 169–170, 174–181 Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Act 2005, job-worker and industrial outworker, 98, 205 224 SsangYong, 60 job-worker or industrial outworker, 31 Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood low-margin operating model of, and Regulation of Street Vending) 195–196 Act 2014, 100 regional casual labour system, 185–193 Sunbeam Auto, 129 work security, 224 Sundram Fasteners, 119 ‘Tier-1’ suppliers, 7 Suprajit Engineering, 51, 54, 56 Toyota, 11 Suraj Industrial Complex, 172 Toyota Group, 46 Takata Automotive, 50 Toyota Kirloskar, 94 Tata, Ratan, 69 Toyota Kirloskar Auto Parts Limited Tata Group, 42, 66, 69–70 (TKAPL), 73, 126 Tata Johnson Controls, 54 Toyota Kirloskar Motor Limited (TKML) Tata Motors, 8, 57, 68–71, 73, 79, 118, 123, industrial unrest at, 126–127 198, 202, 207 Toyota Kirloskar Motors Employees industrial conlict at, 124 Union (TKMEU), 126 Tata Motors Employees Union (TMEU), Toyota Kirloskar Motors Limited 124 (TKML), 72–73, 76, 92 Tata’s investment in Sanand, controversy Toyota Kirloskar Suppliers Association over, 8 (TKSA), 73 Tendulkar, Sachin, 1 Trade Union Act 1926, 30, 99, 126 Tenneco Automotive, 53 trainee, 217–218 Tier-3 irms, 15–16, 31, 105, 123, 137–139, Trasmissioni, Graziano, 2 144, 147–148, 169–170, 174–180 TVS, 73 framing of commercial relations undeclared or unregistered workers, higher-tier irms and, 182 216–217 income security and representation United Auto Workers (UAW) union, 123 security, 219, 223 United Union of Hyundai Employees inspections of product quality in, (UUHE), 121–122 181–182, 184 Unorganised Workers’ Social Security Act low-margin operating model of, 2008, 100 195–196 people engaged in precarious work, value chain governance, 13, 76, 80, 109, 222–223 171, 181–184, 220 range of occupations, 222 Varroc Group, 60 regional casual labour system, 185–193 VE Commercial Vehicles, 57

Index 261

Vision 3/12/65, 97 wage rates Visteon Automotive Systems India automotive manufacturers in NCR, (VASI), 54 120, 156–158 Visteon Technical and Services Center industrial disputes related to, 123 (VTSC), 54 Tier-3 and Tier-4 irms, 179–180 Volkswagen India (VWI), 10, 62–63, 123 Welcome Industrial Complex, 172 assembly plant, 10 Woojin Automotive, 52 total sales volume, 62 work security, 30 ‘Trainee Development Scheme,’ 125 World Systems heory, 13, 19 Volvo Trucks India, 57 written employment contracts, 27 Wabco India, 57 Yapp Automotive Systems, 54–55 wage ixing, 30