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CS 4700: Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
CS 4700: Foundations of Artificial Intelligence Bart Selman [email protected] Module: Informed Search Readings R&N - Chapter 3: 3.5 and 3.6 Search Search strategies determined by choice of node (in queue) to expand Uninformed search: – Distance to goal not taken into account Informed search : – Information about cost to goal taken into account Aside: “Cleverness” about what option to explore next, almost seems a hallmark of intelligence. E.g., a sense of what might be a good move in chess or what step to try next in a mathematical proof. We don’t do blind search… Basic idea: State evaluation Start state function can effectively guide search. Also in multi-agent settings. (Chess: board eval.) Reinforcement learning: Learn the state eval function. Goal A breadth-first search tree. Perfect “heuristics,” eliminates search. Approximate heuristics, significantly reduces search. Best (provably) use of search heuristic info: Best-first / A* search. Outline • Best-first search • Greedy best-first search • A* search • Heuristics How to take information into account? Best-first search. Idea : use an evaluation function for each node – Estimate of “desirability” of node – Expand most desirable unexpanded node first (“best-first search”) – Heuristic Functions : • f: States à Numbers • f(n): expresses the quality of the state n – Allows us to express problem-specific knowledge, – Can be imported in a generic way in the algorithms. – Use uniform-cost search. See Figure 3.14 but use f(n) instead of path cost g(n). – Queuing based on f(n): Order the nodes in fringe in decreasing order of desirability Special cases: • greedy best-first search • A* search Romanian path finding problem Base eg on GPS info. -
Crossing Central Europe
CROSSING CENTRAL EUROPE Continuities and Transformations, 1900 and 2000 Crossing Central Europe Continuities and Transformations, 1900 and 2000 Edited by HELGA MITTERBAUER and CARRIE SMITH-PREI UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toronto Press 2017 Toronto Buffalo London www.utorontopress.com Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN 978-1-4426-4914-9 Printed on acid-free, 100% post-consumer recycled paper with vegetable-based inks. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Crossing Central Europe : continuities and transformations, 1900 and 2000 / edited by Helga Mitterbauer and Carrie Smith-Prei. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4426-4914-9 (hardcover) 1. Europe, Central – Civilization − 20th century. I. Mitterbauer, Helga, editor II. Smith-Prei, Carrie, 1975−, editor DAW1024.C76 2017 943.0009’049 C2017-902387-X CC-BY-NC-ND This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivative License. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact University of Tor onto Press. The editors acknowledge the financial assistance of the Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta; the Wirth Institute for Austrian and Central European Studies, University of Alberta; and Philixte, Centre de recherche de la Faculté de Lettres, Traduction et Communication, Université Libre de Bruxelles. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the -
Evidence from Hamburg's Import Trade, Eightee
Economic History Working Papers No: 266/2017 Great divergence, consumer revolution and the reorganization of textile markets: Evidence from Hamburg’s import trade, eighteenth century Ulrich Pfister Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Economic History Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, London, UK. T: +44 (0) 20 7955 7084. F: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC HISTORY WORKING PAPERS NO. 266 – AUGUST 2017 Great divergence, consumer revolution and the reorganization of textile markets: Evidence from Hamburg’s import trade, eighteenth century Ulrich Pfister Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Email: [email protected] Abstract The study combines information on some 180,000 import declarations for 36 years in 1733–1798 with published prices for forty-odd commodities to produce aggregate and commodity specific estimates of import quantities in Hamburg’s overseas trade. In order to explain the trajectory of imports of specific commodities estimates of simple import demand functions are carried out. Since Hamburg constituted the principal German sea port already at that time, information on its imports can be used to derive tentative statements on the aggregate evolution of Germany’s foreign trade. The main results are as follows: Import quantities grew at an average rate of at least 0.7 per cent between 1736 and 1794, which is a bit faster than the increase of population and GDP, implying an increase in openness. Relative import prices did not fall, which suggests that innovations in transport technology and improvement of business practices played no role in overseas trade growth. -
New Records of Sciophila Meigen from the Czech and Slovak Republics (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)
Cas. Skz. Muz. Opava (A), 54: 69-74.2005 New records of Sciophila Meigen from the Czech and Slovak Republics (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) Jan Sev~fk New records of Sciophila Meigen from the Czech and Slovak Republics (Diptern: Mycerophilidae). - Cas. Slez. Muz. Opava, 54: 69-74,2005. A b S t r a c t : Eight species of Sciophila Meigen are recorded for the first time from the tenitory of the Czech Republic and 5 from Slovakia. Further 6 species are for the first time recorded from Moravia and Silesia. Photographs of the male terminalis of four rare species are also presented. K e Y W 0 r d : Sciaroidca, fungus gnats, distribution, new records. The genus Sciophila Meigen, l818 comprises about 132 described species (Soli 1997). Holmtic species of Sciophila were revised by Zaitzev (1982). Czech and Slovak species of this genus have not yet been reviewed and the last checklist (KoHel et al. 1997) comprises less than a half of the actual number of species known to occur in these countries. In this paper, new records of Sciophila from the Czech Republic and from Slovakia are presen- ted, including species new to particular major regions, i. e. Bohemia and Moravia & Silesia. Abbreviations: CoUections examined: JS - coll. Jan SevEik, Czech Republic (private collection); MMB - coll. Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic; SMO - coll. Silesian Museum, Opava, Czech Republic. Collecting methods: MT = Malaise trap, R = rearing from fungi, SW = sweep netting, YFT = yellow pan traps. CZ = Czech Republic. SK = Slovakia. SURVEY OF SPECIES Sciophila adarnsi Edwards, 1925 (Fig. 1) Material examined. CZ: Bohemia, ~umavaMts., Nova Hirka, peat-bog, 18.5.-15.6.1999, 310, M. -
1 Co? Was? German-Polish Linguistic Attitudes in Frankfurt (Oder)
Co? Was ? German-Polish Linguistic Attitudes in Frankfurt (Oder) Megan Clark Senior Linguistics Thesis Bryn Mawr College 2010 In this study I analyze the linguistic attitudes held by Polish and German speakers in the border towns of Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany and Słubice, Poland, held together by a cross-border university. I consider the historical background in the relationship between the two communities, including but not limited to the effect of Germany and Poland’s separate entrances into the European Union and Schengen zone, which have divided the two countries until recently, as well as the adoption of the Euro in both Germany and, later, Poland. With consideration of this history, I explore the concept of linguistic attitudes in other border communities to mark parallels and differences in the attitudes of speakers on each side of the border, most notably different because of the presence of the university on both sides of the dividing river. I supplement this research with a study conducted on speakers themselves within each side of the community to explore the underlying thoughts and ideas behind attitudes toward speakers of the other language, investigating why so many Polish speakers are fluent in German, while only a few German students endeavor to learn Polish. The research we have conducted here explores a very important aspect of language attitudes as a proxy for European geo-political relations as exemplified in the role of Poland as an outlier in the European Union due to its late joining and reluctant acceptance of the Euro. Though student relations on the border are strong, the heart of Słubice remains untouched by German residents, despite full osmosis of Polish citizens into the heart of Frankfurt. -
Bulletin 10-Final Cover
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN Issue 10 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. March 1998 Leadership Transition in a Fractured Bloc Featuring: CPSU Plenums; Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and the Crisis in East Germany; Stalin and the Soviet- Yugoslav Split; Deng Xiaoping and Sino-Soviet Relations; The End of the Cold War: A Preview COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 10 The Cold War International History Project EDITOR: DAVID WOLFF CO-EDITOR: CHRISTIAN F. OSTERMANN ADVISING EDITOR: JAMES G. HERSHBERG ASSISTANT EDITOR: CHRISTA SHEEHAN MATTHEW RESEARCH ASSISTANT: ANDREW GRAUER Special thanks to: Benjamin Aldrich-Moodie, Tom Blanton, Monika Borbely, David Bortnik, Malcolm Byrne, Nedialka Douptcheva, Johanna Felcser, Drew Gilbert, Christiaan Hetzner, Kevin Krogman, John Martinez, Daniel Rozas, Natasha Shur, Aleksandra Szczepanowska, Robert Wampler, Vladislav Zubok. The Cold War International History Project was established at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., in 1991 with the help of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and receives major support from the MacArthur Foundation and the Smith Richardson Foundation. The Project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to disseminate new information and perspectives on Cold War history emerging from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side”—the former Communist bloc—through publications, fellowships, and scholarly meetings and conferences. Within the Wilson Center, CWIHP is under the Division of International Studies, headed by Dr. Robert S. Litwak. The Director of the Cold War International History Project is Dr. David Wolff, and the incoming Acting Director is Christian F. -
Mitropa 2014 1
Mitropa Mitropa 2010 2014 1 Jahresheft des Geisteswissenschaftlichen Zentrums Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas (GWZO) Das Geisteswissenschaftliche Zentrum Geschichte 1916 in einer historischen Situation gegründet, und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas (GWZO) an der Uni in der auch Friedrich Naumanns geopolitische Vision versität Leipzig versteht seinen Forschungsgegenstand von »Mitteleuropa« entstand, war die Mitropa »Ostmitteleuropa« nicht als einen fest umrissenen seinerzeit ein imperiales Unternehmen. Später fuhr geographischen oder politischen Raum, sondern als es für die Nationalsozialisten – und beförderte die ein historisches Regionalkonzept: Wo Ostmitteleuropa Widerstandskämpfer der »MitropaGruppe«. Es be beginnt und endet, ist eine Frage der Betrachtungs diente SEDFunktionäre, polnische Dissidenten, weise, der Epoche und der Perspektive. Die Beweglich tschechische UndergroundKünstler und manchen keit des Konzepts ist seine Stärke. Pionier des NachwendeKapitalismus: eine viel Beweglichkeit zeichnet auch die am GWZO schichtige, ambivalente Geschichte. betriebene Forschung aus, deren Projektstruktur es Der Name Mitropa steht also für die Dynamik erzwingt, konstant Neues zu entwickeln, vertraute des Forschungsspektrums, dem sich das GWZO Paradigmen zurückzulassen. Und mobil sind seit 1996 widmet: Geschichte und Kultur der Land schließlich die Mitarbeiter des Hauses, die zwischen striche zwischen Ostsee, Schwarzem Meer und Leipzig und den ostmitteleuropäischen Archiven, Adria vom Frühmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart, der Grabungsstätten -
The Nationality of an International Company Vs. the National Interest
Working Papers - Economics The Nationality of an International Company vs. the National Interest. Shareholders, Managers, Governments, and the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (1876-1939) Luciano Segreto Working Paper N. 30/2019 DISEI, Universit`adegli Studi di Firenze Via delle Pandette 9, 50127 Firenze (Italia) www.disei.unifi.it The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in the working paper series are those of the authors alone. They do not represent the view of Dipartimento di Scienze per l'Economia e l'Impresa The Nationality of an International Company vs. the National Interest. Shareholders, Managers, Governments, and the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (1876-1939)1 Abstract The paper deals with some aspects of the development of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL) between the early 1890s and the 1930s. The paper critically highlights the traditional approaches to define the nationality of the firm (the place of incorporation of a company, the nationality of the shareholders or that one of the members of the board of directors). It proposes a new one, looking at the instrument used by the states – national interest – to influence the balance of power and the strategies of the company. This approach, largely used by social scientists of political science and international relations, can offer new tools also to business historians when approaching the issue of the nationality of the firm. Keywords Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits Nationality of the firm National interest State -
In Frankfurt (Oder)/Eisenhüttenstadt
Welcome to Frankfurt (Oder) Investment opportunities in the capital region Berlin-Brandenburg – at the interface of the Middle and Eastern European markets Frankfurt (Oder) | 18 March, 2021 Frankfurt (Oder) 2 In the centre of Europe • Positioned at the German-Polish border – the interface of two important economic markets • European economic centres are located inside a 1,500 kilometre radius • Access to 350 million consumers in the EU within 24 hours • Easy access to the emerging markets in Eastern Europe • Located directly at the East-West transport corridor North Sea-Baltic of the TEN-T network • Part of the German Capital Region Berlin-Brandenburg Frankfurt (Oder) 3 European Twin-City – Frankfurt (Oder)/Słubice Cross-border cooperation to the benefit of companies and investors: • Free movement of workers since 2011 and cross-border skilled workers • 14 123 in-commuters [1 070 from Berlin and 1 484 from Poland]1 • 3 400 Polish inhabitants2, 2 205 Polish employees3 and 451 Polish companies in © Willi Wallroth Frankfurt (Oder)4, 353 Polish students5 Region Inhabitants Frankfurt (Oder) & Słubice 80.000 • Education of Polish skilled workers in Frankfurt (Oder) LK Oder-Spree & Märkisch-Oderland 375.000 • Bilingual Kindergartens, schools and a cross-border University Lubuskie 1.000.000 • Cross-border local traffic • Joint district heating system • The European Twin-City has been awarded as “excellent place in the land of ideas” in 2016 1 Source: Statistics of the federal employment office; reference date: 30.06.2020 2 Source: City of Frankfurt -
I) Arrival in Germany II) from the Airport to Halle
I) Arrival in Germany Please make sure that you have the necessary documents and visa to enter Germany and the Schengen countries. After arriving at the airport, you will pass the German borders in which your passport will be scanned and the officer will cross-check your details to make sure you have the required documents to enter Germany. II) From the airport to Halle There are several airports in Germany and you could select one among four closest airports: Leipzig/Halle, Berlin-Schönefeld, Berlin-Tegel or Frankfurt. Please look at the information below to find out the travel options from your airport of arrival to IAMO or to your hotel. Closest airport among abovementioned airports is the Leipzig/Halle airport. Therefore, we recommend you to look at possibility of arriving to this airport. Usually, there is a connection through Istanbul (e.g. Turkish airlines) to Leipzig/Halle airport. Please check the availability of this option from your travel origin. If this option is not available or too expensive, then you could arrive to any other three airports. Leipzig/Halle Airport: Leipzig/Halle Airport is located 20 km from Halle. Shuttle trains leave every 30 minutes to Halle main station (“Halle (Saale) Hbf”). After your arrivals, take train S-Bahn S5X from Leipzig/Halle Airport (“Leipzig/Halle Flughafen”), platform (Gleis) 2, to Halle main station (“Halle (Saale) Hbf)”. Halle main station is the next stop after Leipzig/Halle Airport. The train ticket (4,30 EUR) is available at the ticket machine (“Fahrkarten”). Please see the following video on internet http://www.rmv.de/film/Der_neue_Fahrkartenautomat_EN.html to obtain more information on how to use the ticket automat. -
Optitrans Baseline Study Thuringia
Sharing solutions for better regional policies European Union | European Regional Development Fund OptiTrans Baseline Study Thuringia Version 1.0 14.03.2018 OptiTrans – Baseline Study Thuringia | 1 / 55 Contents 1 Introductions ......................................................................................................................................................3 2 Thuringia: Population and Territorial Characteristics ........................................................................................4 2.1 Settlement Structure and Urban Development............................................................................................4 2.2 Population and demographic development ...............................................................................................10 2.3 Economy and Economic Welfare ..............................................................................................................14 2.4 Main transport infrastructure .....................................................................................................................17 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................23 3 Mobility and Public Transport: Between high-speed train and challenges of transport services in rural areas .....................................................................................................................................25 3.1 Mobility and transport statistics .................................................................................................................25 -
Kahlil Gibran a Tear and a Smile (1950)
“perplexity is the beginning of knowledge…” Kahlil Gibran A Tear and A Smile (1950) STYLIN’! SAMBA JOY VERSUS STRUCTURAL PRECISION THE SOCCER CASE STUDIES OF BRAZIL AND GERMANY Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Susan P. Milby, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Melvin Adelman, Adviser Professor William J. Morgan Professor Sarah Fields _______________________________ Adviser College of Education Graduate Program Copyright by Susan P. Milby 2006 ABSTRACT Soccer playing style has not been addressed in detail in the academic literature, as playing style has often been dismissed as the aesthetic element of the game. Brief mention of playing style is considered when discussing national identity and gender. Through a literature research methodology and detailed study of game situations, this dissertation addresses a definitive definition of playing style and details the cultural elements that influence it. A case study analysis of German and Brazilian soccer exemplifies how cultural elements shape, influence, and intersect with playing style. Eight signature elements of playing style are determined: tactics, technique, body image, concept of soccer, values, tradition, ecological and a miscellaneous category. Each of these elements is then extrapolated for Germany and Brazil, setting up a comparative binary. Literature analysis further reinforces this contrasting comparison. Both history of the country and the sport history of the country are necessary determinants when considering style, as style must be historically situated when being discussed in order to avoid stereotypification. Historic time lines of significant German and Brazilian style changes are determined and interpretated.