SOCIAL-REALISM in the AZERBAIJANI and TURKISH NOVELS of the EARLY 20TH CENTURY Eshgane Babayeva1

Periódico do Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre Gênero e Direito Centro de Ciências Jurídicas - Universidade Federal da Paraíba V. 8 - Nº 07 - Ano 2019 – Special Edition ISSN | 2179-7137 | http://periodicos.ufpb.br/ojs2/index.php/ged/index

505 SOCIAL-REALISM IN THE AZERBAIJANI AND TURKISH NOVELS OF THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY Eshgane Babayeva1

Abstract: In the 1920s and 1940s, the 1930will be comparatively explored and socialist realism (trend) flow in both parallels will be emphasized. Turkish and Azerbaijani literature shows Keywords: Azerbaijani and Turkish itself in certain degree. Class struggle, novel, socialist-realism, rural novel, conflict between opposing forces, such comparison, conflict. as master-peasant, intellectual-ignorant- superstition, has become the main topic Introduction of the Turkish and Azerbaijani novels. In both literatures, the subject of village Socialist-realism is known as was at the forefront. It is no coincidence the second half of Marxist aesthetics. that “Homeland Literature” has gained Some measures agreed in 1934 that the special popularity in Turkish literature in Soviet Writers Union Congress has this period. The life, love, joy, sorrow, determined the content of this troubles and pains of ordinary peasants understanding. Socialist approach to have become the main topic of literature. engage wanting to serve the socialist The story of the urban man, not the revolution, sought to establish a literary peasant, his or her life, feelings and artist. Socialist-realism has also affected thoughts came to the center of the novel, the Turkish literature, various issues not the destiny of townsman. However, were discussed socialist literature from for a long time, the place in the Turkish the 1930s. These discussions have novels was chosen only as Istanbul, and focused more on the social role of art and the fate of the people of Istanbul was artists issues. Turkish writer and critic of mentioned. In the article, the Turkish and the Marxist theoretical information Azerbaijani novels from 1920 to about the inadequate aesthetic issues are

1 PhD in Philology, Associate professor. Institute of Literature named after Nizami Ganjavi of ANAS/ Azerbaijan,Baku. Email : [email protected]. ORCİD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 4934-4168

506 discussed in more axis of concept of of village into the leitmotif of novel was populism. Turkish authors have demand of the period, result of a new interpreted this as socialism facing the social-political, economic and literary public literature. process. Turkey joined the new literary One of the issues that attracted process. One of the main directions was attention in both Turkish and Azerbaijani national character. While following of novels in the early twentieth century was the process of that period, it is evident about rural life. It should be noted that that direction towards the village in the interest in rural life, love and longing for plan of thought had begun in the years of the village began to show itself in poetry. Mashrutiyyat (1908-1923), and the Orkhan Okai, the prominent Turkologist ideology “toward the people” of Ziya associated the beginning that he called Gokalp (1876-1924) was of particular “return to the village, to Anatolia” with importance in this regard. Ziya Gokalp the development of pastoral poetry in the believed that intelligentsia, distinguished literature (Okai O., 1990; 110-115). people had two goals of directing the to According to researcher Kenan Akyuz, the people: rapid development of the industry, 1) To go toward the people for technology like in the Western world, getting national-spiritual values (to make has brought some problems with itself. alive) from the people. Thus, the concept of shelter to the 2) To go toward the people to villages and the nature from the big cities take culture to them. For realizing of emerged in the intellectuals of the these two nuances, in the opinion of Ziya Tanzimat era, which at the same time Gokalp, Turkic young people should was an expression of the transition to the teach in rural schools to carry the change of place in literature (Akyüz K., “Western culture, not the Eastern culture 1979: 18). R. Kaplan linked this issue or its branch, Ottoman culture” to the mainly with the entry of literature into village (Gokalp Z., 1970: 47). social service (Kaplan R., 1997: 7). By Although this process slowed agreeing with this idea of the down, it gained momentum and became Turkologist, I would like to note that one of the strategic goals of the new state interest in rural life, turning of the theme in the period of Republic. Ataturk stated

507 on March 1, 1922 that he was talking itself until the end of the 1960s (Yalcin about the peasants in the third opening A., 2012: 26). year of the parliament and expressed the value given to them: “Who is Turkey's Research Aim owner and master? The true owner of The main purpose of this article Turkey is its peasant. In this case, is to investigate the effect of social peasant deserves to live in prosperity, realism on Turkish and Azerbaijani happiness and wealth more than anyone literature. In this article, the subject of else does” (Atatürk's Speeches And village was investigated in Turkish and Statements I, 1945: 209). Azerbaijani novels of 1920s. Azerbaijani Therefore, on March 18, 1924, and Turkish novels were compared and the Rural Law came into effect and a new similar and different aspects were governance system was formed in the mentioned. The article is relevant in village. On the one hand, the village terms of investigating the Azerbaijani- institutes (1940-1954) opened. Turkish village novels comparatively. Graduates of these institutes have started to express the problems and troubles of Research Methods the village. This new literature has been In this article, is investigated called “Anatolian literature”. It should be social realism in Azerbaijan and Turkish noted that in general, “Anatolia” in novels (1920-40 years). Turkish literature has a very new and The work uses system, different meaning. Anatolia - in fact an structural and comparative methods of ideal,not a handful of land. Prof. research, the method of hermeneutic Alamdar Yalchin notes that it has very analysis of the literary text. important social, literary-cultural and political reasonsgiving this new Discussion literature the title of “Anatolia”. This The first stories and narratives novel concept will be called the “Rural about the rural life are Ahmed Midhat novel” for various social reasons in the Efendi's “A Real Story” (1876), 1940s. Such concept of novel survived “Felicity” (1885), Nazim Nebizade's “Garabibik” (1890), Abubakr Nazim

508 Tepeyran's “Little Pasha” (1910), Rafiq novel, then it should be noted that the Khalid Garay’s “Hometown Stories” revolutionary-historical theme was of (1919). particular importance in the literature of Starting from the 1920s, the the 1920-50s. The writers have tried to subject of the village turned into a new justify the source of the way leading to stage in the creativity of writers such as the socialist revolution with the subjects Y. G. Garaosmanoghlu, B. Cahit, S. taken from distant and near Ertem, R. Enis, R. N. Guntekin and revolutionary-historical past; they have others. We can mention the novels of sought to meet the demands of the “When the spinning wheels stopped” socialist realism's creative method that (Sadri Ertem), “Pitchfork” (Yagub considers the historical philosophy of Gadry Garaosmanoghlu), “Yusuf of materialism as the main methodological Kuyucak” (Sabahattin Ali), “Novel of principle. In the sense of the concept, it the decade” (Izzet Benice), “Their was prepared on the basis of Russian novel” (Aka Gunduz), “Green Night”, literature, direct experience of M. Gorky, “The wren” (Reshad Nuri Guntekin),, Furmanov, Serafimovich, A. Tolstoy, “Rural Doctor” (Burhan Cahit Morgaia), Qlaldkov, Fadeyev and others “Beat the immortal” (Khalida Adib (Enveroglu, 2008: 139-140). Other Adivar), “The child of the Mountain” (O. sources also find that the ideological, R. Gokche) and others in this period. political and literary life of the 1920s and As we have seen, in the same 1930s is based on the traditions of years, theme of the village has a special Russian literature (Asadullayev, 1970: place in the Azerbaijani novels. The 65). Commenting on these issues, novels of the 1930s included issues such Himalay Enveroghlu also emphasized as the struggle for collectivization in the that the Azerbaijani novel in the 1920- Azerbaijani village, the process of 30s was put into this political-ideological Sovietization and the process of flow, and it was very difficult to escape collectivism. Himalay Enveroglu writes from this flow (Enveroglu, 2008: 140). about this: Therefore, the novels such as “Shamo” “If the conversation is about in (first volume-1930), “Downs” (1930), literature of this epoch, but rather the “The World Breaks Out” (1933),

509 “Warrior City” (1933), “Flood” (1933- Republic's literature on new trends 1935), “Hero” (1937), “Tarlan”(1936- emerged. Researcher Metin Chingiz 40), “Haired” (1940-41) and other novels describes this stage as follows: “After the written in 1950s such as “Our establishment of the Republic, fault of Daughters” (1950), “Great Days” thought brought with the law of (1951), “Flowery” (1951), “Citizen” “Homeland betrayal”, press offenses and (1953), “Spring Evenings” (1954-1955), penalties with Press law brought in 1931, “Separated Roads” (1956), “Great the official close of associations and Support” (1957), “Ditch By Willow” parties (after 1938) gives us extensive (1958), “Village Doctor (1959)”, information about that period” (Chingiz “Journalist Goes To The Village” (1963) M., 2000: 11-12). At that time, one-party reflect these trends. G. Khalilov, the system was dominant, but left-wing flow outstanding scientist analyzed some of in literature showed itself. Nazim these works from the point of plot- Hikmet, Sadri Ertem, Faik Baisal, composition in his monograph “From Sabahaddin Ali, Reshad Enis, Aziz The History Of The Development Of Nessin and other representatives of Azerbaijani Novel”, saying that socialist realism were writing works in Abulhasan's “Uphills”, Ali Veliyev's this subject. When we study this period “Hero” and Mehdi Husein's “Tarlan” had and socialist-realist writers, we see that almost the same plot line, the novels of they are constantly under pressure, their “Separated roads”, “Flowery”, “Great works censored, and they were sentenced support”, “Ditch by willow”, “Leaves”, to imprisonment. These issues were “Heart friends”, “Longing”, “Lowland”, reflected in the activity of Nazim etc., dedicated to the collective farm in Hikmet, where the Azerbaijani reader is the 1950-60sare not so different from well acquainted with him by reading each other (Khalilov G., 1973: 161). Of with love. As we know, Nazim Hikmet course, the main reason for this was that studied at Moscow University in 1922- the literature emerged from that period 1924 and returned to Turkey where he served a single ideology. was sentenced to fifteen years in prison In Turkey, in 1923, the in 1925 for propagating Communist Republic was established and the ideology in the “Orag - Chakic”

510 (Hammer and sickle) and “Aydinlig” “Aydınlıg” and “Orag-chakic” press (Clarity) newspapers, in 1927 he secretly organs, which began to be published in fled to the Soviet Union. Let's note that 1921, reflecting the class struggle, have poet came to Baku in 1928. In 1932, N. also been persecuted for this ideology. Hikmat was again sentenced to five years Researcher M. Chingiz shows in prison, but was released a year later. that reason for all these was the anti- The poet was sentenced to 28 years in Russian views of the staff that won the prison in 1938, he wrote “Human War of Liberation. In such a situation, Landscapes”, “Letters from Prison”, the left-wing literature (socialist-realists) “The Legend of Love” (A. Malikov simply had to express their views with wrote the ballet called like it) and other poetry and other examples (Chingiz M., works here. In 1950, Nazim Hikmet was 2000: 13). As in the literature of released from prison on the request of the Azerbaijan, in the Turkish literature, the international community, came to the subject of the village and motive of Soviet Union, and lived here until the people began to come to the fore. The end of his life. In his book, Prof. Elman awakening of the village, struggle for the Guliev emphasizes that, while talking new life, description of the lifestyle, about his activity, his political traditions, ethnographic features and convictions, Nazim Hikmet saw the belief system began to be the subject of salvation of all humanity in communism, literature. At the same period,some and communism for him was writers such as Suleyman Rahimov, transformed into a religious belief, apart Mehdi Huseyn, Abulhasan Alekberzade, from political beliefs (Guliyev E., 2011: Bayram Bayramov, Ali Valiyev and 225). As we have seen, some poet- others appealed to the topic of the writers propagandizing this ideology as village. It should be noted that at the Nazim Hikmet, Sadri Ertem and others subsequent stages the subject of village have been sentenced to imprisonment for was leading position in the activity of many times. It should be noted that the writers such as Movlud Suleymanli, Turkish Socialist Party was established Akram Aylisli and others. However, the in Turkey in the same period and was topic of the village here was no longer closed shortly afterwards. The about collective farming, class struggle.

511 The relevance of the village with people who earn a living with theme in Turkish literature, as we have weaving in Adakoy and neighboring mentioned above, was not only villages. The only way to earn a living is important from the point of view of to spin napped wool and knitting. The socialist-realism, but most importantly villagers live selling the wool to from the point of view of Ziya Gokalp. Siddigzade Ali Afandi, the richest man Researcher Ahmad Oktay notes that the in the village. Therefore, they are trying 1925-1940s is a stage in which socialist to create good attitude to Siddigzade. A realism is emerging in Turkey. In these message from the center comes to years, the manner of telling is not Siddigzade. It is written in the letter that revolutionary-left, but oriented to nation wool will be imported from Europe, not (Oktay A., 2003: 314). In our view, this from Anatolia. Machines, wheelchairs is the main point that makes the rural are stopped. Thus, the villagers' only theme different from each other in both way of earning is closed. Conflicts in the literature. Let's look at the examples. novel begin to aggravate after this One of the novels that draw incident. Hasan, one of the main heroes attention to this issue is the work of S. of the work, joins the villagers and goes Ertem, “When the spinning wheels to the center. Here, the villagers appeal stopped” (1931), which is a unique place to the government and their complaints in the Turkish literature. In the novel, the are abandoned. Hasan meets with the problems such as the village life, the chief of the textile organization. Let's villagers' torments, the economic crisis, look at the following dialogue; unemployment, hunger, getting money “After listening to Hasan, as if with interest, etc. are reflected. Events an earthquake had passed from his face. take place in the second half of the 19th -Everywhere, every side is in century, in a small village named such a situation. Adakoy during the Ottoman Empire. The This is what happens when you conflict in the work is based on the look the machine tool badly... He pulled confrontation between Siddigzade and out his stick between his trembling lips: other major merchants who sell The state is a hawk, the one wing is army, inexpensive fabric imported in Europe, and the other is worker. Hawk with

512 broken a wing cannot fly and it is The writer found the situation condemned to crawl... of peasant tragic by comparing the poor -But where is the help? state of the people who went to the city -Help from you, from me, from or those who had no strength to go with the all, all of us... the Israeli tribe who were sent to the Then he paused for a moment Babylonian captivity.. If the Israelis saw closing his eyes. The chief has left the the spring somewhere, played Tanbur influence of the man who hid something and recalled those days. However, the under his tongue rather than a man who poor villagers were so weak and hungry would be able to find remedy for that they could not remember the past troubles” (Etem S., 1930: 123). days. Throughout novel, these boards are It is evident from the work that reflected in reality. The chief, who lost the situation is not very different in his previous glory, said to Hasan, “This Istanbul. This fight was not just in work can’t continue in this form. Death Adakoy, but also in all places of to death, hunger to hunger.. There is no hometown. “..The peasants who were at other way! You will kill not to die” the machines were gathering in large (Etem S., 1930: 126). These words centers in the form of flow. inflamed the feelings of the struggle of “Proletarization” was spread all over the Hasan. He called villagers to fight: place as a plague. In Kastamonu, “They will kill us, or we will Trabzon, those who fled from the village, kill them. If we established factory by sold their goods, burned machine tools, gathering in time, we would oppose their and those who sold factory items opened goods with our goods, but it was late. small shops. That was a terrible chaos. The knife stands on the bone. It is The villages soon became the ruins with necessary to fight. If you have other the stork slot in their chimneys. These ways, say” (Etem S., 1930: 129). villages were still ownerless. Those who Nevertheless, there was a mass of people left the village did not return, and most obeying to the oppression and injustice of them became miserable” (Etem S., before Hasan. Moreover, these people 1930: 124)... only listened to him with tears in their eyes and said, “Do whatever you want,

513 do not add us to this issue.” The first changes the essence of the work. Dudu sparks of struggle appear in the Khatunsaw in the dream that she was following dialogue: ordered to build a tomb of Hz. Ali in the “Hasan opened this issue again. place of her house. Thus, the house is – Siddigzade and me are mortal. We are transformed into a tomb. Neighbor Asma here today, not tomorrow. As the world Sister also spreads among the peasants stands, people as Siddigzade and Hasan that Dudu is a delivered “prophetess”. will always face. The name will probably Almost as the soul mates, Asma and not to be Siddigzade. .. He can be Yusuf, Dudu Khatun, start to gain confidence as Kenan, or Ahmed. What is the a “prophetess” in the village. The writer importance of this? Siddigzade will die, speaks of Asma Sister, her dark past, her but instead of him another Siddigzade “prophecy,” and then her passion for will come” (Etem S., 1930: 30). Thus, judgment, and her wrath and anger in the the events begin to be complicated. The face of obstacles. We see it in the villagers did not respond to Hasan's obstacles among charactersas Asma- struggle, but they slowly began to open Pazvantoghlu, Asma-Shakir (Salman), their eyes even though they divinify Asma-Husein. Writer leads the conflict Siddigzade. Siddigzade does not need to between lord-peasant, oppressor- give a fake smile to his face, and show oppressed, tyrant and humble to the his inner face. “...He appears without religious-artificial direction. He shows masking and frightens the people around that only Dudu Khatun and Asma Sister him with the bareness of all its desires can dictate over the crowd, using religion and deeds like complicated, tumorous, of the people. Thus, all rural population wounded body” (Etem S., 1930: 134). stands up. A great rebellion, the fight Siddigzade's oppression was in the last begins. They will fight until the last possible point. On the one hand, breath. Siddigzade's house is burned at machines were closed and people had a midnight. The rebellionslaid by the terrible hunger. This mass finds remedy army. The main idea in the work is the in the right of a woman called Dudu slogan of Hasan even in the blood, Khatun. It should be noted that the writer “Comrade, you will kill not to die”. also touches on religious issues and

514 Let's note, though not so deep, beloved and loved woman, Khadija the writer highlights the inner world of draws attention as the peasant who has characters as Hasan, Asma, Dudu, been abused, exploited not by her Khadija and others. In particular, Hasan- emotions and femininity. In his Khadija line draws attention. Although dissertation, researcher Ahmed Demir Hasan has been away from the village for points out that the real reason for this is a long time, his pure love for Khadija to bring Hasan, the hero of the work and broughthim to this village. While talking Siddigzade ascontradictory force face to to Khadija at the spring, the villagers said face and to give dramatic form lead the that they were “immoral, dishonest” and event. That is, the character of the made them go out of the village. Young Khadija is an image created to bring people fleeing from the village have been Hasan and Siddigzade face to face as hungry for days and were returning to contradictory poles (Demir A., 2006: their homes. When Hasan took her with 115). The writer shows that the hungry himself, he saw the trace of deep dagger villages are returning and have no choice on her face he was terrified. When but to take shelter. When the works are Khadija was opposed to Siddigzade to going well, Siddigzade again beats protect her honor, she faced this terrible Khadija with violence by getting the disaster: opportunity. With the death of Khadija, “...The woman was tired. Her Hasan's personal feelings turn into public face was pale, her lips were white. concerns. This revenge is not based on Whitening lips of Khadija sometimes personal malice. This revenge is directed opened and the groan is heard” (Etem S., against the tyrants, the oppressors. 1930: 42) ... “Her body were with thorns “When the spinning wheels stopped”, as and wounds... A wound scar on her face, the first socialist-realist novel in Turkish traces of a deep knife on her left cheek, a literature, attracted the attention of trace of kick, and a great hole at the edge literary critics. They made interesting of her eye” (Etem S., 1930: 35)... comments and judgments about this. O. In the work, Khadija-Hasan line F. Toprag writes: “The main feature of is not romantic love, it is presented in the the work of how the century of factories context of conflict with Siddigzade. As a which caused the economic collapse of

515 our country created reactions, how the Turkish or from any other nation. What old age of belief in the Anatolian root is liberality, politically free, “open door” system was abandoned (Demir A., 2006: policy! Well, your property is not 115). A literary scholar, K. Ertop, C. industrialized like the developed western Gudrat, also emphasizes that local textile imperialist states, and if their property is production has been defeated before the too strong to drown your economy in a production of fabrics imported from spoonful of water? Indeed, at that time, Europe (Ertop K., 1978: 11-15) (Gudret “modernity” meant the real “betrayal” C., 1999: 30). In the opinion of Ramazan (İlhan A., 2001: 12-13). Kaplan, though this work is about According to Ramazan Kaplan, domestic production confrontation with this work is important for its ideological foreign production, and the collapse of look beyond the literary value (Gur A., the economic situation, but the writer has Engin E., 2015: 605). Having agreed not achieved his purpose so much with these thoughts and considerations, because of addition of from the it is important to note that the work is ideological point of view, especially primarily the first socialist-realist novel, because of Sunni-alevi confrontation to and in general, when it comes to the the events (Kaplan R., 1997: 79-80). landscape, socialist thought in the rural Attila Ilhan emphasizes that work called novel after Sadri Ertem (Rashad Enis “When the spinning wheels stopped” Aygen, “The Scent of the Land” reflects the struggle between the people (Babayeva E., 2018: 17-24), Faik Baysal who sold European fabrics and domestic “Sarduvan” (Babayeva E., 2018: 77-80) producers in the Ottoman Empire in the , Mahmut Yasari “Woodcock” and so 19th century, reducing more than 3000 on) exist more strongly. By the way, it tools down to 25, unemployed people, in should be noted that Nazim Hikmet had a word, economic collapse and for this a special place in the formation of the reason, intelligentsia (bureaucracy) in idea world of Sadri Ertem. Mustafa the period of Tanzimat are guilty of: Parlak wrote that Nazim Hikmet laid the “After the Tanzimat period, the first groundwork for world of thought of Ottoman enlightener understood Sadri Ertem in his dissertation entitled modernity as a 'liberality' whether it was “Monographic Work about Sadri

516 Ertem”, this issue was also quoted in the (1927), “Tears” (1932), and “You Will work of “Blue Eyed Ogre” by Zakariyya Love Too” (1942).This ideology is Sertel (Parlak M., 1995: 99). It should be presented in the form of characters of emphasized that such issues have Erhan and Torun. The first parts of the become the leitmotif of the writer’s four-part novel are about the miserable stories of “Peasant Who Wears Cylinder situation of the peasant, a lord-peasant, Hat”, “Honorable Man”, “A Woman imam-peasant conflict. The writer shows Who Wasn’t Accepted Even By The that the Anatolian peasants were ignored Valley”, “A Man Wearing Ornament Of during the Ottoman Empire, being A Bear” and so on. In these works, persecuted by the masters, the problems such as hunger, farmhands, the sheikhs. The biggest unemployment, poverty encountered by reasons for this are that the villagers are the villagers are addressed. ignorant, unaware of their rights and One of the works written in this freedoms, and on the other hand, their subject and drew attention is “Novel Of living with the fear of the king and God. The Decade” (1933) by Ethem Izzet Pay attention to the examples; Benice (1903-1967). The main heroes of “This was the village during the the work are two village children, Erhan period of Ottoman Empire in 1912. and Torun. The young people, who live Pasha does not love the peasant. Lord with Anatolia love, got education in does not love the peasant. The Imam Ankara and returned with great love. In does not love the peasant ... The king of the work, events take place in a remote the village is Imam. The Sheikh does village of Anatolia during the ten years, Godness” (Benice E. İ., 1933: 34). “... in the period of the Balkan Wars and Our peasant is ignorant. Hit the peasant World War I. and take the bread from them. All of Ideology of Kemalism and them are in the five daily prayers” propaganda of contribution of this (Benice E. İ., 1933: 31). ideology to Anatolia are dominant in this The writer shows that all of work of Benice who is famous for his these make the peasant obey and works such as “The Book to Be Burnt” strengthen the hegemony of “aghalıg” (1927), “The Maddening Woman” (supremacy). If we say with the

517 expression of the researcher Firat the republic's ideology with great love Garagulle, in this work, the reality of and joy. Novel ends with the “aghalıg” is one of the indispensable exclamations of peasants: “Long live, elements of social identity (Karagulle F., Republic”. 2015: 87). It should be noted that these On the other hand, the peasant works are sometimes matching by Mahdi was insulted and beaten violently for Husein's novel “Tarlan”. There are also driving out the bull entering the field. It two opposing forces in the “Tarlan” as proves once again that the peasant is the Sadri Ertem's “When The Spinning class of oppressed. The writer expresses Wheels Stopped”, Ethem Izzet Benice's hatred and protest against grossness from “The Novel Of The Decade” as well as the tongue of Demir Chavush: “We the Turkish novels talking about rural understood the Imam Efendi. Nobleman life. In the one side, positive characters is nobleman and farmhand is farmhand. like Tarlan, Mursal, Khanlar, Hajioghlu, They are both creature. Is it possible to Nadir, Maryam, Aziz, Sadaf and Farman kill somebody for throwing a bull out of bey, Madad, Shamil, Mahmud and Molla the field? Is it forbidden to speak to a Qasham are in the other side. The main bull, not to himself? Do the oxen have to hero of the work is the director of the eat seeds of poor people except agha” Ellar village school, Tarlan. The writer (Benice E. İ., 1933: 11-12)? describes Tarlan as a very active, Throughout the work, the hardworking, noble man, who “has not Ataturk Revolutions, his ideology, are slept in the six years he has been working the subject of great love. The writer in the village and has never rested expresses his love for Ataturk in the (Huseyn M., 1954: 141)”. The writer language of heroes, and even gives shows that Tarlan is interested not only detailed information in some places. In in the field of enlightenment in the the final part of the novel, the village village, but also in agriculture. with school, the road, all the conditions, Researcher, scientist Yahya Seyidov well-organized village and hardworking writes about the character of Tarlan in villagers are described. The writer shows his work “The Creative Way of Mehdi that the peasant meets reconstruction of Husein”: “Mehdi Husein describes

518 Tarlan with sympathy. It is no closed, the heads will be unconscious, coincidence that the writer once again and the ears will be deaf. You came remembers him in “Absheron” and stopping your work. You endured with “Black Stones”. Tarlan Ismailli is sleepless nights, what did you earn? described as a principled, unconquerable Nothing but an insult!.. Forgive me! I do and at the same time a sensitive, caring not want to insult those gathering here, communist” (Seyidov Y., 1966: 47). The especially those making a fuss, you have writer gives the fullness of the character to know that there is no Imam and he did of Mursal, the head of the collective not heal one person! They deceive you to farm, Sadaf, the young teacher and get your money! Let our enemies be Hajioghlu as well as Tarlan. The novel ashamed of their ugly deeds. Where is reflects socialism, collectivism, mullah Gasham, where is Farman bey” collective farming, class struggle, sharp (Huseyn M., 1954: 109)? The example contradictions between contradictory we give is, in fact, completely coincides forces. One of the factors that attracts with the lines “The king of the village is attention is the sharp criticism of the imam. Let Shaikh do Godness” religion-superstition. The writer shows (“Novel Of The Decade”). In general, it that the opposing forces make up the is possible for each type of village novel story “Bitdili İmami” (“Imam of to meet these types of issues. The main mosquito”) using the religious belief of reason for this is the fact that ignorance the people skilfully to bring them to their and superstition are in the forefront of side. People used with money can find class struggle, such as agha-peasant, “healing” in Bitdili (mosquito) oppressor-oppressed. Solution of pretending themselves as deaf, blind, problems attracting attention in the dumb, or mad among people. Thus, sick “Tarlan” novel shows itself in the people who believe in these frauds come activity of Abulhasan Alekperzade, to the Bitdili. The appeal of Tarlan who especially in the novel “Downs”. The revealed the false “miracle” to the public novel, “Poems” (1930), consists people, draws particular attention. “- of three parts. As in the “Tarlan” here, Why were you deceived? Because while political issues such as class struggle in mullahs are living, the eyes will be the village, reconstruction of the village,

519 collectivization of agriculture, in other important element of the novel “Novel of words, the development and the rise of Decade” and “Tarlan”, as well as the Soviet village are reflected. The “Downs” (Abulhasan) and other name of the work refers to the difficulty Azerbaijani novels, which we have of serious conflicts between novelty and studied for comparative study, was due oldness, ups and downs of the inter-class to the writing of these works in the struggle. Yagub Ismayilov pays special dictation of the period. Writer Ethem attention to the novel “Downs” referring Izzet Benice reflected the concrete phase to the role of Abulhasan in the of the Anatolian village before and after development of the Soviet novel in the the establishment of the Republic, 1930s in his monograph “The activity of peasant-lord struggle, and most Abulhasan”: importantly the reconstruction process in “Abulhasan has created a rich the “Novel Of The Decade”. Notable work with interesting plot and scientist Alemdar Yalchin notes that the composition; has drawn a complex and novel was written in the excitement of colourful picture of the collectivization the reconstruction policy initiated during movement in the Azerbaijani village; the Republic, emphasizing that the work discovered the essence of events and was strong from the point of the subject, wishes with the character and fate; but not as successful as a novel (Yalchın brought many live and typical figures to A., 2012: 204). In my opinion, this type our literature; revealed the power of his of novels, dedicated to Sovietism and mastery, especially the epic cognitive class struggle, were written for power of life” (İsmayılov Y., 1986: 53). propaganda of socialism, and today it has As it turned out, issues such as almost lost its significance. collectivization and socialism were one of the typical issues of the novel in the Conclusion 30’s. Works of Mehdi Huseyn, It was Soviet period in Abulhasan Alekberzade, Suleyman Azerbaijan, the Republic period in Rahimov, Bayram Bayramov, Ali Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s. During Valiyev and other writers were the the research, we find that socialist products of this ideology. The most realism from Russian literature

520 influences many peoples, as well as settled between the lord-peasant, the Azerbaijani literature, to some extent landowner-hired, the novelty- Turkish literature. Socialist realism was conservatism, the teacher (intellectual) – in fact a demand of the regime. Because ignorance, superstition. of socialism in Azerbaijan, novel in the For the first time in the article, 30’s reflected collective farming, the Azerbaijan and Turkish novels dealing struggle of workers and peasant classes. with rural life have been studied Since the Republic was established in comparatively. This is the main scientific Turkey, socialist realism was simply a innovation of the research.The article stream. It could not develop as much as can be used in comparative literary in Azerbaijan. Nevertheless, under the criticism, as well as in the study of influence of some writers such as Nazim Turkish and Azerbaijani literature, in the Hikmet, Faik Baisal, Sadri Ertem, study of activity of Sadri Ertem, Mehdi Sabahaddin Ali and then Kamal Tahir, Husein and Abulhasan Alekberzade. Yasar Kamal, Atilla Ilhan, Ilhan Berk, Fakir Baykurt and others in the 50’s have written works in this context. References In general, we have concluded Akyuz K. (1979). The main features of that in the 1920s and 1930s, when the modern Turkish Literature (1860-1923) Turkish novels were involved in I. Ankara. research, we concluded that there was conformity of the Azerbaijani novels in Asadullaev S. (1970). Notes On The terms of the subject of the village. In Novel. Baku. both literatures, there were conflicts mostly between contradictory sides and Atatürk's speeches and statements I. the classes, not between individuals, (1945). Ed. Karal E. Z., Istanbul: Turkish images in the rural novels. In these Revolution History Institute novels, the collision reached the highest Publications. peak with the lord-peasant, oppressor- oppressed, intellectuality and ignorance Babayeva E. (2018). Contradictions in confrontations, the novel conflict was rural life in Smell of Earth by Rashad

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