Zwischen Plautdietsch, Hochdeutsch Und Spanisch : Dreisprachigkeit Von in Paraguay Und Bolivien Lebenden Mennoniten Und Ihre

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Zwischen Plautdietsch, Hochdeutsch Und Spanisch : Dreisprachigkeit Von in Paraguay Und Bolivien Lebenden Mennoniten Und Ihre Zwischen Plautdietsch, Hochdeutsch und Spanisch: Dreisprachigkeit von in Paraguay und Bolivien lebenden Mennoniten und ihre Auswirkung auf die spanische Lernersprache Inaugural Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie in der Fakultät für Philologie der RUHR-UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM vorgelegt von Kristin Ostendorf Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Fakultät für Philologie der Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Referent: ___________________________________________Prof. Dr. Judith Visser Korreferent: ___________________________________________Prof. Dr. Gerald Bernhard Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: _________________________4. Dezember 2017 Meiner Mutter (†2012) Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 9 2 Mennoniten: Glaube, Herkunft, Geschichte und Tradition 13 2.1 DieEntstehungdesmennonitischenGlaubens............ 13 2.2 GlaubensgrundlagenundLebensweisederMennoniten....... 14 3 Sprache und Migration 19 3.1 Sprachgebrauch religi¨oserGruppen.................. 20 3.2 AuswanderungsbewegungenderMennoniten............. 21 3.2.1DeutscheinRussland...................... 23 3.2.2DeutscheinderUkraine.................... 25 3.3 AnabaptisteninAmerikaundKanada................ 28 3.4 Anabaptisten in Sudamerika......................¨ 41 3.5 AußenkontaktederMennoniten.................... 45 4 Mennoniten in Sudamerika:¨ untersuchte Ziell¨ander 49 4.1 Spanisch in Sudamerika........................¨ 49 4.2 Paraguay................................. 50 4.2.1LandesinformationenzuParaguay............... 50 4.2.2MennoniteninParaguay.................... 51 4.2.3SpanischinParaguay...................... 54 4.3 Bolivien . ................................ 58 4.3.1 Landesinformationen zu Bolivien . ............ 58 4.3.2 Mennoniten in Bolivien . .................... 62 4.3.3 Spanisch in Bolivien . ................... 65 5 Plautdietsch als niederdeutsche Variet¨at 69 5.1 Niederdeutsch: ein historischer Uberblick...............¨ 70 5.2 CharakteristikadesNiederdeutschen................. 70 5.3 DieEntwicklungdesPlautdietschen.................. 71 5.4 CharakteristikadesPlautdietschen.................. 74 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis 6 Vorbereitungen der Feldforschung in Paraguay und Bolivien 79 6.1 Mennonitische Glaubensgemeinschaft als Sprachminderheit in Sud-¨ amerika................................. 79 6.2 WahlderBefragungsform....................... 80 6.3 EntwicklungdesLeitfadeninterviews................. 81 6.4 BefragunganhanddesLeitfadeninterviews.............. 82 6.5 Voraussetzungen furdieTeilnahmeamInterview..........¨ 84 7 Feldforschung in Paraguay 87 7.1 DieIntervieworte............................ 87 7.1.1 Das mennonitische G¨astehaus in Asunci´on.......... 87 7.1.2DieIglesiaConcordia...................... 88 7.1.3DasColegioConcordia..................... 89 8 Auswertung der Interviews aus Paraguay 95 8.1 AuswertungnachAlterundGeschlecht................ 95 8.2 AuswertungnachberuflichemHintergrund.............. 95 8.3 AuswertungnachHerkunft....................... 96 8.4 SprachkompetenzenundSpracheinstellungen............. 97 8.4.1SprachkomptetenzenimPlautdietschen............ 97 8.4.2SprachkompetenzenimSpanischen.............. 103 8.4.3SprachkompetenzenimHochdeutschen............ 109 8.4.4SprachkompetenzeninanderenSprachen...........114 8.4.5 Die Mehrheitsgruppe und die eigene Sprachgemeinschaft . 118 8.4.6 Einsch¨atzungzureigenenAußenwirkung........... 121 9 Feldforschung in Bolivien 129 9.1 DieIntervieworte............................ 129 9.1.1 Die calle 6 de agosto . .................... 129 9.1.2DasMennoniteCentralCommittee.............. 130 9.1.3DieKolonieMorgenland.................... 136 10 Die Auswertung der Interviews aus Bolivien 147 10.1AuswertungnachAlterundGeschlecht................ 147 10.2AuswertungnachberuflichemHintergrund.............. 148 10.3AuswertungnachHerkunft....................... 149 10.4SprachkompetenzenundSpracheinstellung.............. 151 10.4.1SprachkompetenzenimPlautdietschen............ 151 10.4.2SprachkompetenzenimSpanischen.............. 159 10.4.3SprachkompetenzenimHochdeutschen............ 164 10.4.4SprachkompetenzeninanderenSprachen...........170 6 Inhaltsverzeichnis 10.4.5 Die Mehrheitsgruppe und die eigene Sprachgesellschaft . 172 10.5AusblickausmennonitischerSicht................... 179 10.6Zwischenfazit.............................. 183 11 Systematisierung sprachlicher Besonderheiten 185 11.1GewinnungderFehlerdaten...................... 185 11.2FehlerdefinitionundKlassifizierung.................. 186 11.2.1DieFehlerbestimmungimFremdsprachenunterricht..... 188 11.2.2 Die Verst¨andlichkeit...................... 189 11.3Interferenz,Transfer,Entlehnung................... 190 11.3.1DerTransfer........................... 191 11.3.2DieSimplifizierung....................... 194 11.4 Kontrastive und ¨ahnlicheGrammatik................. 195 12 Sprachliche Besonderheiten des Spanischen 199 12.1Determinanten............................. 200 12.1.1Paraguay............................. 200 12.1.2Bolivien............................. 202 12.2Flexionen................................ 204 12.3 Differenzierung von ser, estar, hay und tener ............ 210 12.4Modus.................................. 212 12.5Tempora................................. 212 12.6Kongruenzen.............................. 218 12.7 Pr¨apositionen.............................. 221 12.8Konjunktionen............................. 225 12.9Pronomen................................ 225 12.10Code-Switching............................. 229 12.11 Weitere Besonderheiten zu m¨oglichenInterferenzen......... 230 12.12Zwischenfazit.............................. 232 13 Auswertung der direkten Translationen 235 13.1 Auswertung zu ErkamletztenSamstag“.............. 237 ” 13.2 Auswertung zu ErkamjedenSamstag“............... 240 ” 13.3 Auswertung zu Ichbin20Jahrealt“................. 243 ” 13.4 Auswertung zu SiesollihrerMutterhelfen“............. 246 ” 13.5 Auswertung zu IchmagmeineNachbarn“.............. 251 ” 13.6 Auswertung zu Bistdusicher,dassernichtsgetanhat?“..... 254 ” 13.7 Auswertung zu Wenn ich Zeit gehabt h¨atte, h¨atte ich das Buch ” gelesen“................................. 260 13.8 Auswertung zu Ichbinbereit,eszutun“.............. 264 ” 13.9 Auswertung zu PeterwirdzumFischengehen“........... 268 ” 7 Inhaltsverzeichnis 13.10Zwischenfazit.............................. 273 14 Ausblick 277 Literatur 281 Anhang 291 8 Mennonitische Identit¨at ist ein komplexes, ver¨anderbares Gebilde.“ ” Hans Adolf Hertzler, Pfarrer 1 Einleitung Die Glaubensgemeinschaft der Mennoniten ist eine ursprunglich¨ aus Norddeutsch- land stammende und seit dem 16. Jh. existierende Gruppe, die uber¨ die vergangenen Jahrhunderte aus religi¨osen Grunden¨ immer wieder verfolgt wurde und daher oft auswanderte. Sie siedelte in vielen Regionen, bislang in Friesland, Preußen, Russ- land, Kanada, Mittel- und Lateinamerika sowie mittlerweile auch Afrika. Mennoni- ten wandern stets geschlossen in gr¨oßeren Gruppen weiter und das Besondere ist, dass sich viele von ihnen bis heute die niederdeutsche Sprache, die die Grunderv¨ ¨ater der Glaubensgemeinschaft sprachen und die in Teilen Norddeutschlands damals die Mehrheitssprache war, bis heute erhalten. Die niederdeutsche Variet¨at der Menno- niten ist das sogenannte Plautdietsche. Daneben spielt fur¨ die Wiedert¨aufer oder Anabaptisten, wie sie auch genannt werden, das Hochdeutsche eine entscheidende Rolle, da es bei ihnen als Sprache der Bibel gilt. Sie legen auch Wert darauf, ihre kulturellen europ¨aischen Wurzeln zu pflegen - selbst dann, wenn sie selbst noch nie dort waren und Europa lediglich von Bildern und Erz¨ahlungen kennen. Die meisten von ihnen ziehen eine isolierte Lebensweise vor und es gibt oft kaum Kontakt zu Eingeborenen ihrer Siedlungsl¨ander. Abh¨angig davon, wie konservativ die einzelnen mennonitischen Zweige sind, lernen sie kaum oder gar nicht die offiziellen Sprachen ihrer Einwanderungsl¨ander. In Lateinamerika ist das Spanische daher fur¨ die Wie- dert¨aufer eine Fremdsprache, die nicht von allen beherrscht wird. Mennoniten haben also in der Regel zwar die Staatsburgerschaft¨ ihres Einwanderungslandes, identifi- zieren sich aber mit dem Idiom und der Kultur des deutschsprachigen Raumes, unabh¨angig davon, ob sie schon einmal dort waren oder nicht. Die mennonitische Identit¨at ist daher offenkundig komplex, und dies manifestiert sich nicht zuletzt auf sprachlicher Ebene. Mittlerweile siedeln die Wiedert¨aufer auf allen Kontinenten und es gibt fur¨ eine Vielzahl der mennonitisch bewohnten Regionen unterschiedlich umfangreiche Un- tersuchungen zu ihrem Sprachverhalten. Ziell¨ander der vorliegenden Untersuchung sind Paraguay und Bolivien, eine detailliertere Begrundung¨ zu dieser Wahl folgt im Verlaufe der Arbeit, wichtig ist aber anzumerken, dass aus dem spanisch- und por- tugiesischsprachigen Raum stammende sprachwissenschaftliche Datenerhebungen zu diesem Thema bislang rar sind. Lediglich vereinzelte Arbeiten zu Uruguay, Brasilien und dem mittelamerikanischen Mexiko (Brand 1992, Kaufmann 1997, Scharf 2001, Durksen¨ 2013) konnten zeigen, wie unterschiedlich die (sprachliche) Integration der Wiedert¨aufer in den einzelnen Gebieten, in denen sie siedeln, ist. Die Grunde¨ fur¨ 9 1 Einleitung diese Unterschiede sind vielf¨altig; sie h¨angen zum einen davon ab, inwiefern die Re- gierung des Gastlandes ihnen Privilegien wie den Aufbau und Erhalt eigener Kirchen und Schulen gew¨ahrt; dies spielt fur¨ die Wiedert¨aufer eine große Rolle, denn es ist fur¨ sie entscheidend, dass sie ihren Glauben praktizieren durfen¨ und sich nicht in das nationale Schulsystem ihrer
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