Constative and Performative Utterances in Jokowi's

WAHANA INOVASI VOLUME 9 No.1 JAN-JUNI 2020 ISSN : 2089-8592

CONSTATIVE AND PERFORMATIVE UTTERANCES IN JOKOWI’S SPEECHES

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION

This study deals with constative and Speech act is an action performed performative utterances in Jokowi’s via utterances and speech act is concern speeches. It was aimed at investigating with the speaker’s communicative the types of constative and performative intention in producing an utterance. It is utterances in Jokowi’s speeches, to defined by the purpose for which the describe the realization of constative and speakers use the language, for example performative utterances in Jokowi’s to make a request, to apologize, and to speeches and to state the reason why report. (Yule, 1996:54) based on the constative and performtive utterances statement, the study of speaker’s used in Jokowi’s speeches. This study intentions and what the speakers mean used descriptive qualitative method. The when they use the particular linguistics in data of this research were the utterances context. of Jokowi’s speeches held on 10 January Speech act can be divided for some 2016 in Jakarta about “Pembangunan parts. Austin (1962) states that Nasional semesta Berencana untuk communicating a speech act consist of Indonesia Raya” and Jokowi’s speech three elements: the speaker says held on 17 February 2016 in San something, the speaker signals an Fransisco with theme “Diaspora associated speech act, and the speech Indonesia”. The sources of data of this act causes an effect on her listeners or study were taken from Jokowi’s speeches the participants. First, Locutionary act is videos downloaded from youtube. Based the literal meaning of what is said or by on the data analysis, there are eleven which meant as the act of saying types of constative used by Jokowi in his something that makes sense in a speeches; affirming, allegging, language. Example: It’s hot in here, announcing, answering, concuring, second, Illocutionary act, the action disclosing, identifying, informing, intended by the speaker, or the uses to predicting, reporting and stipulting. In which language can be put in society, performative utterances, Jokowi used all example: ‘It’s hot in here’ could be; an types of performative utterances; indirect request for someone to open the verdictives, exertives, commisives, window because is cold or a complaint behabitives and expositives. In the implying that someone should know better realization of constative utterances, than to keep the windows closed and third Jokowi used the form of indirect speech perlocutionary act concerned with what act. In performative utterances, he used follows an utterance: the effect of what is direct and indirect speech act. Jokowi said or ‘take-up’ of an illocutionary act. used constative and performative Example: ‘It’s hot in here’, could result in utterances to persuade the listeners to someone opening the windows. participate in the improvement of Shiffrin (1994) also says that Austin Indonesia. in his early thinking about speech act, he began this theory by distinguishing the Keywords: Constative, Performative, types of declarative sentences into what Speech acts. he called “performative utterance” from “constative utterance.” So, constative and Constative and Performative Utterances performative are part of speech act in Jokowi’s Speeches. Jurnal Linguistik theory. He identified a constative as an Terapan utterance which states a fact that is true or false. Meanwhile, performative seems

86 Mutia Hafifah : Constative and Performative Utterances In ……………………………………….. not to describe anything in the world at all, world. As such, they can be said to be and so seems not to be true or false. true or false. Besides, constatives are true Instead, it seems to perform an action in or false depend on their correspondence saying utterances. (or not) with the fact. Beck (1985) states that constatives Meanwhile according to Oliver are a class of “fact-stating” utterances, (2007), performatives refer to utterances which “constate” something true or false. in uttering of performatives in appropriate This includes reports, statements, circumstances, one performs actions. The descriptions, assertions, predictions etc. A uttering of a performative is part of the simple example is “that books are white doing of a certain kind of action; it is not and blue”. Meanwhile, a performative just to "say" something, but rather to utterance is doing something rather than perform a certain kind of action (Austin saying something. later dealed with them under the name Unfortunately, not all speakers or illocutionary acts), and the performance of listeners have sufficient knowledge and performative would not normally be understanding about this utterances described as just "saying" or "describing" type. Some people may not understand something. Beck (1985) also says that well what types of utterances they performatives, although grammatically produce or listen, whether the speaker indiscernible from constatives that have describes about something or performs an two distinctive properties: performatives action with his words, as a consequence do not state something true or false, and a they cannot interpret and understand the person makes a performative utterance intended meaning of all utterances well for doing something rather than saying (Beck, 1985). something. For example in Jokowi speech: Allan (1986) states that constative - “Tantangan yang kedua adalah utterance has the property of being true or kemiskinan di depan mata kita” false. The performative utterance, by (The second challenge is poverty in contrast, can never be either: it has its front of our eyes). own special jobs, it is used to perform an Some listeners may interpret this action. To issue such an utterance is to is a constative utterance because the perform the action, perhaps, which one speaker stating the truth about the scarcely could perform, at least with so poverty in Indonesia but, thi is the much precision, in any other way. He also performative utterance because that stated naturally there are strong speaker persuade the listeners to limitations on what can be performative eradicate poverty in the society. utterances. First, the subject of the sentence must be I or we. The utterance Constative and Performative “He advises you to study hard” is not a Utterances performative utterance because it uses Mace (2009) states that constative another pronoun subject “he”. Second, the utterance is from Latin language (constate verb must be in the present tense. And, ‘to be manifest; to be an established fact’). perhaps most important, the speaker must The term constative denotes statements be recognized as having the authority to or utterances that describe or depict facts make the statement and the or states of affairs and so may be either circumstances must be appropriate, for true or false. In other words, constatives example the utterance “I open this are utterances or prejudices in that they meeting by reciting basmalah” is valid if it are used to describe or state something, is spoken by an appropriate person in and which thus are true or false. socially determined situations. Thus many In addition, Beck (1985) also says performatives take place in formal settings that constatives are a class of 'fact-stating' and are concerned with official acts. utterances, utterances that 'constate' something true or false. This includes Types of Constative reports, statements, descriptions, Devitt and Hanley (2003) state that assertions, predictions etc. Furthermore, the types of constatives utterance are: Cummings (2005) states that constative is 1. Affirming (to state something is defined as utterances that describe or true or correct formally or report events and state of affairs in the confidently).

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2. Alleging (to accuse someone). 1. You wear a seat belt. (Declarative 3. Announcing (to announce something). sentence type; Assertion) 4. Answering (to answer the question). 2. Do you wear a seat belt? 5. Concurring (to express agreement). ( Interrogative sentence type; 6. Denying (to deny something). Question) 7. Disclosing (to make something is 3. Wear a seat belt! (Imperative known). sentence type; Order/request). 8. Identifying (to identify something). The direct speech acts have function 9. Informing (to give information). to make an order or a request of doing the 10.Predicting (to predict about acts wanted by the speaker. These something). speech acts are uttered on record. 11. Reporting (to make a report). b. Indirect Speech acts 12. Stipulating (to state something clearly Yule (2006:55) states that indirect and firmly as requirement). speech acts will happen if there is indirect relationship between the structure and the Types of Performatives function of the utterance. Stewart and Wardhaugh (1986:276) divides vaillete (2001:225-226) states that indirect performatives into five categories: speech acts are generally considered to 1) Verdictives, is performative in which the be more polite that direct ones. Indirect speaker makes an assessment or usages are not rare or marginal. It takes judgement about the acts of another, little reflection, however, to notice that in especially the addressee. most cases, some notion of politeness 2) Exercitives, is the exercising of powers, plays a role. The direct imposition can be right or influence exemplified by emeliorated by avoiding a direct demand appointing, ordering, voting, urging, and instead asking whether the warning, or advising. addressee is willing to or capable of 3) Commisives is typified by acts which carrying out the act. This gives the commit the speaker to do something in addressee the option of not carrying out the future, but also include declaration the implied request without losing face. or announcements of intention. Hence “Would you pass the salt?” or “can 4) Behabitives is reaction to other you pass the salt?” are more polite than people's behaviour and fortunes “Pass the salt!”. having to do with such matters as For example: apologizing, congratulation, blessing, Direct : Please close the door. cursing, or challenging. (Imperative sentence type; 5) Expositives, is a term used to refer Order/ request) expounding of views, the conducting of Indirect :Do you think you could close arguments and the clarifying usages the door? (Interrogative and references. sentence type; Order/request). Akmajian, et al (2001) states that The Way of Performing Speech acts sometimes when people speak they are a. Direct Speech Act not only performing some direct form of Yule (2006:54) states that direct communication but also speaking speech acts will happen if there is direct indirectly. When people speak indirectly, relationship between the structure and the they mean something more than what function of the utterance. The structure they mean directly and they want the refers to the three structural forms; hearer to guess or to conclude what they namely declarative, interogative and mean by saying the utterance. imperative. In contrast with the direct speech Stewart and Vailette (2001: 223) acts, the indirect speech acts are made also states that direct speech act is the by making a demand or request, a relationship between the structure and the command, and offers in the forms of function of some utterances. It occurs persuasion indirectly. It means that the when a particular sentence type is being speakers made the utterances by saying ussed to serve its typical function. It is them off record. based on the literal meaning of the sentence. For example:

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY announcing, answering, concuring, disclosing, identifying, informing, This study was applied qualitative predicting, reporting and stipulating. In method with descriptive design which is performative utterances, Jokowi used basically interpretative research to all types of performative utterances, purposefully select informants either such as verdictives, exertives, document or visual materials that might commisives, behabitives and be the best answer to the research expositives. In constative utterances, problem. It is chosen due to qualitative Reporting dominantly used in Jokowi’s research has the natural setting, as the speeches. Meanwhile, in performative direct source of data and the researcher is utterances, Commisives dominantly the key instrument (Bodgan and Biklen, used in Jokowi’s speeches. 1982). Descriptive qualitative design is 2. The realization of constative and one of research designs which the performative utterances in speech acts researcher takes a part in the observation. used in Jokowi speeches. Jokowi used The researcher enters and spends the form of indirect speech acts in considerable time in the location. constative utterances. In performative Bodgan and Biklen (1982) assert utterances, he used direct and indirect that descriptive means the data collected speech act. in the form of words rather that numbers. 3. Jokowi used constative and Descriptive qualitative design tries to performative utterances to persuade analyze the data with all their richness as listener to participate in the closely as possible to the form in which improvement of Indonesia. they will record and transcribe, and the written result of the research contains Discussion quotation from the data to illustrate and Devitt and Hanley (2003) state that substantiate the presentation. In this there are twelve types of constatives study, the researcher analyzed Jokowi’s utterances; they are affirming, alleging, speeches by using descriptive research announcing, answering, concuring, design to find out the types, the realization denying, disclosing, identifying, informing, and the reason of constative and predicting, reporting and stipulating. After performative utterances used in Jokowi’s reading and and focusing the data. speeches. Researcher found that eleven types of The data of this research were the constative used by Jokowi in his utterances from Jokowi’s speeches which speeches, such as affirming, alleging, was held on 10 January 2016 in Jakarta announcing, answering, concuring, about “Pembangunan Nasional Semesta disclosing, identifying, informing, Berencana untuk Indonesia Raya” with predicting, reporting and stipulating. duration 31 minutes 40 seconds and Reporting dominantly is used in Jokowi Jokowi’s speech in San Fransisco was speeches. Denying can not found in held on 17 February 2016 with duration jokowi speeches, because the speaker 34 minutes 15 seconds. The sources of did not use deny utterances in his data was taken from the website speeches. www.youtube.com. Based on Utami’s (2014) in his thesis “Illocution Performative Utterances in FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION O’neil’s Beyond The Horizon” found that in O’neil’s Beyond The Horizon drama there Findings are four types of performative utterances; After the analysis conducted, some those are representatives, directives, findings were found as the answer for the commisives, and expresives. The questions in chapter one, it was found declarative act was not found in the that: dialogues as there are no speech 1. During the speeches in Jakarta and situation and speech event that requires san Fransisco, Jokowi used constative this illocutions. it was contrast from the and performative utterances in his analysis in Jokowi’s speeches, Jokowi speeches. There are eleven types of used all types of performative utterances, constative used by Jokowi in his such as verdictives, exertives, speeches, such as affirming, alleging, commisives, behabitives and expositives.

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