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The Concept of Ministry in the Arabic Political Tradition Its Origin, Development, and Linguistic Reflection
The Concept of Ministry in the Arabic Political Tradition Its origin, development, and linguistic reflection IVAN V. SIVKOV Abstract The paper presents the results of an analysis of the term “ministry” (wizāra) as one of the pivotal concepts in the Arabic/Islamic political tradition. The ministry as key political/administrative institution in the Arabic/Islamic traditional state machinery is researched from a historical/institutional perspective. The concept of ministry is treated from the point of its origin and historical development, as well as its changeable role and meaning in the variable Arabic political system. The paper is primarily dedicated to the investigation of the realization of the concept of ministry and its different types and branches in the Arabic language through the etymological and semantic examination of the terms used to denote this institution during the long period of administrative development of the Arabic world from its establishment as such and during the inception of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate to its usage in administrative apparatus of modern Arab states. The paper is based on Arabic narrative sources such as historical chronicles, collections of the official documents of modern Arabic states, and the lists of its chief magistrates (with special reference to government composition and structure). Keywords: term, terminology, concept, semantic, etymology, value, derivation Introduction The term wazīr is traditionally used to denote the position of vizier who was the state secretary, the aide, helper and councilor of the caliph/sultan of the highest rank in the administrative apparatus of ʿAbbāsid Caliphate and its successor states (e.g., Būyids, Fāṭimids, Ayyūbids and Salǧūqs). -
A Study of Muslim Economic Thinking in the 11Th A.H
Munich Personal RePEc Archive A study of Muslim economic thinking in the 11th A.H. / 17th C.E. century Islahi, Abdul Azim Islamic Economics Institute, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA 2009 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/75431/ MPRA Paper No. 75431, posted 06 Dec 2016 02:55 UTC Abdul Azim Islahi Islamic Economics Research Center King Abdulaziz University Scientific Publising Centre King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia FOREWORD There are numerous works on the history of Islamic economic thought. But almost all researches come to an end in 9th AH/15th CE century. We hardly find a reference to the economic ideas of Muslim scholars who lived in the 16th or 17th century, in works dealing with the history of Islamic economic thought. The period after the 9th/15th century remained largely unexplored. Dr. Islahi has ventured to investigate the periods after the 9th/15th century. He has already completed a study on Muslim economic thinking and institutions in the 10th/16th century (2009). In the mean time, he carried out the study on Muslim economic thinking during the 11th/17th century, which is now in your hand. As the author would like to note, it is only a sketch of the economic ideas in the period under study and a research initiative. It covers the sources available in Arabic, with a focus on the heartland of Islam. There is a need to explore Muslim economic ideas in works written in Persian, Turkish and other languages, as the importance of these languages increased in later periods. -
Historia Scribere 13 (2021)
historia scribere 13 (2021) The Beginnings of an Empire. The Transformation of the Ottoman State into an Empire, demonstrated at the example of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and accomplishments Vera Flatz Kerngebiet: Neuzeit eingereicht bei: Yasir Yilmaz, MA PhD und Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stefan Ehrenpreis eingereicht im: WiSe 2019/20 Rubrik: Seminar-Arbeit Abstract The Beginnings of an Empire. The Transformation of the Ottoman State into an Empire, demonstrated at the example of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and accomplishments The following seminar paper deals with Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and the processes that turned an Ottoman principality into the Ottoman Empire. Starting with Sultan Mehmed’s II appointment in 1444, important practic- es such as the nomination of a grand vizier changed significantly. Moreover, Mehmed II built a new palace which reflected the new imperial self-percep- tion, a new code of law was installed, and the empire was centralised. All these developments become especially visible in the life of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha Angelovic. The paper examines secondary literature as well as contem- porary sources of Kritobolous and Ibn Khaldun. Sources on Mahmud Pasha’s life are rare and need to be analysed with caution as his posthumous legend influenced the production of literature about his life. 1. Introduction Mahmud Pasha Angelovic, born at the beginning of the 15th century in a town in Ser- bia, became one of the most influential grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire. How did that happen? In 1453, Mehmed II conquered Constantinople and made it the capital of one of the biggest empires of the early modern period. -
Fall of Constantinople] Pmunc 2018 Contents
[FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE] PMUNC 2018 CONTENTS Letter from the Chair and CD………....…………………………………………....[3] Committee Description…………………………………………………………….[4] The Siege of Constantinople: Introduction………………………………………………………….……. [5] Sailing to Byzantium: A Brief History……...………....……………………...[6] Current Status………………………………………………………………[9] Keywords………………………………………………………………….[12] Questions for Consideration……………………………………………….[14] Character List…………………...………………………………………….[15] Citations……..…………………...………………………………………...[23] 2 [FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE] PMUNC 2018 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Dear delegates, Welcome to PMUNC! My name is Atakan Baltaci, and I’m super excited to conquer a city! I will be your chair for the Fall of Constantinople Committee at PMUNC 2018. We have gathered the mightiest commanders, the most cunning statesmen and the most renowned scholars the Ottoman Empire has ever seen to achieve the toughest of goals: conquering Constantinople. This Sultan is clever and more than eager, but he is also young and wants your advice. Let’s see what comes of this! Sincerely, Atakan Baltaci Dear delegates, Hello and welcome to PMUNC! I am Kris Hristov and I will be your crisis director for the siege of Constantinople. I am pleased to say this will not be your typical committee as we will focus more on enacting more small directives, building up to the siege of Constantinople, which will require military mobilization, finding the funds for an invasion and the political will on the part of all delegates.. Sincerely, Kris Hristov 3 [FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE] PMUNC 2018 COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION The year is 1451, and a 19 year old has re-ascended to the throne of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed II is now assembling his Imperial Court for the grandest city of all: Constantinople! The Fall of Constantinople (affectionately called the Conquest of Istanbul by the Turks) was the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire. -
The Muslim Empires
The Muslim Empires Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals These empires are sometimes referred to as the Gunpowder Empires. Why? Each made successful use of gunpowder, cannon and muskets in defeating adversaries wedded more to old technologies and tactics (such as castles, longbows, etc.) (Cf. European powers like France and Spain, which later made use of cannons and muskets also) These three Muslim Empires were all built by Turkic (and not Arab) Nomadic Peoples The Ottoman (Turkish) Empire Major Ottoman Sultans: -Osman Bey (r. 1299-1324) -Mehmet II (r. 1451-1481) -Selim the Grim (r.1512-1520) -Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) The Ottoman rise to power coincided with the decline both of the Seljuk Turks and of the Byzantine Empire; the Ottoman Turks also benefitted from victories over the Serbs in the Balkans (e.g., at Kosovo in 1389) The capture of Constantinople in 1453 linked the disparate parts of the Ottoman empire together and signaled to European, Asian and African states that the Ottoman Turks had become a formidable military power Mehmet the Conqueror (r.1451-1481) -The conquest of Constantinople (subsequently renamed Istanbul) was the most important event of his sultanate -Mehmet accomplished this at the age of 21 -Other notable military achievements by Mehmet included the conquest of additional territory in Albania, Bosnia, and Serbia -Mehmet was also known for the sincerity of his faith, his facility with foreign languages (he knew perhaps as many as 8), and his interest in education and the arts (see his tughra (signature -
Ethnohistory of the Qizilbash in Kabul: Migration, State, and a Shi'a Minority
ETHNOHISTORY OF THE QIZILBASH IN KABUL: MIGRATION, STATE, AND A SHI’A MINORITY Solaiman M. Fazel Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology Indiana University May 2017 i Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee __________________________________________ Raymond J. DeMallie, PhD __________________________________________ Anya Peterson Royce, PhD __________________________________________ Daniel Suslak, PhD __________________________________________ Devin DeWeese, PhD __________________________________________ Ron Sela, PhD Date of Defense ii For my love Megan for the light of my eyes Tamanah and Sohrab and for my esteemed professors who inspired me iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This historical ethnography of Qizilbash communities in Kabul is the result of a painstaking process of multi-sited archival research, in-person interviews, and collection of empirical data from archival sources, memoirs, and memories of the people who once live/lived and experienced the affects of state-formation in Afghanistan. The origin of my study extends beyond the moment I had to pick a research topic for completion of my doctoral dissertation in the Department of Anthropology, Indiana University. This study grapples with some questions that have occupied my mind since a young age when my parents decided to migrate from Kabul to Los Angeles because of the Soviet-Afghan War of 1980s. I undertook sections of this topic while finishing my Senior Project at UC Santa Barbara and my Master’s thesis at California State University, Fullerton. I can only hope that the questions and analysis offered here reflects my intellectual progress. -
The Ottoman Turks
l,^l';iifi':M» '/.I' CO CD CO '' c THE OTTOMAN TURKS SELL CBRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY FOR INDIA London Madras Colombo Calcutta Rangoon 1915 Sup pi'' v. ,-..-1;.- 1 . GENERAL EDITOR T5ht ^«». (TanoR Sell. "3>.T>.. !Jtt.5l.'::\.S. THE OTTOMAN TURKS Supplied by MINAR BOOK AGENCY Exporters of Books & Periodicals i04, Ghadial)' Building, Saddar KARACHI-3. PAKISTAN THE OTTOMAN TURKS BY The Rev. CANON SELL, d.d., m.r.a.s. FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS AUTHOR OF 'the FAITH OF ISLAM". ' THE RECENSIONS OF THE QUR'AN ', 'THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS OF ISLAM", ' THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE QUR'AN ', 'the LIFE OF MUHAMMAD", 'THE CULT OF 'aLI', 'MUSLIM CONQUESTS IN SPAIN ", ETC. THE CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY FOR INDIA MADRAS ALLAHABAD CALCUTTA COLOMBO 1915 A S. p. C. K. PRESS, VEPERY, MADRAS— 1915 DR c ,, CONTENTS PAGE I. —THE RISE OF THE EMPIRE ... ... 1 II. —THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE ... 64 III.—APPENDIX A—THE OTTOMAN SULTANS ... 127 IV.—APPENDIX B—OTTOMAN SLAVERY AS AN IMPERIAL ASSET ... ... ... 129 V. —APPENDIX C—OTTOMAN LITERATURE ... 133 VI. —INDEX ... ... ... ... 137 Our empire is the House of Islam; from father to son the lamp of our empire is kept burning with oil from the hearts of the infidels. Sultan Muhammad, the Conqueror THE OTTOMAN TURKS I. THE RISE OF THE EMPIRE Amongst the numerous nomad races of Central Asia there were two great tribes—the Mongols and the Turks—who in the thirteenth century overran a great part of the MusHm empire and penetrated beyond it. Hulagu Khan captured Baghdad, the seat of the renowned 'Abbasid Khalifate, and the Mongols soon overran the Syrian empire of Saladin, which had come now under the rule of the Mam- luk Sultans of Egypt. -
Download Full Book
Staging Governance O'Quinn, Daniel Published by Johns Hopkins University Press O'Quinn, Daniel. Staging Governance: Theatrical Imperialism in London, 1770–1800. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. Project MUSE. doi:10.1353/book.60320. https://muse.jhu.edu/. For additional information about this book https://muse.jhu.edu/book/60320 [ Access provided at 30 Sep 2021 18:04 GMT with no institutional affiliation ] This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Staging Governance This page intentionally left blank Staging Governance theatrical imperialism in london, 1770–1800 Daniel O’Quinn the johns hopkins university press Baltimore This book was brought to publication with the generous assistance of the Karl and Edith Pribram Endowment. © 2005 the johns hopkins university press All rights reserved. Published 2005 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 987654321 The Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data O’Quinn, Daniel, 1962– Staging governance : theatrical imperialism in London, 1770–1800 / Daniel O’Quinn. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8018-7961-2 (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. English drama—18th century—History and criticism. 2. Imperialism in literature. 3. Politics and literature—Great Britain—History—18th century. 4. Theater—England— London—History—18th century. 5. Political plays, English—History and criticism. 6. Theater—Political aspects—England—London. 7. Colonies in literature. I. Title. PR719.I45O59 2005 822′.609358—dc22 2004026032 A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. -
On Portuguese and Other European Views of Mughal Succession Crises*
‘I will do as my father did’: On Portuguese and Other European Views of Mughal Succession Crises* Jorge Flores University of Aveiro and Brown University [email protected] Abstract The Mughal succession crises occurring between the political downfall of Akbar (c. 1600) and Aurangzeb’s death (1707) were portrayed in detail by a considerable number of European observers. This essay intends to study the way those critical moments, that would eventually lead to the disintegration of the Mughal empire, were openly desired both in Goa and Lisbon: they somewhat represented the life insurance of a defenseless Estado da Índia forced to face a giant – the Grão Mogor – that could not be controlled. On the other hand, and for different reasons, the agents of the English East India Company, operating on the ground, as well as the theatergoers that saw John Dryden’s plays in London, favored the dynastic stability of Timurid India. This represents an interesting diversity of European images of the Mogor, and asks for a careful analysis of their motives and impact. Keywords Mughal empire, Portuguese India, political succession, dynastic crises, European perceptions of Asia, early modern world. Introduction The problem of political succession, in a large spectrum of cases ranging from the simplest chieftaincies to the most sophisticated of sovereign states in diverse epochs and different societies, has recurrently occupied historians and anthropologists. Those moments of transition, when evolving towards acute political crises, are naturally capable of leaving profound marks on the collective mindset of a people. Not haphazardly, one of those crucial episodes in the history of Portugal is the death of King Sebastian (r. -
Glencoe World History
Rise of the Ottoman Turks Over a span of three hundred years, the Ottomans conquered the Byzantine Empire and expanded into western Asia, Africa, and Europe to create the Ottoman Empire. Section 1 Figure 4 Rise of the Ottoman Turks (cont.) • In the late thirteenth century, the Ottoman Empire was established on the Anatolian Peninsula under the leader Osman. • The Ottoman Turks expanded west and controlled the straits of Bosporus and the Dardanelles, which connected the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Aegean Sea. Section 1 Figure 1 Rise of the Ottoman Turks (cont.) • The Ottomans created a powerful military of janissaries who later mastered the use of gunpowder. • The Ottomans spread their control into the Balkans and annexed Bulgaria. They also expanded into western Asia, North Africa, and Europe. Section 1 Figure 2 Rise of the Ottoman Turks (cont.) • Under the leadership of Mehmed II, Ottoman forces laid siege to the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. • The Ottoman Turks moved their capital to Constantinople and under the leadership of Sultan Selim I controlled the areas of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia. Section 1 Rise of the Ottoman Turks (cont.) • Controlling these lands gave the Ottomans rule over Islam’s holy cities of Jerusalem, Makkah, and Medinah. Selim declared himself the new caliph of the Islamic Empire. • The Ottomans allowed local rulers to continue to govern, and pashas collected taxes and maintained law and order for the sultan. Section 1 Rise of the Ottoman Turks (cont.) • The Ottomans expanded into Europe under Süleyman I and captured Hungary and parts of Austria. -
The Pre-Revolutionary Eighteenth Century
Chapter Title: The Pre-Revolutionary Eighteenth Century Book Title: War and the World Book Subtitle: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450-2000 Book Author(s): Jeremy Black Published by: Yale University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.com/stable/j.ctt1npk2b.10 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms Yale University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to War and the World This content downloaded from 79.147.42.147 on Sat, 06 Jun 2020 05:09:58 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms 5 The Pre-Revolutionary Eighteenth Century The eighteenth through to the early nineteenth century presents a classic example ofEuro centrism in military history thanks to the influence of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia (1740-86), and Napoleon, First Consul (1799-1804) and later Emperor (1804-14, 1815) of France. This is paradoxical because, unlike say Philip II's Spain, the Dutch republic in the seventeenth century, or Victorian Britain, neither Frederician Prussia nor Napoleonic France had much direct military impact outside Europe. Frederick II and his forces did not fight at all beyond Europe, and the Prussian navy was both small and of slight consequence. -
The Mughal and British Colonial Heritage of Lahore
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2018 Shadows of Empire: The Mughal and British Colonial Heritage of Lahore Naeem U. Din The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2691 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SHADOWS OF EMPIRE: THE MUGHAL AND BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF LAHORE by NAEEM DIN A master’s thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2018 © 2018 NAEEM DIN All Rights Reserved ii Shadows of Empire: The Mughal and British Colonial Architectural Heritage of Lahore by Naeem Din This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Date Elizabeth Macaulay–Lewis Thesis Advisor Date Elizabeth Macaulay–Lewis Acting Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Shadows of Empire: The Mughal and British Colonial Architectural Heritage of Lahore by Naeem Din Advisor: Prof. Elizabeth Macaulay–Lewis The Pakistani city of Lahore is the capital of the Punjab province. The city itself has existed for over a thousand years. In 1947 the British rule in the Indian subcontinent ended, resulting in the partition of British India into the modern states of India and Pakistan.