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The Use of English As a Local Language Resource for Identity

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The Use of English As a Local Language Resource for Identity THE USE OF ENGLISH AS A LOCAL LANGUAGE RESOURCE FOR IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN JAPANESE TELEVISION VARIETY SHOWS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAIʻI AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN SECOND LANGUAGE STUDIES August 2014 By Gavin Ken Furukawa Committee: Christina Higgins, Chairperson Haruko Cook Graham Crookes Gabriele Kasper Patricia Steinhoff Keywords: English, Japan, television, Sociocultural Linguistics, discourse analysis, frame analysis ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to an enormous amount of people who helped me succeed in this endeavor. I am especially grateful to my advisor, Christina Higgins, who very patiently put in an enormous amount of work helping me to understand how to approach a very complicated collection of data and gave tons of comments and suggestions which were deeply, deeply appreciated. Her knowledge of just about everything in ranging from linguistics and social theory to art and popular culture was as invaluable as it was amazing. Thank you so much for helping me with everything. I am also grateful to all the members on my committee – Professors Gabriele Kasper, Graham Crookes, Haruko Cook and Patricia Steinhoff. Dr. Kasper, thank you so much for inciting a passion of sociolinguistics in me. Your open mind and keen observations were wonderfully encouraging, inspiring, and exciting. Dr. Crookes, thank you for always helping to remind me of why I wanted to pursue my degree in the first place and what kind of impact I want to have on the world and those around me. Dr. Cook, thank you so much for the all the knowledge and insight I gained in your classes and for helping me appreciate the anthropological perspective. Dr. Steinhoff, I count myself truly blessed for having you on my committee. The questions and suggestions you gave really helped me find the right way to approach my research. I am also grateful to Dr. Lourdes Ortega for her support as both an original member of my committee and as a supervisor, thanks for all the advice and encouragement. Thanks to Kent Sakoda for always being there to lend an ear or coming up with that one resource no one else thinks of. Thanks to Ermile Hargrove for being so supportive and always checking to see how I was doing. Thanks to the members of the Pidgin Coup for giving new and different perspectives on my research. Thanks to Toshiaki Furukawa, Sachiko Hosokawa, Daisuke Kimura, Chie Fukuda, Naoko Naito, and Maiko Ikeda for their help with my data collection and transcription. And thanks to all the great researchers who helped give their input on my data both here and in earlier presentations and submissions in particular: Mie Hiramoto, Joseph Sung- Yul Park, Mary Bucholtz, and Kira Hall. Thanks to everyone in the Sociolinguistics Hui for all the discussions and data sessions. Thanks to Rue Burch for always letting me kvetch when the stress was too overwhelming and thanks to Kuʻuleilani Reyes for letting me walaʻau all I like. i ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the context of Japanese variety shows to analyze the ways that English is used for identity construction and how this relates to the idea of English as a local resource but still connected to the wider world. It also analyzes the ways that English is used as an entertainment resource for both variety programs and for the people who appear on these shows. Japanese variety shows are a site where tarento, entertainers that are marketed through their personality without belonging to single categories such as singer, actor, or dancer, are often ridiculed and humiliated for the purposes of entertainment. During this process, the tarento will often construct themselves and others through tactics of intersubjectivity that isolate individuals from the larger group using different dimensions of relation. This dissertation takes a Sociocultural Linguistics approach to the data allowing for the combination of multiple methods and traditions to gain a more holistic understanding of the connections between the English Language, Japanese media culture, and society. Drawing upon Bakhtin’s (1981) chronotopes, and Bateson’s (1972) notion of interpretive frames, I analyze the discourse of Japanese variety shows as a series of embedded frames of different places in space and time that are constructed through indirect indexical reference working together to create a single text. Utilizing data from focus groups and interviews as well as broadcast data this dissertation investigates the content of the text, audience reception and production aspects of Japanese television. I analyze the uses of English to construct images of intelligence and social cool as well as stupidity and unstylishness through indexical fields. The analysis reveals how socially positive and negative images are used as marketable resources and how intermediary level discourse in the form of screen text or telop can ii present itself as having institutional authority through use of typography. My findings reveal that English is used in a continuing cycle connecting the indexical fields of English to the program and the viewership. The findings also show that the educational context of learning English is never totally separated from its use in this medium. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. i Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Situating My Research ........................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 A contribution to Sociocultural Linguistics ............................................... 4 1.2.2 A contribution to research on multilingualism in the media ...................... 8 1.2.3 English as a local and global language .................................................... 10 1.2.4 Japanese, English and the media .............................................................. 11 1.3 Preview of the Dissertation .................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Television Discourse ............................................................................................ 16 2.3 Data Collection .................................................................................................... 18 2.4 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 19 2.4.1 Sociocultural Linguistics ......................................................................... 19 2.4.1.1 Intersubjectivity ............................................................... 20 iv 2.4.1.2 Frames .............................................................................. 21 2.4.1.3 Indexicality ...................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Semiotics of Typography ......................................................................... 26 2.4.3 Chronotopes ............................................................................................. 30 2.4.4 Combined Analysis .................................................................................. 32 CHAPTER 3. THE CONTEXT OF ENGLISH IN JAPAN 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Japanese History and the English Language .........................................................35 3.3 English Education in the Present ..........................................................................39 3.4 The Influence of Japanese on English ..................................................................40 3.5 Describing English in Japan ..................................................................................43 CHAPTER 4. A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INTRODUCTION TO JAPANESE TELEVISION 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................... 47 4.2 A Typology of Japanese TV ................................................................................ 48 4.3 Variety Shows ...................................................................................................... 54 4.4 Variety Show Subgenres and Corners ................................................................. 57 4.5 Visual and Sound Effects ..................................................................................... 61 4.6 The People Involved ............................................................................................ 63 4.6.1 Owarai geinin ........................................................................................... 65 4.6.2 Aidoru ...................................................................................................... 67 4.7 Understanding ‘Dirty’ Shows .............................................................................
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