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Some Answers to Questions Regarding Neêrlands Streven (1867) : A study of Dutch diplomacy towards Japan at the end of the Tokugawa Era

KOGURE Minori

〔要 旨〕 本稿は、幕末期のオランダ対日外交政策を扱う当時オランダ語で出版された 唯一の史料集ファン・デル・シェイス著『オランダ日本開国論』に焦点を定め、同書出 版に生じた不可思議な出来事を、著者の経歴、出版を請け負ったオランダ王立言語学地 理学民族学研究所（ KITLV）の雑誌、同研究所所有のシェ イス手書清書、そこに挟ま っていて偶然発見された著者書簡、東京大学史料編纂所所有の同書手書草稿マイクロフ ィルム中に発見され、出版の際削除された目次等の一次史料を渉猟しつつ、その真相に 迫ることで、この事件を幕末期のオランダ対日外交政策の一環と位置付ける。

〔Keywords〕 Jacobus Anne van der Chijs, Dutch East Indies, Neêrlands Streven tot Openstelling van Japan voor den Wereldhandel, Dutch diplomacy towards Japan at the end of the Tokugawa Era, International relations in Asia in the late nineteenth century

Preface

This article examines a mid−nineteenth century work by Jacobus Anne van der Chijs titled Neêrlands Streven tot Openstelling van Japan voor den Wereldhandel (Dutch Efforts to Open Up Japan for International Trade), the manuscript of which was completed at Batavia in 1862 and published in Amsterdam in 1867. This book contains large numbers of Dutch primary sources and has been discussed by many researchers both in the Netherlands and in Japan. This is the only record of Dutch diplomacy with Japan published in the Netherlands at that time. It seems, however, that this work, despite its later fame in the Netherlands, was not circulated on a large scale. Against this background this article aims at discussing the author and his book, and solving several puzzling questions that arise when examining this book. It concludes that these peculiarities can be explained by focusing on Dutch foreign policy at the end of the Tokugawa era. It is also noted that the Netherlands was much more than ‘a small power’ which could not influence the international relations among western powers at that time. Page 48 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

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A. Background of Neêrlands Streven

1. Concerning the author Van der Chijs was born in Leiden in the Netherlands on 1 June 1831. He studied and received the degree of Doctor of Laws at the university there.（1） He took the examination for colonial civil servants in Delft and departed for the Dutch East Indies in 1857 as first secretary in the general secretariat (Algemene Secretarie). Later he was assigned to the chief of this bureau. Van der Chijs was in charge of the Newspaper of Java (Javasche Courant) in 1859, and was appointed Inspector for internal education (Inspecteur voor het inlandsch onderwijs).（2）In 1867 he published Neêrlands Streven and was awarded significant Dutch orders (Ridder der Orde van de Eikenkroon). He went back to the Netherlands in 1877 for a two-year leave of absence, and then returned to the Dutch East Indies. From 1880 on, for health reasons, he worked at classifying and listing archives there and supported the chief of the department of statistic archives for the purpose of researching valuable documents for publication.（3） He had a strong motivation for that job and gained a long−term reputation by publishing the Diary of Castle Batavia (Dagh-Resgister, gehouden int Casteel Batavia, vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India) and the Statute book of the Dutch East Indies (Nederl. Ind. Plakaatboek).（4） Van der Chijs was appointed director of National Archive in Batavia (Landsarchivaris) on 28 January 1892. His diligence and extensive knowledge made him just the man for this position, while being able to receive strong support from his colleagues. The Association of Art and Science in Batavia (Bataviaasche Genootschap van Kunst en Wetenschappen) accepted him as a member early in his career and later appointed him a member of honor. The library of the archives and the department of ethnology were promoted by his work. As a result, his lists went through a fourth edition.（5） Although Van der Chijs devoted himself to his job, he was replaced by Lindor Serrurier (1846― 1901) in 1899. The reason for this seems to be that Van der Chijs adopted a different system of classification from Serrurier’s and the latter did not accept it. It is, however, clear that his efforts for improvement and classification in the library and the archives greatly contributed to the use and maintenance of the facility. He edited twelve volumes (1640―41, 53, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66―67, 68―69, 70―71, 72, 73) in Castel of Batavia, while the rest of this series was edited by Herman Theodoor Colenbrander (1871−1945) and J. de Hullu (1864―1940). Van der Chijs’s wide-ranging knowledge of numismatics was appreciated by numismatists.（6） He was a curator at the Medal Cabinet (het Penningkabinet)andan Officier d’Académie. He could not, however, work in his last years, because he became nearly blind. Regarding his private life, he married Marie Pauline van Kooten and they had children. One of them was Helena Catherina who married Hendrik Frederik Fock (1854―1927). Van der Chijs passed away in Batavia on the 22 January 1905.（7） Page 49 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

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2. How Neêrlands Streven was written and why it is significant The Royal Institute for Language, Geography and Ethnology (Het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, KITLV) supported the publication of Neêrlands Streven with the consent of the government and dedicated it to the Dutch King. As a reward for this publication, Van der Chijs was decorated as a Knight of the Order of the Oaken Crown (Ridder der Orde van de Eikenkroon). The preface of the book explains that Neêrlands Streven was written in the name of the Dutch government to defend the Netherlands against a contemporary slander which said that the goal of the Dutch government was to monopolize the Japanese market by keeping it in isolation.（8） Clearly Van der Chijs intended to collect mainly Dutch governmental documents that showed the Netherlands’ contribution toward the opening of Japan. However, some words, even in these documents, were changed in order to hide the real intentions of the Dutch government. Consequently this work produces only documents giving evidence of the Dutch policy towards the opening of Japan and little to the contrary position. In fact, the Netherlands had already lost most of its influence in Japan by the time of the book’s publication. Van der Chijs’s work turned out to be a last desperate attempt to make a Dutch statement on this matter. It has, however, lasting significance as a historical record, including secret documents, which, although edited for content by a Dutch historian, demonstrate Dutch contributions towards the opening of Japan.

3. Documents and literature used in Neêrlands Streven Because Van der Chijs wrote this book in Batavia, the sources he used were limited to documents and literature that were available there. Concerning primary sources, this book contains letters of the Dutch commercial chief in Dejima to the governor−general in Batavia, a secret diary of this chief, notes of the commercial chief in Dejima (Jan Hendrik Donker Curtius, 1813―1879), letters of the Dutch commissioner, letters of the Dutch East Indies’ government and of the governor-general, and letters of the governor- general to the minister of Colonial Affairs in the Netherlands, among other documents. Concerning documents to or from the Netherlands, it contains a report by the minister of Colonial Affairs to the King, letters of the ministry to the governor-general, letters of the minister to the minister of Foreign Affairs, and correspondence of Dutch foreign agents in Japan. It is especially noteworthy that Appendix II（9） deals with the Dutch maritime lessons in Nagasaki based on reports of teachers and the commandants (Gerhardus Fabius [1806―1888], Gerhard Christiaan Coenraad Gerrit Pels Rijcken [1810―1889], Willem Johan Cornelis Ridder Huyssen van Kattendyke [1816―1866]). Concerning literature, it contains a work about Japan written by Engelbert Kaempfer, Herinneringen uit Japan written by Hendrik Doeff (1764―1837, a commercial chief in Dejima), Journals of the Dutch Indies association (Handelingen en Gescriften van het Indisch Genootschap, te ’s Gravenhage), the Dutch gazette (Nederlandsche Staatscourant), and Java Newspaper. Page 50 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

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B.InquiryintothemysteryofNeêrlands Streven

1. Many questions derived from this book When examining this book, various peculiarities emerge. First, it has no table of contents. Second, it has no index. Third, the chapters have no titles. At the beginning of each chapter, for instance, it simply is written, “Chapter 1”, “Chapter 2”, etc. Therefore, it is difficult to quickly scan for topics. As mentioned, the purpose of this work was to refute a false rumor against the Netherlands and to appeal to the opening of Japan for world trade. For this reason, Van der Chijs almost exclusively used Dutch primary sources to prove these matters. Ideally, Van der Chijs should have published it worldwide and in the French language. KITLV, who undertook the publication, however, decided to publish it only in Dutch. Also, although it was agreed to publish Neêrlands Streven at a meeting of this institute on 8 November of 1862, it was postponed for various reasons for many years. The path to publication can be pieced together from Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië (Journal of the Royal Institute for Language, Geography, and Ethnology in the Dutch Indies), the journal of KITLV. I have highlighted some of the main points by extracting and translating relevant information regarding its publication. The year and volume number of the journal, or the date in which a KITLV board meeting was held, is listed prior to each extracted material.

― No.8 in 1862 The name of Van der Chijs appears on the members list.

― No.10 in 1863 Account of Board Meeting of 21 March 1863 … 1. Chairman [Jhr. J.P. Cornets de Groot van Kraaijenburg, 1808―1878] announced that this institute received a letter from the minister of Colonial Affairs [Gerhard Hendrik Uhlenbeck, 1815―1888] as a reply to the proposal of this board that Mr. Van der Chijs would permit some revisions to his book Neêrlands Streven. In relation to this announcement, the chairman reported the situation about the negotiation of this publication.

The 74th Board Meeting, 17 April 1863 Mr. [Salomon] Keyzer (1823−1868) reported some subsequent conditions concerning the publication of Mr. Van der Chijs that Mr. Muller [Frederik Muller 1817―1881, publisher] will undertake. These conditions are accepted except the copyright that KITLV would maintain.

― No.11 in 1864 Page 51 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

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Report about circumstances and activities of KITLV during 1862 and 1863 … Mr. Van der Chijs, who is widely known due to his activity and research concerning histories of the Dutch East Indies, asked the board of KITLV to publish his new work. This work entitled Neêrlands Streven tot Openstelling van Japan voor den Wereldhandel is written as a result of his duty post in the department of general secretariat in Batavia where he was assigned to edit historical notes concerning political issues, the most important of which concern Japanese affairs and center around all Japanese-Dutch affairs. Thanks to a favorable disposition from the minister of Colonial Affairs, the board of KITLV acquired the manuscript of this work and approved its publication. This board willingly undertook the publication that should be circulated, because professionals judged that this work is important and outstanding. All preparation for the publication is finished at present. On this basis it is reported that the work is being printed.

The 76th Board Meeting, 1 August 1864 … Mr. Keyzer reported that Mr. Van der Chijs let him know that he received approval from the Dutch King to write a dedication to him in the book concerning Japan that is being printed.

― No.12 in 1865 Report about circumstances and activities of KITLV during 1863 and 1864 (from the meeting of 14th May 1864) … Printing of Mr. Van der Chijs’s work that was at press in the last report, Neêrlands Streven tot Openstelling van Japan voor den Wereldhandel,isalmost finished. The release date, however, shall be delayed for a few months. The reason is that the author explicitly demanded holding back release of the book after receiving the final proof in Batavia and sending back the list of errata.

The 91st Board Meeting, 8 July 1865 … The secretary-general reported receiving letters as follows : The letter of publisher, Mr. Frederik Muller, dated the 6th of July of this year, inquires about Mr. Van der Chijs’s work concerning Japan that has already been at press for half a year and of which KITLV postponed release in consideration of the special right of the author. Since the Board believes that Mr. Keyzer has taken charge of its publication, it entrusted the secretary-general with the task of sending the summary of the letter concerned and of asking this member [Keyzer] for further explanation.

― No.13 in 1866 The 93rd Board Meeting, 21 August 1865 … The secretary-general reported as follows : Since Dr. Keyzer has taken charge of Page 52 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

48 天理大学学報 第69巻第1号

Mr. Van der Chijs’s work concerning Japan and has not given information about this matter yet, the publisher in Amsterdam, Mr. Muller, asked the author himself to report about the final proof that Muller sent him a very long time ago.

The 99th Board Meeting, 21 July 1866 … XII. The letter of Mr. Frederik Muller in Amsterdam suggests that the publication shall be postponed until the fall of this year, because it seems that the publication at this most unfavorable time will not arouse the interest the work deserves, although the printing of Mr. Van der Chijs’s work, Neêrlands Streven tot Openstelling van Japan voor den Wereldhandel, has already been finished. Since the board can not refute the remarks of Mr. Muller, it decided to follow this suggestion. On the other hand, the board decided to inform Mr. Van der Chijs of this matter and to ask a member of the committee in Batavia to pay Mr. Van der Chijs the compensation that was already agreed upon.

The 100th Board Meeting, 15 September 1866 … Concerning the letter of Mr. Frederik Muller about the publication of Mr. Van der Chijs’s work, Neêrlands Streven tot Openstelling van Japan voor den Wereldhandel, Mr. Millard [J. Millard] said that a preface written by Mr. Keyzer as the secretariat-general of KITLV dated June of 1864 was added to this work. The board thinks that it is difficult for KITLV to publish this work with a preface which had been written two years ago. Moreover, subsequent noteworthy incidents in Dutch relations with Japan took place. In consideration of these circumstances, it asked Mr. Millard to add a new preface dealing with the description of recent incidents related to this work.

― No.14 in 1867 Report about circumstances and activities of KITLV during 1866 (from the regular meeting of 29 March 1867) … In the first place, we report Mr. Van der Chijs’s worthy work, Neêrlands Streven tot Openstelling van Japan voor den Wereldhandel. We think that it is not in vain to prove the importance of this work for the Netherlands and other foreign countries. On behalf of the board, the preface not only points out the contents of this work and the importance of its aim, but also explains various reasons why this publication had to be postponed for a very long time. On the one hand, we may, gentlemen, regret this delay. On the other hand, however, there may never be a more suitable time to draw general attention to our political relations with Japan. Concerning this matter, we can find support for it in the detailed description of this large country’s [Japan’s] customs and thinking, Five years in Japan (1857―1863) - Contribution to the knowledge of the Empire of Japan and its people, written by Mr. Pompe van Meerdervoort, published in Dutch at almost the Page 53 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

Some Answers to Questions Regarding Neêrlands Streven (1867) 49

same time. Both of these works are constructed as a whole from the political, economic, and cultural situation. It is not doubtful that both works will rightly win high esteem. The board can not restrain itself from openly expressing the warm gratitude of KITLV to the honorable author whose work is published by this institute and the then minister of Colonial Affairs who granted his benevolent approval and support.

2. Discovery of the table of contents in handwritten drafts First, for the purpose of addressing the unclear parts of Van der Chijs’s work, a copy of the draft version was examined in the Historiographical Institute at the University of Tokyo.（10） A table of contents was found among the parts of this draft version. Unfortunately the manuscript was not well preserved and some papers lacked on both ends. For this reason, a later draft of the book (Western manuscripts/ Japan / Dutch / international trade D.H.105), which KITLV in the Netherlands held, was examined. It also has a table of contents and is well preserved. This version was sent to KITLV by Van der Chijs in 1862 and consists of two volumes. One of which has 1030 pages and the other has 963 pages (the published edition is one volume). Because the table of contents seems important to solve questions about the publication of this book, I have translated the table of contents, which was originally written in Dutch, in its entirety as follows :

3. The table of contents in English Historical Document about the Dutch endeavors to open Japan for international trade with the treaty concluded by both countries on 4 October 1858 in Edo - Containing five Appendices.

Contents

Preface Prehistory of the political relationship between the Netherlands and Japan ―The reason for maintaining it

Chapter I The Japanese trade licenses granted by the Shogunate of 1609 and 1617.―Dutch actions of promoting the Russian expedition in Japan in 1803.―The Japanese proclamations of 1825 and 1842 [about its maritime bans].―The letter of the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, Mr. P. Merkus, to the governor of Nagasaki.―Objection to withdrawing Deshima.―Plan to dispatch a Dutch delegation to Japan.―Measures to send the Dutch King’s letter to the Emperor of Japan.― Instruction for the Commander of H.M. Frigate the Palembang.―Provision for war in Japan to the Dutch commercial chief. Page 54 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

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Chapter II Negotiation [with the governor of Nagasaki] to admit the Palembang [into Japan].― Announcement to the Japanese government that the Dutch King’s letter arrive in Nagasaki.―Continuing the negotiations to admit the Palembang.―Landing the Dutch King’s letter and the gifts [in Nagasaki].―Presentation of the Dutch King’s letter and the gifts to the governor of Nagasaki.−Text of the letter of H.M. King Willem II.―Additional secret instruction for the Dutch commercial chief.―Japanese provisional answer for the Dutch King’s letter.−Dutch commercial agent’s effort to let the Japanese government receive the gifts.―Japanese definitive answer for the Dutch King’s letter.―Consideration of the minister of Colonial Affairs, J.C. Baud, for the Japanese definitive answer.

Chapter III Reconfirmed orders to the Dutch commercial chief [in Japan] for refraining from pursuing any commercial privileges.―Introduction of Cowpox Vaccinia to Japan.― Japanese proclamation about its castaways [outside Japanese seas].―The notification to England, France and the United States.―Japanese explanation about the proclamation of 1842 [about its maritime bans].―The Netherlands announced to Japan again that it regarded the excluded system [against foreign countries] dangerous.

Chapter IV Plans of the United States towards Japan.―The Netherlands offered the United States its mediation.―Draft of the Dutch treaty with Japan.―Appointment of a new Dutch commercial chief for negotiation, Mr. J.H. Donker Curtius.―Notice to the governor of Nagasaki that a letter from the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies should arrive in Nagasaki.―Letter of the governor-general, Mr. A.S. Duijmaer van Twist (Albertus Jacobus Duymaer van Twist, 1809―1887) to the governor of Nagasaki.―Notification of the draft of the [Dutch-Japanese] treaty to the governor of Nagasaki.

Chapter V The United States asked the Dutch commercial chief [in Japan] the cooperation for Japanese affairs.―[A Dutch] letter to the Commodore Perry (Matthew Calbraith Perry, 1794―1858).―Explanation of the Dutch commercial chief about the American expedition.―[Dutch] assistance to the Russian Admiral Poutiatine (Yevfimy Vasilyevich Putyatin, 1803−1883).―Japanese announcement about the letter of the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies, Duijmaer van Twist.―Japanese request [of the Dutch commercial chief in Japan] to deal with the Commodore Perry’s return. ―Conference of the Dutch commercial chief with an imperial committee of Japan.― [Dutch] second letter to the Commodore Perry.―Prescript of the minister of Colonial Page 55 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

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Affairs, Ch.F. Pahud (Charles Ferdinand Pahud de Mortanges, 1803―1873) about Japanese matters.

Chapter VI H.M. steamship, the Soembing, was decided to be bound for Japan.―Negotiation [with Japanese officials] for admitting [Dutch] ship into Nagasaki [in order to teach Japanese about the Western civilization]―Education [to Japanese in Nagasaki]― Expanded freedom for the Dutch residents in Nagasaki.―[Dutch] Assistance to the British Admiral Seymour.―Present an electro-magnetic telegraph to the Japanese government.―Japan proclaimed that the American treaty [with it] be [naturally] adapted to the Netherlands.―Contents of the American treaty with Japan.― Contents of the [Dutch] additional articles [with Japan].―Contents of the British treaty with Japan.―Consideration of the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies Duijmaer van Twist about our circumstances in Japan.―Consideration of the minister of Colonial Affairs [to Japanese affairs], C.F. Pahud in reply.

Chapter VII Regulation of the minister of Colonial Affairs, C.F. Pahud [to the present Japanese affairs].―H.M. steamships the Soembing and the Gedeh were decided to be sent to Japan.―Permission to be stationing the Dutch maritime detachment in Japan.― Instructions of the governor-general Duijmaer van Twist for the Dutch commercial chief [in Japan].

Chapter VIII Endeavor of the Dutch commercial chief to make the Dutch-Japanese treaty availabletoFrance.―Dutch temporary notice to the governor of Nagasaki about its request to enjoy more freedom in Japan.―Arrival of the Soembing and the Gedeh in Nagasaki.―Present the Soembing as a gift to the Japanese government.―Draft [of Dutch-Japanese treaty] offered by the Dutch commissioner [in Japan].―Contents of the draft [of Dutch-Japanese] treaty.―Assistance to the British Admiral Stirling.― The portrait of H.M. King Willem III (Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk, 1817―1890) for the Emperor of Japan was given to the governor of Nagasaki.― Splendid ceremony for the presentation of the Soembing [to Japan].―Negotiations [of the Dutch commissioner] about the Dutch treaty [with Japan].―Conclusion of a provisional [Dutch] agreement [with Japan].―Its contents―Circular [about the its agreement] of the Dutch commissioner―Considerations of the ministers of Colonial Affairs and Foreign Affairs [about the process of Japanese affairs].

Chapter IX H.M. corvette, the Medusa, was to be bound for Japan.―Progress of the negotiations about the Dutch treaty [with Japan].―Conclusion of the treaty.―[Report of] the Page 56 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

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Medusa in Hakodate and Simoda.―Negotiations about the Dutch Additional Articles. ―Proposal of the Dutch commissioner for the Additional Articles.―Draft of the Additional Articles.―Postponement of the conclusion of the Additional Articles.― Considerations of the Dutch navy Lieutenant Colonel Fabius [about the process of Japanese affairs].

Chapter X Considerations of the ministers of Colonial Affairs and Foreign Affairs [about the process of Japanese affairs].―Proposal for adopting pressure measures to Japan.― Notice to the British government about the Dutch diplomacy towards Japan.― Further considerations and proposals of the ministers of Colonial Affairs and Foreign Affairs [about the process of Japanese affairs].

Chapter XI The Dutch commissioner’s proposal to the governor of Nagasaki about a transitional measure [to conclude the Additional Articles].―Reopening of negotiations about the Additional Articles.―The conclusion [of the Additional Articles].―Contents of the Additional Articles and thereafter.―List of the concessions obtained.―Measures taken from the Japanese side in view of the Additional Articles.―Considerations of the ministers of Colonial Affairs and Foreign Affairs [about the process of Japanese affairs].

Chapter XII Journey of the Dutch commissaries [in Japan] to Edo [so-called, Hofreis : Sanpu].― His audience with the emperor [of Japan].―Negotiations in Edo about a new [Dutch- Japanese] treaty [with the Japanese officials].―Contents of the treaty.―Exchanging ratifications of the Additional Articles in Nagasaki.―Ratifications of the Edo treaty by the Dutch King.

Appendices I. History of the abolition of [Dutch] Komps (governmental)- and Kambang (private) trade [in Japan] II. History of the Dutch maritime detachment in Japan III. Refutation of some criticism on the Dutch diplomacy toward Japan in this book : Narrative of the expedition of an American squadron to the China Seas and Japan, performed in the years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the command of Commodore M.C. Perry etc. IV. Japanese announcement about the Dutch Additional Article V. Chronological Table Page 57 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

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C. Further inquiry into the questions of Neêrlands Streven

1. Examination of the fair draft of Neêrlands Streven and the discovery of a Van der Chijs’s letter to KITLV When a fair draft of Neêrlands Streven in KITLV in the Netherlands was examined, a letter by Van der Chijs to this institute was discovered in it. The letter indicated points of revision in the fair draft. These revisions seem to solve the above−mentioned questions about the book. Due to limitations of space, only the important parts are shown below.（11）

2. Which places are modified or omitted through Van der Chijs’s letter a. The sentences or words between [ ] are omitted : ‘[With maintaining our privileges in Nagasaki which were not admitted to other powers.]’ ‘[in order to prevent that they (Japanese) would look for other countries for the purpose of the realization (of their wish).]’ ‘[Our future in this country is at stake. If the Japanese government turns to another country, we shall have lost the present opportunity to improve our commercial and political relationship with Japan. It is never to occur again.]’ ‘[That is, we have very essential interests in Japan at present. These should not be sacrificed by an idealistic manifestation of unselfishness]’. From the prospect that the United States would open Japan for trade, ‘[under the present circumstances, it should be contrary to our interest to hasten even this moment when the United States was to compete with us [in the Japan market]. We must zealously make use of our possibility [to expand the relationship with Japan] and the time [when we have at present before the commercial competition with the United States starts] for this preparation. For the time being, however, we should take no action of making others share in our commercial relationship with Japan.]’ ‘As our final goal, we are still clinging to the policy to admit the participation of other countries in the trade with Japan, as soon as they gain greater influence than we have [or when our interests accord with theirs].’ ‘[Mr. Donker Curtius meanwhile expected that Americans could charm the Japanese to accept a warship as a present for the Shogun.]’ ‘[to maintain this situation in which other countries can exercise their right, while the Netherlands only appeal to their former privileges.]’ ‘[I believe that the appointment (of a foreign agent in Japan) should be necessary to maintain our acquired influence and even not to lose our all influence in Japan, when other powers would settle their diplomatic agents in Edo]’

Deletions are allowed in the publication of official papers, in order to avoid some unintentional misunderstanding, or even purposeful perversion against critics. These Page 58 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

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deletions, however, make the Dutch intention clear that the maintaining or promotion of its privilege or interests in Japan would be covered up.

b. The words between [ ] are added : ‘The Netherlands could manage the Japanese concession [without appeal to arms].’ ‘[Therefore, as a diplomatic goal, it is necessary to make Mikado (Emperor of Japan) grant his approval of these treaties. Otherwise we (the Dutch and other Westerners) only concluded treaties with one of the political parties in Japan.]’

These additions are intended to demonstrate the Dutch contribution to the peaceful opening of Japan to other countries. Moreover, the Dutch officials wish to raise doubts about the American way of concluding a treaty with Japan.

Conclusions with regard to Dutch foreign policy

Why was the table of contents omitted in the published book? Since this book contains over 530 pages, the publisher did not have to restrict the number of pages. Also why would Van der Chijs, as a researcher, modify some sentences in his book leaving a different impression? These reasons may be found by taking into account the foreign policy interests of the Netherlands. From the very begining, the Dutch government widely propagated its contribution to the development of Japan’s foreign relations. Thus, it had looked forward to the publication of the above-mentioned ‘Neêrlands streven’byVanderChijs.（12） Later, however, the publication of Van der Chijs’s book was likely to arouse public opinion against the Netherlands in western countries if it were published without revisions, and moreover, in French. This situation does not coincide with the Dutch interests. Moreover, Van der Chijs was just one of many civil servants. The Netherlands clearly lost its fortunate position as ‘Japan’s special friend’（13） after the conclusion of the Japanese-American treaty in 1858. Thereafter the Netherlands could not adapt its policy based on the goodwill of the Japanese and it became difficult to shape its own diplomacy as one of several western powers. But it would not easily abandon Japanese affairs because these were among its most important interests in Asia. Especially, the Netherlands could not oppose the U.S.A., the newcomer in Asia which was comparable to the largest powers in Europe and did not recognize a special relationship between the Netherlands and Japan. Therefore, the Dutch proposed to establish a triple entente for Japanese affairs with England, its ‘natural ally’ in Europe, and France, whose behavior in Asia was not aggressive at that time. Avoiding any political difficulties as much as possible, the Netherlands would oppose the U.S.A. and make profits in Japan to a maximal degree. From this perspective the relations with England and France were essential. This book was originally written to respond to the criticism of Netherlands in Europe. However, that necessity was fading, while England Page 59 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

Some Answers to Questions Regarding Neêrlands Streven (1867) 55

and France came to value the Dutch contribution to the opening of Japan. In addition, Van der Chijs wanted to stress the unselfish diplomacy of the Netherlands regarding the opening of Japan. Documents suggest that he noticed the Dutch intention to acquire privileges or profits in this affair. If these documents were published in the original form, the image of the Dutch ‘unselfish’ contribution to the opening of Japan to world trade would be tarnished. Furthermore, at the time of publication, the Netherlands had a very limited scope for shaping its own diplomacy towards Japan. Hence, the author revised his book with an agreement between himself and KITLV in order not to arouse political criticism in foreign countries. From these considerations resulted the decision to modify documents, not to publish the book in French, to delay the publication, and to omit the table of contents by which it would have been easy to find descriptions about incidents and events. Examination of these additional elements related to Van der Chijs’s book refutes the notion that the Netherlands was a ‘small power’ and it could not influence international relations.（14）

（1） It seems that Geschiedenis der Stichting der vereenigde O.I. Compagnie en der Maatregelen van de Nederlandsche Regering betreffende de vaart op Oost-Indie, welke aan deze stichting voorafgingen, Leyden 1856 was his dissertation. （2） De Latijnsche Scholen van 1642 en 1666, alsmede Het Seminarium van 1745 te Batavia ― Proeve eener geschiedenis van het onderwijs in Nederlands Indie, Batavia 1860. Het Middelbaar School-Onderwijs te Batavia gedurende de eerste helft van de 19e eeuw volgens officieel bescheiden, Batavia 1902. （3） Catalogus der Numismatische afdeeling van het Museum van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Batavia 1869. ‘Proeve eener Ned. Indische Bibliographie (1659―1870)’, in Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasche Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Deel XXXIX, Batavia 1880. Inventaris van ’s Lands Archief te Batavia (1602―1816) ― zamengesteld en uitgegeven op last van de Nederlandsch-Indische regering, Batavia 1882. Catalogus der Tentoonstelling van Landbouw, Veeteelt en Nijverheid te Batavia 1893, Batavia 1893. （4） De Nederlanders te Jakatra. Uit de bronnen, zoo uitgegevene als niet uitgegevene, bewerkt, Amsterdam 1860. De vestiging van het Nederlandsche gezag over de Banda- eilanden (1599―1621), met eene kaart, ’s Hage 1866. Mijne Reis naar Japan in 1869 en terugkeer over Engelsch Indië, Palestina enz, in 1870, met platen, Utrecht 1874. Geschiedenis van de Soenda-Landen, Batavia 1880. Geschiedenis van de Gouvernements Thee-Cultuur op Java, zamengesteld voornamelijk uit officiëele bronnen, Batavia & ’s Hage 1903. （5） Catalogus der Ethnologische afdeeling van het Museum van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Batavia 1880. （6） Prospectus van een werk over de Munten van Nederlandsch Indië, Batavia 1860. De Latijnsche Scholen Van 1642 En 1666, alsmede Het Seminarium van 1745 te Batavia ― Proeve eener geschiedenis van het onderwijs in Nederlands Indie, Batavia 1860. ‘De Munten van Nederlandsch Indië, beschreven en afgebeeld door E. Netscher en Mr. J.A. Page 60 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用／本文（横）※リュウミンＬ・カンマＯＴＦ／小暮実徳 ｐ０４３‐０５６横 2017.10.04 09.28.22

56 天理大学学報 第69巻第1号

van der Chijs’, in Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasche Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Deel XXXI, Batavia 1864. （7） P.C. Molhuysen en Fr. K.H. Kossmann, Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek, Leiden 1937, pp.171―172. Ministerie van Koloniën (MK, in het Nationaal Archief in the Netherlands), Stamboeken Burgerlijke Ambtenaren Serie A, nr. 905 M 68 527. （8） Although Van der Chijs attempted to deny this, the official documents in the archives show that the rumours were actually based on the truth. See Minori Kogure, National prestige and economic interest : Dutch diplomacy toward Japan 1850―1863, Maastricht 2008. （9） The Japanese translation is published in Minori Kogure, Tôzai Kaijôkôtsû no Kigen ― Oranda to Kaikoku Nihon no Reimei (The Origins of East-West Maritime Relations ― The long-standing Dutch-Japanese relationship and the dawn of Japan’s sea power in the late Tokugawa-era), Sairyûsha 2017. （10） This in the form of microfilm comes from the National Archives in Indonesia (Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia, ANRI). See Historical documents relating to Japan in foreign countries : An inventory of microfilm acquisitions in the Historiographical Institute (Shiryô Hensanjo), the University of Tokyo, 14, p.71. （11） The Dutch full text is published in Minori Kogure, ‘An aspect of Dutch diplomacy towards Japan in late Tokugawa era, with Reference to the handwriting of Neêrlands Streven’, Itteki 8, Okayama, 2000. （12） MK no.6531, The semi-official letter of 13 July 1861 N.277 from the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies to the minister of Colonial Affairs. The governor-general of the Dutch East Indies also expressed his expectation that he would take great interest in it. MK no.6531, The semi-official letter of 6 September 1861 N.23 from the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies to the minister of Colonial Affairs. （13） Kogure, National prestige and economic interest, p.165. （14） Vandenbosch, Amery, The Dutch foreign policy since 1825 : A study in small power politics, The Hague 1959.