Neêrlands Streven (1867) : a Study of Dutch Diplomacy Towards Japan at the End of the Tokugawa Era
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Page 47 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用/本文(横)※リュウミンL・カンマOTF/小暮実徳 p043‐056横 2017.10.24 13.29.43 43 Some Answers to Questions Regarding Neêrlands Streven (1867) : A study of Dutch diplomacy towards Japan at the end of the Tokugawa Era KOGURE Minori 〔要 旨〕 本稿は、幕末期のオランダ対日外交政策を扱う当時オランダ語で出版された 唯一の史料集ファン・デル・シェイス著『オランダ日本開国論』に焦点を定め、同書出 版に生じた不可思議な出来事を、著者の経歴、出版を請け負ったオランダ王立言語学地 理学民族学研究所(KITLV)の雑誌、同研究所所有のシェイス手書清書、そこに挟ま っていて偶然発見された著者書簡、東京大学史料編纂所所有の同書手書草稿マイクロフ ィルム中に発見され、出版の際削除された目次等の一次史料を渉猟しつつ、その真相に 迫ることで、この事件を幕末期のオランダ対日外交政策の一環と位置付ける。 〔Keywords〕 Jacobus Anne van der Chijs, Dutch East Indies, Neêrlands Streven tot Openstelling van Japan voor den Wereldhandel, Dutch diplomacy towards Japan at the end of the Tokugawa Era, International relations in Asia in the late nineteenth century Preface This article examines a mid−nineteenth century work by Jacobus Anne van der Chijs titled Neêrlands Streven tot Openstelling van Japan voor den Wereldhandel (Dutch Efforts to Open Up Japan for International Trade), the manuscript of which was completed at Batavia in 1862 and published in Amsterdam in 1867. This book contains large numbers of Dutch primary sources and has been discussed by many researchers both in the Netherlands and in Japan. This is the only record of Dutch diplomacy with Japan published in the Netherlands at that time. It seems, however, that this work, despite its later fame in the Netherlands, was not circulated on a large scale. Against this background this article aims at discussing the author and his book, and solving several puzzling questions that arise when examining this book. It concludes that these peculiarities can be explained by focusing on Dutch foreign policy at the end of the Tokugawa era. It is also noted that the Netherlands was much more than ‘a small power’ which could not influence the international relations among western powers at that time. Page 48 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用/本文(横)※リュウミンL・カンマOTF/小暮実徳 p043‐056横 2017.10.04 09.28.22 44 天理大学学報 第69巻第1号 A. Background of Neêrlands Streven 1. Concerning the author Van der Chijs was born in Leiden in the Netherlands on 1 June 1831. He studied and received the degree of Doctor of Laws at the university there.(1) He took the examination for colonial civil servants in Delft and departed for the Dutch East Indies in 1857 as first secretary in the general secretariat (Algemene Secretarie). Later he was assigned to the chief of this bureau. Van der Chijs was in charge of the Newspaper of Java (Javasche Courant) in 1859, and was appointed Inspector for internal education (Inspecteur voor het inlandsch onderwijs).(2)In 1867 he published Neêrlands Streven and was awarded significant Dutch orders (Ridder der Orde van de Eikenkroon). He went back to the Netherlands in 1877 for a two-year leave of absence, and then returned to the Dutch East Indies. From 1880 on, for health reasons, he worked at classifying and listing archives there and supported the chief of the department of statistic archives for the purpose of researching valuable documents for publication.(3) He had a strong motivation for that job and gained a long−term reputation by publishing the Diary of Castle Batavia (Dagh-Resgister, gehouden int Casteel Batavia, vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India) and the Statute book of the Dutch East Indies (Nederl. Ind. Plakaatboek).(4) Van der Chijs was appointed director of National Archive in Batavia (Landsarchivaris) on 28 January 1892. His diligence and extensive knowledge made him just the man for this position, while being able to receive strong support from his colleagues. The Association of Art and Science in Batavia (Bataviaasche Genootschap van Kunst en Wetenschappen) accepted him as a member early in his career and later appointed him a member of honor. The library of the archives and the department of ethnology were promoted by his work. As a result, his lists went through a fourth edition.(5) Although Van der Chijs devoted himself to his job, he was replaced by Lindor Serrurier (1846― 1901) in 1899. The reason for this seems to be that Van der Chijs adopted a different system of classification from Serrurier’s and the latter did not accept it. It is, however, clear that his efforts for improvement and classification in the library and the archives greatly contributed to the use and maintenance of the facility. He edited twelve volumes (1640―41, 53, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66―67, 68―69, 70―71, 72, 73) in Castel of Batavia, while the rest of this series was edited by Herman Theodoor Colenbrander (1871−1945) and J. de Hullu (1864―1940). Van der Chijs’s wide-ranging knowledge of numismatics was appreciated by numismatists.(6) He was a curator at the Medal Cabinet (het Penningkabinet)andan Officier d’Académie. He could not, however, work in his last years, because he became nearly blind. Regarding his private life, he married Marie Pauline van Kooten and they had children. One of them was Helena Catherina who married Hendrik Frederik Fock (1854―1927). Van der Chijs passed away in Batavia on the 22 January 1905.(7) Page 49 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用/本文(横)※リュウミンL・カンマOTF/小暮実徳 p043‐056横 2017.10.04 09.28.22 Some Answers to Questions Regarding Neêrlands Streven (1867) 45 2. How Neêrlands Streven was written and why it is significant The Royal Institute for Language, Geography and Ethnology (Het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde, KITLV) supported the publication of Neêrlands Streven with the consent of the government and dedicated it to the Dutch King. As a reward for this publication, Van der Chijs was decorated as a Knight of the Order of the Oaken Crown (Ridder der Orde van de Eikenkroon). The preface of the book explains that Neêrlands Streven was written in the name of the Dutch government to defend the Netherlands against a contemporary slander which said that the goal of the Dutch government was to monopolize the Japanese market by keeping it in isolation.(8) Clearly Van der Chijs intended to collect mainly Dutch governmental documents that showed the Netherlands’ contribution toward the opening of Japan. However, some words, even in these documents, were changed in order to hide the real intentions of the Dutch government. Consequently this work produces only documents giving evidence of the Dutch policy towards the opening of Japan and little to the contrary position. In fact, the Netherlands had already lost most of its influence in Japan by the time of the book’s publication. Van der Chijs’s work turned out to be a last desperate attempt to make a Dutch statement on this matter. It has, however, lasting significance as a historical record, including secret documents, which, although edited for content by a Dutch historian, demonstrate Dutch contributions towards the opening of Japan. 3. Documents and literature used in Neêrlands Streven Because Van der Chijs wrote this book in Batavia, the sources he used were limited to documents and literature that were available there. Concerning primary sources, this book contains letters of the Dutch commercial chief in Dejima to the governor−general in Batavia, a secret diary of this chief, notes of the commercial chief in Dejima (Jan Hendrik Donker Curtius, 1813―1879), letters of the Dutch commissioner, letters of the Dutch East Indies’ government and of the governor-general, and letters of the governor- general to the minister of Colonial Affairs in the Netherlands, among other documents. Concerning documents to or from the Netherlands, it contains a report by the minister of Colonial Affairs to the King, letters of the ministry to the governor-general, letters of the minister to the minister of Foreign Affairs, and correspondence of Dutch foreign agents in Japan. It is especially noteworthy that Appendix II(9) deals with the Dutch maritime lessons in Nagasaki based on reports of teachers and the commandants (Gerhardus Fabius [1806―1888], Gerhard Christiaan Coenraad Gerrit Pels Rijcken [1810―1889], Willem Johan Cornelis Ridder Huyssen van Kattendyke [1816―1866]). Concerning literature, it contains a work about Japan written by Engelbert Kaempfer, Herinneringen uit Japan written by Hendrik Doeff (1764―1837, a commercial chief in Dejima), Journals of the Dutch Indies association (Handelingen en Gescriften van het Indisch Genootschap, te ’s Gravenhage), the Dutch gazette (Nederlandsche Staatscourant), and Java Newspaper. Page 50 語学・文学・人文・社会・自然編カンマ使用/本文(横)※リュウミンL・カンマOTF/小暮実徳 p043‐056横 2017.10.04 09.28.22 46 天理大学学報 第69巻第1号 B.InquiryintothemysteryofNeêrlands Streven 1. Many questions derived from this book When examining this book, various peculiarities emerge. First, it has no table of contents. Second, it has no index. Third, the chapters have no titles. At the beginning of each chapter, for instance, it simply is written, “Chapter 1”, “Chapter 2”, etc. Therefore, it is difficult to quickly scan for topics. As mentioned, the purpose of this work was to refute a false rumor against the Netherlands and to appeal to the opening of Japan for world trade. For this reason, Van der Chijs almost exclusively used Dutch primary sources to prove these matters. Ideally, Van der Chijs should have published it worldwide and in the French language. KITLV, who undertook the publication, however, decided to publish it only in Dutch. Also, although it was agreed to publish Neêrlands Streven at a meeting of this institute on 8 November of 1862, it was postponed for various reasons for many years. The path to publication can be pieced together from Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch Indië (Journal of the Royal Institute for Language, Geography, and Ethnology in the Dutch Indies), the journal of KITLV. I have highlighted some of the main points by extracting and translating relevant information regarding its publication.