DOCSLIB.ORG

De Arkeologiska Undersökningarna I Lockarp

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
De Arkeologiska Undersökningarna I Lockarp Gillian Fellows-Jensen A few more words on place-names in thorp in England Endnu et par ord om stednavne på thorp i England Igennem en periode på omkring 45 år har forfatteren arbejdet med og tænkt over navneelementet thorp i Eng- land. Nærværende artikel kan ses som en (foreløbig) konklusion herpå, først og fremmest på spørgsmålet om, hvor vidt de engelske thorp-navne er af dansk eller engelsk oprindelse. Så mange års studier af et emne må næsten uvægerligt føre til ændringer i tolkningen af de relaterede spørgsmål. Forfatteren er da også nu mere end tidligere parat til at indrømme muligheden af, at engelske throp-navne oprindeligt også kan have været ud- bredt i Danelagen, men her med tiden er blevet ”fordansket” til den mere udbredte form thorp. Ikke desto mindre kan den store forekomst af thorp i bestemte dele af England fortsat bedst forklares som oprindelige thorp-navne og som afspejlende dansk indflydelse, om end flere af navnene udmærket kan tænkes at være af noget yngre dato end den oprindelige skandinaviske bosættelse. Fremover vil det dog nok være tilrådeligt kun at anvende ‐thorp-navne med skandinaviske forled i kortlægninger af dansk bosættelse i England. I have been writing and thinking about place- From the very beginning I have accepted names in thorp in England for about forty-five Hugh Smith’s definition of the element thorp as years. Although I have changed my mind about denoting ‘a secondary settlement, an outlying several points in the course of time, I have farmstead or a small hamlet dependent on a mentioned most of these voltes-face more than larger place’ (Smith 1956: 2.208). This is not once before now, first and foremost in the rele- only because of the occurrence of the word in vant chapters in my studies of Scandinavian an early twelfth-century insertion in the Peter- settlement names in Yorkshire (Fellows Jensen borough version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 1972: 42-79), the East Midlands (Fellows-Jen- for 963 of a somewhat dubious grant by King sen 1978: 83-135) and the North-West (Fel- Edgar of freedom from jurisdiction of king and lows-Jensen 1985: 44-60), an article entitled bishop to the monastery of St Peter, using the ‘Place-names in ‐þorp: in retrospect and in tur- words ealle þa þorpes þe þærto lin. þæt is. moil’, which was expressive of my state of mind Æstfeld and Dodesthorp and Ege and Pastun. at that time (Fellows-Jensen 1991-92), and The meaning of the word thorp here is suppor- most recently in an article comparing place- ted in a copy of a related charter (Sawyer 1968: names in thorp in Norfolk with those in the rest no. 787), where the words ealle þa þorpes are of the Danelaw (Fellows-Jensen 2003). Refe- translated into Latin as cum suis appendiciis rences to relevant names in the present paper ‘with their appendages’, while in some four- are normally to the above-mentioned works. teenth-century memoranda (Sawyer 1968: no. 1448), the relevant Peterborough estates are 2 Gillian Fellows-Jensen referred to in Middle English as ta berewican contain west or vestr, four sūð or súðr and two ‘the berewicks’, that is ‘dependent members of norð or norðr. a manor’. Even without this illustrative, if slight- The problem of distinguishing linguistical- ly uncertain, documentary evidence, however, ly between names of English or Danish origin the content of the place-names themselves of- brings me to the main topic of the present pa- ten points to the originally dependent nature of per. This is the question as to whether the the settlements they bear. thorp-names are mainly of Danish or English Almost a quarter of the thorp-names (132 origin. I was originally convinced by Kenneth names or 23%) are simplex names, that is the Cameron’s argument in his study of the place- word thorp stands quite alone on the occasion names in thorp in the territory of the Five Bo- of its earliest record. The settlements with roughs that the names were a reflection of Da- these simplex names can hardly have func- nish colonisation in the strict sense, that is of tioned satisfactorily from an administrative point the bringing under cultivation by the Danes of of view in the eleventh century and later unless less attractive land that was not being exploited they had some kind of accepted dependent re- at the time of their arrival in the area (Cameron lationship to the authority which was respon- 1970). It is quite clear from the map in Figure 1, sible for receiving the dues and taxes that had which shows the thorp-names whose sites I to be paid. In later years many of these simplex have been able to locate, that the greatest con- names became distinguished from each other centrations of the 576 names (the grey circles) by the addition of a prefix or affix. The names are found in Yorkshire (North Riding 47, West with prefixed elements occasionally contained Riding 94, East Riding 83), the East Midlands the name of an older settlement, for example (Nottinghamshire 36, Lindsey, South Riding 39, that of a parish in the case of Burnham Thorpe Kesteven 41, Leicestershire 40, Northampton- in Norfolk. This settlement had prospered suffi- shire 32) and Norfolk in East Anglia (61). These ciently by the time of Domesday Book to be figures certainly support the idea that the thorp- named there with this specific and it had cer- names are ultimately a result of the three parti- tainly acquired parochial status at an early tions of land that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle re- date. Several of the postulated prefixed names, corded as being made by the Danes in York- however, are themselves now lost places, for shire in 876, in the East Midlands in 877 and in example a lost *hrēod-fær ‘reed passage’ in a East Anglia in 880. Most of the thorps can in similarly lost Redfarestorp in Domesday Book fact be seen to cluster along or near to the two for Suffolk. prominent ridges of high ground that run in the It is rather more frequent for the prefix in shape of two crescent-moons in broad sweeps a ‐thorp-name to be an adjective or adverb of from the Yorkshire Moors down towards south- direction. Names incorporating the four points west England – the chalk ridge to the east and of the compass are of common occurrence. It the ridge further west of oolitic limestone. would seem to have been most frequent for a The situation is somewhat complicated thorp to have been located in the east, for there by the fact that at least 54 names contain the are nine thorps containing OE ēast and three cognate Old English element throp with its me- containing cognate Scandinavian austr. Unfor- tathesised spelling and most of these form a tunately, no distinction can be drawn linguis- slightly attenuated tail to the thorp-names (the tically in the place-names between the other black circles in Figure 1). three points of the compass. Eight thorps can A few more words on place-names in thorp in England 3 Figure 1. English place-names in thorp (grey) and throp (black), whose sites it is possible to lo- cate. These English throps occur most frequently in lable (1914-40: §693.1). Since the element oc- the limestone Cotswolds (Gloucestershire 15, curred so frequently as a simplex place-name, Oxfordshire 10) and the chalk of the Chilterns however, this explanation is not entirely satis- (Buckinghamshire 5) and Salisbury Plain (Wilt- factory. It should also be noted that thorp spel- shire 10). I therefore came to the conclusion lings do occur in areas such as Oxfordshire that it was on the cretaceous and limestone and Gloucestershire, where the regular spelling uplands that secondary settlements were likely is throp. I am inclined to feel that this is to be called thorp by the Danes and throp by because thorp had become the dominant the English in the Viking period and later. A spelling after the arrival of the Danish settlers. possible explanation offered by Karl Luick for It is of somewhat greater significance, on the the occurrence of metathesis so early in En- other hand, when throp-spellings occur in areas glish throp is that it frequently stood in place- where thorp is the regular spelling, for example names in a comparatively weakly-stressed syl- 4 Gillian Fellows-Jensen in the West Riding of Yorkshire. I shall return to (Watts 1988-89: Map II), although the distribu- these forms below. tion patterns of the ‐býs and thorps in Durham I have in recent years noted a few more are admittedly different from each other. points of interest about the situation of the A comment should also be made in this thorps and the throps and I intend to discuss connection on the possible age of the thorp- these here. Starting at the north of the map in names and the settlements bearing the names. Figure 1, we note that Victor Watts located no Thorpe Bulmer is the one of the five recorded fewer than five symbols for thorps in County thorps in Durham to have the latest earliest Durham on his map III (1988-89). None of date of occurrence, namely 1242, but there is these thorps is recorded in Domesday Book, palaeoecological evidence to show that the which does not of course treat Durham, but Lit- land at Thorpe Bulmer must have been cleared tle Thorpe in Easington (NZ 4242) is recorded for settlement long before the Viking period.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Influence of Old Norse on the English Language
    Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS AND KIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF OLD NORSE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS E KIDS: A INFLUÊNCIA DO NÓRDICO ANTIGO NA LÍNGUA INGLESA Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars1 Abstract: What have common English words such as husbands, outlaws and kids and the sentence they are weak to do with Old Norse? Yet, all these examples are from Old Norse, the Norsemen’s language. However, the Norse influence on English is underestimated as the Norsemen are viewed as barbaric, violent pirates. Also, the Norman occupation of England and the Great Vowel Shift have obscured the Old Norse influence. These topics, plus the Viking Age, the Scandinavian presence in England, as well as the Old Norse linguistic influence on English and the supposed French influence of the Norman invasion will be described. The research for this etymological article was executed through a descriptive- qualitative approach. Concluded is that the Norsemen have intensively influenced English due to their military supremacy and their abilities to adaptation. Even the French-Norman French language has left marks on English. Nowadays, English is a lingua franca, leading to borrowings from English to many languages, which is often considered as invasive. But, English itself has borrowed from other languages, maintaining its proper character. Hence, it is hoped that this article may contribute to a greater acknowledgement of the Norse influence on English and undermine the scepticism towards the English language as every language has its importance. Keywords: Old Norse Loanwords, English Language, Viking Age, Etymology. Resumo: O que têm palavras inglesas comuns como husbands, outlaws e kids e a frase they are weak a ver com os Nórdicos? Todos esses exemplos são do nórdico antigo, a língua dos escandinavos.
    [Show full text]
  • Tealby, the Taifali, and the End of Roman Lincolnshire
    Lincolnshire History and Archaeology Vol. 46, 2011 be observed on the Continent with Old Danish tafl, then we would expect this place-name to be morphologically similar to Danish names of same type (for example, Tavlgaarde and Tavlov), and this is even more true if the first element was in fact Old Danish tafl.4 In sum, the recorded early spellings of Tealby such as Tavelesbi and Teflesbi, with their regular medial -es-, are difficult to Tealby, the Taifali, and the end of explain as deriving either from Old English tæfl or Old Roman Lincolnshire Danish tafl, and as a result recent commentators have tended to reject such an origin for the place-name Tealby.5 Thomas Green If the place-name Tavelesbi/Teflesbi cannot be explained in the above manner, how then ought it to be accounted The origin of the Lincolnshire place-name Tealby – for? At present, the only viable etymology for the name early forms of which include Tavelesbi, Tauelesbi and appears to be that advanced by John Insley and Kenneth Teflesbi1 – is not a topic that has, thus far, excited very Cameron. They argue that the early spellings of Tealby much interest from historians of the late and post-Roman suggest that what we actually have here is an Old English periods in Britain. In some ways this is understandable, tribal or population-group name, the *Tāflas/*Tǣflas, given that the second element of Tealby is clearly Old this being the Old English form of the well-attested Danish -bȳ, ‘farm, village’, which suggests that the name Continental tribal-name Taifali.
    [Show full text]
  • A Family History of the Thorp Family
    A Family History of the Thorp Family Commissioned by Mark & Adi Thorp (March 2019) Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the contents within the report are accurate, it should be recognised that errors and omissions can inadvertently be made. www.exploreyourpast.co.uk [email protected] A Family History of the Thorp Family The surname ‘Thorp’ is a locational surname that is of Anglo-Saxon and Old Scandinavian origin. People in the Middle Ages used the name of the place they originated from as their surname. Consequently, people who came from any of the places in England that had the Old Norse or Old Danish element ‘thorp’ used this as their surname. ‘Thorp’ in a place name indicates it was originally an area of Danish settlement, with the term meaning a small farmstead or hamlet that was dependent on nearby village. Like many surnames, Thorp has several spelling variations including Thorpe, Throp, Thropp and Thrupp. Before English spelling was standardised, variations in the spelling of surnames were common, with elements of Latin, French and other languages being incorporated through the Middle Ages. In addition, scribes and Church Officials commonly spelt surnames the way they sounded, which meant surnames could change several times in a person’s lifetime. Indeed, several examples of variations in spelling came to light whilst undertaking the research into the Thorp family and are highlighted later in the report. According to the ‘Forebears’ website, ‘Thorp’ is the 33,301st most common surname in the world and the 2,081st most common in England! The research in this report is based on the following information provided by the clients: Martin Gerald Thorp was born on the 15th September 1931 and was the second of four sons of Sydney Richard Thorp and Elizabeth Margaret (Peggy) nee de Moraville.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Anglo-Danes': Anachronistic Ethnicities and Viking-Age England1
    ‘Hiberno-Norwegians’ and ‘Anglo-Danes’: anachronistic ethnicities and Viking-Age England1 CLARE DOWNHAM University of Aberdeen TWO papers have recently been published, with reference to Irish sources from the Viking-Age, challenging the identification of Dubgaill (‘Dark Foreigners’) with ‘Danes’ and Finngaill (‘Fair Foreigners’) with ‘Norwegians’.2 In this paper I seek to broaden the debate by suggesting that the categorisation of Insular-viking politics as a struggle between opposing Danish and Norwegian factions is similarly unhelpful. For example, the use of the term Dene in ‘The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’ can be regarded as similar to the use of the terms Dani and Nordmanni in Frankish chronicles: that is, as a general name for those of Scandinavian cultural identity rather than a label referring to people of one particular Scandinavian ethnicity.3 I argue that the supposed animosity between ‘Hiberno-Norwegian’ and ‘Anglo- Danish’ factions in English politics before 954 is largely a historiographic invention and not a Viking-Age reality. The stereotypes applied to each of these so-called groups (the ‘Hiberno-Norwegians’ being generally seen as more violent, more heathen, and more chaotic than the ‘Anglo-Danes’) can also be called into question. If this argument holds true, then references to ‘Hiberno-Norwegians’ and ‘Anglo- 1 I should like to thank Judith Jesch and Alex Woolf for the opportunity to present versions of this paper at Nottingham and St Andrews in February and April 2007. My thanks also go to Paul Bibire, Stefan Brink, and David Roffe for reading and commenting on the text. 2 David N. Dumville, ‘Old Dubliners and New Dubliners in Ireland and Britain: a Viking- Age story’, Medieval Dublin 6 (2004) 78–93, reprinted in his Celtic Essays, 2001–2007 (2 vols, Aberdeen 2007), I.103–22; C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lincolnshire Gentry and the Wars of the Roses
    The Lincolnshire Gentry and the Wars of the Roses Jonathan S. Mackman D.Phil. Thesis University of York Department of History August 1999 Abstract This thesis is an examination of the impact of the Wars of the Roses upon the people, government and landed structure of a hitherto under-studied shire. It is intended as a bridge between the numerous post-McFarlanite county studies of recent years and the specific issue of the Wars, a conflict generally approached from a central perspective. It begins by examining Lincolnshire's landed society during the later Lancastrian period, stressing the county's political isolation, the sheer size and collective wealth of its population, but also the lack of any dominant political force. It examines the nature of local government, particularly the changing social profile of local officers, and also the issue of local violence. In particular, it highlights the effects of faction and manipulation of justice in an otherwise relatively law-abiding county, and the influence of the shires upon the descent into warfare. The thesis then addresses Lincolnshire's experience of the Wars themselves, particularly stressing the limited participation of the resident population. The Lincolnshire Rebellion of 1470 is described in detail, this shadowy episode being carefully reconstructed in order to gain a fuller understanding of its importance. This is then tied in with a discussion of how the Wars had only a limited effect on Lincolnshire's social and landed structures, yet radically altered its relationship with the Crown. It highlights the tension between the established order and the Yorkist administrative elite, and the way this became embodied in a local power-struggle which, it is argued, led to the Rebellion and ultimately contributed to Edward IV's own deposition.
    [Show full text]
  • Examine the Value of Place-Names As Evidence for the History, Landscape and Language(S) of Your Chosen Area
    Volume 4: 2011-2012 ISSN: 2041-6776 School of English Examine the value of place-names as evidence for the history, landscape and language(s) of your chosen area. Rebecca Gregory This corpus contains place-names from an area directly to the south-east of Nottingham, stretching as far as the Lincolnshire and Leicestershire borders. This area is wholly within the Danelaw, and therefore it is expected that there will be a large amount of evidence of Scandinavian influence in the area as well as settlement by other peoples. The only linguistic evidence of British settlement in the place-names of this area is in the naming of the river Trent, with its probable meaning of „trespasser‟. This meaning is just as apt today as it must have been at the time of naming, as the Trent‟s flood plain is very wide, and flooding of the banks has a devastating effect, as can be seen in this photograph taken by the British Geological Survey of flooding in November 2000. Although named in Old English rather than British, the wīg in Wysall possibly shows evidence of Flooding of the Trent in November 2000 pre-Anglo-Saxon culture and <http://www.bgs.ac.uk/science/landUseAndDevelopment/ religion in the area. shallow_geohazards/flooding.html> [accessed 5 Jan 2012]. The Fosse Way (A46) runs straight through this area, but surprisingly there is no linguistic evidence in the corpus which indicates the presence of a Roman road. However, field- and farm names in the area may well contain indicators of the road upon examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Scandinavian Elements in Suffolk Place-Names
    Scandinavian elements in Suffolk place-names Les éléments scandinaves dans les noms de lieux du Suffolk Keith Briggs† & David Boulton∗ [email protected] http://keithbriggs.info †University of the West of England *University of East Anglia Norna 44, Université de Caen, 2014-04-23 1430 Abstract Suffolk is the only English county which had some Scandinavian set- tlement and influence, but lacks a published comprehensive place- name survey. But now a survey of Suffolk place-names is underway (by Keith Briggs), and we are able to give a progress report on some of the Scandinavian elements. Several new discoveries amongst mi- nor place-names are pointed out. Precisely because the Scandina- vian settlement was sparse (and mostly coastal), such small pieces of evidence are of greater-than-usual value. Main message: total corpus of Scandinavian toponyms is small, so any additions are of relatively larger importance. Apologies: these slides lack documentation of sources; this information is available on request. Résumé français Le Suffolk est le seul comté anglais qui ait eu une colonie scan- dinave, mais pour lequel on ne dispose d’aucune étude complète et publiée sur les noms de lieux. Une telle étude est maintenant en cours (par Keith Briggs), et nous pouvons fournir un rapport concer- nant l’évolution des travaux sur certains des éléments scandinaves. Nous remarquons plusieurs nouvelles découvertes parmi les noms mediévaux des lieux-dits, fermes, et champs. Etant donné que la colonisation scandinave était clairsemée et principalement confinée à la côte du comté, ces fragments d’information sont d’une grande valeur historique.
    [Show full text]
  • Charting Surrey's Post-Covid Rescue, Recovery and Growth
    CHARTING SURREY’S POST-COVID RESCUE, RECOVERY AND GROWTH 1 University of Surrey | Charting Surrey’s Post-Covid Rescue, Recovery and Growth SURREY 2 University of Surrey | Charting Surrey’s Post-Covid Rescue, Recovery and Growth TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Research Team ......................................................04 Aviation Cluster ...................................................132 Key Reports ..............................................................134 Team Leader Overview ........................................ 09 Definition and Parameters ................................... 135 Surrey Voices ......................................................... 15 Qualitative Analysis .............................................. 138 UK Economic Baseline ..........................................30 Case Studies ........................................................... 139 Surrey-Specific Economic Overview ...................40 Quantitative Analysis .............................................143 Sector Survey Responses ................................... 149 Cluster Analysis .....................................................53 Healthcare and Epidemiology Cluster ..............152 Business, Employment and Infrastructure Cluster ....................................54 Key Reports ............................................................. 154 Key Reports ...............................................................56 Definition and Parameters ....................................157 Definition and Parameters .....................................60
    [Show full text]
  • Examine the Value of Place Names As Evidence for the History, Landscape And, Especially, Language(S) of Your Chosen Area
    Volume 10: 2017-18 ISSN: 2041-6776 Examine the value of place names as evidence for the history, landscape and, especially, language(s) of your chosen area. Jasmine Higgs Introduction The corpus listed details forty place-names from the county of Essex (see Appendix). As is the case for much of England, the dominant nomenclature is Old English but the corpus also exhibits other languages such as British, Latin, Old Norse, Old French, and Middle English. We can extract details about the history and languages of this area of Britain through examining place-names, which fossilise these details, first looking at the other languages of the corpus and then finishing with the dominant Old English names. 1. Languages Pre-Anglo-Saxon The Germanic migration to the British Isles results in British, a Celtic language, having limited influence on the place-names of North Essex. Evidence for a continued pre- English presence after the migration through place-names is sparse in comparison with the West of the country, being in Jackson’s Area 1 with a low number of Celtic-derived names.1 Nonetheless there is British influence in the corpus, including the river names Stour and Colne. Colne, an ancient pre-English river name of uncertain meaning,2 features as an element in the Colne village names in the corpus, Wakes Colne, Earls Colne, Colne Engaine, and White Colne. These names are likely to have survived because they were known to a great many number of people and this gives the name a greater survival chance.3 Indeed, topographical features that are prominent in the landscape means that the name for it in the native language would be continually used even if the language is replaced; but for that to happen there either needs to be frequent trade between the two peoples, or co-habiting an area.4 Walton-on-the- Naze challenges the assumption that the Britons did not live with the Germanic tribes in the East.
    [Show full text]
  • Lincolnshire Pedigrees
    J iJJk i c ^TilJONVSOV"^ ^/ja3MNIl]i\^ •t 9oo AH <^VlOSANCElfj^ . ^\« UNlVERy/A ^OFCAIIFO% ^OfCAllFOff^ ^^V\E•UNIVERJ/^ Aj^lOSANCElfj— ^ S^\ ^^ & <§ ^1 efc«^r -Ti o ^<?AavHgni^^ '^OAavaani^i'^ "^/iUDNvsoi^^ '^/MJMNnjrtN s^lllBRARYQr ^^iUBRARYQr""'^ ^\W£l)NIVER% AvlOSANr.Elfj> ^^lllBRARYOc. A^tllBRARV^, ^1 irri ^' o § 1 l/~' ^ .§ ^.JOJITVJJO'^ ^tfOdlTVDJO'*^ "^/ia^AiNiiJiW^ WlTVJJO'^ ^.aOJIlVDJO' ^OF-CAIIFO% ^OFCAIIFO% ,^«fllNIVERj//, ^lOSANCElfj-^ ^OfCAllF0% ^OfCAllF0«(, ^. 4 >85 5 3 iIj II rr ;^ ^JVllGNVSOl^ %a3AiNn-3WV^ ^0Aav8aii-# ^<?Aavaani^ .\\\EUNIVERJ/A ^lOSANCFlfj-^ ^^UIBRARY<?/^ ^^HIBRARYQr^ ^\«EUNIVERS//, .v^VlOSANCEIfj-. o C > =: o ~^ V0JO>' "^/iajAiNdiuv^ ^.nojiivjjo'^ ^(i/ojiivjjo'^ "^J^HDNVSOV^ %a]AiN(i~ AWEI)N'IVER% ^lOSANCEtfJ-, ^•OFCAIIFO/?^ ^OFCAllFOff^ ^^ME•UNIVERJ/^ o en o -< , "^/iaaAiNH-jviv^ ^<?Aavaain^ •^<?AavaaiH'^ ^TJUDNVSOI"^ ^/idJAiNn ^^UIBRARY<V ^^lUBRARYO/. .^WE•UNIVER% .jjclOSANCElfx, ^lllBRARYOc. ^^tllBRA!; o I ]rtV^ ^.yOJIWJJO'^ ^.JOJIWDJO'^ '^ilJONVSOl'^ ^>S83AINn-3\\V^ ^^OJIIVDJO'^ ^40JI1V, ^MjOFCAllF0% ^0FCA11F0% .aWEUNIVERJ/a ^•lOSANCElfj)* ^OFCAllFO%, ^OFCAll '^ o^ ^^ . — .< iNn3i\v '^<?Aavaan# '^OAavaani^ '^j^udnvso^'^'^ ^OA.avaaii-5^ ^OAavaaiii^ AWEUtJIVERJ//, ^lOSANCElfj> ^^^UIBRARYQ^ -j^^lllBRARYQf .NWUNIVERS/a ^lOSANCEl/j^ ^ g -^^^—.^ 5 ^TJUDNVSOV^ %a3AINI13V\V^ ^<J0JI1VJJO'^ ^AOJIIVJJO'^ ^I'iiaoNvsoi'*^ ^/Sa3AIN(lJ\\'!i . \«[ UNIVERS/A ^VlOSANf,Elfj^ ^•OFCAllFOff;!^ ^0FCA11F0% . \WE UNIVERJ/A vvlOSANfJ O <ril33NVSOV'^'' ^/SajAINllJWV^ ^<?Aavaaii-# >&Aav8aiii^ ^/ia]AiNn3Wv <: 33 5 '^MJiivjjo'''
    [Show full text]
  • Old Norse Influence in Modern English
    Hugvísindasvið Old Norse Influence in Modern English The Effect of the Viking Invasion Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs í ensku Sandra Dögg Friðriksdóttir Janúar 2014 University of Iceland School of Humanities Department of English Old Norse Influence in Modern English The Effect of the Viking Invasion B.A. Essay Sandra Dögg Friðriksdóttir Kt.: 010889-3329 Leiðbeinandi: Þórhallur Eyþórsson Janúar 2014 Abstract The Vikings from Scandinavia invaded the British Isles during the late eighth century. They prevailed there for the next 300 years, until the Normans arrived. Despite having been such a dominant force they left behind diminutive evidence of their reign. That was the general assumption up until the second half of the nineteenth century when philologists began investigating English. Their investigations successfully established the definite evidence of the Vikings language in English. The Vikings spoke a language called ‘Old Norse’, which today is an extinct language. Old Norse and Old English were in many ways similar since they belonged to the same language family, Germanic. Therefore, the Old Norse constituents integrated with ease into Old English. These borrowings went undetected for centuries but remain in the language up to the present-day. It is estimated that there are around 400 Old Norse borrowings in Standard English. These borrowings are amongst the most frequently used terms in English and denote objects and actions of the most everyday description. This thesis determines which aspects of the language were and still are influenced by Old Norse and if these borrowings are still productive in Modern English. Moreover, it examines the varied influence Old Norse had on different English dialects.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Visitation of Lincolnshire 1634 1898
    : ffiottB on the Visitation of praoitttfhire 1634. BY A. GIBBONS, F.S.A. [Printed for Subscribers only.] Lincoln JAMES WILLIAMSON, PRINTER, 290, HIGH STREET. 1898. H ffixduz. THE Visitation which is the subject of the following Notes was made in the year 1634 by Chitting, Chester Herald, and Thompson, acting as deputies to St. George, Clarenceux, and Burroughs, Norroy. The original is in the College of Arms, and no complete copy is known to exist outside the College. Its press-mark in the College Library is C. 23. A List of the pedigrees comprised in the Visitation follows this Preface, those printed in this volume being indicated by an asterisk. The List is followed by the " Disclaimers " at the Visitation, being the names of those gentlemen who were summoned by the Heralds to show their right to bear arms, and either neglected, or refused, or were unable to do so. , Jtbijro*. Adams, Tydd S. Mary *Bolles, Scampton Allen, Hundleby Booth, Goxhill Alleyn, Wilsford ,, Sleaford ,, Skillington ,, East Halton Amcotts, Langton ,, Wootton , , Astrop „ Killingholme Anderson, Broughton Bownde, Louth ,, Casthorpe Bowyer, Bottesford Appleyard, Ulceby Bradley, Louth ,, East Halton *Brewster, Burwell Archer, Great Ponton Briggs, Scremby Armine, Osgodby Brighouse, Coleby Armstrong, Corby Browne, Stamford Asfordby, Saltfleetby „ Pinchbeck , Ashe, Wyberton , Croft Ashfield, Caythorpe ,, Holton-on-Bain Ashton, Grantham *Brownlow, Belton * , Minting , Humby , Ayscough, Kelsey Broxholme. Lincoln * „ Fulstow j) )» ,, Thornton „ Stixwold Nettleham ,, Towes
    [Show full text]