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by THE ONTARIO ARCHIVES

DICTIONARY OF PLACE-

:AL

A DICTIONARY

OF PLACE-NAMES

GIVING THEIR DERIVATIONS

BY C IE

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY JOHN STUART BLACKIE PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

THIRD EDITION, REVISED

522274 />. 5 SI

LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 1887

PREFACE

THE Introduction, by which the present work is ushered into public notice, renders any lengthened Preface on my part quite unnecessary. Yet I wish to say a few with regard to the design and plan of this little volume.

The subject, though no doubt possessing a peculiar interest to the general reader, and especially to tourists in these travelling days, falls naturally under the head of historical and instruction in schools geographical ; and for such use the is, in the first place, specially intended.

When I was myself one of a class in this city where and History were taught, no information connected with etymology was imparted to us. We learned, with or less trouble and edification, the names of rote but our teacher countries, towns, etc., by ; did not ask us who gave the names to these places, nor were we expected to inquire or to know if there was any connection between their names and their VI PREFACE

histories. are and I believe Things changed now ; the first stimulus to an awakening interest in Geo- graphical Etymology was given by the publication of the Rev. Taylor's popular work, Words and Places. About ten years ago, I found that the best teachers in the English schools of Edinburgh did ask questions on this subject, and I discovered, at the same time, that a book specially bearing upon it was a desideratum in school literature. As no one better

qualified came forward, I was induced to make the and I the the result of attempt ; hope following pages, much research and in the face of no small discourage- ment, may prove useful to teachers, as well as to their pupils. The Index at the end of the volume, although it contains many names not included in the body of the work, does by no means include all that I have given there. This did not seem necessary, because, the root words being alphabetically arranged, an intelligent teacher or pupil will easily find the key to the explana- tion of any special by referring to the head under which it is naturally classed. I must, however, premise that, with regard to names derived from the , the root is generally placed at the

beginning of the name that is, if it contain more than

one syllable. This is the case with such vocables as pen, ben, , Us, rath, strath, etc.; e.g. Lismore, Ben- more, Dungarvan, Strath-Allan. On the other hand, PREFACE Vll in names derived from the Teutonic or Scandinavian languages, the root word comes last, as will be found with regard to ton, dale, , berg, stadt, dorf, , etc.

The index, therefore, may be expected to include principally such names as, either through corruption or abbreviation, have materially changed their form, such as are formed from the simple root, like Fiirth, Ennis, Delft, or such as contain more than one, as in , it being uncertain under which head I may have placed such names. Along with the root words, called by the Germans Grundwb'rter, I have given a number of defining words (Bestimmnngswdrier} such adjectives as express variety in colour, form, size, etc. It is to be regretted that many names have neces- sarily been omitted from ignorance or uncertainty with regard to their derivation. This is the case, unfortu- nately, with several well-known and important towns Glasgow, , Berne, Madrid, Paisley, etc. With regard to these and many others, I shall be glad to receive reliable information. And now it only remains for me to express my obligations to the gentlemen who have kindly assisted me in this work, premising that, in the departments which they have revised, the credit of success is due to while I reserve to blame mainly them ; myself any which may be deservedly attached to failures or omis- sions. The Celtic portion of my proof-sheets been Vlll PREFACE revised by Dr. Skene, the well-known Celtic scholar of this city, and by Dr. Joyce, author of Irish Names of Places. I have also to thank the Rev. Isaac Taylor, author of Words and Places, for the help and encour- which has me from time to time agement given ; and Mr. Paterson, author of the Magyars, for valuable information which I received from him regarding the topography of . I appreciate the assistance given me by these gentlemen the more, that it did not proceed from personal friendship, as I was an entire stranger to all of them. It was the kindness and courtesy of the stronger and more learned to one weaker less than themselves and I and gifted ; beg they may receive my grateful thanks, along with the little volume which has been so much their debtor. C. B.

EDINBURGH, July 1887. INTRODUCTION

AMONG the branches of human speculation that, in recent times, have walked out of the misty realm of conjecture into the firm of science, and from the silent chamber of the student into the breezy fields of public life, there are few more interesting than Etymology. For as words are the counters, or coins rather, with which we mark our points in all the business and all the sport of life, any whose curiosity has not been blunted by familiarity, will naturally find a pleasure in understanding what the and on these markers image superscription mean ; and amongst words there are none that so powerfully stimulate this curiosity as the names of persons and places. About these the intelligent interest of young is often manifested and it is a persons prominently ; sad when parents or teachers, who should be in a position to gratify this interest, are obliged to waive an intelligence aside, and by repeated negations to repel the curiosity which they ought to have - couraged. Geography indeed, a subject full of interest b INTRODUCTION to the young mind, has too often been taught in such a way as neither to delight the imagination with vivid pictures, nor to stimulate inquiry by a frequent reference to the of this is an if history names ; and which, found to a certain extent in all countries, is particularly rank in , where the language of the country is composed of fragments of half a dozen languages, which only the learned understand, and which, to the ear of the many, have no more significance than if they were Hebrew or Coptic. The composite structure of our English speech, in fact, tends to conceal from us the natural of so that in our organism language ; case, it requires a special training to make us fully aware of " the great truth announced by Home Tooke, that in language there is nothing arbitrary." Nevertheless, the curiosity about the meaning of words, though seldom is not in this of cherished, easily extinguished ; and, age locomotion, there are few scraps of information more grateful to the intelligent tourist than those which relate to the significance of topographical names. When, for instance, the holiday-maker, in his trip to the West Highlands, setting foot in one of Mr. Hutchinson's steamboats at Oban, on his way to the historic horrors of Glencoe, finds on his larboard side a long, low , and treeless, called Lismore, he will be pleased, no doubt, at first by simply hearing so euphonious a word in a language that he had been taught to believe was harsh and barbarous, but will be transported into an altogether different region of intel- INTRODUCTION xi

ligent delight when he is made to understand that this island is wholly composed of a vein of limestone, found only here in the midst of a wide granitic region skirted with virtue of this the trap ; that, by limestone, island, though treeless, is more fertile than the surrounding

this it districts ; and that for reason has received the Celtic designation of Liosmor, or the great garden. Connected with this etymology, not only is the topo- graphical name made to speak reasonably to a reason- able being, but it contains in its bosom a geological fact, and an ceconomical issue, bound together by a of association the most natural and the most permanent. The pleasant nature of the intelligence thus awakened leads us naturally to lament that, except to those who are born in Celtic districts and speak the Celtic language, the significance of so many of our most common topographical names in the most interesting districts is lost it deserves consideration practically ; and whether, in our English and classical schools, so much at least of the original speech of the country should not be taught as would enable the intelligent student to know the meaning of the local names, to whose parrot-like repetition he must otherwise be condemned. Some of the Celtic words habitually used in the designation of places such as Ben, Glen, Strath, and Loch have been incorporated into the common English the addition to this stock is not ; and large, which would enable an intelligent traveller to hang the points of his picturesque tour on a philological peg that xii INTRODUCTION would most materially insure both their distinctness and their more the of permanence. Nay, ; germ apprecia- tion thus begotten might lead a sympathetic nature easily into some more serious occupation with the old of our and this lead to a language country ; might discovery full of pleasant surprise, that in the domain of words, as of physical growth, the brown moors, when examined, often produce flowers of the most choice beauty with which the flush of the most cultivated gardens cannot compete, and that a venerable branch of the old Indo-European of languages, generally ignored as rude and unlettered, is rich in a popular poetry, as fervid in passion, and as healthy in hue, as anything that or ever sang. In the realm of etymology, as everybody now knows, before Bopp and Grimm, and other great scholars, laid the sure foundation of comparative philology on the prin- ciples of a philosophy, as all true philosophy is, at once inductive and deductive, the license of conjecture played

a mad part a part, it is only too evident, not yet fully played out and specially raised such a glamour of illusion about topographical etymology, that the theme became disgusting to all sober-minded thinkers, or ludicrous, as the humour might be. We must, there- fore, approach this subject with a more than common degree of caution, anxious rather to be instructed in what is solid, than to be amazed with what is ingenious. It shall be our to proceed step by step in this matter patiently, as with the knowledge that our INTRODUCTION Xlll foot is on the brink of boggy ground, starting from obvious principles given by the constitution of the human mind, and confirmed by a large induction of unquestioned facts. The most natural and obvious reason for naming a place so-and-so would be to express the nature of the situation by its most striking features, with the double view of impressing its character on the memory, and conveying to persons who had not seen it an idea of

its i.e. the obvious natural peculiarity ; most and topographical names are such as contain condensed descriptions or rude verbal pictures of the object. Thus the notion of the highest mountain in a may be broadly conveyed by simply calling it the big mount, or, according to the of words current in the Celtic languages, mount big ; which is exactly what

we find in BENMORE, from mor, big, the name of several of the highest mountains in the Highlands of , specially of one in the of , near , of another in Mull, the highest trap moun- tain in Scotland, and a third in . Again, to mark the very prominent feature of mountains elevated considerably above the normal height, that they are covered with snow all the year round, we find LEBANON, in the north of Palestine, named from the Hebrew in in the leban, white ; MONT , , same way from an old Teutonic word signifying the same thing, which found its way into Italian and the other Romanesque languages, fairly ousting the xiv INTRODUCTION

to shine ; OLYMPUS, from the Greek \dfji7r o/j,ai, ;

the SCHNEEKOPPE, in , from schnee, snow, and

koppe, what we call kip in the Lowland topography of

Scotland, Le. a pointed hill, the same radically as the

Latin caput, the head. In the same fashion one of the modern names of the ancient Mount Hermon is

Jebel-eth-TJielj, the snowy mountain, just as the Hima- layas receive their names from the Sanscrit haima =

Greek %et/ta, winter. The most obvious characteristic of any place, whether mountain or plain or , would be its shape and size, its relative situation high or low, behind or in the front, its colour, the kind of rock or soil of which it is composed, the climate which it enjoys, the vegetation in which it abounds, and the animals by which it is frequented. Let us take a few familiar examples of each of these cases if deal more in ; and, we largely illustrations from the than from other parts of the world, it is for three sufficient reasons because these regions are annually visited by the number of tourists from the greatest ; because, general neglect of the Celtic languages, they stand most in need of and because are most familiar interpretation ; they not from book -knowledge only, but by actual in- spection to the present writer. In the matter of size, the tourist will find at GLENELG (from sealg, to hunt), in Inverness-, opposite Skye, where there are two

well-preserved circular forts, the twin designations of and that Glen- GLENMORE GLENBEG ; is, Glenbig and INTRODUCTION xv little a contrast in the constantly occurring Highlands ; the word beag, pronounced vulgarly in Argyleshire peek, signifying little, evidently the same as piic in the Greek pi/epos. As to relative situation, the root ard, in Latin occurs to arduus, frequently ; not, however, express any very high mountain, but either a bluff fronting the sea, as in ARDNAMORCHUAN (the rise of the great ocean, cuan, perhaps from w/ceai/o?), or more frequently a slight elevation on the shore of a , what they call in a rise, as in ARDLUI, near the head of , ARDVOIRLICH, and many others. The word lui, Gaelic laogh the gh being silent, as in the English sigh signifies a calf or a fawn, and gives name to the lofty mountain which the tourist sees on his right hand as he winds up where the railway is now being constructed from Dalmally to . Another frequent root to mark relative situation is CUL, behind, Latin culus, French cul, a word which gives name to a whole parish in , to the famous historical site of Culross, the reputed birthplace of St. Kentigern, and many others. This word means simply behind tJie headland, as does also CULCHENZIE (from ceann, the head), at the entrance to Loch Leven and Glencoe, which the tourist looks on with interest, as for two years the summer residence of the - minded Celtic evangelist Dr. Norman Macleod. But the most common root, marking relative situation, which the wanderer through Celtic countries encounters is , meaning below, or the bottom of a stream, of xvi INTRODUCTION which aber is only a syncopated form, a variation which, small as it appears, has given rise to large con- troversy and no small shedding of ink among bellicose antiquarians. For it required only a superficial glance to observe that while Abers are scattered freely over , they appear scantly in Scotland, and there with special prevalence only in the east and south-east of the Grampians as in ABERDEEN, ABERDOUR, ABER- LEMNO in , and others. On this the eager genius of archaeological discovery, ever ready to poise a pyramid on its apex, forthwith raised the theory, that the district of Scotland where the Abers prevailed had been originally peopled by of the Cymric or Welsh type, while the region of Invers marked out the ancient seats of the pure Caledonian Celts. But this theory, which gave great offence to some fervid High- landers, so far as it stood on this argument, to the ground the moment that some more cool observer put his finger on half a dozen or a whole dozen of Invers, in perfect agreement hobnobbing with the Abers, not far of a zealous south Aberdeen ; while, on the other hand, colonel, now departed to a more peaceful sphere, pointed out several Abers straggling far west and north-west into the region of the Caledonian Canal and beyond it. But these slippery points are wisely and there the avoided ; can be no doubt, on general principle, that relative situation has everywhere played a prominent part in the terminology of districts. North- umberland and , and Cape DEAS or Cape INTRODUCTION xvil

South, in Cantire, are familiar illustrations of this principle of . In such cases the name, of course, always indicates by what parties it was or received imposed ; Sutherland, Southern-land, this appellation from the men, who lived to the north of the Pentland .

The next element that claims mention is Colour.

In this domain the most striking contrasts are black and white. In ancient , a common name for that rivers was MELAS, or Black- ; one of which, which flows into the Malaic Gulf, has translated itself into modern Greek as MAURO-NERO, pavpo in the the classical popular having supplanted /zeXa? ;

and vepo, as old, no doubt, as and the Nereids, having come into its pre-Homeric rights and driven out

the usurping vScop. In the Scottish Highlands, dubh, black or dark, plays, as might be expected, a great in nomenclature of this let figure topographical ; BEN- MUIC DUBH, or the mount of the black sow, familiar to a serve as an many deer-stalker, example ; while CAIRNGORM, the cradle of many a golden-gleaming gem, stands with its dark blue (gorwi) cap immediately opposite, and recalls to the classical fancy its etymo- logical congeners in the CYANEAN rocks, so famous in early Greek fable. Of the contrasted white,

LEUCADIA (Xeu#09), where the poetess Sappho is famed to have made her erotic leap, is a familiar example.

In the Highlands, ban (fair), or geal (white), is much less familiar in topographical nomenclature than dubh ; XVlll INTRODUCTION

BuiDHE, on the other hand (yellow), corresponding to the %av06s of the , is extremely common, as in LOCHBUIE at the south-east corner of Mull, one of the few 'remaining scattered links of the possessions of the Macleans, once so mighty and latterly so foolish, in those parts. Among other colours, glas (gray) is very common so is colour of the ; dearg (red), from the rock, as in one of those splendid peaks that shoot up behind the slate quarries at the west end of Glencoe. Breac, also (spotted or brindled), is by no means un- common, as in BEN VRACKIE, prominent behind Pit- lochrie, in Perthshire, in which word the initial b has been softened into a v by the law of aspiration peculiar to the Celtic languages. There remain the two points of climate and vegeta- tion, of which a few examples will suffice. In , the town of SELINUS, whose magnificence remains pre- served in indelible traces upon the soil, took its name from the wild parsley, cre\ivov, which grew plentifully on the ground, and which appears on the coins of the city. In the Scottish Highlands, no local name is more common than that which is familiarly known as the designation of one of the most genuine of the old Celtic chiefs, the head of the clan Macpherson we mean the word CLUNY (Gaelic cluain ; possibly only a variety of grun, green), which signifies simply a green meadow, a vision often very delightful to a pedestrian after a long day's tramp across brown and gray fell in those parts. The abundance of oak in ancient Celtic regions, INTRODUCTION xix

where it is not so common now, is indicated by the frequency of the termination darach (from which DERRY, in is Greek and as in , corrupted ; Spvs Sopv), the designation of one of the Campbells in Argyle, AUCHIN-DARROCH, i.e. oak-field. The pine, giubhas, appears in KlNGUSSiE, pine-end, in the midst of that breezy open space which spreads out to the north-west of the Braemar Grampians. In BEITH and AULTBEA Latin a birch-tree (birch-brook) we have death, betula, ; and ash are rare in the ; heather, fraoch, especially designation of , as ElLEANFRAOCH, in Loch Awe, and another in the Sound of Kerrera, close by Oban.

Of climate we find traces in AuCHNASHEEN (sian), on the open blasty road between Dingwall and Janetown, the field of rain in signifying wind and ; MEALFOUR- VONIE, the broad hill of the frosty moor, composed of the three roots maol (broad and bald), fuar (cold), and mhonaid in and in the (upland) ; BALFOUR (cold town), remarkable mountain in Assynt called , which appears to be a corruption of Ceann-uisge, or Rainy- head.

Lastly, of animals : madadh, a fox, appears in LOCHMADDY and ARDMADDY; coin, of a dog, in ACHNA- CHOIN, or Dog's-field, one of the three bloody spots that mark the butchery of the false Campbell in Glen- coe ; and, throwing our glance back two thousand years, in CYNOSCEPHAI^E, or the Dog's-head, in Thes- saly, where the sturdy Macedonian power at last bowed in submission before the proud swoop of the Roman xx INTRODUCTION

the familiar its name eagles ; cow (baa, Lat. bos] gives to that fair loch, which sleeps so quietly in the bosom of beautiful Mull while the famous also in the sad ; goat, history of Athenian decline at AlGOSPOTAMi, or the Goat's-river, gives its name to the steepy heights ot

ARDGOUR (from gobhar, Lat caper), a fragment of the old inheritance of the Macleans, which rise up before the traveller so majestically as he steams northward from Ballachulish to Fort and Banavie.

In a country composed almost entirely of mountain ridges, with intervening hollows of various kinds, it is only natural that the variety in the scenery, produced by the various slopes and aspects of the elevated ground, should give rise to a descriptive nomenclature of corresponding variety. This is especially remarkable in Gaelic in the ; and the tourist Scottish Highlands will not travel far without meeting, in addition to the Ben and Ard already mentioned, the following specific designations :

Drum a ridge. Scour a jagged ridge or peak. Cruach a conical mountain. Mam a slowly rising hill.

Maol a broad, flat, . Monagh an upland moor. Tulloch or Tilly -a little hill, a knoll. Tom a hillock, a mound. Tor a hillock, a mound. Bruach a steep slope (Scotch brae). Craig crag, cliff. Cairn a heap of stones. INTRODUCTION xxi

Lairg a broad, low slope. Letter the side of a hill near the water. Croit a hump. Clack a stone.

Lech a flagstone.

In the Lowlands, pen, law, fell, brce, hope, rise, edge, indicate similar varieties. Among these pen, as dis- tinguished from the northern ben, evidently points to a

Welsh original. Hope is a curious word, which a " south-country gentleman once defined to me as the point of the low land mounting the hill whence the top can be seen." Of course, if this be true, it means an elevation not very far removed from the level ground, because, as every hill-climber knows, the top of a huge eminence ceases to be visible the moment you get beyond what the Greeks call the "fore -feet" of the mountain.

In the designation of the intervening hollows, or low land, the variety of expression is naturally less

striking. Glen serves for almost all varieties of a narrow Highland valley. A very narrow rent or fissured is called a glachd. The English word dale, in Gaelic dail, means in that language simply a

field, or flat stretch of land at the bottom of the hills.

It is to be noted, however, that this word is both Celtic and Teutonic in with ; but, topographical etymology,

a difference distinctly indicative of a twofold origin.

In an inland locality where the Scandinavians never penetrated, Dal is always prefixed to the other element of the designation, as in DALWHINNIE, DALNACARDOCH, xxil INTRODUCTION

and DALNASPIDAL, the field of meeting, the field of the smithy, and the field of the hospital, all in succession within a short distance on the road between the Spey uplands and Blair Athol. On the other hand, a post- fixed dale, as in BORROWDALE, EASDALE, and not a

few others, indicates a Saxon or Norse origin. The word den or dean, as in the DEAN BRIDGE, Edinburgh, and the DEN BURN, Aberdeen, is Anglo-Saxon denn, and appears in the English TENTERDEN, and some others. Another Celtic name for field is ack, the

Latin ag-er, which appears in a number of Highland

places, as in ACH-NA-CLOICHE (stone field), in Argyle- shire. A hollow surrounded by mountains is called by the well-known name of LAGGAN, which is properly a

from lag, in Greek Xa/c/co?, in Latin lacus,

a hollow filled with water, and in German a mere loch, or hole, into which a mouse might creep. A special kind of hollow, lying between the outstretched arms of a big Ben, and opening at one end into the vale below, is called in Gaelic coire, literally a cauldron a word which the genius of has made a permanent possession of the . In England such mountain hollows are often denominated combs, as in ADDISCOMBE, ASHCOMB, a venerable old British word of uncorrupted Cornish descent, and which, so far as I know, does not appear in Scottish topography, unless it be in CUMMERTREES (on the shore, traigJi), near this I Annan, and CUMBERNAULD ; but am not able to verify by local knowledge. The word cumar appears INTRODUCTION xxni in O'Reilly's Irish dictionary as "the bed of a large river or a narrow sea, a hollow generally," but seems quite obsolete in the spoken Gaelic of to-day. The termination holm is well known both in English and Scotch names, and proclaims itself as characteristically Scandinavian, in the beautiful ^metropolis of the .

In Gaelic districts a holm, that is, a low watery meadow, is generally called a Ion, a word which has retained its place in Scotch as loan LOANING, LOANHEAD, LOANEND, and is fundamentally identical with the English lane and lawn. The varieties of sea-coast are expressed by the words traigh, , camus, corran, wick, loch, rutha, , caolas, stron, salen, among which, in passing, we may specially note caimis, from the root cam, Greek /ca/iTrrw, to bend : hence near the bend BAY, Lancaster, signifies great ; corran, a scythe, evidently allied to the Latin curvtis, and used in the Highlands to denote any crescent-shaped shore, as at in Lochfinne Corranferry, , ; wick, a familiar Scandinavian word signifying a bay, and which, with the Gaelic article prefixed, seems to have blundered itself into NIGG at Aberdeen, and near Fearn in Ross- shire a the ; caolas, strait, combining etymologically very distant and very different localities of and its BALLACHULISH ; stron or sron, a nose, which lends name to a parish near the end of Loch , in , and thence to a famous mineral found in its

salen is but and vicinity ; lastly, nothing salt, appears in the south of Ireland and the north-west of Scotland, xxiv INTRODUCTION under the slightly varied forms of KlNSALE and KlN- TAIL, both of which words signify the head of the salt for Irish and Gaelic are one with water ; only language a slightly different spelling here and there, and a sprinkling of peculiar words now and then. The only other features of natural scenery that play a noticeable part in topographical etymology are the and waterfalls rivers, , , ; and they need not detain us long. The Gaelic uisge, water, of which the Latin aqua is an abraded form, appears in the names of Scottish rivers as Esk, and of Welsh rivers as Use. The familiar English Avon is the Gaelic amhainn, evidently softened down by aspiration from the Latin amnis. This avon often appears at the end of river names curtailed, as in GARONNE, the rough river, from the Gaelic root garbh, rough. The DON, so common as a river name from the Black Sea to Aberdeen, means either the deep river or the brown river. A small river, brook in English, gives name to not a few places and persons. In the Scottish Highlands, and in those parts of the Lowlands originally inhabited by the Celtic race, the word alt performs the same functions. Loch, in Gaelic, answering to the English mere (Latin mare], appears most commonly in the Highlands, as KiNLOCH, i.e. the town or house at the head of the lake; and tobar, a well/ frequently, as in HOLYWELL, connected with a certain religious sanctity, appears in TOBERMORY, i.e. the well of the Virgin Mary, one of the most beautiful quiet bits of bay scenery in Great INTRODUCTION

Britain. Of places named from waterfalls (eas, from esk\ a significant element in Highland scenery, INVER- NESS, and MONESS near Aberfeldy, are the most notable, " the one signifying the town at the bottom of the river, which flows from the lake where there is the great " i.e. waterfall," FOYERS ; and the other, the waterfall of the moorish uplands," which every one understands who walks up to it. So much for the features of unappropriated nature, stereotyped, as it were, at once and for ever, in the old names of local scenery. But as into a landscape an artist will inoculate his sentiment and symbolise his fancy, so on the face of the earth men are fond to stamp the trace of their habitation and their history. Under this influence the nomenclature of topography becomes at once changed from a picture of natural scenery to a record of human fortunes. And in this department it is plain that the less varied and striking the features of nature, the greater the necessity of marking places by the artificial differentiation produced by the presence of human dwellings. Hence, in the flat, monotonous plains of North , the abun- dance of places ending in hausen and heim, which are only the Saxon forms of our English house and home. Of the termination hausen, SACHSENHAUSEN, the home of the , and FRANKENHAUSEN, the home of the , are amongst the most notable examples. Heim is pleasantly associated with refreshing draughts in HOCHHEIM, i.e. high home, on the north bank of the xxvi INTRODUCTION

Rhine a little below Mainz, whence a sharp, clear wine being imported, with the loss of the second syllable, and the transformation of ch into k, produced the familiar hock. This heim in a thousand places of England becomes ham, but in Scotland, where the Celtic element prevails, appears only rarely in the south-east and near the English border, as in COLDINGHAM and EDNAM the birthplace of the poet Thomson con- tracted from Edenham. Another root very widely expressive of human habitation, under the varying forms of beth, bo, and by, is scattered freely from the banks of Jordan to the islands of the in the north-west of Scotland. First under this head we have the great army of Hebrew /is, not a few of which are familiar to our ear from the cherished teachings of early childhood, as BETHABARA, the house of the ferry;

BETHANY, the house of dates : BETHAVEN, the house of the house of naughtiness ; BETHCAR, lambs ; BETH- the house of the the DAGON, fish-god Dagon ; BETHEL, house of the sun God ; BETHSHEMESH, house of the the Greek a score others. (like Heliopolis) ; and of Bo

is the strictly Danish form of the root, at least in the

dictionary, where the verb boe, to dwell, also appears. Examples of this are found in SKIBO, in Ross-shire, and BUNESS, at the extreme end of , the seat of the Edmonstones, a family well known in the annals of literature but in ; more generally, practice,

it takes the softened form of by, as in hundreds of local designations in England, specially in , INTRODUCTION xxvn

where the were for a long time at home. Near the English border, as in LOCKERBY, this same termina-

tion otherwise in Scotland it is rare. In the appears ; Sclavonic towns of Mecklenburg and , it takes the form of bus, as in PYBUS, while in Cornish it is bos, which is a later form of bod (German bude, English booth, Scotch bothy), which stands out prominently in Bodmin and other towns, not only in , but in Wales. The termination bus appears likewise in not a

few local designations in the island of , where the Danes had many settlements. In Skye it appears as bost, as in SKEABOST, one of the oldest seats of the Macdonalds. The other Saxon or Scandinavian terms frequently met with throughout England and in the north-east of Scotland are ton, setter or ster, stead, stow, stoke, hay, park, worth, btiry, thorp, toft, thwaite. In Germany, besides heim and hausen, as already mentioned, we have the English hay, under the form a fence and under the form a hagm, ; thorp dorf, village ; and worth under the forms worth and werth, which are merely variations of the Greek ^0/3x09, English yard, and the Sclavonic gard and gorod, and the Celtic garad, the familiar word in the Highlands for a stone wall or dyke. In Germany, also, weiler, from weilen, to dwell, and to are is leben, live, thickly sprinkled ; hof, also, extremely common, signifying a court or yard a suffix which the French, in that part of Germany which they stole from the Empire, turned into court or ville, as in from Diedenhofen. xxvill INTRODUCTION

So much for the Teutonic part of this branch of topographical designation. In the Highlands tigh and bail are the commonest words to denote a human dwelling, the one manifestly an aspirated form of the

Latin tignum (Greek o-reyo?, German dacJi), and the other as plainly identical with the TroXt? which appears

in Sebastopol, and not a few cities, both ancient and modern, where Greek influence or Greek affectation

to bal it is noticeable that in prevailed. With regard t

Ireland it generally takes the form of bally, which is

the full form of the word in Gaelic also, baile, there final in that but in being no mute vowels language ; composition for topographical use final e is dropped, as in BALMORAL, the majestic town or house, from morail, magnificent, a very apt designation for a royal residence, by whatever prophetic charm it came to be so named before her present Majesty learned the healthy habit of breathing pure Highland air amid the fragrant birches and clear of Deeside. less Tigh y though common than is at all in the mountains bal, not unfrequent ; and tourists in the West Highlands are sure to encounter two of the most notable between Loch Lomond and

Oban. The first, TYNDRUM, the house on the ridge, at the point where the ascent ceases as you cross from Killin to and the other or the Dalmally ; TAYNUILT, house of the brook, in Scotch burnhouse, beyond , where the road begins to wend through the rich old copsewood towards Oban. I remember also a curious instance of the word tigh in a local designation, INTRODUCTION xxix half-way between Inveraray and Loch Awe. In that district a little farmhouse on the right of the road is called TlGHNAFEAD, i.e. whistle-house (fead, a whistle,

Latin fides], which set my philological fancy immediately on the imagination that this exposed place was so called from some peculiar whistling of the blast down from the hills such immediately behind ; but imaginations are unsafe for the fact out to if some- very ; turned be, what less poetical, certainly much more comfortable, that this house of call, in times within memory, stood at a greater distance from the road than it now does,

which caused the traveller, when he came down the

descent on a cold night, sharp-set for a of strong , to make his presence and his wish known by a shrill whistle across the hollow.

So much for tigh. The only other remark that I

would make here is, that the word clachan, so well known from Scott's Clachan of Aberfoyle, does not properly mean a village, as Lowlanders are apt to imagine, but only a churchyard, or, by metonomy, a church as the common phrase used by the natives, " Di domhnaich dot do'n cJilachan, going to church on Sunday," sufficiently proves the word properly meaning only the stones in the churchyard, which mark the of the dead and if the is ever used resting-place ; word

for a village, it is only by transference to signify the

village in which the parish church is, and the parish churchyard. But it is not only the dwellings of men, but their xxx INTRODUCTION

that as actions, make places interesting ; and the of events in great historical movements generally follows the march of armies, it follows that camps and battle-fields and military settlements will naturally have left strong traces in the topography of every country where human beings dwell. And accordingly we find that the and the caster, added as a generic term to so many English towns, are simply the sites of ancient or while on Roman camps ; Cologne,

. the , marks one of the most prosperous of their settlements in Germany. Curiously analogous to this is the Coin, a well-known quarter of Berlin, on the , where the German emperors first planted a Teutonic colony in the midst of a Sclavonic population. In the solemn march of Ossianic poetry, the word blar generally a field of battle as this word signifies ; but, properly signifies only a large field or open space, we have no right to say that such names as BLAIR ATHOL and BLAIRGOWRIE have anything to do with the memory of sanguinary collisions. ALEXANDRIA, in , is one of the few remaining places of note that took their name from the brilliant Macedonian Helleniser of the East. ALEXANDRIA, in the vale of Leven, in Dum- bartonshire, tells of the family of Smollett, well known

in the annals of Scottish literary genius, and still, by their residence, adding a grace to one of the most beautiful districts of lake scenery in the world. ADRIAN- OPLE stereotypes the memory of one of the most notable of the Roman emperors, who deemed it his INTRODUCTION xxxi privilege and pleasure to visit the extremest limits of his vast dominions, and leave some beneficial traces of his kingship there. The name PETERSBURG, whose Teutonic character it is impossible to ignore, indicates the civilisation of a Sclavonic country by an emperor whose early training was received from a people of

German blood and breed ; while recalls the momentous change which took place in the centre of gravity of the European world, when the declining empire of the Roman Caesars was about to become Greek in its principal site, as it had long been in its dominant culture. The streets of great cities, as one may see prominently in , in their designations often contain a register of the most striking events of their national history. Genuine names of streets in old cities are a historical growth and an anecdotal record, which only require the pen of a cunning writer to make them as attractive as a good novel. London, in this is and I view, particularly interesting ; Emerson, recollect, in his book, How tJie Great City grew (London, 1862), tells an amusing story about the great fire in London, which certain pious persons observed to have commenced at a street called PUDDING LANE, and ended at a place called PYE CORNER, in memory of which they caused the figure of a fat boy to be put up " at Smithfield, with the inscription on his stomach, This boy is in memory put up for the late fire of London, occasioned by the sin of gluttony, 1666." Many a dark and odorous close in Old Edinburgh also, to men xxxn INTRODUCTION

who, like the late Chambers, could read stones with knowing eyes, is eloquent with those tales of Celtic adventure and Saxon determination which make the

of so full of dramatic interest history Scotland ; while, on the other hand, the flunkeyism of the persons who, to tickle the lowest type of aristocratic snobbery, bap- tized certain streets of New Edinburgh with BUCKING- HAM Terrace, BELGRAVE Crescent, GROSVENOR Street, and such like apish mimicry of metropolitan West Endism, stinks in the nostrils and requires no comment. But not only to grimy streets of reeking towns, but to the broad track of the march of the great lines of the earth's surface, there is attached a nomenclature which tells the history of the adventurous captain, or the courageous commander, who first redeemed these regions from the dim limbo of the unknown, and brought them into the distinct arena of cognisable and manageable facts. In the frosty bounds of the far North-West, the names of MACKENZIE, MACLINTOCK, and MACLURE proclaim the heroic daring that belongs so character- istically to the Celtic blood in Scotland. But it is in the moral triumphs of religion, which works by faith in what is noble, love of what is good, and reverence for what is great, that the influence of history over topo- graphical nomenclature is most largely traced. In ancient Greece, the genial piety which worshipped its fairest Avatar in the favourite sun-god Apollo, stamped its devotion on the name of , on the Ionian

Sea, and other towns whose name was legion. In INTRODUCTION xxxill

CORNWALL, almost every parish is named after some saintly apostle, who, in days of savage vvildness and wastefulness, had brought light and peace and humanity into these remote regions. In the Highlands of Scot- land, the KlLBRIDES (kill from cella, a shrine), KlL- MARTINS, KlLMARNOCKS, and KlLMALLIES everywhere attest the grateful piety of the forefathers of the Celtic race in days which, if more dark, were certainly not more cold than the times in which we now live. In the Orkneys the civilising influence of the clergy, or, in some cases, no doubt, their love for pious seclusion, is frequently marked by the PAPAS or priests' islands. In Germany, MUNICH or MONACUM, which shows a monk in its coat-of-arms, has retained to the present day the zeal for sacerdotal sanctitude from which it took its in name ; and the same must be said of MUENSTER,

Westphalia (from fj,ova

With regard to the law of succession in these ethno- logical strata, as indicated by topographical nomencla- ture, the following three propositions may be safely laid down : i. The names of great objects of natural scenery, particularly of mountains and rivers, will generally be significant in the language of the people who were the original inhabitants of the country. 2. Names of places in the most open and accessible districts of a country will be older than similar names in parts which are more difficult of access but these ; 3, very places being most exposed to foreign invasion, are apt to invite an adventurous enemy, whose settlement in xxxvi INTRODUCTION the conquered country is generally accompanied with a partial, sometimes with a very considerable, change of local nomenclature.

In reference to this change of population, Mr. " Taylor in one place uses the significant phrase, The hills contain the ethnological sweepings of the plains." but the effect of this on the Very true ; ethnological character of the population of the places is various, and in the application requires much caution. It is right, for instance, to say generally that the Celtic language has everywhere in retreated from the plains into the mountainous districts but the often still ; people remain where the language has retreated, as the ex- amination of any directory in many a district of Scotland, where only English is now spoken, will largely show. In Greece, in the same way, many districts present only Greek and Sclavonic names of places, where the popu- lation, within recent memory, is certainly Albanian. Inquiries of this nature always require no less caution than as Mr. learning ; otherwise, Skene observes, what might have been, properly conducted, an all-important element in fixing the ethnology of any country, becomes, in rash hands and with hot heads, a delusion and a snare. 1

But the science of language, when wisely conducted, not only presents an interesting analogy to geological

stratification it sometimes and bears ; goes further,

1 Ancient of Wales, vol. i. p. 144, with reference to the famous work of Chalmers, the . INTRODUCTION xxxvn direct witness to important geological changes as con- clusive as any evidence derived from the existing conformation of the earth's crust. How this comes to

pass may easily be shown by a few familiar examples. The words wold and weald originally meant wood and forest, as the Anglo-Saxon Dictionary and the living use of the wald alike declare but ; the wolds at present known in , - shire, and other parts of England, are generally bare and treeless, and in bad weather very cheerless places

indeed. If, then, "there is nothing arbitrary in lan- guage," and all local names tell an historical tale, it is certain that, at the time when those names were imposed, these same sites were part of an immense forest. The geologist, when, in the far-stretching bogs east of Glencoe, and near Kinloch Ewe, and in many other places of Scotland, he calls attention to the fact of layers of gigantic trees lying now deeply embedded under the peat, adduces an argument with regard to the primitive vegetation of our part of the world not a whit more convincing. The same fact of a lost vegetation is revealed in not a few places of England which end in the old word hurst, signifying a forest. Again, there is a large family of places in and about the Harz Mountains, in Germany, ending in ode, as OSTERODE, HASSELRODE, WERNINGERODE, and so forth. Now

most of these places, as specially- HASSELRODE, are now remarkably free from those leagues of leafy luxuriance that give such a marked character to the xxxvill INTRODUCTION scenery of that mountain district It is certain, however, that they were at one time in the centre of an forest for the word the immense ; rode, radically same as our rid, and perhaps the Welsh rhydd, Gaelic reidh, " " " simply means to make clear or clean," and teaches that the forest in that part had been cleared for human habitation.

Once more : it is a well-known fact in geology that the border limit between sea and land is constantly changing, the briny element in some cliffy places, as to the north of Hull, systematically undermining the land, and stealing away the farmer's acreage inch by inch foot while in other from the and foot by ; places, conjoint action of river deposits and tidal currents, large tracts of what was once a sea-bottom are added to the land. The geological proof of this is open often to the observer but the most superficial ; philological proof, is less when you once hold the key of it, no patent. In the which is a sort of half-way house between high German and English the word oe signifies an island. This oe, in the shape of ay, ea, ey, or y, appears everywhere on the British coast, particu- larly in the West Highlands, as in , TOROSAY, and in and if there be ORANSAY, ORKNEY ; any locality near the sea wearing this termination, not now sur- rounded by water, the conclusion is quite certain, on philological grounds, that it once was so. Here the London man will at once think on BERMONDSEY and

CHELSEA, and he will think rightly; but he must not INTRODUCTION xxxix

be hasty to draw STEPNEY under the conditions of the same category, for the EY in that word, if I am rightly informed, is a corruption from kithe, a well-known Anglo-Saxon and good term signifying a

haven ; and generally, in all questions of topographical etymology, there is a risk of error where the old spelling of the word is not confronted with the form which, by the attritions and abrasions of time, it may have assumed.

These observations, which at the request of the author of the following pages I have hastily set down,

will be sufficient to indicate the in which the study of topographical etymology ought to be pursued. Of course, I have no share in the praise which belongs to the successful execution of so laborious an investiga-

tion ; neither, on the other hand, can blame be attached

to me for such occasional slips as the most careful writer may make in a matter where to err is easy, and where conjecture has so long been in the habit of usurping the place of science. But I can bear the most honest witness to the large research, sound judg- and conscientious of the author ment, accuracy ; and feel happy to have my name, in a subsidiary way, connected with a work which, I am convinced, will prove an important addition to the furniture of our popular schools.

COLLEGE, EDINBURGH, February 1875. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Anc. (ancient). Hung. (Hungarian). Ar. (). Ind. (Indian). A.S. (Anglo-Saxon). It. (Italian). Bret, or Brez. (Brezric). Lat. (Latin).

Cel. (Celtic). Mt. (mountain). Conf. (). Par. (parish). Cym.-Cel. (Cymro-Celtic, includ- Pers. (Persian). ing Welsh). Phoen. (Phoenician). Dan. (Danish). P. N. (). Dut. (Dutch). Port. (Portuguese). Fr. (French). R. (river). Gadhelic (including Gaelic, Irish, Sansc. (Sanscrit). and Manx). Scand. (Scandinavian). Gael. (Gaelic). Sclav. (Sclavonic). Ger. (German). Span. (Spanish). Grk. (Greek). Teut. (Teutonic). Heb. (Hebrew). Turc. (Turkish). A DICTIONARY OF PLACE-NAMES

A a l A (), possession ; e.g. Craika, Torfa, Ulpha ; (Scand.) also means an island v. EA, p. 71. A a stream from Old Ger. , (Scand.), ; Old Norse a, Goth, aha, aha (water). The word, in various forms, occurs frequently in river names throughout Western Europe, especially in Germany and the , and often takes the form of au or rivers Saltach ach; e.g. the Aa, Ach, Aach ; (salt river v. river) ; Wertach (a with many islands) WARID, etc. i.e. Wesar-aha ; Trupach (troubled stream) ; , i.e. Hlauter-aha (western stream) ; , (clear stream) ; or Donau, i.e. Tuon-aha (thundering stream) ; ,

i.e. Fisch-aha ; Magin-aha (great stream) ; (fish stream) Schwarza Zwiesel-au stream of the (black stream) ; (the Erlach Gron-aha whirlpool) ; (alder-tree stream) ; (green Dachau z.e. Fold-aha stream) ; (the clayey stream) ; Fulda, Rod-aha and Saala (land stream) ; (reedy stream) ; from salz a or with a (salt stream). The simple Iceland and Scandinavia, and in the districts of Great Britain colonised by or Danes Laxa Hvita ; e.g. (salmon river) ; (white river) ; Brora Rotha Greta (bridge river) ; (red river) ; (weeping

; Storaa Thurso which river) (great river) ; ('s river), its name to the gives town ; Lossie, anc. Laxi-a (salmon river).

1 A, signifying in possession, seems to be derived from a. Old Norse, I have ; aga, I possess. The Old English awe, to own, is still retained in the- north of England and in Aberdeenshire. 2 ABABER

. ( water ; e.g. Doab (the district of two waters) ; (Sansc ) \p /' < Menab (the mouth of the water), on the Persian ''' Gulf Busheab or Khoshaub a river ( ; (good water), in also island in Hindostan, an the Persian Gulf ; Neelab district of the five (blue water) ; Punjaub (the streams) ; Chinab or Chenaub R., said to be a corrupt, of its former name Chaudra Bhagee (the garden of the moon), so called from a small lake of that name from which it proceeds. Cognate with this root is the Gadhelic abh, in its forms of aw or ow. Thus in Scotland we have the River Awe and Loch in and Awe ; Ireland, Ow Owbeg (little stream) ; stream of the Ow-nageerah (the sheep) ; Finnow (clear stream). Cognate with these root-words is the Lat. aq^^a and its derivations in the , as well as ae or ea (A.S. water). Forsteman finds river names, allied to the foregoing, throughout Germany and , in such forms as ap, op, ep, etc., as in the Oppa, Lennep, Barop, Biberaffa. ABAD (Pers. and Sansc.), a dwelling or town, generally connected with the of its founder town of name ; e.g. Hyderabad (the or of the the Hyder Ali, Lion) ; Ahmedabad (of Furrackabad Furrack the Ahmed) ; (founded by Fortunate) ; or Akberabad Agra (founded by Akber) ; Nujiabad (of

Nujibah-Dowlah) ; Auringabad (founded by Aurungzebe) ; of Jafferabad (the city Jaffier) ; Jehanabad (of Shah Jehan) ; a Moorshedabad town of Jellabad (of Jellal, chief) ; (the Moorshed after Khoolly-Khan) ; Moorabad (named Morad, the of the Abbas- Shah Jehan) ; Shahabad (of Shah) ; abad Abbas the Dowladabad town (founded by Great) ; (the of the Meschdabad the wealth) ; Hajiabad (of pilgrim) ; (of Islamabad the true -abad mosque) ; (of faith) ; (of Secunderabad after the God) ; (named Great) ; the the River Resoulabad (of prophet) ; Asterabad (on Futteabad town of Sadabad or Suffi- Aster) ; (the victory) ; abad (the town of the sadi or suffi, i.e. the sage). in ( a confluence of waters ; applied,' ABER (Cym.-Cel.), , at the conf. of ff i \ < topography, to places ABHIR and OBAIR (Gael.), ) r " or at the embouchure of a ( streams, river. The derivation of the term has been traced by some etymologists to the conjunction of (Gael.), a ford, and ABER 3

others to at and bior bior, water ; by Cym.-Cel. (at) (water). This prefix is general in many of the counties of Scotland, throughout Wales, and, in a few instances, in Ireland, although in the latter country the synonyms inver and cumar are more frequent. Both words are found in the topography of the , but the Scots of Argyleshire used only inver before they came from Ireland to settle in that district. The word aber seems to have become obsolete them and as there are no abers in among ; , Renfrew, and , the word had probably become obsolete before the was formed. Dr. Joyce, in his Irish Names of Places, traces its use as prefix or affix to the Irish root abar (a mire), as in the little stream Abberachrinn (i.e. the river of the miry place of the tree). In Wales we find Aberconway, Aberfraw, Aberistwyth, Aberavon, Aberayron, Aberdare, Aberdaron, , at the embouchure of the Conway, Fraiv, Istiuyth, Avon, Aeron, Dar, Daron, Gavenny. Barmouth, corrupt, from Aber-Mowddy, a seaport in Merioneth, at the mouth of the R. Mowddy. Berriew, corrupt, from Aber- Rhiw of with (at the junction the R. Rhiw the Severn) ; Aberdaugledden, the Welsh name for Haverford-west, at the mouth of twin rivers resembling two swords (gleddeti), which unite at Milford Haven. It is called by the Welsh now Hwlford (the sailing road) because the tide comes up to the town. Aberhonddu, at the mouth of the R. Honddi or Honddu (the of Brecknock), and Aber- dovey, at the embouchure of the R. Dovey in Wales. In Scotland, Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, Abercorn, anc. Aeber- curnig, Aberdour, Abergeldie, Abernethy, at the embouchure of the Brothock, Cornie, Dour, Geldie, and Nethy. Aber- chirder is Abhir-chiar-ditr conf. of the dark Aber- (the water) ; crombie curved i.e. (the conf.) ; Aberfeldy, Abhir-feathaile smooth conf. of (the conf.) ; Aberfoyle (the the pool, phuill} ; Aberlemno conf. of (the the leaping water, leumnacK) ; Aber-Elliot the of Arbirlot, anc. (at mouth the Elliot) ; for Abhir - croisan of Old (the conf. trouble) ; Aberdeen and New Aberdeen, at the mouths of the Don and Dee, Lat. -castra ; Fochabers (the plain, at the river Gael, a the mouth), faigh, plain ; (at 4 ABIABT

mouth of the in of Aber- loch) ; Barmouth, Wales, corrupt, Mawdoch or Maw. ABI a river Abi-shiran Abi-shur (Turc.), ; e.g. (sweet river) ; (salt

river) ; Abi-gurm (warm river) ; Abi-gard (yellow river) ; Abi-kuren river of Ab-Allah (the Cyrus) ; (God's river). in _/-*_. ,, . T ,, .. ( These and similar words, ABT (Teut.), an abbot, Lat. abbatis. /', < the Romance languages, de- ABIE, an abbey. rived the abba ( from Heb. (father), were introduced into the languages of Europe in connection with the monastic system, and are attached to the names of places founded for monks, or belonging to church . Thus Absberg (abbot's hill) ; Apersdorf, for Absholz Abbatesdorf (abbot's village) ; (abbot's wood) ; in Abtsroda (abbot's clearing), Germany ; Appenzell, anc. Abbatiscella (abbot's church), founded by of St. A.D. Abbeville in France Gall, 647 ; (abbot's dwelling), ; abbot's fortified Dorset Abbotsbury (the place), ; Abbey- dare the in (the abbey on R. Dare Hereford) ; Abbotshall, in Fife, so called from having been the occasional residence of the abbots of Abdie to the ; (belonging of in Berks abbey Lindores) ; Abingdon, (abbot's hill), Abington (with the same meaning), the name of two parishes in and a village in Lanarkshire, and of two parishes in Ireland of in the ; Abbotsford (the ford the Tweed abbey lands of Abbotsrule on the R. Rule in Melrose) ; (the abbey the R. ) ; Abbeyfeale (on Feale) ; Abbeyleix (the abbey of Lewy), an Irish chief Abbeygormacan (Irish Cormacain of the O'Corma- mainister) ; Ua-g (the abbey i.e. Irish leath-rath cans) ; Abbeylara, abbey, (the abbey of the anc. half-rath) ; Abbeyshrule, Sruthair (the stream), for a founded one of the O'Farells named by ; Abbeystrowry (with the same meaning), in Ireland; Abbensee lake of the in a (the abbey), Upper ; Newabbey, Par in (named from an abbey founded in

1275 by Devorgilla, the mother of John Baliol) ; Badia- of the Badia- San-Salvatore (the abbey Holy Saviour) ; Torrita the little in (the abbey with tower), ; , in Argyleshire, anc. Abbphon (abbot's land), and Appin, in Dull, indicating probably the territory of a Celtic monastery. 5

ACH, or ICH, a form of the Teut. aha (water), p. i, as in Salzach (salt stream), but it is also a common, affix to words in the Teut. and Cel. languages, by which a is formed into an adjective, signifying full of, or abounding in, equi- valent to the Lat. terminations etum and iaciim. Thus, in German topography, we find Lindach, Aichach, Aschach, Buchach, Tannich, Fichtig, i.e. abounding in lime, oak, ash, and wood Affaltrach beech, fir, pine ; (in apple-trees) ; Erlicht Heselicht (in alders) ; (in hazels) ; Laubach (in

leaves). In Ireland : Darach, Farnach (abounding in oaks in in and alders) ; Ounagh, , and Onagh, Wicklow (watery place), from the adjective Abhnach (abounding in streams). In the Sclav, languages, again, the affix zig has the same meaning, as in Leipzig (abounding in lime- trees). a or *r JT- v \ f field, plain,' meadow; e.g. Aghinver I ,. ACHADH (Gadhelic),v /4 , '/ \ A u- 5 J (the field of the confluence); Aghmdarragh ' the oak ; anc. Achadh- ) (of wood) Achonry, Chonaire \ (Conary's field) ; Ardagh (high

field) ; Aghabeg (little field) ; Aghaboy (yellow field) ; cow's Aghamore (great field) ; Aghaboe (the field) ; Agha- the i.e. Achadh-da-eo the down (of fort) ; Aghadoe, (of two yew-trees). In Scotland : Auchclach, Auchinleck, Auchna- cloich Auchinleith (the stony field) ; Achray (smooth field) ; Auchindoire field of (the physician's field) ; (the the oak Auchinfad the Auchinrath the grove) ; (of peats) ; (of fort) ; Auchincruive the Auchline the (of tree, craoibhe) ; (of pool) ; the Auchnacraig (of rock) ; Auchindinny and Auchteany (the field of the fire) teine, i.e. probably places where the fires were kindled.

,* tne ash-tree ; Askham c \ ( e.g. , Ashby, (ash- tree dwellin Ashri in S) > gg (the ash-tree ridge), ASK ^CScancH 1 < , 'i In : j England. Germany Eschdorf, Eschweil, ^ ''' Eschweiller (, (ash-tree dwelling); Eschenbach

(ash-tree brook) ; Eschwege (ash-tree road). AESP (A.S.), ( the aspen or poplar; e.g. Aspley, Aspden ASP field or (Scand.), ( (poplar valley). a fountain Aenon En- /c v \ ( ; e.g. v(the fountains)' ; (Semitic), 1 , . , , , . , , ',. , , v snemish fountain/ of the \ (the sun) ; Engedi (of the the fuller's Dothan ( goat) ; Enrogel (of field) ; 6 AITE AL

two (the fountains) ; Aayn-el-kebira (the great fountain) ; Ain-halu sweet foun- (the fountain) ; Aayn-taiba (the good fountain of the tain) ; Engannim (the gardens) ; Enrimmon (of the pomegranates). a a //- ju r \ ( place,' possession ;' e.g.& Daviot, AITE, or AIT (Gadhehc), _ \ . . , c , -alte anC< Damh (the Place of the ox)> AFRT nr FTP nVnt\ \ . AEHT, Or EIGEN (ICUt.), I . , , , j i T " in also in [ Aberdeenshire, and Inver- ness i.e. ait-an-taimhu of the in ; Tynet, (the place river), Banffshire. In Ireland the word is used in combination with tigh (a house) ; e.g. Atty (the dwelling-place) ; Atty- of Atti-duff dark Dermot (the dwelling Dermot) ; (the a in the dwelling) ; Oedt (the possession), town Prussia, on Niers of Iber- ; Iberstolfs-eigen (the possession Iberstolf) ; stolfs-eigen, Smurses-eigen (i.e. the possession of Iberstolf

and Smurse) ; Souder-eygen (south possession). or or EID a headland Aithsvoe , AED, (Scand.), ; e.g. (the of the of on bay headland) ; Aithsthing (the place meeting the Eidfoss waterfall on the headland) ; (the headland).

,. . f an oak Acworth town ; e.g. Acton, (oak and manor Oakle oak Oakham or ) ; y ( meadow) ; EK'' EG ( Scand \ ; Auckland ; Acrise i (oak dwelling) (oakland) m t M \_ .^' I (oak ascent); Wokingham or Oakingham

[ (the dwelling among oaks) ; Sevenoaks, anc. Seovanacca, named from some oak-trees which once occupied the eminence on which it stands, but Okehampton, in Devon, is on the R. Oke. In Germany and in Holland are Eikheim Ekholta Eichstadt, Eichdorf, (oak dwelling) ; Eichhalden (oak wood) ; (oak height) ; Eichstegen (oak in Hainault path) ; Echehout, (oak wood) ; Eykebusch (oak thicket). white white AK (Turc.), ; e.g. Ak-tag, Ak-dagh (the mountains) ; Ak-hissar serai Ak-su (white river) ; (white ) ; Ak- Ak-shehr (white palace) ; (white dwelling) ; Ak-meschid Ak-kalat (white mosque) ; (white fortress). Arabic definite Alkalat Al- AL (the article) ; e.g. (the fortress) ; Alcantara Alkasar maden (the mine) ; (the bridge) ; (the Almeida Almeria palace) ; (the table) ; (the conspicuous) ; Alcarria Alcana Almazen (the storehouse) ; (the farm) ; anc. (the exchange) ; Algezira (the island), Mesopotamia in (i.e. between the rivers) ; Algeciras (the islands), ; ALD ALP 7

Almansa Almazara Algarve (the west) ; (the plain) ; (the Alhambra Alhucen Al- mill) ; (the red) ; (the beautiful) ; puxarras (the grassy mountains). M e Al- ' & ^> Oldham, Althorpe, ALD EALD ^(A S ''') ( ', . J caster, Aldwark (old dwelling, farm, camp,

, . , , : or ,'2\ T } fortress) Audlem (old lyme border) ; I . OUDE, OLDEN (Dutch),' ,. V i J u\ e j j T r* vAudley (old field), in England. In Ger-

many : Altenburg, Altendorf, Oldenburg (old dwelling) ; Altenmarkt Altmark Alt- (old market) ; (old boundary) ; stadt Altsattel Altofen (old place) ; (old seat) ; (old oven), so called from its warm baths earth or ; Oudenarde (old Oudenbosch land) ; (old thicket) ; Oude-capel (old chapel). ALDEA and from the a Aldea- (Span, Port., Arabic), village ; e.g. del-Cano (the dog's village); Aldea-vieya (old village); Aldea-el-Muro walled Aldea-del-Rio the (the village) ; (of

river) ; Aldea Galliga (of the ). a hei ht or diff; *' A1Itmaur the reat ATiT^rvm rvn ( S ( S Builth, in Wales, i.e. Bu-allt (the ALT (Irish) ^height); of ( steep place the wild oxen). The Alts or Altachullion cliff (heights glen-sides), Monaghan ; (the of the i.e. Alt-a-bhile of the holly) ; Altavilla, (the glen-side old Altinure cliff of the tree) ; (the yew-tree) ; Altanagh in Altan little (abounding cliffs) ; (the cliff).

a r ck r diff e' ' the Albainn the ; g ; ( ALP \ILPE (Celtic)h ( < hilly or high land), the anc. name of Scot- land with the ( ; , same meaning ; Alpenach (the mountain stream), at the foot of Mount Pilate Alva and Alvah in ; (the rocky), parishes Scotland ; Cantal (the head of the rock), in France. In Ireland the word ail takes the form of oil, aspirated foyle or faill; Foilnaman cliff of the e.g. Foilycleara (O'Clery's cliff) ; (the women) : but while the aspirated form of ail is confined to the aill is found all over Ireland i.e. south, ; Ayleacotty, Aill-a-choite cliff of the little (the boat) ; Ailla-gower (the Alleen is in Alleen- goat's cliff) ; (the diminutive) found Hogan and Alleen-Ryan (Hogan's and Ryan's little cliff). When, however, foyle comes in as a termination, it is com- monly derived from poll (a hole), as in Ballyfoyle and Ballyfoile (the town of the hole). The anc. name of Britain, , has sometimes been traced to this root, but more ALR AMBR

generally to the -white cliffs (Lat. albus) on the coast of , as seen first by the Romans. ti16 alder-tree Aldershot / A q\ ( ; e.g. Air-holt, (alder-tree Alresford L /T * \ ) wood) ; (Alderford) ; Alrewas (alder- ALNUS (Lat.), < . \ AIJ / u e asture in P ) ' Alderley (alder-tree meadow), ATTNF (V' "*\ ) (England; Aulney, Aulnoy, Aulnois, Aunay, Auneau (alder grove), in France. ALT a stream the Alta (Gadhelic), ; e.g. Alt, Aldan, (river names) ; Alt-dowran Alt- (otter stream) ; Aultsigh (gliding stream) ; stream of the i.e. Allt- na-guish (the fir-trees) ; Aldivalloch, a-bhealaich stream of the i.e. Allt-an- (the pass) ; Alness, casa the Alltmore (of cascade) ; (great stream) ; Auldearn, i.e. Allt-fearn (alder-tree stream) ; Cumbernauld, corrupt, from Cumar-nan-alta confluence of the (the streams) ; Gara- vault in Aberdeenshire, Garvault in East , and Garvald in Dumfriesshire (rough stream) ; Altderg (red stream). or the or ALTUN, ALTAN (), golden ; e.g. Altai, golden mountains Altanor Altan-su ; (golden lake) ; (golden river) ; Alta-Yeen Altun-tash (the golden mountains) ; (golden rock) ; Altun-kupri (golden bridge). or contrac. from Ger. an den or at 4.M, AN, (on the, the) ; e.g. the or Amberg (at hill) ; Amdorf Ambach, Amsteg, Amwalde (at the village, brook, path, wood). a kind of AMAR (Old Ger.), grain ; e.g. Amarbach, Amarthal, Amarwang, Amarveld (the brook, valley, strip of land, field where this grain grew). AMBACHT, or (Ger.), a district under the government of an Amtman or bailiff; e.g. Amt-sluis (the sluice of the Am- Amthof court of the Graven-Am- bacht) ; (the Amtman) ; 's of bacht (the district) ; Ambachtsbrug (the bridge the Ambacht). AMBR, an Indo-Germanic word, signifying a river, allied to the Sansc. ambu (water). According to Forsteman (v. Deutsche Ortsnameti) the suffix r was added by most European nations before their separation from the Asiatic tribes, as appears in the Greek ombros and the Lat. imber (a shower). The word appears in the names of tribes and persons, as well continent the as of places, on the European ; e.g. dwellers the and in Umbria Am- (or by water), perhaps ; ANGER AQUA

berloo and Amersfoort (the meadow and ford by the water), in Holland and in such river names as the ; Ammer, Em- mer, Emmerich, Ambra, etc. a or field ANGER (Ger.), meadow ; e.g. Rabenanger (the raven's field of the field) ; Kreutzanger (the cross) ; Moosanger wolfs (mossy field) ; Wolfsanger (the field, or of Wolf, a man's birds' name) ; Vogelsanger (the field) ; Angerhusen field field (the houses) ; Angerbach (the brook) ; Anger a town in Austria (the field), ; Angerburg (the fortress in the field). ANGRA a creek or in (Port.), bay ; e.g. Angra (a sea-port the

Azores) ; Angra-de-los-reyes (the 's bay). Aix anc er; '* ' AVM-S'*** AQUA(Lat), [;7 warm s rm s said to have been ' (the P > AGUA (Span and Port'") { discovered and named by Sextus Cal- ACQLA(lt. ), s T-> A- V6nUS B ' C ' 12 Provence ' ^> m 5 Aix, tri. vyiu. FrJ7 1 AX^>AA.I. I . -~ . . - . fFr -Old, Tr in [ Dauphmy, anc. Aqucz- Vocontiorum (the waters of the Vocontii); Aix-les-bains (the bath waters), in or Savoy ; Aachen Aix-la-Chapelle, celebrated for its mineral springs, and for the chapel erected over the tomb of anc. ; Plombieres, Aqucs-plombarice (waters impregnated with lead); Veraqua, in New Granada, corrupt, from Verdes-ag^tas (green waters) ; Aigue-perse (the bubbling in of water), Auvergne ; Aigue-vive (the spring living water) ; Aigue-belle (beautiful water); Aigue-noire (black water, etc.), in France celebrated for its ; Dax, saline springs, corrupt, from Civitas of aqitensis (the city waters) ; Aigues-mortes

(stagnant waters) ; Aguas-bellas (beautiful waters), ; Aguas-calientes (warm waters), ; Evaux, Evreux the France anc. (on waters), ; Evian, Aquarum (the Entreves and the waters), Savoy ; Entraigues (between waters), anc. Interaqu/z; Yvoire, anc. Aquaria (the watery on Lake Geneva or Les district), ; Aas Eaux (the waters), Basses anc. ; Nerac, Aquce Neriedum (the waters of the Amboise and Nerii) ; Amboyna (surrounded by Bordeaux the waters) ; (the dwelling on water), borda, Low Lat. anc. calidcz (a dwelling) ; Vichy, Agues (warm waters), on the Allier Bex the two at the ; (upon waters), juncture of the Rhone and Outre L'Eau the Avengon ; (beyond in water) ; Acalpulca, Mexico, corrupt, from Portus aqua io ARA ARD

of beautiful pulchra (the port waters) ; Agoa-fria (cold in water), ; Aqui, North Italy, celebrated for its baths anc. calientes ; Acireale, aguas (the warm waters) ; Agoa-quente (hot spring), Brazil. ARA, a frequent element in river names, with various and even opposite meanings. Some of the river names may have come from the Sansc. ara (swift, or the flowing), and in Tamil aar means simply a river. There is another San- scrit word arb (to ravage or destroy), with which the Gadhelic words be connected garw, garbh (rough) may ; and, on the other hand, there is the Welsh araf (gentle). According to the locality and the characteristics of the stream, one must judge to which of these roots its name may belong. There are, in England, the Aire, Arre, Arro, in the etc. in Arrow ; France, Arve, Erve, Arveiron, ; Switzerland the in and Germany, Aar, Are ; Spain and the Arno and in the Ir- Italy, Arva, ; Scotland, Ayr, Aray, vine, etc. Many of these names may signify simply flowing water (the river), while others beginning with the syllable ar may be referred to the adjectival forms, araf, arb, ara, or garbh, followed by another root-word for water, as in Arrow swift Yarrow (the stream) ; (the rough stream) ; ow Arveiron furious avon Arar (water) ; (the stream) ; (water) ; (the gentle stream), now the Saone. AIRD a as an the ARD, (Gadhelic), height, or, adjective, high ; e.g. Aird (the height) on the south coast of the island of Lewis, also in Inverness-shire Point in the island of ; Aird Skye ; Aird-dhu black a hill in Inverness-shire the (the height), ; Airds lands in Gael. (high Argyleshire) ; Airdrie, Az'rd-righ (the king's height), or, perhaps, Aird-reidh (the smooth Aird's Moss muirland tract in height) ; (a Ayrshire) ; Ardoch Ardclach Ardbane (white height) ; (high field) ; Ardach and (high stony ground) ; Ardaghy (high field) ; Ardeen and Arden little Ardmore (great height) ; (the Ardfert of the height) ; Ardglass (green height) ; (the height or Irish full grave , ferf) ; Ardrishaig (the height of of the briers, driseach) ; (the height great the headland, ceann, or of great ocean, cuari) ; Ardgower Ardtornish of the cas (goat's height) ; (the height cascade, and Ardross Ardrossan torr) ; (high point) ; (little high ARD ARN

Ardchattan Cathan's Gael. point) ; (St. height) ; Ardersier, western Ardlui Ard-ros-siar (the high height) ; (the height of the the fawn, laoidK) ; Ardentinny (of fire, teine) ; the Ardbraccan St. Ardfinan (of cow) ; (of Brachan) ; (St. Finan's in anc. Ard-macha height) ; , Ireland, (the height of Macha, the wife of one of the early Irish in i.e. Ardthir colonists) ; Arroquhar, Dumbarton, (the high Ardmeanach or the black land) ; (the mossy height isle) ; hero's Gael, a Ardgask (the height, gaisgeach, hero) ; the Trea's Ardnacrushy (of cross) ; Ardtrea (St. height) ; Ardnarea, i.e. Ard-na-riaghadh (the height of the execu- tions, with reference to a dark tale of treachery and Ardblair murder) ; Ardgay (windy height) ; (high field) ; Ardwick (high town, a suburb of ). The Lat. root is found in in the Ardes arduus (high) Ardea, Italy ; in itself has been traced (or heights), Auvergne ; Auvergne to Ar-fearann (high lands), but Cocheris, A u Noms de Lieu^ gives its ancient name as Alverniacus (i.e. the domain of the Forest of Auvergnt). Ardennes, (high-wooded valleys) ; Ardwick-le-street (the high town on the great Roman road), stratum. Ard, art, and artha are also Persian pre- fixes to the of and attached names places persons ; e.g. of Aravalli hill Ardboodha (the high place Buddha) ; (the of and such names as strength) ; personal Artaxerxes, Artabanes, Artamenes. In some cases it may refer to the agricultural habits of the Indo-Germanic races (Lat. aro, Grk. a/Dow, Goth, arfan, Old High Ger. aran, Cel. ar (to plough), hence the tribes are those belonging to the dominant race the aristocracy of landowners, as distin- guished from the subject races v. Taylor's Names ofPlaces. a farm dweIlin Heddern hid - f plaCC ' ' S ' & ( ARN ERN fTeut ) ' Beddern ing-place) ; (sleeping-place) ;

Suthern (south place) ; Arne, a town a . ,,. . > . ARA v(Lat.), home, A.T. _1 / u it i \ , . , ", < m Yorkshire ; Chiltern (chalk place) ; AREA, bas ' (Lat.), i*n,-,.i, 117- *. AC riJi * x in A.S. Whttern, F | Whithorn, Wigton,

I Lat. Candida-casa As- \g, Y' (white house) ; of Fe- [ perne (the place poplar-trees) ; Domern Thalern mern (of cattle) ; (of judgment) ; (valley Bevern and dwelling) ; Mauthern (toll place) ; Bevergern on the R. Lat. Area-Atrebatum (the dwelling Bever) ; Aire, 12 ARNATH

of the on the in France (the dwelling Atrebates), Adour, ; also on the Les Aires in Aire, Lys ; (the farms) ; Airon, etc., Ger. Baiern of the France, , (the dwelling ) ; Gael, in Mull dwell- Aros, (the dwelling), ; Arosaig (corner ing), Argyle. an eagle ' This WOrd is USed in to raPhy ARN COld Ger} ( Pg AT \ ) either with reference to the bird itself, or to ARI (Norse), < , . , , . , , ersonal ll a P name denved from ; *-g- Arnfels ERYR (Welsh) ) \ (eagle's rock) ; Arnberg, Arnstein, Arlberg mountain or Arisdale or the (eagle rock) ; (eagle valley, of a called Arnau valley person Arix) ; (eagle meadow) ; Arnecke Arendal Arenoe (eagle corner) ; (eagle valley) ; the (eagle island) ; Eryri (the eagle mountain), Welsh name for . a fortress anc. a in with a ARX (Lat.), ; e.g. Arce, ATX, town Italy hill fortress called efArcd rock of the (the fortress) ; sur fortress on the R. in Arcis Aube (the Aube), France ; in and Sardinia Arcole and Arcola, ; Saar-Louis, anc. Arx-Ludovici-Sarum (the fortress of Louis on the Saar), founded by Louis XIV., 1680; Arx- or fortress of in Fuentes (the the fountain), Spain ; Monaco, anc. Arx-Monceci (the fortress of the Monaeci), on the Gulf of anc. Tiied

a Munster chief was slain at the Ae, who spot) ; Athmore Athdare ford of (great ford) ; (the oaks) ; Athenry (the i.e. Ath Luaen ford of St. king's ford) ; Athlone, (the Athane Luan) ; Athleague (stony ford) ; (little ford) ; little the town of Trim is in Irish Aghanloo (Lewy's ford) ; ford of the elder i.e. Ath- Athtruim (the trees) ; Agolagh, forked ford of the goblach (the ford) ; Aboyne (the river), in Aberdeenshire i.e. on the Dee ; Athgoe, Ath-goibhne (the ford of the smiths), in Dublin.

.. ~ . /noble, or the nobles; e.g. Adelsdorf, Adels- ' "'' \ I nobles' dwell- heim,' Adelshofen,' Attelbury (the^ . . . . , , ; , . ADEL (Ger.), < \ ,. island of the in //- i.- \ I m6>g) > Athelney (the nobles), ADELIG ,. ,, /' (Gothic),' / C V ^, ^ Somersetshire, formerly insulated by the rivers Parret Addelsfors nobles' Adels- Tone and ; (the waterfall) ; nobles' nobles' wood-clear- berg (the hill) ; Adelsclag (the Adelsoe nobles' Adelmanns-felden ing) ; (the island) ; (the nobleman's field).

> from , (a. meadow, formed aha v(water),/J and I , , . AU, AUE (Ger.),V '' j . . < annexed to the name of a AUGIA /T frequently river; (Lat.), ) A TI r>u ^ n [ e.g. Aarau, Ilmenau, Rhemau, Wetterau, Op- penau, Muhrau (the meadow of the Aar, Ilmen, Rhine, Frankenau Franks' Wetter, Oppa, Muhr) ; (the meadow) ; Lichtenau meadow of Reichenau (the light) ; (rich meadow) ; Greenau Schoenau (beautiful meadow) ; (green) ; Langenau Weidenau Rosenau (long) ; (pasture-meadow) ; (the meadow of Lindau Lat. roses) ; (of lime-trees) ; Herisau, Augia- dominus Lord's anc. (the meadow) ; Eu, Augia (the in Hanau enclosed meadow), Normandy ; (the meadow) ; Nassau moist of the R. (the meadow) ; Iglau (the meadow in in Silesia of the Igla, Moravia) ; Troppau, (the meadow R. Oppa).

AUCHTER orOCHTER(Gadhelic), UPPe e* Auchtertyre, anc. UCHDER (Welsh), // ( Auchterardoiver (the summit on the Auchterarder Auchter- water) ; (the upper high land) ; blair Auchtercairn Auchter- (upper field) ; (upper rock) ; of the wild muchty (the upper dwelling, ttgh, boar, muc) ; Auchterau Auchtertool land (the upper water) ; (the upper on the R. in Fife Auchterless Tiel), ; (the upper side, slios). In Ireland this word takes the form of Ottghter; e.g. 14 A VON BAAL

in Oughterard (upper height) ; Oughter-lough (upper lake, reference to Loch Lis- Erne) ; Balloughter (upper town) ;

soughter (upper fort) ; Killoughter (upper church). The Irish adjective uachdar is not unfrequently Anglicised water, as in Clowater in Carlow, i.e. Cloch-uachdar (upper stone or in i.e. castle) ; Watree, Kilkenny, Uachdaraighe (upper lands) v. Joyce's Irish Names of Places. ter AFON ' AVON, (Cym.-CeL), ( T Auney, Inney, Ewenny, Aney, ABHAIN, ABHUINNE (Gael), J ^une, , _ T / \ 1 Eveny, river names m England, AMNIS Sansc. I , , . (Lat. ap.}, , and Ireland V Wales, ; Avengorm Avenbui (red river) ; Aven- (white river) ; (yellow in Ireland the river) ; Avonmore (great river), ; Seine, anc. Seimh-au the or Meduana (smooth river) ; Mayenne (probably the middle river, from Cel. meadhoit). In France there are from this root the Ain, Avenne, Vilaine,

the in In Scotland : the Vienne ; Abona, Spain. Almond or Devon Doon Awmon; (deep river) ; (dark river) ; Kelvin the (woody river) ; Annan (quiet river) ; , Lethen broad or the the in Leithen, (the gray river) ; Don, or Irvine and Scotland and England (dark brown river) ; Earn in i.e. (the west-flowing river) ; Anwoth, Kirkcudbright, the Avonwath (the course of the river) ; Spey, speach-abhain the Allan the (swift river) ; (beauteous river, aluinri) ; Boyne, anc. Bouoninda (perhaps yellow river, buidhe). Many towns derive their names from their rivers, or from

their vicinity to water : thus, Avignon and Verona (on the the of the Ambiani on the water) ; Amiens, cap. (dwellers water, i.e. of the Samara or Somme). Teramo, anc. Interamnia (between the rivers), and Terni, with the same anc. Avenacum the meaning ; Avenay, (on river) ; Avesnes, celebrated for its mineral springs. But such names as Avenay, Avennes, etc., may have been derived in many cases from Lat. avena, Fr. avoine (oats) v. Cocheris's Noms de Lieu. B

BAAL, a prefix in Phoenician names, derived from the worship of that Baalath and the sun-god among people ; e.g. Kirjath- of Baal-hazor Baal- Baal (the city Baal) ; (Baal's village) ; BAB BAD 15

in Pales- Hermon (near Mount Hermon) ; Baal-Judah, etc., tine. Sometimes, however, the word is used as synonymous with beth (a dwelling), as Baal-tamar and Baal-Meon (for Bethtamar and Beth Meon). But Baal-Perazim, we are told, means the place of breaches, and has no reference to the sun-god, Baalbec (the city of the sun), in Syria. a or court Babel and to the BAB (Ar.), gate ; Babylon, according Arabic (the gate of God), or from a word signifying con- xi. a in fusion, Gen. 9 ; Baab (the gate), town Syria ; in the Sahara Strait El-Baab (the gate), ; Bab-el-Mandeb, of (the gate of tears), so called by the from its of the navigation ; Bab-el-estrecho (the gate narrow passage), the for the Strait of Gibraltar.

. Snail- ,, fa brook ;' e.g. , ,, BACH, BATCH (Teut.),v '' f, , , c , x batch and Caldbeck . , , .,. BEC,' BOEK (Scand.),v /J , , . , , , , swift , 7 , < (cold brook or bach, mutation or I > . . but ' byJ jack vacii, , /7 A . _ in . ., ,.', brook); snell A.S. in Welsh names means , ,, , small, little, and Old, j ,. means [ English in as to active, sharp, quick ; and Scotland, applied it or cold the weather, means sharp severely ; Crumbeck Lauterbach (crooked brook) ; (clear brook) ; Skurbeck Griesbach and Sandbach (dividing brook) ; (sandy brook) ; Over-beck Reichen- Gronenbach (green brook) ; (upper) ; Marbeck bach (rich) ; (boundary) ; Schoenbach (beautiful Beckford brook Bacheim brook) ; (the ford) ; and Beckum at the of (the dwelling brook) ; Beckermet (the meeting Bickerstith station at the Laubach brooks) ; (the brook) ; but also and Laybach (the warm brook) ; Laubach may mean rich in leaves v. ACH. Bee in Normandy is named

from a brook that flows into the Risle : Birkbeck in West- birch-tree or moreland (the brook) ; Ansbach Anspach (at the stream in Schwalbach swallow's Bavaria) ; (the brook), in Nassau in in Lincoln and ; Houlbec, Normandy, Holbeck, in brook in the Fulbeck (the hollow) ; (Lincoln) and Foulbec, in Normandy (muddy brook).

., . ( a anc. bath or mineral spring ; e.g. Baden, \ ir+ r i\ < ThermcE-Austricce (the Austrian warm BADD (Cym.-Cel.), ) \ ,-. ., ' Baden - anc. Livttas ( springs) ; Baden, Aiirelia of Baden- Aquenses (the watering-place ) ; bei-Wien baths near Baden-ober (the Vienna) ; (the upper 1 6 BAGHBAHIA

Franzens-bad bath of the Carlsbad baths) ; (the Franks) ; or -bad (the bath-town of the Emperor Charles IV. of Lat. Balneum bath- ) ; Marien-bad, Maria (the town of the anc. Fontes-Mattiaci Virgin Mary) ; Wiesbaden, (the baths or springs of the Mattiaci, dwellers on the v. Badborn Wildbad meadow) ; (bath well) ; (wild i.e. not in the bath, prepared by art), ; Slangen- bad (the bath of snakes), so called from the number of in the mineral snakes found springs; Badsdorf (bath village), Bohemia. The Celtic name of the English city Bath was or Bathan-ceaster or the -badon, (bath city fortress) ; Anglo-Saxons made it Akeman-ceaster (the sick man's camp), or Aqttce Lulis (dedicated to a British divinity, Lulis, identified with Minerva). and a or in BAGH (Ar. Turc.), garden ; e.g. Bag, Baug, Hindostan. Bagdad superseded Seleucia, which, it is related, was reduced to such a state of ruin as to have nothing remaining on the where it stood but the cell of the spot formerly monk Dad ; hence the name of the new city founded by the Caliph Almazar, A.D. 762. Baghdad, i.e. the garden of Dad, a had his cell near the site of the monk who city ; Bala-Bagh in (high garden), Affghanistan ; Karabagh (black garden), a district in so called from its forests Armenia, thick ; of the in Alum-bagh (the garden Lady Alum), Hindostan ; Baktschisarai (the palace of the garden), in Crimea.

.. , from the Lat. balneum f (a bath) ; e.g. Bagna-

cavallo horses' : /o \ I (thev bath) Bagna-di-aqua BANG (Span.), , , . - < (water bath) ; Bagnazo, Bagnara, Bagnari, BANHO (Port ^ towns m I ta-ly> celebrated for their baths. ( F "\ I In France there are [_ Bagneres-de-Bigorre (the baths of i.e. the dwellers between two Bigorones, heights) ; baths on the R. Bains- Bagneres-de-Luchon (the Luchon) ; les-du-mont-dore (the baths of the golden mount); with numerous names with similar meanings, such as Bagneux, Bagneaux, Bagnol, Bagnoles, Bagnolet, Bagnot, etc. In

: little Italy Bagnolina (the bath) ; Bagni-di- Lucca, Bagni- di-Pisa (the baths of Lucca and Pisa). a Bahia or St. Salvador BAHIA (Port.), bay ; e.g. (the town of on the in Brazil the Holy Saviour), bay, ; Bahia-blanca Bahia-hermosa Bahia-honda (white bay) ; (beautiful) ; BAHNBAILE 17

Bahia-neuva (deep) ; Bahia-negra (black) ; (new bay) ; Bahia-de-Neustra-Senora (the bay of Our Lady); Bahia- Escosesa in in and (Scottish bay), Hayti ; Bayonna, Spain, Bayonne, in France (the good bay), from a Basque word, Baia on the in signifying good; (the town bay), Naples ; Bahia-de-todos los Santos (All ' Bay), in Brazil. BAHN a or (Ger.), way path ; e.g. Winter-bahn (winter path) ; Wild-bahn or uncultivated Langen-bahn (long path) ; (wild path). or a a sometimes a river BAHR, BAHAR (Ar.), sea, lake, and ; e.g. Bahar-el-Abiad Bahar-el-azrak blue (the white) ; (the river), the Bahar-belame forming together Nile ; (waterless river), in sea of in Hindostan Egypt ; Baraach (the wealth), ; Bahari Bahr-assal (the maritime district), Lower Egypt ; Bahrein two a district in (salt lake), ; (the seas),

Arabia, between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea ; also a group of islands on the same coast. BAILE, BALLY (Gadhelic), originally merely a place, a home, then a fort, a town, allied to the Grk. polis. The word joined

with the article an is found as ballin for baile-an ; e.g. Ballinrobe town of the R. (the Robe) ; Balbriggan (Brecon's in and town) ; and Ballintrae, Ireland, Ballantrae, in Scotland the Ballinure (the dwelling on strand) ; (the town of the Ballintubbert town of the yew) ; (the well) ; Ballinakill the church or Ballinahinch the (of wood) ; (of in Ireland island) ; Ballinamona (of the bog), ; Ballycastle

(castle town) ; (middle town) ; Ballymony (of the the shrubbery) ; Balmagowan and Ballingown (of and Ballmore smiths) ; Ballymore (great town) ; Nohoval, corrupt, from Nuachongbha.il (new dwelling), localities in

Ireland. In Scotland : Balvanie, anc. Bal-Beni-mor (the dwelling of Beyne, the great first of Mortlach), in Aberdeenshire ; Balmoral (the majestic dwelling, moratl) ; Ballater (the dwelling on the hill-slope, leitir) ; Balmerino the Gael. Baile-na-caolish (on sea-shore, muir) ; Balachulish, Gael. (the dwelling on the narrow strait) ; Baldernock, Baile-dair-cnoc at (the dwelling the oak hill) ; Balnacraig of the Balfour (dwelling rock) ; (cold dwelling) ; Balgay (windy dwelling, gaoth, wind) ; (of mourning, bhroiri), so called, according to tradition, because a number 1 8 BALA BANYA

of children wolves at had been devoured by the place ; the (the sunny place, grianacK) ; Balgarvie (of and in the rough stream) ; Ballagan Ballogie (the dwelling and the Bal- hollow) ; Balgownie Balgonie (of smiths) ; bardie the Lellan of Bal- (of bard) ; Balmac (the dwelling the in the MacLellan), Kirkcudbright ; Balmaghie (of Maghies) ; town at the back of the Bal- (the country) ; blair (of the field or plain). BALA Bala-hissar (Turc.), high ; e.g. (high castle) ; Bala-dagh Bala-Ghauts Balasore (high mountain) ; (the high Ghauts) ; Balkan also called (high dwelling) ; (high ridge), Mount hima snow Balkh Haemus (the snowy mount), (Sansc.), ; (high town), anc. Bactra. a Griesen-balken Moes- BALKEN (Ger.), ridge ; e.g. (sandy ridge) ; balken Schieren-balken the (mossy ridge) ; (clear ridge) word is applied to chains of mountains in general.

, , , ( a strait or belt Balta island of the ; e.g. (the Strait Baltia the of belts or straits ) ' ( country )> BALTEUS (Lat \ } * " the ancient of Great ( name Scandinavia. The and Little Belts, or straits. fair BAN (Gadhelic), white, ; e.g. Rivers Bann, Bane, Bain, Bana, etc. fair Banon, Bandon, Banney, ; Banchory (the valley). BAN a hill or (Cym.-Cel.), height ; e.g. Cefn-y-fan (the hill-ridge) ;

Tal-y-fan (the face of the hill), in Wales. B by mutation becomes f. Ger. , x (a district or enclosure, from Old BANT, BANZ (Ger.), , , ,, . . , ~ confine c nate wlth -- pyndan (t )' S Cvm JL tlllLL .t ^jLftCf'. .TiHN i. , POINTrvA and PAINT AM' 1I /- i i t T i 7^ 7 L * Cel. i.e. Brach-bant ( pant ; e.g. Brabant, Altenbanz Ostrevant (the ploughed district) ; (the old) ; Hasel- (the eastern) ; Grunnenbant (the green district) ; - stock enclosed in point (hazel field) ; (the place), from Thri-banta three Germany ; Drenthe, corrupt, (the in Holland in From we districts), ; Bantz, Bavaria. pant

have .in Monmouth, Panteg (beautiful valley, teg) ; Pant-y- goitre (the valley of the town in the wood). a BANYA (Hung.), mine; e.g. Uj-banya (new mine) ; Nagy-banya (great mine), a town of Hungary with and mines, named by the Germans Neustadt; Abrud-banya (the mine on the R. Abrud, a district abounding in metals). BARRBAUM 19

BEDD a of a favourite (Welsh), grave ; e.g. Bedd-gelert (the grave hound of Llewelyn, or, as others affirm, the grave of a named Kelert). Lat. //~ r- i \ f the birch-tree, cognate with the betula; BEDW (Cym.-Cel.), I , i Beddoe (the birches )> Salop; Bed- BEITH (Gadhelic/ I**' *'' iva the wild beast>s wdty ' Bedw~ff ( BEDWEN (Welsh? ) ^ " the in ^ dwelling among birches), Monmouth ;

Penbedw (birch hill), Monmouth. In Ireland : Beagh, i.e. i.e. Beaghy, Behagh, Behy, (birch land) ; Kilbehey, coill -beithne (birch wood); Behanagh (birch - producing i.e. Bel-atha-beithe ford of the river) ; Ballybay, (the mouth

In Scotland : Beith and birch) ; Aghaveagh (birch field). in Fife and Dalbeathie Beath, Ayrshire ; Dalbeath, Dalbeth, birch field or of (the valley) ; Barbeth (the summit birches). a the BEEMD (Dutch), meadow ; e.g. Beemd and Beemte (on Beem- meadow) ; Haagschbeemden (enclosed meadow) ; ster-polder (the meadow embankment). BIR and a well well of the , (Heb. Ar.), ; e.g. Beer-sheba (the well of Beer-lahai-roi ) ; Beer-Elim (the heroes) ; (the well of the Beirout of in living sight) ; (the city wells), Palestine of Asiatic ; Bir, a town Turkey. a farm cotta e or Beer- ' S > dwelling; e.g. RF or RFAR iCTP.it ^i. ( . nh,iLK.. or rJfiiAK i eui. IT-. ,,, _ * \ T-. i . r ~ Alst0n BUR (AS) J glS ^ g ^ ' of Beardon and /r\ij r> \ Hthe dwelling Alston)"; BYR (Old Ger.), ,. , ...... ^ Berewood (the dwelling on a hill and in a of in wood) ; Aylesbear (the dwelling Aegle) ; Biihren, in Hanover and Switzerland ; Beuren, Swabia ; Grasbeuren Erlesbura (grassy dwelling) ; Sandbuur (sandy dwelling) ; Beerendrecht on the (dwelling among elms) ; (the dwelling Nassenbeuren Blaubeuren pasture) ; (damp dwelling) ; (the blue of the dwelling) ; Benediktbeuren (the dwelling Bene- dictines). e Morb ha" the ; <* < BEG, BEAG (Gadhelic), !!"! l , , (1 little sea), in ; BACH or BYCHAN, by mutation/^ Taafe . fe ^'han ^ (the ^ orfychan (Cym.-Cel.), (^.^ Taaf^ m Wales In Ireland : Castlebeg (little castle) ; Downkillybegs (the fortress of the church) ; (small mouth) ; Rathbeg (little fort). BEIMBEL 21

a contraction of the Ger. bei-dem BEIM, (by the) ; e.g. Beimbach, Beimberg, Beimhofen (by the brook, the hill, the court). a with the *,TT

Some think it may have been formerly Bimaris (between two a to Corinth seas), name applied by Horace ; Belvoir to in Rutland (beautiful see), ; Bewley and Bewdley, from river in corrupt, Beaulieu ; Beauley, a and village Inverness-shire, named from Prioratus-de-bello-loco (the priory of the beautiful place), founded in 1230; Beachy Head, according to Camden, is the head of the beach, but Holland, who published Camdeti's , says it was called Beaucliff, or, more probably, Beauchef (beautiful Beaudesert i.e. headland) ; (beautiful retreat) ; Belper, Beau-repaire (with the same meaning), in Warwick and its Derbyshire ; Leighton-Buzzard, corrupt, of ancient name fortress of the Legionbuhr (the legion) ; Balaclava, corrupt, from its ancient name Bella-chiava (the beautiful frontier town, chiave), founded by the Genoese. BIALA white Biela Belaia BEL, (Sclav.), ; e.g. (white stream) ; Bela, Belowes and Belowiz was or (white place) ; (white village) ; wies town or Ger. (a village) ; , Weissenburg (white Turc. Akkermann Belki fortress) ; Bialgorod, (white castle) ; or Bielki (a name applied in to snow-capped in from mountains) ; , Albania, corrupt, Belgrade (white fort). BEL, BEAL (Gadhelic), a mouth, in its literal sense, but in a second- ary sense, signifying an entrance into any place. In Ireland it is often united with ath (a ford), forming belatha (ford entrance). The word bel itself is often used to denote a ford ford or entrance ; e.g. Belclair, i.e. Bel-an-chlair (the to the Belatha is found in plain) ; (Anglicised Bella) many names, as in Bellanagare, i.e. Bel-atha-na-gcarr (the ford mouth of the Lisbellaw fort at the ford cars) ; (the mouth) ; Bel-atha is often changed in modern names to balli or bally, as if the original root were baile (a town), as in of the Ballinafad (the mouth great ford) ; mouth of the is (the long ford) ; corrupt, from Bel-atha-Seanach (Shannagh's ford); , anc. ford of the "arset or Bel-feirsde (the J sandbank) ; Ballinaboy, i.e. Bel-an-atha-buide of the (the mouth yellow ford) ; Ballinasloe, Bel-atha-na-sluaigheadh (the ford mouth of the Bel is not found in but a word armies) ; (a ford) Scotland, with a kindred meaning as applied to land, bealach (a BELEDBERG 23

pass or opening between hills), is frequent there, as well

as in Ireland, and takes the form of ballagh or balloch ; e.g. Ballaghboy in Ireland, and Ballochbuie in Scotland (the

yellow pass) ; Ballaghmore (great pass) ; Ballaghkeen (the beautiful of the little pass, cceiri) ; Ballaghadereen (the pass oak Balloch alone occurs in several counties of grove) ; Scotland, the best known being Balloch, at the entrance to Loch Balloch- Lomond ; Ballochray (smooth pass, retdh) ; bald or bare myle (the pass) ; Ballochgair (short pass) ; Ballochcraggan (of the little rock); Balloch-nam-bo (the pass of the cattle), etc. or a district Beled-es-Shurifa dis- BELED, BELAD (Ar.), ; e.g. (the trict of the Belad-es-Sudan district of the nobles) ; (the Belad-es-Sukkar ) ; (sugar district) ; Belad-t-moghrib (the district of the West), the Arabian name for , also called land of Beled-el- Beled-el-Djered (the dates) ;

Sham (the district of the north or on ), the Arabic name for Syria, to distinguish it from Yemen (to the south or right). Syria was also called by the Turks Soristan, and by the Greeks Suria, i.e. the country of Tyre (Tzur, the rock). The word in its secondary sense means pros- or hence the Greeks called it i> perous happy 'ApajSia r/ Saifjuav, to distinguish it from Arabia deserta (Ar.), El- Badiah (the desert), hence the Bedawees or Bedouins. BENDER (Ar.), a market or harbour. Bender is the name of several towns on the Persian Gulf, and also of a town on the Dniester; Bender-Erekli (the harbour of the ancient Heraclea), on the Black Sea. BENI (Ar.), of; e.g. Beni-Hassan (a town named from the descendants of Beni-Araba to the sons Hassan) ; (belonging of the Beni-Calaf the sons of the desert) ; (to Caliph) ; sons of i.e. Beni-Misr Beni-Sham (the ), Syria ; (the land of Mizraim or Egypt). a hill a summit e PPP ^fVr ^ ( ; -g- Ailberg (eagle hill BIe ber lead hill ' > ; y S ( > Schneeberg lERcVscand ^ J hill of !V us x 1 V(snowy hill) ; Walkenberg (the BRIG, BRAIGH (Celtic)," \ / r *v. J \ v clouds) ; Donnersberg (of thunder) ;

Habsberg, Falkenberg, Valkenberg (of hawks) ; Finsterberg devil's (dark hill) ; Groenberg (green hill) ; Teufelsberg (the the hill) ; Greiffenberg (the griffin's hill) ; Geyersberg (of 34 BETH

the hill of vulture) ; Jarlsberg (of earl) ; Dreisellberg (the three seats) ; Kupperberg (copper hill) ; Heilberg (holy near a silver hill) ; Silberberg (silver hill, mine) ; Schoen- berg (beautiful hill). The word berg, however, is often applied to the names of towns and fortresses instead of burg ; and, when this is the case, it indicates that the town or or in was built on near a hill, connection with a fortress ; hill fort of the e.g. Kaiserberg (the Emperor II.) ; Wiirtemberg, anc. Wirtenberg (named from the seignorial chateau, situated upon a hill). The name has been trans- lated (the lord of the hill) from an Old Ger. word wirt (a lord). Heidelberg is a corrupt, of Heydenberg (the hell of the pagans), or from heydel myrtle, which grows in great abundance in the neighbourhood ; , Lowenburg, or fortress of Leo in Leopolis (the Danielowes), ; Nurnberg, anc. Norimberga or Castritm Noiicum (the fortress of the the R. Noricii) ; Lahnberg (on ) ; the Spermberg (on Spree) ; Wittenberg (white fortress) ; Koningsberg (the king's fortress), in E. Prussia and in after of the Norway ; (named Babe, daughter Emperor Otho II.), in Bavaria; Havelberg (on the R. ). There are several towns in Germany and Scan- dinavia or called simply Berg Bergen ; e.g. Bergen-op-Zoom hill fort R. in Holland a (the on the Zoom), ; Bergamo (on hill), in Italy. Berg (a hill) sometimes takes the form of as in in Dumfries also of as berry, Queensberry, ; borough, in Flamborough Head and Ingleborough (the hill of the beacon a light). Gebirge signifies mountain range ; e.g. snow-clad Schneegebirge (the range) ; Siebengebirge (the of seven the Erze- range hills) ; Fichtelgebirge (of pines) ; ore gebirge (the mountain range) ; Glasischgebirge (of the the glaciers) ; Eulergebirge (of owls).

, , . ( a house house of Beth- ; e.g. Bethany (the dates) ; Bethsaida of fish Bethoron WAr ( ) 5 Bethabara the Bethlehem ( (of caves) ; (of ford) ; (the house of bread), but its present name, Beit-lahm, means the house of flesh Bethesda Betharaba ; (of mercy) ; Bethshemish (desert dwelling) ; Bethjesimoth (of wastes) ; house or of the its Grk. Heliopolis (the city sun) ; Egyptian name was Aun-i-Aun (light of light), contracted to On; BETTWSBIRCE 25

Beit-Allah (the house of God), at Mecca; Beit-el-Fakih (the house of the saint), on the Red Sea. BETTWS (Cym.-Cel.), a portion of land lying between a river and a hence a so situated hill, dwelling ; e.g. Bettws-yn-y-coed in the retreat (the dwelling wood) ; Bettws-disserth (the Bettws-Garmon St. led dwelling) ; (of Germanus, where he the Britons to the famous Alleluia over the victory Saxons) ; Bettws-Newydd (new dwelling). the birch - tree e 5 -S- Le Boulay, La Boulay, BETULA (Lat ) f Les Boula es Les S > Boulus, Belloy (places BOULEAuCFr)v '* ) ( planted with birch-trees). the beaver *' > the Biber, Beber, RIRFR RFVFRSJiVli,K CTent( ^ ( isJBtK, ieUt.1, I ., i_ T> u -u i. / /- Blbench Beber-bach in Ger- > (rivers BOBR (Sclav.) ] Bobronia ( many) ; Bober, Boberau, in Silesia and Russia the (beaver river), ; Bobersburg (on R. Bober) ; Biberschlag (beaver's wood clearing); Biberstein (beaver rock); , in Yorkshire, anc. Biberlac (beaver lake), formerly surrounded by marshy ground, the resort of beavers in Gloucester Beverloo ; Beverstone, ; (beaver marsh), in . an old German level BILL, word, signifying plain or ; e.g. Bilderlah field of the (the plain) ; Billig-ham (level dwelling) ; Wald-

billig (woody plain) ; Wasser-billig (the watery plain) ; Bilstein Bielefeld Bieler-see (level rock) ; (level field) ; (the lake on the plain). BIOR an element in river names (Gadhelic), water, many ; e.g. the in Dorset in Bere, ; Ver, Hereford ; Bervie, Mearns. The town of Lififord, in , was originally Leith-bhearr a lake in France the or (the gray water) ; Berra, ; Ebura in and in Eure, Normandy ; Yorkshire, the Ebro, anc. Iberus ; Ivry, in Normandy, anc. Ebaroviczts (the town on the Ebura). the birch-tree e > -S- Birkenhead head BirChholt (birch W d ) < _. . . .' .. . BtlULA,BETULA J ., , ,. . , Berkelev birch field ( ) J Birchmgton, BEORC (A S ) ) (^Birkhoff (the birch-tree dwelling and the court) ; Birkhampstead (the home place among birches) ; Oberbirchen but Berkshire is not (the upper birches) ; from this root it called ; was by the Anglo-Saxons Berroc-shyre, supposed to be named from the abundance of berroc (box- 26 BLAENBOCA

wood), or the bare-oak-shire, from a certain polled oak in Windsor Forest, where the Britons were wont to hold their provincial meetings. BLAEN the source of a stream (Cym.-Cel.), ; e.g. Blaene-Avon, Blaen-Hounddu sources in Blaen-Ayron, (river Wales) ; head of the Blaen-nant the Blaen- (the harbour) ; (of brook); Blaen-Bylan, abbreviated from Blaen-pwll-glan of at the of a small (the top pool bank) ; Blaen-Sillt, top the in Wales Blaen-afon the stream, Sillt, ; (of river). BLAR a a battle-field BLAIR, (Gadhelic), plain, originally ; e.g. Blair-Athole, Blair-Logie, Blair- (the battle-field in these Blairmore Blaircreen districts) ; (the great) ; (the little Blairdaff of the plain) ; (the plain oxen, daimh) Blair-burn the the Blair- (of stream) ; Blair-craig (of rock) ; linne the Blair-beth (of pool) ; (of birches) ; Blair-ingone field of in Perthshire (the spears), ; Blair-glass (gray plain) ; in Ireland Blair- Blarney (little field), ; Blair-Drummond, Adam, modern places named after persons.

white ; e.g. Mont-Blanc, Cape-, Sierra- BLANC ( r T ] . Castella-bianca ^ ftf \ blanca (whitev mountain-ridge);' . . _,. . . (Span.), , , .. , , Villa- bianca (white castle) ; (white town) ; BIANCO (It.), Blankenburg (white town) ; Blankenham BRANCO (Port.), ,. . (white dwelling) ; Blankenhavn, Blankenloch, Blankenese >-. v Blankenrath,' (white haven,' Fplace, BLANK (Ger.), , . . in - wood-clearing, cape), Germany ; in Branco white mandri (white sheep-folds), Sicily ; (the stream), in Brazil; Los-Brancos (the white mountains); Cata-branca white Casa-branca white (the cove) ; (the house), in Brazil. near Blieskendorf BLISKO (Sclav.), ; e.g. Bliesdorf, Bliesendorf, Bliskau (near village) ; (near meadow). a Blottnitz BLOTO, BLATT (Sclav.), marsh ; e.g. Blotto, (marshy Wirchen-blatt land) ; (high marsh) ; Sa-blatt, Sablater, Zablatt the Na-blatt the (behind marsh) ; (near marsh). In some cases the b in this word is changed into p, as in Plattkow Plattensee or Plotsk and (the marshy place) ; Balaton (the lake in the marshy land). in BOCA (Span., Port., and It.), a mouth topography, the narrow entrance of a river or bay; e.g. Boca-grande, Boca-chica little in South America La Bochetta (great and channel), ; BOD BOLD 27

little a mountain in the (the opening), pass Apennines ; Desemboque (the river mouth), in Brazil. a in BOD (Cym.-Cel.), dwelling ; e.g. Bodmin, Cornwall, corrupt, from Bodminian of Bodffaris (the dwelling monks) ; (the site of the old station on the road to Chester Varis), Roman ; Hafod, the name of several places in Wales, corrupt, from Hafbod Bosher or (a summer residence) ; Bosherston, corrupt, from Bod and hir, long (the long ridge abode), in Wales.

a the Cean SweU e ' ' Bodden an arm bay ' ' g ( BODDEN (Teut ) f of the sea which divides the island of *<-. j \ K Rugen from Bodden-ness headland ( ) ; (the of the bay), on the east coast of Scotland. the soil in a BODEN (Ger.), ground, topography, meadow ; e.g. Gras-boden Dunkel-boden (grassy meadow) ; (dark meadow). It may sometimes, however, be used instead of bant or v. 1 8 in in it is a paint p. ; and Bodenburg, Brunswick, of and Bodenheim is corrupt, Ponteburg (bridge town) ; from a personal name, like Bodensee v. SEE. BOGEN (Ger.), a bow in topography, applied to the bend of a river ; e.g. Bogen, anc. Bogana (the bending a of a of the river) ; Bogen, town Bavaria, on bend Danube ; Ellbogen or Ellenbogen, Lat. Cubitus (the town on the elbow or river in Bohemia bend), ; Bogenhausen (the houses on the river bend) ; Langen-bogen (the long bend) ; Entli-buch (the bend on the R. Entle), in Switzerland. a dw **' Newbottle, BOLD, or BATTLE, BOTTLE, ( N fj \ Battle BiiTTEL, BLOD (Teut), 1 ?" I?*'?" from^1^!?%Elbottle f : _ /c j \ ) *guished v(old dwelling)& ' ' or I , ... BOL, BO (Scand.), , , , V Morebattle (the dwelling on the marshy plain); Bolton, in Lancashire, A.S. Botl ; Buittle, in - Yorkshire Harbottle cudbright ; Newbald, ; (the dwelling of the army, here), a place in where, in former soldiers were Erribold dwell- times, quartered ; (the on the of in anc. ing tongue land, eir) ; Maybole, Ayrshire, Minnibole (the dwelling on the mossy place, Cym.-Cel., in for mysivri) ; Exnabul, Shetland (a place keeping cattle) ; Scand. bull or Walfenbuttel yxn, (a cow) ; (the dwelling of Brunsbottle Ritzbuttel Ulpha) ; (of Bruno) ; (of Richard) ; 28 BONUS BRASA

Griesenbottel Rescbiittel (sandy dwelling) ; (the dwelling among rushes). BONUS (Lat), ^ e ' ' Bonavlsta Boavista g ; g > (good view) ; BUEN ^(Span* ? in South Buenos-Ayres (good breezes), America ; ' f v I Buenaventura in California. xp (good luck), BOOM Bhuma Birboom land (Sansc.), (land, country) ; e.g. (the of noble the heroes) ; Arya-Bhuma (the land), Sanscrit name for Hindostan. BOR wood Borow (Sclav.), ; e.g. Bohra, Bohrau, Borowa, (woody Borovsk town in the Sabor place) ; (the wood) ; and Zaborowa the Borzna (behind wood) ; (the woody district) ; the Borysthenes, now the R. Dnieper (the woody wall), from stena (a wall or ), the banks of the river been covered with Ratibor of the having wood ; (the wood Sclavonic god Razi).

land broken U for tilla e Old Ger- P S > pracha BR4.CHE CTeut \ ( to lou h e anc. Bracbant n AV cqX^rl \ \ ( P S ) 5 -S- Brabant, (the '' ( ploughed district) ; Brachstadt, Brachfeld, Brachrade (the ploughed place, field, clearing) ; Brakel (the in Holland Hohenbrack ploughed land), ; (high ploughed land). BRAND a cleared of (Ger.), place wood by burning ; e.g. -brand and Ober-brand brand (the upper clearing) ; Newen- and Alten-brand old (the and new clearing) ; (the burned city), so called, according to Buttman, by the Ger- mans the into in ; by Wends corrupted Brennabor, and their own language named Schorelitz (the destroyed city), because, in their mutual wars, it had been destroyed by fire. Bran and Brant, in English names, are probably memorials of the original proprietors of the places, as in

Brandon, Cumbran, Brandeston ; Brantingham (the home of the children of Brand) v. ING, INGEN. - the birch tree e-S- Briesnitz, Beresoff, Beresek, * BRASA CSclav''') f < Beresenskoi, Beresovoi (places where birches Gross- birch-tree ( abound) ; (great town) ; Bresinchen a from it Birsa and (little Briesen), colony ; Beresina birch-tree a town on the R. (the river) ; Birsk, Birsa Brzesce-Litewski house of at the ; (the mercy birches) ; the letter b in this word is often changed into p by the Ger- BRA Y BRIGA 29

mans, as in Presinitz for Brezenice (birch-tree village), in also with the in Silesia Bohemia ; Priebus, same meaning, ; Priegnitz, i.e. the town of the Brizanen (dwellers among Briezen of in is birches) ; (the place birches), Moravia, into Friedeck Germanised (woody corner) ; Bryezany (abounding in birches), in Galicia. BRAY a in Nor- (Cel.), damp ground, marshy place ; e.g. Bray, sur und sur situated on mandy ; Bray Somme Bray Seine, these rivers near Bre C6tes-de- ; Bray-Maresch, Cambray ;

Nord ; Bray-la-Campagne (calvados, etc.) broad Dutch a lain e Breitenbach ; ^fci ( P ) 5 -S- BREIT (Ger} ( \ y* and Bredenbeke Breda flat <., J (broad brook) ; (the

/o \\ \ meadowland), in Holland ; Breitenbrunn (broad BRED (Scand.), / n\ . T> v. V^ well) ; Breitenstem, Breitenburg (broad fortress) ; Bradford, in Yorkshire, and Bredevoort, in Holland (broad in Dorset in ford) ; Bredy (the broad water), ; Brading, Isle of and Bradshaw , Bradley (broad meadow) ; from its ancient (broad thicket) ; Broadstairs, corrupt, name Bradstow (broad place). BRIA a town (Thracian), ; e.g. Selymbria, Mesymbria. , , , ( a general name among the Celts for a town so < called, apparently, from the Celtic words braigh, or because \ brugh, brig (a heap, pile, elevation), the nucleus of towns, among uncivilised tribes in early were fortified erected times, merely places on heights ; cognate with the Teut. and Scand. burg, byrig, the Sclav. brieg (an embankment or ridge), and the Scottish brae (a rising ground). Hence the name of the Brigantes (dwellers on the word a hills) ; Brigand (literally, mountaineer) ; anc. town on the Briangon, Brigantium (the height) ; Brieg, a town in Silesia and fortified cities in ; Braganga, in anc. the town Portugal ; Talavera, Spain, Tala-briga, on the wood anc. Bri- tala, Span, (a clearing) ; Bregenz, in the Breisach Alt old gantium, ; and Neuf (the and new town on the declivity), in the duchy of Baden

the old fortress was situated on an isolated basalt hill ;

Brixen (the town among the hills), in the Tyrol. In Scotland there are Braemar district of Braidalbane (the hilly Mar) ; hill of i.e. Braeriach (the country Albainn, Scotland) ; (the the a river and dis- gray mountain, riabhacJt) ; Brerachin, 30 BRINK BROEK

trict in Perthshire and in ; Brugh Bruighean, Ireland, signifying originally a hill, was subsequently applied to a palace or a distinguished residence. The term, as applied to the old residences, presupposed the existence of a fortified brugh or rath, several of which still remain. The word has

suffered many corruptions : thus Bruree, in , is from and Brugh-righ (the king's fort) ; Bridghean (little fort) has been transformed into Bruff, Bruis, Bruce, or Bryan. The word briva, on the other hand, was generally applied to towns situated on rivers as in Amiens, anc. Samarabrina, on the R. Somme and was gradually used as synonymous with pans (bridge), as in Pontoise, anc. Briva-Isara on the anc. (the bridge Ouse) ; Briare, Brivodttrum over the anc. (the bridge water) ; Brionde, Brives. a Osterbrink Mittel- BRINK (Ger.), grassy ridge ; e.g. (east ridge) ; brink Zandbrink Brinkhorst (middle ridge) ; (sand ridge) ; (the ridge of the thicket). a district fort of the BRO (Cym.-Cel.), ; e.g. Broburg (the district), in of the Warwickshire ; Pembroke (the head, pen, district, it being the land's end of Wales). stream Cranbrook stream of the BROC (A.S.), a rushing ; e.g. (the Wallbrook the stream at the cranes) ; (probably wall) ; Wambrook (Woden's stream). tne Brox-bourne and /A c \ badger ; e.g. , Brog- ' ( ' ''' -'. den, Brokenhurst, Brockley, Broxholme (the stream, and hill of the ( hollow, thicket, meadow, badger). a ford and the the BROD (Sclav.), ; e.g. Brod Brody (at ford), name of several towns in Moravia, Bohemia, Hungary, and Brod-sack Turkey ; (ford dwelling) ; Brod-Ungarisch (the on the Olsawa Brod-Deutsch Ger- Hungarian ford), ; (the the Brod-Bohmisch man ford), on Sasawa ; (the Bohemian on the Zembera Krasnabrod Eisen- ford), ; (beautiful ford) ; ford of the Brodkowitz brod (the Iser) ; (ford station). a marsh a town in Holland BROEK, BRUOCH (Teut.), ; e.g. Broek, ; Breiden-bruch broad Bogen-brok (the bending marsh) ; (the Aalten-broek old Eichen-bruch marsh) ; (the marsh) ; (the oak Broekem and Broickhausen marsh) ; (marsh dwelling) Bruchmiihle mill on the or (the marsh) ; Bruxelles, BROG BRUEL 31

anc. seat or site on the Ober- Bruoch-sella (the marsh) ; bruch and Niederbruch (upper and lower marsh).

. , a dam ; Biesenbrow and from ,,., | e.g. Priebrovv, ''' 1 Pschibrog (elder -tree dam), by the Germans called on the ( Furstenberg, ; Colberg, Sclav. Kola-brog (around the dam). the or side of a hill BRON (Welsh), slope ; e.g. (the slope of the cest or covered deep glen) ; Bronwydd (the slope with in trees) ; Wydd, Wales. a bridSe; e'S- Brugg-Furstenfeld (the BRUCKEfGer) ( at the b^ge prince's field) ; Brugg-an-der- A <=; \ ) ^ Lei across /o j x } tha v(the bridge& the Leitha) ; I _ . .. . BRO, BRU (Scand.),/J , , , , \ Brugg-kloster (the bridge at the monas-

tery) ; Langenbriick, Langenbriicken (long bridge) ; Bruges, in with Saarbrook the Belgium (a city many bridges) ; (on R. in anc. Osnabriicke or Asen- Saar) ; Osnaburg, Hanover, brticke on the R. Voklabriick the (the bridge Ase) ; (on R. in Baden on the Vokle) ; Bruchsal, (the bridge Salzbach) ; Zweibriicken or two Deux-ponts (the bridges) ; Zerbruggen (at the bridge). In England : Bridgenorth, anc. Brugge- Morfe (the bridge at the wood called Morfe, on the opposite of the and bank Severn) ; Brixham, Brixworth, Brigham A.S. (bridge town) ; Brixton, Brixges-stan (the bridge stone) ; Cambridge, Cel. Caer-Grant (the fort and bridge on the R. now the the R. Tun or Granta, Cam) ; Tunbridge (over a branch of the in Bucks Ton), Medway ; Colebrook, (the over the over the bridge R. Cole) ; Oxbridge (the bridge a over the R. water, uisge) ; Staley-bridge (at bridge Tame), after the a who resided there named Staveleigh, family ; Bridgewater, corrupt, from -Walter (the town of its and vill- Walter Douay, founder) ; Bridgend Brigham, in different of Scotland Brora ages parts ; (bridge river), in rarities Sutherlandshire, named when bridges were ; Trowbridge, however, did not get its name from this root, but is a corrupt, of its ancient name, Trutha- (the loyal town).

.. . a place, with cog- j marshy overgrown brushwood, ''' < nate with the French breuil and bruyere (a the Breton ( thicket), Welsh pryskle, and the and in briigek; e.g. Bruel, Bruhl, Priel, Germany ; Bruyeres, 32 BR UNNBR YN

and in France also Broglie, Brouilly (the thicket), ; Breuil, Bruel, Breuillet, Le Brulet, etc., with the same meaning, or sometimes a park. St. Denis du Behellan, in Eure, was formerly Bruellant, i.e. the breuil or park of Herland.

* } ' '* BRUNN, BRUNNEN (Gen), j ^Heilbroun^f*(holy well); Frau-brunnen,^ BRONGA (Scand) 1 ( Lat. Fons-beatce-Virginis (the well of Our well at the Lady) ; Brunn-am-Gebirge (the hill-ridge) ; Lauter-brunnen Haupt-brun (well-head) ; (clear well) ; Salz-brunn, Warm-brunn, Schoen-brunn, Kaltenbrunn (the mineral salt, hot, beautiful, cold, wells) ; Baldersbrunnen, Baldersbrond well of the Teutonic (the god ) ; from Cobrunnen cow's Cobern, corrupt, (the well) ; Paderborn (the well or source of the R. Pader), in Germany. In the north of France, and in the departments bordering on we find traces of this Germany, German word ; e.g. Mittel-broun Walsch-broun (middle well); (foreign well) ; Belle -brune Stein -brunn (beautiful well) ; (stony well), etc. a hill - bron round Brin- BRYN (Cym.-Cel.), ridge ; (a hill); e.g. croes, Brin-eglwys, Bron-llys (the cross, church, palace, on the hill) ; Bryn-gwynn (fair hill) ; Brynn-uchil (high hill) ; Bron-Fraidd (St. Bridget's hill); Brown-Willy, in Corn- from wall, corrupt, Bryn-huel (the mine ridge) ; Brindon- hill, in (merely the hill), with synonymous word dun added to and in with the Bryn ; Brandon, , same in meaning ; Bryn-mawr (the great hill), Wales ; hill of Bron-gwyn (white hill) ; Bryn-y-cloddian (the fences, so called from its clawd), strong ; Bryn-

Barlwm (the bare-topped mountain) ; Bryn-Gwyddon (the hill of a Gwyddon, mythological philosopher) ; Bryn-kinallt mountain without kite's (a trees) ; Bryn-berian (the hill, bert, a with the same boda in Wales kite) ; Bryn-bo, meaning, ; hill of here the ancient Bryn-chwarew (the sports) ; inhabit- ants of Wales used to meet to play different games in Brienne-la-chateau castle on the in competition ; (the hill), France in on the Brienz See lake ; Brientz, Switzerland, (a

surrounded by hills) ; Brendenkopf (hill -head), and the Brennen Alps, the culminating points in the mountains of Tyrol. BUCHEBUHIL 33

, the beech-tree ; Buch- [" ^.^. Buch-au, Buch-berg, ' p e e corner of the / A e \ SS (th meadow, hill, beeches) ; ' *'' < Buchholtz and Bochholt ^ (beech-wood) ; Bockum, /' Bucheim Butchowitz (beech-dwelling) ; (the place

I of in Moravia Bochnia and Bucho- beeches), ; wina the in (with same meaning), ; Bickleigh (beech-meadow). But Bocking in , and the county of Buckingham, as well as Bouquinheim in Artois, and Boch- ingen in Wurtemberg, were named from the Bocingas (a tribe), probably the dwellers among beeches. * hut r BUS dwelling ;*: Budin, Budzin, BUDA, (Sclav.), Bautzen or Budissen > (the huts) ; BWTH,BWTH BOTH (Gadhelic)" ,' , \ Budweis v(the district of hut villages), BOD (Cym.-C(Cym.-Cel.), . , . -> in Bohemia Botzen ; Budzow, (the BUDE (Ger.), f huts Briebus place ) ' (birch-tree BOTHY (Scotch) Trebus and Triebus AD \ dwelling) ; (the three the dwellings) ; (under Dobberbus but hut) ; (good dwelling, dobry, good) ; Buda, in Hungary, took its name from Buda, the brother of , as well as Bud-var and Bud-falva (Buda's fort and village). The island of Bute, in the , is said to have derived its name from the bwth or cell of St. Brandon, but its earlier name was Rothsay, from a descendant of Simon Brek (i.e. Rother's Isle), while its Gaelic name is Baile- Mhoide of the court of (the dwelling justice) ; Bothwell, anc. Both-uill (the dwelling on the angle of the R. Clyde). In Ireland we meet with Shanboe, Shanbogh (the old hut, in is Rath-both fort of the scan) ; Raphae, Donegal, (the in is tent of huts) ; Bodoney, Tyrone, Both-domhnaigh (the the Knockboha hill of the church) ; (the hut) ; Bodmin, in Cornwall, anc. Bodmanna, p. 27 (the abode of monks, the site of ancient an priory) ; Merfod, corrupt, from of a Meudwy-bod (the dwelling ) ; Bodysgallen (the abode of the and thistle, ysgalleri) ; Bod-Ederyryn (Edryn's dwelling). In Lancashire the word takes the form of booth, as in Barrowford booth and Oakenhead booth, etc. BUCKEL a hill Dombiihil on BUHIL, (Ger.), ; e.g. (the dwelling the Griinbiihill Eichenbiihil hill) ; (green hill) ; (oak hill) ; Birchenbiihil Holzbiihil Dinkels- (birch hill) ; (wood hill) ; biihil Kleinbiihil (wheat hill) ; (little hill). 34 BUHNEBURG

BUHNE, BOHEN (Ger.), a scaffold, sometimes in topography a hill Hartbohen Biindorf ; e.g. (wood hill) ; (hill village) ; Osterbeuna (east hill). BUN (Gadhelic), the foot, in topography applied to the mouth 6f river of the a ; e.g. Bunduff (at the mouth dark river, the of the dubJi) ; Bunderan and Bunratty, mouth R. Dowran and Bunowen the mouth of the Ratty ; (at water). The town of Banff is a corrupt, of Bunaimh (the mouth of the Bunawe the of Loch Buness river) ; (at opening Awe) ; (of the cascade, cos). * BURG, BURGH (Teut.), fortified^-TV BUKUUt-rrl,RnrcoTirR rJUKV,mmv , - ,. ,._ , /0 , x to cover or protect. As these fortified BORG , . , ,. (Scand.),v '' > , , places were often erected on heights for . . . BOURG (rr. ), ,. , , , > well T , jo \ security, as as to enable their m- BORGO (It. and Span.),' , ,. [mates to observe the approaches of an enemy, the word berg (a hill) was frequently used synony- mously with burg, as in the name of Konigsberg and other towns v. BERG. Burgh and borough are the Anglican forms of the word in England and Scotland, while bury is the Saxon form distinctively ; e.g. Sudbury (south town), as also Sidbury in Salop, but Sidbury in Devon takes its name from the R. Sid. Tewkesbury, from Theoc (a certain anc. Glastonia district hermit) ; , (a abounding in town on the shaft-like woad, glastum) ; Shaftsbury (the fortress hill) ; Shrewsbury, anc. Shrobbesbyrig (the among shrubs), being the Saxon rendering of the native name Pengiverne (the hill of the alder grove), which the Normans corrupted into Sloppesbury, hence Salop; Tenbury, on the i.e. town of R. Teme ; , Cant-ivara-byrig (the dwellers on the or Wans- the headland), Cantium Kent ; in Herts in and Wilts borough, ; Wanborough, ; in Stafford Woodensborough, Kent ; Wednesbury, ; Wem- Devon town of the Saxon Aide- bury, (the god Woden) ; the Aide anc. borough, on R. ; Marlborough, Merlberga, situated at the foot of a hill of white stones, which our forefathers called marl, now chalk; Richborough, anc. church Ru-tupium (rock town) ; Aylesbury, perhaps town, from a name of ecclesia, or person's ; Badbury (the city in Dorset the Saxon it is pledges, bad), ; , said, kept BURG 35 their at this the town of hostages place ; Malmesbury, a hermit named for Maidulf, ; Maryborough, Queen Mary. Burg or burgh, in the names of towns, is often affixed to the name of the river on which it stands in as well as on the Continent Britain, ; e.g. Lauterburg, Lutterburg, Schwartzburg, Salzburg, Saalburg, Gottenburg, Rotenburg, and Jedburgh (on the rivers Lauter, Lutter, Schwarza, Salza, Saale, Gotha, Rothbach, and Jed). Still more frequently, the prefix is the name of the founder of the town, or of a saint to whom its church was dedi- cated after ; e.g. Edinburgh (Edwin's town) ; Lauenburg, the in Lion ; Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire, founded Sir Alexander Fraser of Philorth in 1 by 570 ; Peterborough, from an dedicated to St. Peter abbey ; Petersburgh, named its Peter the by founder, Great ; Tasborough, on the R. Thais , ; Banbury, anc. Berinburig in the Isle of (Bera's town) ; Queenborough, Sheppey, named by Edward III. in honour of his queen; Helensburgh, in after the of Sir Dumbartonshire, lady James Colquhoun ; after Mr. Pitt after Pittsburg, U.S., ; Harrisburg, U.S., the first settler in in and 1733 ; Sumburgh, Shetland, Sweden in Svendborg, (Sweyn's fortress) ; Oranienburg, fortress of the St. Brandenburg (the Orange family) ; Bury Edmund's of Edmund the Rabens- (in memory Martyr) ; fort of a town burg (the Hrafn, Dane) ; Marienburg (the of the Virgin), founded by the Grand Master of the Teu- tonic order in in Rostar- 1274 ; Rothenburg, Prussia, Sclav. zewo town of the Sclav, (the god Razi) ; Duisburg, corrupt, from town of the Teut. Tuiscoburgum (the god Tuesco) ; in founded the of Flenes Flesburg, Sleswick, by ; to be 's town Cherbourg, supposed ; Augsburg (the town of the anc. Seares- Emperor ) ; , town of a byrgg (the Sarum, chief) ; Bamborough (the town of the of of Bebba, Queen Ida, Northumberland) ; Carrisbrook, corrupt, from Gwiihtgarabyrig (the fortress of the men of in in Wight) ; Amherstburg, , named after Lord Amherst anc. 1780 ; Loughborough, Leirburg town on the now the or (the R. Leir, Soar) ; Hapsburg

Habichtsburg (hawk's fortress) ; Schassburg, Hung. Segevar in fort of the (treasure fort) ; Luneburg, Hanover (the 36 BURNEBWLCH

a on the Linones, tribe) ; Aalburg (Eel-town) Lyme-fiord. There are several towns in Germany named simply Burg (the fortress), also Burgos in Spain, and Burgo in Italy. As a derivative from this Teut. root, there is the Irish form of the word, introduced by the Anglo-Normans buirghes, Anglicised borris and burris, as in Borris in Ossory, Burris-

carra, Burrishoole (i.e. the forts erected in the territories of and Ossory, Carra, Umhal) ; (O'Keane's fortress). a ^ stream e sma 5 -S- Milburn stream) ; BURNE (A S ^ ( (mill ,. < Rad- _ ).-.' ,'/' x Lambourne (muddyv } stream, lam) ; BURNE , (Gadhehc),' ) , ~ ,, ( bourne and Redbourne (reedy stream) ; Sherbourne or the Cran- (clear stream, dividing stream) ; bourne, Otterbourne (the stream frequented by cranes and in France or of the otters) ; Libourne, (the lip edge stream) ; in Lancashire a Burnham dwell- Bourne, (on stream) ; (the on a in Essex in in ing stream), ; Melburne, Yorkshire, Middelburn for- Doomsday (middle stream) ; Auburn, a in called Eleburn or Eelburn merly village Yorkshire, ;

Bannockburn (the stream of the white knoll) ; Sitting- in settlement the East- bourne, Kent (the on stream) ; bourne, contracted from its former name Easbourne (prob- the or Tiche- ably stream of the water the cascade, cas) ; burne (the kid's stream, ticcen, A.S. a kid).

1 or ro e a b"shy P ** S > BUSCH, BOSCH r (Ger.), Boscabel the beautlfulK ;f BOSC Low Lat '* < (A.S.), Boscus, Co. grove) ; Bushey (a par. BUISSON (Fr.), BOIS, Hertford); Buscot(thehutin BOSCO, BOSQUE (Span, and Port.), the grove); (aplace BOD or BAD (Celtic), overgrown with bushes), in Inverness Breitenbusch broad Hesel-boschen ; (the grove) ; Eichbusch Ooden-bosch (hazel grove) ; (oak grove) ; (old in Holland in France grove), ; Auberbosc (Albert's grove), ; Stellenbosch, in S. Africa, founded in 1670 by Van der of Biesbosch Stelle, the governor the Dutch colony ; (the in the France. reedy thicket), Holland ; Aubusson (at grove), Boissac, Boissay, Boissiere, Boissey, etc., in France, from the root Bois-le-Duc duke's same ; (the wood) ; Briquebosq (birch-wood), in Normandy. a or defile the BWLCH (Welsh), pass ; e.g. Dwygyflch (i.e. joint B YSTRICAEL C 37

in Wales new passes), ; Bwlch-newydd (the pass) ; Bwlch- y-groes (of the cross). swift Weistritz swift BYSTRI (Sclav.), ; e.g. Bistritza, Bistrica, (the Bistritz town on this called the stream) ; (the river), by Germans Neusohl (new station). / (Scand.), a dwelling, a town from biga (Norse), ' ' ) to build. This word occurs frequently in town BIGGEN-BO,' < *v_ *' is r TT i 7 J , names in the N.E. of England and in some ' F j "'' \ parts of Scotland formerly possessed by the Danes or Normans i.e. ; e.g. Derby, Dearaby (deer town), called North northern formerly Worthige (the enclosure) ; its Celtic name was Durgvuent (the white water), from its river A.S. Streones-heal ; Whitby (white town), (treasure-

hall, streone) ; Selby (holy town) ; Danby (Dane's dwelling) ; Rugby, anc. Rochberie (the dwelling on the rock, in reference to its town of castle) ; Appleby (the apple-trees) ; Sonderby

(southern town) ; Ormsby, Lockerby, Thursby, Grimsby, Lewersby (the dwellings of Ormv, , Ulf, Grimm, in Caith- Leward) ; Risby (beech-tree dwelling) ; Canisby, ness, and Canoby or Cannonbie, Dumfries (the dwelling of the or is Canute's canon), perhaps Canisby dwelling ; in is Haconby (of Haco) ; Harrowby, Doomsday, Herigerby (the town of the legion), A.S. herige; Kirby, Moorby, Ashby moor ash -tree -de- la- (church town, town, town) ; Ashby Zouch was simply Ascebi or Esseby, perhaps the town of the Asa, a tribe. It received the addition to its name

from the family of the Zouches, its proprietors. In France : for Elbceuf Dauboeuf, Dalby (vale dwelling) ; (old dwelling) ; Ouittebceuf (white dwelling); Quillebceuf (well town ); Linde- bo2uf and (lime-tree town) ; Karlby-gamba Karlby-ny (old and new Charles' in town), ; Criqueboeuf (crooked town).

an enclosure Ca-wood CAE, KAE (Cym.-Cel.), ; e.g. (wood-enclosure) ; Cayton (wood town or hill). This root is frequently used in Welsh names. CAELC, or CEALC (A.S.), chalk or lime cognate with the Lat. calx, Cel. cailc, stalej e.g. Challock, Chaldon, Chalfield (chalk 38 CAER

and place, hill, field) ; Chalgrove (the chalk entrenchment, the Chiltern Hills hills in the grab) ; (the chalky district, from Calcharice lime in erri) ; Chockier, corrupt, (the kilns), anc. Calchou chalk Belgium ; Kelso, (the heiigh or height), so called from a calcareous cliff at the confluence of the Tweed and Teviot, now broken down. an enclosed /\ir i u\ ( fortification,' a castle, CAER, CADAER (Welsh), , . T . , . * *** m Ir nd ClrCUlar CATHAIR, CAHER (Gadhelic), J stcme fort ? ^ ; anc. KER e.g Caer-leon, KAER, (Breton), I \Isca-legtonem (the fort of the on the R. 1 in legion), j , Monmouth, anc. Venta-silurum fortress in the of (the province ) ; the a Caerwys (of assizes, givys, summons) ; Caermarthen, anc. fort on the sea Maridunum (the -shore) ; Caernarvon, Welsh fortress to Caer-yn-ar-Fon (the opposite Mona) ; Cardigan (the fortress of Caredig, a chieftain) Cardigan is called by the Welsh Aberteifi (the mouth of the R. on the Taff anc. Caer-aiden Teify) ; , R. ; Carriden, eden fort on the in or (the wing), Linlithgow ; Caerphilly fort of the into (the trench, ), corrupt, philly ; Cader- (the seat of Idris, an astronomer); Caer- border from Caer- gyffin (the fortress) ; Grongar, corrupt, circular or gron (the fortress) ; Caer-^m hun, corrupt,

from Caer-Rhun, named from a Welsh prince ; , anc. fort at the its Latin Caergwaivl (the trench) ; name was Luguvallmn (the trench of the legion). It was destroyed by the Danes in 675, and rebuilt by William II. In Mid -Lothian, , i.e. Caer-Almond, on the

R. Almond ; Cathcart, on the R. Cart, Renfrew ; Crail, anc. Carraile (the fort on the corner, aile), in the S.E. of Fife Caerlaverock fort of angle ; (the Lewarch Ogg), in sixth i.e. Sean-cathair founded the century ; Sanquhar, Carmunnock or fort of the (old fort) ; Carmannoc (the from monks) ; , corrupt, Caer-pen-tulach (the fort at the head of the Cardross hill) ; (the promontory fort); Kier, in Scotland, for Caer or Cathair ; Carew a castle in Wales in (the fortresses), ; Carhaix, Brittany, i.e. Ker-Aes (the fortress on the R. Aes now the

In Ireland : Hieres). Caher (the fortress) ; Cahereen 1 Caer-afon (the fortress on the water) was its ancient name. CALA CAM 39

(little fortress) ; Cahergal (white fort) ; Cahersiveen, i.e. Irish Cathair-saidbhin (Sabina's fort) ; Carlingford, its full Caer-linn, fiord being added by the Danes ;

name is, therefore, the ford of Caer-linn. It was also ford of the called Suamh-ech (the swimming horses) ; Derry-na-Caheragh (the oak grove of the fort); Caer- gwrle (the fortress of the great legion), i.e. Caer-gaivr- lleon, with reference to the twentieth Roman legion sta- tioned at Chester, or Caer-gwr-le (the boundary-place in Flintshire). CALA (Span.), a creek or bay probably derived from Scala (It.), a seaport, Cel. cala (a harbour), and cognate with the in S. the Teut. kille; e.g. Callao, America ; Cale, ancient name of Oporto, and probably Calais; Scala (a seaport), in Scala-nova in in Italy ; (new port), Turkey ; Kiel, Sleswick, so called from its fine bay. Dald or bare with the / A c \ ( synonymous ' ''' , 1 and V ,_ . Lat. calvus the Fr. chauve; e.g. . , .* KAHL (Ger.). KAEL v(Dut.), ) , ~, ,, , , \ Caumont and Chaumont (bald hill), in Calvus France ; Kahlenberg, anc. (bald hill), belonging to a branch of the Alps called Kahlen Ge- birge.

crooked; e.g. Rivers Camil, (C i\\\ 1' \ f Cam, Camon, '

/' ) Cambad, Camlin, Cambeck (crookedv stream) ; CAM (Cym.-Cel.), < , .'.,. /' a in so called i Kembach, parish Fife,' from the a I f, CAMBUS, creek, R. or ^ Kem Kame ; Cambusmore (the great creek in in near which Sutherland) ; Cambuscarrig, Ross, a Danish was buried prince (Careg) ; (the creek of one of the of Camelon Kenneth, kings Scotland) ; the of the near Falkirk (on bend water), ; Cambuslang (the church or on the in Lanark enclosure, lann, bending water), ; in the of Cambus, Clackmannan ; Cambusnethan (on bend the R. anc. curved Nethan) ; Campsie, Kamsi (the water) ; but Camus, a town in Forfarshire, is not from this root, but in memory of a Danish general who was slain in battle near the crooked in place ; Camlyn (the pool), Anglesea ; Cambray or , in France, anc. Camaracum (on a of the in anc. - bend Scheldt) ; Chambery, Savoy, with the same bend tacum, meaning ; Morecambe Bay (the of the sea). 40 CAMPUS CAPER

a fidd r ' - Cam ania C pkin ; g P ' CAMPUS (Lat )

j r> _L \ I Campagna, Champagne (the CAMPO (It.. Span., and Port.), , , , , r P ; Fecham P' CHAMP (Fr ) I } Lat. Campus-fiscii (the field KAMPF (Ger.), r . -u . \ T of Lat. [ tribute) ; Chamouni, fortified the Campus-munitus (the field) ; Kempen (at field) ; Lat. field of the Kempten, Campodunum (the fortress) ; to in Holland Campvere (the ferry leading Campen), ; Campo-bello, Campo-chiaro, Campo-hermoso (beautiful or fair or fortunate field) ; Campo-felici (happy field) ; Campo- frio (cold field) ; Campo-freddo (cold field) ; Campo-largo the (broad field) ; Campillo (little field) ; Campos (vast in Brazil to be with plains), ; Capua, supposed synonymous Campus. and a reed in CANNA (Lat. Grk.), ; e.g. Cannae, Italy ; Cannes, in south of France Canneto the ; and Canosa (the reedy place), in Italy.

" . ... , a sound or strait; e.g. Caol-Isla, Caol- IC j '' J Muileach Straits of Isla and the (the Mull) ; CAEL> or Straits of ( Kyles Bute ; Eddarachylis (between the straits), in Sutherlandshire. As an adjective, this means narrow Glenkeel word ; e.g. (narrow glen) ; Darykeel (narrow oak grove).

(a chapel, derived from the Low Lat. capella ; - in e How caPel ( the chapel the hollow), rT^ \ & -;> in David's ( Hereford; Capel-Ddewi (St. St. and chapel) ; Capel Mary Maria-Kappel (St. Mary's Germano's chapel) ; Capel-Garmon (St. chapel) ; Chapelle- au-bois in the (the chapel wood) ; Capelle-op-den-Yssel on the R. in Holland (the chapel Vessel), ; Kreuzcappel (the chapel with the cross). ' a at e ' ' g 5 g } Cap CAPERR ^Lat ^ CHEVRECHfeVRE CFr ^ f (Lat.), r.), Cabrera J* ' (goat island);' CABRA and , , . CAPRA, (Span.,' Port., It),'' x ,~ , ... -; Chevreuse, anc. Capnosa and GOBHAR , GABHAR, (Gadhelic), of ,~ > , x (the fplace goats) ; or GAVAR ~. . , GAFR, (Cym.-Cel.), >,, x Chevre- [ Chevry, Chevnere, in in ville, with the same meaning, France ; Gateshead, Co. Durham, Lat. Caprce-caput, perhaps the Latin rendering of the Saxon word (the head of the gat or passage) the CARCARN 41

^Eliits of the to Pans Romans ; or, according another mean- ing, from the custom of erecting the head of some animal on a post as a tribal emblem. In Ireland, Glengower (the of the and in glen goats), Glengower, Scotland ; Ballynagore in Ireland and in several (goat's town), ; Gowrie Gower, counties of Scotland Carnan- ; Ardgower (goat's height) ; gour (the goat's crag). or the Rivers in several CAR (Cel.), crooked bending ; e.g. Carron, of Scotland Charente and in France parts ; Charenton, ; also the Cher, anc. Carus (the winding river). stones thrown f ateapof CARN, CAIRN (Gadhelic), together in a conical CARN (Welsh), , . also a a c form, rocky* CARNEDD, heapl of stones, such as was . . . , , ., . -r, ., mount ; e.g. Carnac erected by the ancient Britons over the , , j- - \ . in ; , ~ (abounding' cairns), of their > . graves great men ; e.g. Carn- ,. . , , ,-, ,. ,, < in Carnmore ,., ,f ' Brittany; Ingli (the cairn of the English); Carn- , . . , Carnock T /*u c^ \ T4. (great cairn)/ ; 1 wrne (the cairn of the turnings). It ;, , ... , , . . , , hill of j (the the cairn)' ; was named from a stupendous monu- ;, , , ,., i .,, Carntoul, Gael. Carn- ment which stood on three pillars, . 7 , , . . ,. . . , . ... , t-sabhal v(the cairn of . within a circuit of upright stones. , , . the barn) ; Carntaggart the the Cairn- (of priest) ; Carnrigh (of king) ; Cairndow, glass, Cairngorm (the black, the gray, the blue moun- Caiman and Cairnie tains) ; (little cairn) ; Carnwath (the cairn at the Carnoustie cairn of ford) ; (the heroes) ;

Carnbee (the birch cairn), in Scotland. In Ireland : Carn- tochar hill of the (the causeway) ; Carn-Tierno (Tiger- nach's Carnbane Carnsore cairn) ; (white cairn) ; Point, in Irish being simply the earn or monumental heap, ore been (a promontory) having added by the Danes ; , Irish Carn-t-Siadhal (Shiel's monument). In

Wales : Carn Carn-Dafydd (David's cairn) ; -Llewelyn Carnfach in (Llewelyn's cairn) ; (little cairn), Monmouth ; the deer's Gael, Fettercairn, perhaps cairn, feidh (deers) ; Chirnside (the side or site of the cairn), on one of the Lammermuir Hills Carnoch in ; (abounding cairns), a in Fife in parish ; Boharm, Banffshire, anc. Bocharin (the bow about the cairn). The countries of Carniola and probably derived their names from this Celtic root. 42 CARRAIGCASTEL

tr^ ji. i- \ /a rock. The words are usually I .. , CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), , ^ , to /ITT- i i_\ J applied large natural rocks, or ~ CRAG, CARREG (Welsh), < , , , -iv 1 more or less elevated. Car- . CARRAG (Cornish), / , , ~ ^nck and Carng are the names of numerous districts in Ireland, as well as Carrick in rock of the in the Ayrshire ; Carrigafoyle (the hole, photll), the Shannon ; Carrickaness (of waterfall) ; Ballynacarrick town of the Irish (the rocks) ; , Carraig-aluinn beautiful Carrickanoran rock of the (the rock) ; (the spring, where one uarari) ; (Fergus's rock), Fergus was drowned Carrick-on-Suir the R. ; (on Suir) ; Carriga- Irish rock of the howly, Carraig-an-chobhlaigh (the fleet) ; Carrickduff and (black rock) ; Carrigeen (little but Carrick-on-Shannon rock) ; Carragh (rocky ground) ; is not derived from this root its ancient name was Caradh- weir of the droma-ruise (the marsh ridge) ; Cerrig-y-Druidion (the rock of the Druids), in Wales. CARSE, a term applied in Scotland to low grounds on the banks of rivers the Carse of etc. ; e.g. Gowrie, Falkirk, , Casa- CASA (It. and bas Lat.), a house; e.g. Casa-Nova and old in Les Vecchia (new and house), ; Casal, Casals, Chaise, Les Chaises (the house and the houses), in from France ; Chassepiare (corrupt, Casa-petrea (stone house), in Belgium. /words in the Romance languages de- CASTEL, CHATEAU, \ * f , 77 / j rived from the Lat. (a castle). ~ . . . , CASTELLO,' CASTILLO,' < , T , \Caiseal, m the Irish language, either el ' (cognate with the Lat. word or derived is with from it, has the same meaning, and commonly met in that country under the form of Cashel; e.g. Cashel, in Cashelfean and Cashelnavean fort of the ; (the now castle Fenians) ; Caislean-rth-Oghmaighe, (the of the beautiful field). It is often changed into the English in of the castle, as in Ballycastle, Mayo (the town fort) ; but Ballycastle, in Antrim, was named from a modern caiseal fort castle, not from a or ; Castle-Dargan (of Lough Irish fort Dargan) ; Castlebar, Caislean-an-Bharraigh (the of the and Castle- Barrys) ; Castle-Dillon, Castle-Dermot, Kieran were renamed from erected near the her- mitages of the monks whose names they bear. Castel, CASTEL CASTER 43

Lat. Castellum (the capital of the Electorate of - Castel in Cassel) ; Rodrigo (Roderick's castle), Portugal ; the Castel-bianco Castel-Lamare (by sea-shore) ; (white del the castle) ; Castel piano (of plain) ; Castiglione (little

in In : Castelnau castle), Italy. France (new castle) ; Castelnaudary, anc. Castrum-novum-Arianiorum (the new castle of i.e. the i.e. the Arians, ) ; Chateaubriant,

Chateau-du-Bryn (the king's castle) ; Chateau-Chinon (the castle decorated with Chateau -Gontier dogs' heads) ; Chateaulin castle on the (Gontier's castle) ; (the pool) ; Chateau-vilain anc. Castrum- (ugly castle) ; Chateau-roux, Chatelandrew castle of Rodolphi (Rodolph's castle) ; (the of anc. Castrum-Medio- Brittany) ; Chateaumeillant, lanum castle in the middle of the or (the plain land, lanri) ; Neufchatel Newcastle- named (new castle) ; upon -Tyne, from a castle built by Robert, Duke of Normandy, on the site i.e. of Monkchester ; Newcastle-under-Line, under the lyme or boundary of the palatinate of Chester, having its origin in a fortress erected by Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, instead of the old fort of in is Chesterton ; Castleton, Man, the of Ballycashel (castle dwelling), founded by one of the of the island Bewcastle castle of kings ; (the lord of Old and in Buith, Gilsland) ; New Castile, Spain, so named from the numerous fortresses erected by Alphonso I. as defences against the Moors. Cassel, in Prussia, and various places with this prefix in England and Scotland, owe the names to ancient castles around which the towns or villages arose, as Castletown of Braemar, Castle- Douglas, Castle -Rising, etc.; Castlecary, in , supposed to be the Damnorum of , and the Caer-cere of built ; Castle, by Barnard, the of Baliol castle at grandfather ; Castell- (the the stone on the banks of the R. in ford), Wye, Wales ; Cestyll-Cynfar (castles in the air).

a fortress cit from the Lat - castrum > y> town > / r ./- j i \ j j / \ a fortmed and castra ( P^ce), (a camp) ; e.g. / , r^ r^i /,i . r Caistor, Castor, Chester (the site of a Roman fort or camp). The Welsh still called the city of Chester , which means the city called Legio, often used as a proper name for a city where a Roman legion 44 CASTER CA FAN

was stationed ; , Lancaster, Brancaster, Illchester, , Colchester (i.e. the camps on the Rivers Don, or on the Lune, Bran, Ivel, Legre Leir, Colne) ; Alcester, Alne fortress ; (the of Cissa, the Saxon prince of the anc. Corinium- ceaster province) ; Cirencester, (the on the R. Cel. Caer-Isc fortress camp Churn) ; , (the on the river or on the R. water, wysK) ; Towcester, Towey ; Cel. Gloucester, Caer-glow (the bright fortress) ; Godman- chester (the fort of the priest), where Gothrun, the Dane, in the of Chesterfield reign Alfred, embraced ; and Chester-le-Street (the camp in the field and the camp on the Roman Cel. Caer- road, stratum} ; , on the fair Dorchester gwent (the camp plain), p. 38 ; of the the Wor- (the camp Durotriges (dwellers by water) ; Hwicwara-ceaster of the Sil- cester, (the camp Huiccii) ; Cel. fort of the Man- chester, Caer-Segont (the Segontii) ; chester, probably the camp at Mancenion (the place of its ancient Cel. Durobrivae ford tents), name ; Rochester, (the of the from a name water), k.S.Hrofreaster, probably proper ; Bicester fort of a in (the Biren, bishop) ; Alphen, Holland, anc. Albanium-castra of in (the camp Albanius) ; Aubagne, Provence, anc. Castrum-de-Alpibus (the fortress of the Lat. Castrum-celsum Alps) ; Champtoceaux, (lofty fortress) ; St. Chamond, Lat. Castrum-Anemundi (the fortress of Lat. Castrum-Luciits fortress Ennemond) ; Chalus, (the by in the of in Capriolus, reign Augustus) ; , Bavaria, Lat. Batavia-Castra (the Batavians' camp), corrupted first to Patamum and then to Passau ; La Chartre, Chartre, of in Chartre- and Chartres (the place the camps), France ; sur-Loire, Lat. Carcer-Castellum (the castle prison or strong- Castrillo hold) ; Castril, (little fortress) ; Castro-Jeriz on the R. in (Caesar's camp) ; Ojacastro (the camp Oja), Spain.

, T . , . fa hollow place, cognate with the Lat. CAVAN, CABHAN (Irish), , cavea or cavus; Cavan f | e.g. (the LA I CAVA, (it.), the f hollow)'' c Cavan, and CUEVA (Span.), a cave, , , ,> JT, manyJ other rplaces from this root in COFA (A.S.), a cove, T . , , I Ireland. Cavan, however, in some parts of Ireland, signifies a round hill, as in Cavanacaw (the round hill of the chaff, cathd) ; Cavanagh (the hilly place) ; CEALDCEANN 45

hill of the in Suffolk Cavanalick (the flagstone) ; Covehithe, harbour of the in i.e. (the recess) ; Runcorn, , wide cove or Cowes in Rum-cofan (the inlet) ; (the coves), Isle of in Cuevas-de-Vera the Wight ; La Cava, Naples ; caves of Cuevas-del-Valle the in (the Vera) ; (of valley), Spain. Calthwaite /cold ; e.g. Caldicott, Calthorpe, (cold ' '" with the A dwelling) ; Koudhuizon, Koudaim, r J meanin Kallenbach same S : Caldbeck, Kalbach, m \ 1 '' ((cold stream); Kaltenherberg (cold shelter); Kaltenkirchen Colwell Calvorde (cold ford) ; (cold church) ; (cold well). CEANN (Gadhelic), a head, a point or promontory in topography kin or ken; e.g. Kinnaird's Head (the point of the high or Cantire head of the headland) ; (the land, tir) ; at of Kenmore (the great point), the head Loch Tay ; head of the the little Kinloch (the lake) ; Kincraigie (of Kinkell head Kendrochet rock) ; (the church, rill) ; (bridge Kinaldie and head of the dark end) ; Kinalty (the stream, head of the fir- allt-dubK) ; Kingussie (the wood, guith-saitfi) ; Kinnaird (the high headland), the name of a parish in Fife and a village in Stirling. Kinross may mean the point (ros) at the head of Loch Leven, with reference to the town or with reference to the coiinty, which in early times formed part of the large district called the Kingdom of Fife, anciently called Ross; and in this sense it may mean either the head of the promontory or of the wood, both of which are in Celtic ros. The ancient name of Fife, Ross, was changed into Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom it was granted by Kenneth II., and in 1426 Kinross was

separated from it, or, according to Nennius, from Feb, the son of Cruidne, ancestor of the Picts. Kintore (the head of the i.e. head of the hill, tor) ; Kinneil, Ceann-fhail (the i.e. of Kinellar of wall), Agricola ; Kinell, (the head the from Kinedur of knoll) ; King-Edward, corrupt, (the head the from Ceann-cearn water, dur) ; , (corner head- Wester is in land) Kinghorn now ; Kingarth, i.e. or Bute, Ceann-garbh (the rough stormy headland) ; Kinnoul head of the of (the rock, ail) ; (the head the flood, tuil), i.e. of the two salt-water lakes in Ross- 46 CEFNCERRIG

shire Boleskine of the furious boil ; (the summit cascade, i.e. of in Inverness-shire in Aber- cos), Foyers, ; Kinmundy, deenshire, corrupt, from Kinmunny (the head of the moss, moine) Kinglassie, in Fife, was named after St. Glass or Gael, ceann-nan-uatnh head of Glasianus) ; Kenoway, (the the Lat. Cantium of the den) ; Kent, (the country Cantti, or dwellers at the headland). In Ireland : Kenmare in Kerry, Kinvarra in Galway, and Kinsale in Cork, mean the head of the sea, i.e. ceann-mafa and ceann-saile (salt the reached the tide Kincon water), highest point by ; (the Kinturk the in dog's headland) ; (of boar) ; Slyne Head, Ireland, is in Irish Ceann-leime (the head of the leap), and Loop Head is Leim-Chonchuillinn (Cuchullin's leap); Cintra, in Portugal, may mean the head of the strand, traigh. a with the Grk. a CEFN (Cym.-Cel.), ridge, cognate KeaXr), head ; the the Cheviots e.g. Cevennes, ; Cefn-Llys (palace ridge) ; Cefn-coed Cefn-coch Cefn-bryn (hill ridge) ; (wood ridge) ; hill (red ridge) ; Cefn-y-Fan (the ridge) ; Cefn-Rhestyn (the watch-tower row of ridges) ; Cefn-cyn-warchan (the ridge) ; of the in Cefalu the Cemmaes (the ridge plain), Wales ; (on headland), in Sicily; Chevin Hill, near Derby; Chevin (a in Yorkshire island of head- high cliff), ; (the also called Samos lands), (lofty) ; Cynocephale (the dog's headland), in . a e Keal Keelh> in Lincoln Ship ; and y CEOL (A S ) I 'f' ^ Ship station ) ; Ceolescumb, Ceoleswyrth, KIELLE (Teat \ 1 '' in ( Ceolseig, and perhaps Kiel, Denmark ; Chelsea, i.e. Ceolesig, on the Thames. husbandman's CEORL (A.S.), a husbandman ; e.g. Charlton (the Charlinch husbandman's dwelling) ; (the island), formerly insulated. Chesil in Dorset CEOSEL (A.S.), sand, gravel ; e.g. (the sand-hill), ; Chiselhurst thicket at the Chiseldon (the sand-bank) ; (sand- fort at the sand Win- hill) ; Chiselborough (the -bank) ; chelsea, corrupt, from Gwent-ceoseley (the sand-bank on the fair plain, gwenf), or, according to another etymology, named after Wincheling, the son of Cissa, the first king of Chiswick on the Thames. the South Saxons ; (sandy bay), CERRIG (Welsh), a heap of stones; e.g. Cerrig-y-Druidion (the CHRP CILL 47

Druids' of the stones) ; Cerrig-y-Pryfaed (the crag teachers), probably the Druids, in Wales. me Chai Se ' CHEP, CHEAP, CHIPPING (Teut.), \\ ^ f I f KIOPING, KIOBING, 1 "***%*' *"$? ^ ; ( buy) e.g. Cnepstow, Chippen- or ham, Cheapside (the market-place town) ; Chipping- Norton and Chipping-Sodbury (the north and south market- market at the wood or town) ; Chippinghurst (the thicket) ; Copenhagen, Dan. Kioben-havn (the haven for merchan- on the dise) ; Lidkioping (the market-place R. Lid) ; Linkioping, anc. Longakopimgar (long market -town), in in the island Sweden ; Arroeskicebing (the market-place of in and in Arroe) ; Nykoping, Funen, Nykjobing, Falster, Denmark (new market-place). The Copeland Islands on the Irish coast (the islands of merchandise), probably used as a storehouse invaders by the Danish ; Copmansthorpe of in Yorkshire (the village traders), ; Nordkoping (north in Kaufbeuren in Ba- market), Sweden ; (market-place), varia in ; Sydenham, Kent, formerly Cypenham (market- place). CHLUM (Sclav.), a hill, cognate with the Lat. culmen, transposed by the Germans into kulm and sometimes into golmj e.g. in Prussia the R. Kulm, W. (a town on a hill) ; Kulm, on Saale Golmiiz little ; Chlumek, Chlumetz, Golmitz, (the hill). in a cell, a burying-ground, a church ; CILL (Gadhelic), Celtic topography, kil or kel; e.g. CELL (Cym.-Cel.), from Kilbnde ^(the cell or church of St. CELLAJLLA and inii the -< ~ ., . . , (Lat.), f T , , Bridget), frequent in Ireland and <.' _ , Provence languajlanguages, -..?, , , ~ Scotland Kildonan St. ; (of Donan) ; CELLA, CELLULE, Kilkerran St. (of Kieran) ; Kilpeter St. Kilcattan St. Kil- (of Peter) ; (of Chattan) ; Kilmichael, marnock, Kilmarten, Kelpatrick, Kilbrandon (the churches dedicated to St. , St. Marnock, St. Martin, St. St. Patrick, Brandon) ; Kilmaurs, Kilmorick, Kilmurry (St. I Columkil or lona island of Columba's Mary's church) ; (the Vimen's church) ; Kilwinning (St. church) ; Kilkenny (of St. in in Canice) ; Kilbeggan, Ireland, and Kilbucho, Peeblesshire church of St. Kil-Fillan St. (the Bega) ; (of anc. of St. Fillan) ; Killaloe, Cill-Dahia (the church Dalua) ; 48 CILLC1TTA

Killarney, Irish Cill-airneadh (the church of the sloes) the ancient name of the lake was Lough Leane, from a 'artificer lived its shores i.e. Cill- famous who on ; Killin, Fhinn (the burying-ground of Finn, which is still pointed church on the out) ; Kilmany (the mossy ground, moine) ; Kilmelfort, Cel. Cill-na-maol-phort (the church on the bald Kilmore means the but haven) ; generally great church, Kilmore, Co. Cork, is from Coillmhor (great wood), and in many places in Ireland and Scotland it is difficult to deter- mine whether the root of the names is cill or coill ; Kildare, Cill-dara cell of the oak blessed St. from (the by Bridget) ; Kilmun, in Argyleshire, is named from St. Munna, one of St. Columba's Co. Clare church companions ; Kilrush, (the of the or of the Kells is the promontory wood) ; (the cells) name of several places in Ireland, and of a parish in in is a contrac- Dumfries ; but Kells, Meath and Kilkenny, tion of the ancient Ceann-lios or name (the head, it's, fort) ; Closeburn, in Dumfries, is a corrupt, of Cella-Osburni cell of St. Bischofzell and (the Osburn) ; Appenzell (the of the of the Maria- St. church bishop and abbot) ; (of Zell-am- Mary) ; Kupferzell, Jaxt-zell, Zella-am-Hallbach, Harmarsbach (the churches on the rivers Kupfer, Jaxt, and Zell-am-Moss church Hallbach, Harmarsbach) ; (the on the Zell-am-See the Zella St. Blasii moor) ; (on lake) ; St. in anc. Sabloncellis (of Blaise) ; Sabloncieux, France, cells on the but in France La Selle (the sandy place) ; and Les Selles are often used instead of cella or cellules, as in Selle-St.-Cloud for Cella-Sanct.-Clotoaldi (the church dedicated to this anc. Cellula saint) ; Selle-sur-Nahon, in Fife church of St. (little church) ; Kilconquhar, (the Conchobar or in church Connor) ; Kilbernie, Ayrshire (the of a St. Kil- Berinus, bishop) ; Kilspindie (of Pensadius) ; blane and Kilcolmkill, in Kintyre (of St. Blane and St. Columba); Kilrenny(of St. Irenaeus); Kilchrenan, in Argyle- shire (the burying-place of St. Chrenan, the tutelary saint of the parish). /T . (a. city' or borough, derived CIVITA I , CITTA, (It.), u T . ', /o j TI \ ) from the Lat. ctvitos: e.g. and , ~. . ,,. 5 CIUDAD,' CIDADE (Sp. Port.), < ,~. j . ) Cittadellaand Civitella (little . , ~. ,-, . CIOTAT (Fr.), / iX ,. n \ Cittk di Castello V city) ; (cas- CLACH 49

tellated Citta-Vecchia in Malta Civita city) ; (old city), ; Vecchia (old city), in Central Italy, formerly named Cen- tum-cellce (the hundred apartments), from a palace of the Civita-de-Penne of the Emperor ; (the city summit), in Cividad-della-Trinidad of the Naples ; (the city Holy Ciudad-Real Trinity) ; Ciudad-Rodrigo (Roderick's city) ; Ciudad-de-Gracias1 of in (royal city) ; (the city grace), Ciudadella in Minorca. Spain ; (little city), a stone Clach-breac CLACH, CLOCK, CLOUGH (Gadhelic), ; e.g. (the speckled stone); Clach-an-Oban (the stone of the little Clach-na-darrach stone of the oak bay) ; (the grove) ; Clachach (a stony place). The word clachan, in Scotland, was originally applied to a circle of stones where the Pagan rites of to celebrated after the worship were wont be ; and, introduction of Christianity, houses and churches were erected near these spots, and thus clachan came to mean a at the the used in ; and, present day, expression " asking a person if he is going to church is Am bheil- thu'dol do'n clachan ?" (i.e. "Are you going to the stones ?") is in in There the Clachan of Aberfoyle Perthshire ; and Blair-Athole there is a large stone called Clack tfiobairt (the stone of sacrifice). In Skye there is Clach-na-h-Annat stone of the of those (the Annat, goddess victory) ; and remarkable Druidical remains, called rocking-stones, are termed in Gaelic Clach-bhraeth (the stone of knowledge), having been apparently used for divination. There are others called Clach-na-greine (the stone of the sun), and Clach-an-t-sagairt (of the priest). The village of Clack- mannan was originally Clachan-Mannan, i.e. the stone circle or hamlet of the district anciently called Mannan. In Ireland this root-word commonly takes the form of clogh or as in dough, Cloghbally, Cloghvally (stony dwelling) ;

Clogher (the stony land) ; Clomony (the stony shrubbery) ; Clorusk (the stony marsh) ; Cloichin, Cloghan, Clogheen full of little but the word clochan is also (land stones) ; applied to stepping-stones across a river, as in Clochan-na- bh Fomharaigh (the stepping-stones of the Fomarians, i.e. the Giant's little Causeway) ; Cloghereen (the stony place) ; and of the Ballycloch Ballenaclogh (the town stones) ; field of the Clochfin white Auchnacloy (the stone) ; (the So CLAR CLUAN

from stone) ; Clonakilty, corrupt, Clough-na-Kiltey (the stone house of the O'Keelys). a a a flat of land CLAR, CLARAGH (Irish), board, plain, piece ; Clare is the name of several places in different , sometimes softened to Clara. County Clare is said to have derived its name from a plank placed across the R. Fergus, at the village of Clare. , Ballin- clare town of the Clarbane (the plain) ; (white plain) ; oak Clarchoill Clarderry (level grove) ; (level wood) ; Clareen (little plain). a or Clawdd-Offa CLAWDD (Cym.-Cel.). dyke embankment ; e.g. (Offa's Dyke). a stee bank or 1 P rock, cognate with n FFF fAS * If d / /" ( the Lat. clivus , //- j c j\ < (a slope);' ' Clive, . ..*...... KLIPPE (Ger. and Scand.), ) .^ " Clee Clifton ( Cleave, (the cliff) ; town on the Clifdon Clifford (the cliff) ; (cliff hill) ; (the ford near the Hatcliffe and Hockcliffe cliff) ; (high cliff) ; in Yorkshire Cleves town on Cleveland (rocky land), ; (the the Rhenish Prussia Radcliffe Silber- slope), ; (red cliff) ; the silver Horncliff Under- klippen (at cliff) ; (corner cliff) ; cliff cliff and the in Isle of (between the sea), Wight ; Clitheroe cliff near the in Lancashire Lillies- (the water), ; leaf, in Roxburghshire, a corrupt, of ?s-diva (the cliff of Lilly or Lille). CLERE (Anglo-Norman), a royal or episcopal residence, some- Co. so called times a manor ; e.g. King's-clere, Hants, a there because the Saxon kings had palace ; Burg-clere (where the of Winchester resided), High-clere. CLUAN, CLOON (Gadhelic), a fertile piece of land, surrounded by a bog on one side and water on the other, hence a Clones meadow meadow ; e.g. Clunie, Cluny, Clunes, (the pastures). These fertile pastures, as well as small islands, were the favourite spots chosen by the monks in Ireland and Scotland as places of retirement, and became event- ually the sites of and abbeys, although at first the names of these meadows, in many instances, had no connection with a religious institution thus Clones, Co. Monaghan, was Cluain-Eois (the meadow of Eos, probably before it became a Christian settlement a Pagan chief), ; Clonard, in Meath, where the celebrated St. Finian had his CNOC COED 51

school, in the sixth century, was Cluain-Eraird (Erard's meadow). In some instances Clonard may mean the high of Clonfert meadow ; (the meadow honey) ; (of the Clontarf and Clontarbh bull's grave) ; (the pasture) ; Clonkeen Clonbeg and Cloneen (little meadow) ; (beautiful Cluainte and Cloonta- meadow) ; Cloonty (the meadows) ; killen (the meadows of the wood) v. Joyce's Irish Names of Places. ( or hill ,_.,.. a knoll, hill, mound ; e.g. Knock, a

. -I in Knockbrack y\ Banff;' (the spotted knoll) ; , KNWC (Cym.-Cel.),' ) T , , i_j w j__j <*L ( Knockbane, Knockdoo, Knockglass (the

white, black, and ) ; Carnock (cairn hill) ; Knockea, Irish Co. Cnoc-Aedha (Hugh's hill) ; Knocklayd, Antrim, i.e. Cnoc-leithid Knockeen (broad hill) ; Knockan, (little hill of hill) ; Knockmoyle (bald hill) ; Knocknagaul (the the Knockrath the strangers) ; (of fort) ; Knockshanbally the old the Knocka- (of town) ; Knocktaggart (of priest) ; tober the the Knockanure (of well) ; Knockalough (of lake) ; the the Knockane (of yew) ; Knockaderry (of oak-wood) ; black (little hill), Co. Kerry ; Knockandow (little hill),

Elgin ; Knockreagh, Knockroe, Knockgorm (the gray, red, blue Knockacullion hill of the Knock- hill) ; (the holly) ; Knock- ranny (ferny hill) ; Knockagh (the hilly place) ; firinne (the hill of truth), a noted fairy hill, Co. Limerick, which serves as a weather-glass to the people of the neigh- town of the Balder- bouring plains ; Ballynock (the hill) ; at Druid's nock (the dwelling the hill), Co. Stirling ; Knwc-y Dinas (the hill of the fortress), in Cardigan.

COCH (Cym.-Cel.), red.

a - COED (Cym.-Cel.), wood ; e.g. Coed Arthur COID. This word was variously (Arthur's wood) ; Coedcymmer written or of the Coit, Coat, Cuit- (the wood confluence) ; goed. In Cornwall it is found Catmoss and Chatmoss (the in head of the Coitmore Penquite (the wood moss) ; (great with the anc. Coitmaur wood) ; Pencoed, wood) ; Selwood, same in Wales meaning, ; (great wood) ; Callow (wood the Argoed (upon wood), hill) ; Cotswold (wood hill), in Wales been ; Goedmore (great the Saxon wold having in Cel. coed. wood), Wales ; Coed-llai added to the The COGNCOIRE

Glascoed forms of this in (short wood) ; word Brittany in Wales Cal- are or hence (green wood), ; Koat Koad decot, corrupt, from Cil-y-coed Coetbo, Coetmen, Coetmieux, in Wales etc. (the woody retreat), ; ; Llwyd-goed (gray wood), Coedglasen, corrupt, from in Wales. Coed-gleision (green trees).

COGN (Cel.), the point of a hill between two valleys, or a tongue of land enclosed between watercourses two ; e.g. Cognat, Cougny, Cognac, Le Coigne", Coigneur, Coigny, etc., in various parts of France v. Cocheris's Noms de Lieu, Paris. COILL (Gadhelic), a wood in topography it takes the forms of sometimes kel, kil, kelly, killy, and kyle ; e.g. Kellymore, and Kilmore and (the great wood) ; Kelburn, Kelvin, Kellyburn, Keltic Coille-an-dar (the woody stream) ; , (the Kilton oak-wood) ; Guilty, Quilty, Kilty (the woods) ; (the

town in the wood), in Scotland. In Ireland : Kilbowie Kildarroch (yellow wood) ; (the oak-wood) ; Kilcraig (the wood of the the v. TEINE rock) ; Kildinny (of fire) ; the the Eden- Killiegowan (of ) ; Kilgour (of goats) ; keille face of the (the wood) ; Kylebrach (the spotted Kailzie wood) ; Kylenasagart (the priest's wood) ; (the a in Peebles but in is not woody), parish ; Kyle, Ayrshire, from this was after root, but named a mythic Cymric king ; Loughill, in Co. Limerick, corrupt, from Leamhchoill (the Barnacullia of the near Dublin elm-wood) ; (the top wood), ; Culleen and Coiltean anc. Coill-an- (little wood) ; Kilclare, chlair (the wood of the plain). or COIRE, CUIRE (Gadhelic), a ravine, a hollow, a whirlpool ; e.g. Corrie-dow dark field at (the ravine) ; Corrie-garth (the the at the ravine) ; Corrimony (the hill, monadh, ravine) ; Corrielea Corrie in Dum- (the gray ravine) ; (the hollow), friesshire little ; Corriebeg (the hollow) ; Corryvrechan

whirlpool (Brecan's cauldron) ; Corgarf (the rough hollow, Corralin of the v. LIN garbK) ; (the whirlpool cataract) ; Corriebuie the wild (yellow ravine) ; Corryuriskin (of spirit) ; but Cor, in Ireland, generally signifies a round hill, as in Corkeeran Corbeagh (birch hill) ; Corglass (green hill) ; Correen while (rowan-tree hill) ; Corog and (little hill) ; Cora, or Coradh, signifies a weir across a river, as in COL COMBE 53

Kincora head of the in (the weir) ; Kirriemuir, Forfar, from Loch corrupt, Corriemor (the great hollow) ; Vena- choir, in Perthshire, is the fair hollow or valley v. FIN, p. 80. COLN a anc. COL, (Lat. ), colony ; e.g. Lincoln, Lindum- colonia (the colony at Lindum, the hill fort on the pool, Colne in Lancashire Lat. linne) ; (the colony), ; Cologne, Colonia-Agrippina (the colony), Ger. Koln. The city was founded by the 37 B.C., and was at first called Ubiorum-, but a colony being planted there in 50 A.D. by Agrippina, the wife of the Emperor , it received her name.

//- jt, i- \ ( a confluence,' often found as COMAR, CUMAR (Gadhelic), I , , or //- i \ \ Cuniber ' e.g. Com- X Comber;_ * CYMMER, KEMBER (Cym.-Cel.), ) , ' Co. ( ber, Down ; Cefn-coed-y- cymmer (the wood ridge of the confluence), where two branches of the Taff in R. meet ; Cumbernauld, Dumbar- Gael. ton, Comar-n-uilt (the meeting of streams, alt). Cumnock, in Ayrshire, may have the same meaning, from Cumar and oich (water), as the streams Lugar and Glas- nock meet near in the village ; Comrie, Perthshire, at the confluence of the streams Earn, Ruchill, and Lednock ; Kemper and Quimper (the confluence), and Quimper-le', or Kember-leach (the place at the confluence), in Brittany. The words Condate and Conde, in French topography, seem to be cognate with this Celtic root, as in Conde, in the of two in Normandy (at meeting streams) ; Conde, the confluence of the Scheldt and Belgium (at Hawe) ; Condate-Rhedorum (the confluence of the Rhedones, a Celtic now in anc. tribe), Rennes, Brittany ; Coucy, Condiceacum the confluence of the Lette and (at Oise) ; Congleton, Co. Chester, was formerly Condate. a hollow between a valley hills, dingle ; COMBE fA S *l ( e* Colcombe (the valley of the R. CWM,KOMB(Cym.-Cel.), \ the ; Cwmneath (of Neath ; CUM (Gadhelic), town in the \ Compton (the hollow) ; Gatcombe the (the passage through valley, got) ; Combs, the hollows in the hills of Mendip ; Wycombe (the valley

the ; Winchcombe corner Wye) (the valley) ; Wivelscombe and with a Addiscombe, probably connected personal name ; 54 CONFLUENTESCORNU

Ilfracombe in (Elfric's dingle) ; Cwmrydol and Cwmdyli, Wales hollow of the Rivers and (the Rydol Dyli) ; Cwm- hazel-wood eigian (the productive ridge) ; Cwmgilla (the of the valley) ; Cwm-Toyddwr (the valley two waters), near conf. of the Rivers and Elain in Wales Wye ; Cwm-gloyn of the brook (the valley Gloyn) ; Cwmdu (dark valley) ; Cwm-Barre of the R. in Wales (the valley Barre), ; Combe St. Nicholas, in Somerset and in Cumberland, named for the saint; Comb-Basset and Comb-Raleigh, named from the Cwm-du proprietors ; (black dingle) ; Cwm-bychan in Wales Corscombe in the (little dingle), ; (the dingle

In Ireland : Coomnahorna of the bog). (the valley barley) ; Lackenacoombe hillside of the Lake (the hollow) ; Como, in Italy (in the hollow).

CONFLUENTES (Lat.), a flowing together, hence the meeting of for the conf. of the waters ; e.g. Coblentz, Confluentes (at and Conflans the conf. of the Seine Rhine) ; (at a hamlet situated at the conf. of the and Oise) ; Confluent, Creuse and Gartempe. illuminated COP (Welsh), a summit ; e.g. Cop-yr-Leni (the hill), so called from the bonfires formerly kindled on the top.

,. . , . a marsh f ; e.g. Corse (the marsh) ; CORCAGH, or CURRAGH (Irish)," V u /- . Corsenside CORS ,,,, , , Corston, Corsby, (the (Welsh),' or A , s { dwellingto settlement on the CAR (Gael.), , . ~ >, YX marsh) : Corscombe (marshv ,. . , KER (Scand.), , ( ~ , T T [dingle), in England. In Ire- land : Cork, anc. Corcach-mor-Mumham (the great marsh of Munster) ; Curkeen, Corcaghan (little marsh) ; Curragh- more Currabaha marsh of (great marsh) ; (the birches). Perhaps Careby and Carton, in Lincoln, part of the Danish district, may be marsh dwelling. a horn a corner in / N > topography, roRNUu ^at.;,Lat (i rHed to headlands ; e.g. Corneto . CERYN ,A, , Ti , KERNE, (Cym.-Cel.), < f in (tne place on the corner), Italy; it* ieh\\" I (Cornd, Cornay, Corneuil, etc., in France, from this root, or perhaps from Cornus (the cornel Cel. Lat. A.S. cherry-tree) ; Cornwall, Cernyu, Cormtbia, Cormvallia (the promontory or corner peopled by the Weales, or in with the Welsh, foreigners) ; Cornuailles, Brittany, COTE COURT 55

same meaning its Celtic name was Pen-Kernaw (the head of the corner). a hut e /A c \ f 5 -S- Cottenham, Cottingham, Coatham

f Chatham A ' S ' COE (Caen (the village huts) ; ' Coteham, l e W^k ^ same meanmS 5 Bramcote hut i (the 1 ^(W M'' ; Fencotes huts in the fen j among broom) (the (r r ''' or marsh Prescot in [ ; (priest's hut) ; Sculcoates, Yorkshire, probably from the personal Scandinavian name Skule; Saltcoats, in Ayrshire (the huts occupied by the makers of salt, a trade formerly carried on to a great extent at that Kothendorf of Hinter- place) ; (the village huts) ; kothen (behind the huts), in Germany. COTTA a fortress Chicacotta COTE, (Sansc.), ; e.g. (little fortress) ; Gazacotta (the elephant's fortress) ; Jagarcote (bamboo fort) ; I slamcot fort of the true i.e. of Noa- (the faith, Mahomet) ; cote Devicotta (new fort) ; (God's fortress) ; Palamcotta (the camp fort). ' a side r C0ast e ' ' C6te d the ' g Or ( COTE (Fr \ ( a of j r> .. \ \ &golden coast)," departmenty France,' and , , . , ... . , COSTA (Span, Port.),' ) so called from its ( fertility ; Cotes-du- Northern a of France Costa- (the coasts), department ; Rica (rich coast), a state of Central America.

, XT x (a. place enclosed, the place occu- COURT (Nor. Fr.), I j t , ,, a soverei n a lordl pied by g > y CWRT (Cym -Cel ) } . mansion /T.. c j t) ^ \ j ; from the Lat. cohors, CORTE (It., Span., and Port.), I . .. , \ also cors-cortts (an enclosed yard), cognate with the Grk. hortos. The Romans called the castles built by Roman settlers in the provinces cortes or cortem, thence court became a common affix to the names of mansions in England and France thus Hampton Court and Hunton in Court, England ; Leoncourt, Aubigne-court, Honnecourt mansion of and (the Leo, Albinius, Honulf) ; Aubercourt (of Albert) ; Mirecourt, Lat. Mercurii-curtis, where altars were wont to be dedicated to Mercury. From the of this word arose Cortiles, Cortina, Corti- cella, Courcelles, etc. The words court, cour, and corte were also used as equivalent to the Lat. curia (the place of assembly for the provincial councils) thus Corte, in where the courts of held Corsica, justice were ; but Corsica itself derived its name from the Phoenician chorsi (a woody 56 CRAIG CROES

place). The Cortes, in Spain, evidently equivalent to the Lat. its name to several towns in that curia, gives country ; Coire, the capital of the Grisons, in Switzerland, comes from the anc. Cttria Rhatiorum (the place where the provincial councils of the Rhastians were in held) ; Corbridge, North- umberland, is supposed to take its name from a Roman curia, and perhaps Currie, in . * CRAIG, CARRAIG, CARRICK (Gadhelic), I h < '',, Creich,' Crathie,' Gael. , . CRAIG (Cym.-Cel.), ) , , , ( Creagach (rocky), parishes in Carrick and in Ireland Scotland ; Carrig, (either the rocks or Carrick-on-Suir rock of the rocky ground) ; (the R. Suir) v. p. 42 ; Craigengower (the goat's rock) ; Craigendarroch rock of the (the oak-wood) ; Craigdou (black rock) ; Craig-

dearg (red rock) ; Craigmore (great rock) ; Craig-Phadric Patrick's in Inverness -shire (St. rock), ; Craignish (the rock of the the of which is island), extremity Ardcraignish ; Craignethan (the rock encircled by the R. Nethan), sup- to of Tullietudlem posed be the archetype ; Craigentinny little rock of the v. TEINE little (the fire) ; Criggan (the rock). In Wales, Crick-Howel and Crickadarn (the rock of Howel and Criccaeth narrow Cadarn) ; (the hill) ; Crick, in in Somerset Derbyshire ; Creach, ; Critch-hill, Dorset.

SmaU *' ' Cricklade anc CREEK (AS} CRECCA (* bay ' g > of the KREEK WeutS \ Creccagelade (the bay stream) ; ford of 1 Crayford (the the creek); CRlOUECFr ) j ^ Crique-bceuf, Crique-by, Crique-tot, on the Crique-villa (the dwelling creek) ; Criquiers (the creeks), in France. In America this word signifies a small stream, as Saltcreek, etc.

, with the , fa cross, cognate Lat. CROES, CROG (Cym.-Cel.), , ,,, , ... // J-L. i- C crux; e.g. Crosby (the dwelling CROIS,' CROCK v(Gadhelic),n li_ \ /- u i /^ . . /c, , . near the cross); Crossmichael (the < '.. , ~, \ , CROD (A.S.), KRYS (Scand.), r Cl_ ., , cross of St. Michael's JT r \ } Church); Groes-wen for Croes-wen (the ^Trb r \ ')' blessed in [ cross), Glamorgan ; forest at the Crossthwaite (the -clearing cross) ; Croxton and Crewkerne at the (cross town) ; (the place Kruzstrait road at cross) ; Croes-bychan (little cross) ; (the in the cross), Belgium ; Crosscanonby, Crosslee, Crossbill, CROESCROM 57

places in different parts of Scotland, probably named from cross but Co. so called the vicinity of some ; Crossgates, Fife, from its situation at a spot where roads cross each other. It was usual with the Celts in Ireland, as well as with the Spaniards and Portuguese in America, to mark the place where any providential event had occurred, or where they founded a church or city, by erecting a cross as in St. Croix, Santa-Cruz, and Vera Cruz (the true cross), in South

: cross on the America. In Ireland Crosserlough (the lake) ; fort at Crossmolina (O'Mulleeny's cross) ; Aghacross (the Crossard the cross) ; () ; Crossreagh (gray cross) ; , Irish Cros-mag-Fhloinn (the cross of Flann's and Crusheen son) ; Crossau, Crossoge, (little cross) ; , in Shropshire, anc. Croes- Oswalt (the cross on which Oswald, King of Northumberland, was executed by Penda of ). Its Welsh name was Maeshir (long field), by the Saxons rendered Meserfield; Marcross (the cross in Maen- on the sea-shore), Glamorgan ; Pen-y-groes, y-groes, Rhyd-y-croessau (the hill, the stone of the cross, of in near Edin- the ford the crosses), Wales ; Glencorse, burgh, for Glencross, so named from a remarkable cross there in cor- which once stood ; Corstorphine, Mid-Lothian, rupt, from Crostorphin, which might mean the cross of the beautiful hill, torr fioum, or the cross of a person called Torphin. In the reign of James I. the church of Corstor- phine became a collegiate foundation, with a provost, four prebendaries, and two singing boys. Crotch in Gaelic means thus a gallows Knockacrochy (gallows hill) ; Raheena- crochy (the little fort of the gallows), in Ireland. a hill of a round form from cruach CROAGH (Gael.), (a haystack) ; Crohane little round e.g. Croghan, (the hill) ; Ballycroghan town of the little in Ireland Bencruachan (the hill), ; (the

stack-shaped hill), in Argyleshire. CROFT (A.S.), an enclosed field; e.g. Crofton (the town on the

croft) ; Thornycroft (thorny field).

i- ^ v / t. j , wind- \ Worcester;' Cromhn,' Cnmlin (the KRUMM ...... (Ger.), I T , in en ' Ireland ; Krum- I mg g sMinri), CRUMB (A S } bach Krumau and [ (the winding brook) ; 58 CRUG DAIL

or a Krumenau (the winding water valley) ; Ancrum, village in Roxburghshire, situated at the bend of the R. Alne at its confluence with the Teviot. a hillock CRUG (Welsh), ; e.g. Crughwel (the conspicuous hillock, hillock of the in Wales hywel) ; Crug-y-swllt (the treasure), ; Crickadarn, corrupt, from Crug-eadarn (the strong crag), in Wales. e C u11 CultS arishes in Scotland & ' ' P ; \ f CUL i radhelic^nc; i( juac Cul Cul-tir (at the back of the land), . . . , , CUIL j (the corner), ) T ., ' v " in Lanarkshire Culcairn^ the ( ; (of cairn) ; the back of the hill or Culloden Culmony (at moss, monadJi) ; for Cul-oiter the back of the the (at ridge) ; Culnakyle (at of the Cultulach the Culblair back wood) ; (of hill) ; (the Culross the in Scot- backlying field) ; (behind headland),

In Ireland : land. Coolboy (yellow corner) ; Coolderry (at the back or corner of the oak-wood) ; Cooleen, Cooleeny in as well as Cool- (little corner) ; Coleraine, Londonderry, raine, Coolrainy, Coolrahne, Irish Cuil-rathain (the corner of Coolnasmear ferns) ; Coolgreany (sunny corner) ; (the corner of the blackberries). a Rohilcund CUND (Hindostanee), country ; e.g. Bundelcund, (the countries of the Bundelas and Rohillas).

D

DAGH, TAGH (Turc.), a mountain; e.g. Daghestan (the mountainous or chief district) ; Baba-dagh (father mountain) ; Kara-dagh

() ; Kezel-dagh (red mountain) ; Belur-tagh (the snow-capped mountain); Aktagh (white mountain); Beshtau five Mustagh (ice mountain) ; (the mountains) ; Tak-Rustan mountain of (the Rustan) ; Tchazr-dagh (tent

mountain) ; Ala-dagh (beautiful mountain) ; Bingol-tagh (the mountain of 1000 wells) ; Agri-dagh (steep mountain) ; Takht-i-Suliman ('s mountain). a sometimes a dale or valley, field,' English - . . DAIL (Gadhelic), , ,, v , t 4 , t , a to the name of the river ' often tc r i \ joined which flows the district ,Q ", N through ; e.g. Clydes- ''' , 1 dale, Teviotdale, , Liddesdale, Dove- THAL (Ger.),'' j i A j i V> r j i . to f dale, Arundel, Dryfesdale, corrupt, Drys- cav'^' \dale (the valley of the Clyde, Teviot, Nith, DAIL 59

on the Liddel, Dove, Arun, Dryfe) ; Rochdale, Roch, affluent of the Trivell an ; Dalmellington (the town in the valley of the mill). It is to be noted that in places named by the Teut. and Scand. races, this root- word, as well as others, is placed after the adjective or while the Celtic races it is defining word ; by placed first. Thus, in Scandinavia, and in localities of Great Britain where the Danes and Norsemen had settle- ments, we have Romsdalen and Vaerdal, the valleys of the Raumer and in on Vaer, Norway ; Langenthal, the R. in Switzerland Langent, ; Rydal (rye valley), West- moreland of Iceland. ; Laugdalr (the valley warm springs), In districts again peopled by the Saxons, Avondale, Annan- dale (the valleys of the Avon and Annan). This is the general rule, although there are exceptions Rosenthai of Inn-thai the R. Freuden- (the valley roses) ; (of Inn) ; thal Fromenthal (of joy) ; (wheat valley) ; Grunthal (). In Gaelic, Irish, and Welsh names, on the dal the contrary, precedes defining word ; e.g. Dairy and level Dalbeth Dalbeathie Dalrigh (king's field) ; and (the field of field at the head of the birches) ; Dalginross (the or Dallas field of promontory wood) ; Dalness and (the the Dalserf St. in cascade, cas) ; (of Serf) ; Dailly, Ayr- shire, anc. Dalmaolkeran (the field of the servant, maol, of St. of the Kiaran) ; Dalrymple (the valley rumbling pool, the Dalhousie ruaemleagji) ; Dalgarnock (of rough hillock) ; field at the corner of the i.e. of the (the water, Esk) ; Dalwhinnie field of the Dalziel (the meeting, coinneacK) ; the (beautiful field, geal) Dalguise (of fir-trees, giuthas) ; Dalnaspittal (the field of the spideal, i.e. the house of enter- Dalnacheaich the Dalnacraoibhe tainment) ; (of stone) ; the Dalbowie in (of tree) ; (yellow field). Dollar, Clack- mannan, may be from this root, although there is a tradition that it took its name from a castle in the parish called Gael, doillair Deal or Dole Castle-Gloom, (dark) ; (the in Dol in valley Kent) ; and Dole, Brittany, with the same Doldrewin of Druidical meaning ; (the valley the circles in owl's Dolau-Cothi Wales) ; Dolquan (the meadow) ; meadows of the River (the Cothi) ; Dolgelly (the grove of Dalkeith Codale hazels) ; (the narrow valley, caetJi) ; 60 DAL DAN

Grisdale Gasdale (cow field) ; (swine field) ; (goosefield) ; Balderdale, Silverdale, Uldale, Ennerdale, Ransdale (from the personal names, Balder, Solvar, Ulf, Einer, Hrani) ; Brachendale of in (the valley ferns) ; Berrydale, , corrupt, from Old Norse, Berudalr (the valley of the pro- ductive called the Swedes Dahlena wood) ; Dalecarlia, by Stendal (the valleys) ; Dieppedal (deep valley) ; (stony in from valley) ; Oundle, Northampton, corrupt, Avondle; or -Kendal (the church town in the valley of the R. of the in Wales Ken) ; Dolgelly (the valley grove), ; or in in Dolsk Dolzig (the town the valley), Posen ; Dolzen, in Bohemia Bartondale dale of the enclosure for the ; (the in Yorkshire in gathered crops), ; Dalarossie, Inverness, from in corrupt, Dalfergussie, Fergus'dale ; Dalriada, , named from a king of the Milesian race, named Cairbe-Raida, who settled there. His descendants gradu- ally emigrated to Albin, which from them was afterwards called that of where Scotland ; and part Argyleshire they landed they also named Dalriada. The three brothers, Fergus, Sorn, and Anghus, came to Argyleshire in 503 A.D. Toul and Toulouse, situated in valleys, probably were was named from the same root-word ; Toulouse anciently called Civitas-Tolosatiiim (the city of the valley dwellers, dol-saetas). * a district e Kalthusertheil ^^ ' & (the DAL or GEDEL ( A S ) \ district of the cold Kerckdorfer- T fr> t M houses) ; '.- .'' theil district of the -| (the village church) ;

\ I in /T ,''' Baradeel (thev barren district), Germany DAL , , , . (Irish), and Holland.TT ,. This rather than [_ word, the root of Dalriada see above. dail, may be ; far Dalichow distant DALEJ (Sclav.), ; e.g. Daliz, Dalchow, (the place). a Amster- DAMM (Teut.), an embankment, dyke ; e.g. Rotterdam, dam, Saardam, properly Zaandam (the embankment on the Rivers and on the R. Rotte, Amstel, Zaan) ; Schiedam, Leerdam on the Schie ; (the embankment field, lar) ; the Veendam (on marsh, veeri) \ Damm (the embankment), in Prussia new a town ; Neudamm (the dyke) ; Damm- ducht (the embankment of the trench). in to the Danes Dane- DAN, topography, signifies belonging ; e.g. DAR 61

lagh (that portion of England which the Danes held after with their treaty Alfred) ; Danby, Danesbury (the Danes' in dwellings) ; Danesbanks, Danesgraves, Danesford, Salop, the are believed to have wintered in where Danes 896 ; Danshalt, in Fife, where they are said to have halted after their defeat at Falkland ; Danthorpe, Denton (Danes' hill or Dantzic town) ; Denshanger (Danes' declivity) ; (the Danish fort, built by a Danish colony in the reign of Waldemar II.); Tennstedt, in , corrupt, from Dan- nenstedi Danes' in (the station) ; Cruden, Aberdeenshire, anc. Cruor-Danomm (the slaughter of the Danes on the site of the last battle between the Celts and the Danes, which took place in the parish 1012). The Danish king fell in this battle, and was buried in the churchyard of Cruden. For centuries the Erroll family received an annual pension from the Danish Government for taking care of the grave at Cruden, but after the grave had been dese- crated this pension was discontinued.

r ' ' ' DEIR . DAR, DERA, (Ar.), j - - Dar el haJ ar in TIFH CPpr* \ *{ (the rocky district), Darfur district ( Egypt ; (the of the Foor or or the deer in Central Africa Foorians, country), ; Dera-Fati-Khan, Dera-Ghazi-Khan, Dera-Ismail-Khan (i.e. the camps of these three chiefs, in the Derajat, or camp Deir monk's in district) ; (the dwelling), Syria ; Diarbekr or tents of (the dwellings Bekr) ; Dehi-Dervishan (the of the villages dervishes) ; Deh-haji (the pilgrims' village) ; of Dekkergan (the village wolves) ; Deir-Antonius (St. in Anthony's monastery), Egypt ; Buyukdereh (Turc. the great district on the Bosphorus).

' DAR, DERO, DERYN (Cym.-CeL), Lat. drus and Sansc dru, DAIR (Gadhelic), \ ( amre, or datre, Gadhelic, an oak-wood, Anglicised derry, darach, or dara, the gen. of in i.e. dair; e.g. Daragh (a place abounding oaks) ; Adare, Athdara ford of the now (the oak) ; Derry, Londonderry, was originally Daire-Calgaigh (the oak-wood of Galgacus, Latinised form of Calgaigli). In 546, when St. Columba erected his monastery there, it became Derry-Columkille oak-wood of Columba's in the of (the Church) ; reign James 62 DEICHDEN

I., by a charter granted to the London merchants, it obtained its present name ; Derry-fad (the long oak-wood) ; Derry-na- the Dairbhre or hinch (of island, innis) ; Darrery (the oak for the of forest), the Island Valentia ; Derry- allen and (beautiful wood) ; Derrybane Derrybawn (white Irish oak-wood) ; Derrylane (broad oak-wood) ; Durrow, Dairmagh, and Latinised Robereticampus (the plain of the and Old Deer in oaks) ; New (the oak-wood), Aberdeenshire, was a monastery erected in early times by St. Columba, and given by him to St. Drostan. The old monastery was situated near a wooded hill, still called Aikie-Brae (oak

hill), and a fair was held annually in the neighbourhood, called Mercatus querceti (the oak market) v. Book of Deer, of the Dar- p. 48 ; Craigendarroch (the crag oak-wood) ; in nock, or Darnick (the oak hillock), Roxburghshire ; Dry- Darach-bruach bank of burgh, corrupt, from (the oaks) ; Dori, the name of a round hill covered with oak-trees, in in Wales. Wales ; Darowen (Owen's oak-wood), DEICH, DYK (Teut.), a dyke or entrenchment. These dykes were vast earthen ramparts constructed by the Anglo-Saxons to hostile tribes serve as boundaries between ; e.g. Hoorndyk at Grondick (the dyke the corner) ; (green dyke) ; Wansdyke and Offa's after (Woden's dyke) ; Grimsdyke dyke (named the chiefs and Houndsditch Grim Offa) ; (the dog's dyke) ; enclosed a in Hol- Ditton, Dixton (towns by dyke) ; Zaadik, land, (the dyke) on the R. Zaad. Cartsdike, a village in Ren- frewshire separated from Greenock by the burn Cart. Besides Grimesdyke (the name for the wall of Antoninus, from the R. Forth to the Clyde), there is a Grimsditch in Cheshire. a town DELF (Teut.), a canal, from delfan (to dig) ; e.g. Delft, in intersected canals Delfshaven canal Holland, by ; (the Delfbriike harbour) ; (canal bridge). DEN, DEAN (Saxon), a deep, wooded valley. This word is traced by Leo and others to the Celtic dion (protection, Dibden Hazeldean shelter) ; e.g. (deep hollow) ; (the valley of or Bothanden Bothan's in hazels) ; Bowden (St. valley), anc. Theinwarden Roxburghshire ; Tenterden, (the guarded or in Kent valley of the thane nobleman), ; (the or the in Yorkshire haugr mound (in valley), ; Howdon, in Otterden with the same meaning, Northumberland ; (the DEORDEUTSCH 63

otter's the Micheldean valley) ; Stagsden (of stag) ; (great of a valley) ; Rottingdean (the valley Hrotan, chief) ; Croxden (the valley of the cross).

. a wild animal a Deerhurst A c x ( English, deer; e.g. ' in Gloucester (deer's thicket) ; Durham, (the '(\ A\ J /* \ of wild For the (r dwelling animals). Durham on v /' ^ Wear, v. HOLM. Tierbach, Tierhage (the brook and the enclosure of wild animals). DESERT, or DISERT, a term borrowed from the Lat. desertum, and applied by the Celts to the names of sequestered places for devotion retirement chosen by the monks and ; Dyserth, in in in , and Dyzard, Cornwall ; e.g. Dysart, Fife, formerly connected with of Culross, or near is the cave of St. Serf Dysart ; Dysertmore in Co. Desertmartin in (the great desert), Kilkenny ; Londonderry, Desertserges in Cork (the retreats of St. Martin and St. Sergius). In Ireland the word is often corrupted to Ester or as in Isertkelly (Kelly's re- Isertkeeran Ciaran's treat) ; (St. retreat). DEUTSCH (Ger.), from thiod, the people, a prefix used in Germany to distinguish any district or place from a foreign settlement of the same name. In Sclavonic districts it is opposed to the word Katholic, in connection with the form of religion practised by their inhabitants as in Deutsch-hanmer (the Protestant village, opposed to Katholic-hanmer, belonging to the Catholic or Greek Church). In other cases it is opposed to Walsch (foreign -v. WALSCH), as in Deutsch- steinach and Walsh-steinach (the German and foreign towns on the Steinach, or stony water). The Romans employed the word for Deutsch, which Professor Leo traces to a Celtic root who cries out or gair-mean (one shouts) ; in the in Rhenish Prussia e.g. Deutschen, Tyrol ; Deutz, ; in in Deutschendorf, Hungary ; Deutschenhausen, Moravia, i.e. the dwellings of the Germans. The earliest name by which the Germans designated themselves seems to have been (the speakers). It was not till the seventeenth century that the word Dutch was restricted to the Low Germans. The for Germany is modernised from the (a mixed race, and probably means other men, or foreigners'). 64 DIEPDIOT

v Dibdale ; Deeping, Dibden, fT ( deep e.g. (deep UYTOFiieac.* i x yall Deptford (deep ford); Market- DWFN (Cym.-Cel.), J j /^ i '* \ in ( deeping (the market -town the low Cel. meadow) ; Devonshire, Dwfnient (the deep valleys) ; Scand. Diepholz (deep wood) ; Dieppe, Duipa (the deep the name of the river which it was built water), upon ; in Holland Abraham's diep (Abraham's hollow), ; Diepen- Tiefenthal and beck (deep brook) ; Tiefengrund (deep a town in Prussia on a valley) ; Teupitz (the deep water), lake of this in Wales. name ; Defynock (a deep valley),

DINAS, or DIN (Cym.-Cel.), a fortified height, a city, cognate with in Hereford the Gadhelic dun; e.g. Dinmore (the great fort), ; anc. in Dynevor, Dinas-faivr (great fortress), ; Din-bach in Co. Denbigh, Welsh (little fort) ; Ruthin, Denbigh, Dinas a corrupt, from Rhudd-din (red castle) ; Bran, moun- tain and castle in Wales named after an ancient king named Bran-Dinas-Powys, corrupt, from Denes Powys, a mansion built by the Prince of Powys in honour of the lady whom Denis i.e. he had married, whose name was ; Hawarden, in Flint its ancient Penarth- fixed on a hill, den, ; name was headland above the salt Dinefwr Halawig (the marsh) ; (the an ancient castle in the vale of the R. fenced hill), Tywy ; v. DAN Welsh Tenby (Dane's dwelling) ; Denbych-y-Pysod, i.e. of the fishes to distinguish from its namesake in North from Wales ; Tintern, corrupt, Din-Teyrn (the king's mount), in in Dinant in fortress Wales ; Dinan France ; Belgium (the on the anc. Dinia-Bodionticarium fort water) ; Digne, (the of the in France anc. Londinum Bodiontici), ; .London, (the fort on the marsh Ion, or perhaps on the grove llwyri). Din sometimes takes the form of tin, as in Tintagel (St. in Cornwall Tintern of the Degla's fort), ; (the fort, din, prince, Welsh teyrri), in Monmouth. kind of DINKEL (Ger.), a grain ; e.g. Dinkelburg, Dinkelstadt, Dinkellage, Dinklar, Dinkelsbuhl (the town, place, field, site, hill, where this grain abounded). or the from DIOT, THEOD (Teut), people ; e.g. Thetford, corrupt, from Theot- Theotford (\h& people's ford) ; Detmold, corrupt, of malli (the people's place meeting) ; Diotweg (the people's Dettweiller town of the or highway) ; (the Diet, people's DIVADONK 65

anc. Thiedmarsi meeting) ; Ditmarsh, (the people's marsh) ; Dettingen (belonging to the people) v. ING. or DWIPA island the Maldives the DIVA, (Sansc.), an ; e.g. (i.e. 1000 islands); the Laccadives (the 10,000 islands); Java or Yava-dwipa (the island of rice, jaiva, or of nutmegs, Socotra or island of jayaK) ; Divipa-Sukadara (the bliss) ; Ceylon or Sanhala-Divipa (the island of lions), but called by the natives Lanka (the resplendent), and by the Arabs Seren-dib from Dewan- (silk island) ; Dondrahead, corrupt, dere (the end of the island), in Ceylon. DLAUHY, DLUGY (Sclav.), long, Germanised dolge; e.g. Dlugen- most (long bridge) ; Dolgenbrodt (long ford) ; Dolgensee

(long lake) ; Dolgen, Dolgow, Dolgenow (long place). DOBRA Little DOBRO, (Sclav.), good ; e.g. Great and Dobern, Dobra, Dobrau, Dobrawitz, Dobretzee, Dobrezin (good Dobberstroh Dobberbus place) ; (good pasture) ; (good Dobrutscha of Dober- village) ; (good land), part ; gast (good inn). DODD a hill with a round Dodd-Fell (Scand.), top ; e.g. (the round in Cumberland Dodmaen round rock), ; (the stone), in Cornwall, popularly called Dead Man's Point. DOM (Ger.), a cathedral, and, in French topography, a house, from the Lat. in domus; e.g. Dom, Westphalia ; Domfront (the of a house dwelling Front, hermit) ; Dompierre (Peter's or Domblain St. St. church) ; (of Elaine) ; Domleger (of St. in France but Leger) ; Dongermain (of Germanus), ; the word domhnach, in Ireland (i.e. a church), has another derivation. This word, Anglicised donagh, signifies Sunday as well as from the Lat. Dominica Lord's church, (the day) ; and all the churches with this prefix to their names were originally founded by St. Patrick, and the foundations were laid on Don- Sunday ; e.g. Donaghmore (great church) ; in Caidoc's i.e. aghedy, Tyrone (St. church) ; Donaghanie, Domnach-an-eich church of the (the steed) ; Donaghmoyne the the (of plain) ; Donaghcloney (of meadow) ; Donagh- cumper (of the confluence); Donnybrook (St. Broc's church). a mound surrounded by a marsh ; e.g. Dong- DONK DUNK ( we ' r e mound f the Dunkhof ^^ weir) ; (the r' ^ \ DONcVoid " '" enclosure at the ( mound) ; Dongen (the dwelling at the of the mound) ; Hasedonk (the mound brushwood). 66 DORF DROICHEAD

DORF, DORP, DRUP (Teut.), a village or small town, originally to small of applied any assembly people ; e.g. Altendorf, Oldendorf Baiars- (old town) ; Sommerstorf (summer town); dorf town of the or Gastdorf (the Boii, ) ; (the town of the or for Ohr- inn, guests) ; Dusseldorf, Meldorf, druff, Vilsendorf (towns of the Rivers Dussel, Miele, Ohr, and Nussdorf ) ; Jagersdorf (huntsman's village) ; (nut Mattersdorf Otters- village) ; and Matschdorf, Ritzendorf, dorf towns of and Lindorf (the Matthew, Richard, Otho) ; at the (the village linden-tree) ; Sandrup (sandy village) ; Dorfheim, Dorpam (village home).

, . the Dorn- ,~ , ,, f thorn;' e.g.* Dornburg,& ' DORN (Ger.), DOORN (Dutch), , . heim or Dornburen, THYRNfAsS I Dornum, J t ~" r i \ { Thornton v(thorn dwelling); Doom, DRAENEN (Cym.-Cel.), . ^ the name f several laces m the / raclhpl :'\ P UC) ' Dutch ; Dorn- (_ colony, and Doornhoek of berg (thorn hill) ; Dornach (full thorns) ; in is this root it but Dornoch, Sutherlandshire, not from ; is said to be derived from the Gael, dorneich, in allusion to a certain Danish leader having been slain at the place by a blow from a horse's hoof. Thornhill, Thornbury, village names in and Scotland England ; Thorney (thorn island) ; a town in Yorkshire Yr Welsh Thome, ; Ddreinog, (the a hamlet in but a in thorny place), ; Thorn, town Prussia Polish Torun is probably derived from a cognate

word for torres, a tower. In Ireland : Dreen, Drinan, Dreenagh, Drinney (places producing the black thorn). DRECHT (Old Ger.), for /?z/?, meadow pasture; e.g. Moordrecht, Zwyndrecht, Papendrecht, Ossendrecht (the moor, swine, oxen and the Dort or pasture, priest's meadow) ; (the pasture on the water), situated in an island formed by the Latinised into Maas ; Maestricht, Trajectus-ad-Moesum or ford on the or (the pasture Maas Meuse) ; Utrecht, Latinised Trajectus-ad-Rhenum (the ford or pasture on the Rhine), or Ultra-trajectum (beyond the ford). fallow and in DRIESCH (Ger.), ground ; e.g. Driesch Dresche, Driesfelt Oldenburg ; (fallow field) ; Bockendriesch (the fallow ground at the beech-trees). a anc. Droichead- DROICHEAD (Gadhelic), bridge ; e.g. Drogheda, at the atha (the bridge ford) ; Ballydrehid (bridge town) ; DROOGDU 67

Knockadreet hill of the Drumadrehid (the bridge) ; (the at the church at the ridge bridge) ; Kildrought (the bridge), in Ireland Ceann-Drochaid the Gaelic name ; (bridge end), for the Castleton of Braemar.

DROOG, or DURGA (Sansc.), a hill fort; e.g. Savendroog (golden fort of fort) ; Viziadroog (the victory) ; Chitteldroog (spotted fort fort) ; Calliendroog (flourishing fort) ; Sindeedroog (the of the sun). W d a f re e Dreb " ' ; DROWO, or DRZEWO (Sclav.), j t t Dre ' DRU TRIU a 1 , (Sansc.), (Goth.), tree, Jf\ A 7 < ( Drohobicz (the woodyplace); with same Mis- Drewiz, Drehnow, Drehna, the meaning ; droi (in the midst of woods). DRUIM, (Gadhelic), a ridge, from droma, the back-bone of an animal, cognate with the Lat. dorsum; e.g. Drumard

(high ridge) ; Dromeen, Drumeen, (little ridge) ; Dromore and of (great ridge) ; Dromagh Drumagh (full in ridges) ; Dromineer, Co. Tipperary, and Drumminer the Aberdeenshire (the ridge of confluence, inbhir) ; Augh- Irish Each-dhruim horses' i.e. rim, (the ridge) ; Leitrim, Liath-dhruim Dromanure of the (gray ridge) ; (the ridge Drumlane yew-tree) ; Drumderg (red ridge) ; (broad ridge) ; i.e. Druim-chluibh of the Drumcliff, (the ridge baskets) ; Drummond, common in Ireland and Scotland, corrupt, from drumen (little ridge). In Scotland there are Drumoak (the ridge of St. Mozola, a virgin) in Aberdeenshire it was Dalmaile of Meldrum- originally (the valley Mozola) ; Old in Aberdeenshire Drem in (bald ridge), ; (the ridge East Lat. Dorsum-Britanniae Lothian) ; Drumalbin, (the back-bone or of ridge Scotland) ; Drummelzier, formerly Dunmeller (the fort of Meldredus, who, according to tra- slew is in the dition, , whose grave shown parish) ; Drum- Drumblate (the warm ridge, or the flowery ridge) ; cliff, Co. Sligo, i.e. Druimcliabh (the ridge of the baskets). DRWS a door or of the (Welsh), pass ; e.g. Drws-y-coed (the pass the wood) ; Drws-y-nant (of valley) ; Drws-Ardudwy (of the black water). b'ack e river in ' -S- Ddulas, a Wales; Douglas, in Scotland (the black stream); Dubyn (the black lake). 68 DUB DUN

DUB (Sclav.), the oak ; e.g. Dubicza, Dubrau, Diiben, Dubrow of from (the place oak-trees) ; Teupliz, corrupt, Dublize, the Germanised into Dauben- with same meaning ; Dobojze, Dubrawice dorf (oak village) ; (oak village) ; Dubrawka (oak wood), Germanised Eichenivaldchen, a colony from Dubrow. In Poland this word takes the form of Dom- browo, Dombroka. DUN (Gadhelic), a stronghold, a hill fort, cognate with the Welsh din. As an adjective, dun or don means strong, as in i.e. dun-lios Duncladh Dunluce, (strong fort) ; (strong dyke). As a verb, it signifies what is closed or shut in, dunadh, with the same meaning as the Teut. tun, as in Corra-dhunta (the closed weir). Its full signification, therefore, is a strong enclosed place, and the name was accordingly applied in old times to forts surrounded by several circumvallations, the remains of which are still found in Ireland and Scotland. Many such places are called simply or in doon down; e.g. Castle, Perthshire ; Down-

Patrick, named from an entrenched dun near the cathedral ; the Down and Downs, King's Co. and West Meath ; Dooneen and i.e. Dun- Downing (little fort) ; Dundalk, Dundonald fort of Dealgan (Delga's fort) ; (the Domhnall) ;

Dungannon (Geanan's fort) ; Dungarvan (Garvan's fort) ; Dunhill and Dunleary (Laeghaire's fort), now Kingston ; for Dun-aille fort on the Dunally, (the cliff) ; Downamona the Shandon Doonard (of bog) ; (old fort) ; (high fort) ; and many others in Ireland. In Scotland : Dumbarton hill fort of the Britons or Dumfries (the Cumbrians) ; (the fort among shrubs, preas, or of the Feresians, Caer Pheris) v. Dr. Skene's Book of Wales ; Dunbar (the fort of a St. on the summit, or Barr, chief) ; (of for Dun- Blane) ; Dundee, Lat. -dunum, probably Tatha fort on the or (the Tay) ; Dunedin, Edinburgh (Edwin's fort), so named by a prince of Northumberland in 628 its earlier names were Dunmonadh (the fort of the in of hill), or Welsh Dinas-Agned (the city the painted people), and the Castrum-Alatum of Ptolemy. The Pict- ish maidens of the royal race were kept in Edinburgh Castle, hence it was also called Castrum-Puellarumj Dun- fort on the Dunfermline fort of ottar (the reef, otter) ; (the DUNE 69

the alder-tree or of the pool, winding pool) ; Dundrennan fort of the thorn fortified hill at (the bushes) ; Dunlop (the the of the anc. angle stream, hib) ; , Duncalden fort of Dunbeath the Dunrobin (the hazels) ; (of birches) ; founded Earl of Sutherland (Robert's fortress), by Robert, ; the i.e. Dunure (of yew-trees) ; Dunnichen, Dunn-Nechtan a Pictish hill (of Nechtan, king) ; Dunsyre (the prophet's or Irish the fort of the fort) ; Donegall, Dungall (i.e. the in Lat. strangers, Danes) ; Lexdon, Essex, Legionis- fort of the in dunum (the legion) ; Leyden, Holland, Lat. Lugdunum-Batavorum (the fortress of the Batavians, in the anc. fort in the hollow, lug) ; Lyons, Lugdunum (the in anc. Camelodunum fort of hollow) ; , Essex, (the the Celtic anc. war-god Carnal) ; Melun, Melodunum (bald in France Lat. fort, maol), ; Nevers, Noviodunum (new in France in in Switzer- fort), ; , Belgium, and Thun, land the hill anc. {dun, fort) ; Yverdun, Ebrodunum (the fort on the in water, bior) ; Kempten, Germany, anc fort in the Issoudun fort Campodunum (the field) ; (the on the Emden fort on the R. water, uisge) ; (the Ems) ; Dijon, anc. Dibisdunum (the fort on two waters), at the conf. of the Ouche and Suzon ; Mehun, Meudon, and in France fort on the Lat. Meuny, (the plain), Magdunum ; Verdun, anc. Verodunum (the fort on the water, bior), on in in the R. Meuse, France ; Verden, Hanover, on the R. with the same , meaning ; Autun, corrupt, from fortress of in Augustodunum (the Augustus) ; Wimbledon, Surrey, anc. Wibbandun (from an ancient proprietor, Wibba); Sion, in Switzerland, Ger. Sztten, corrupt, from its ancient

Celtic name Suidh-dunum (the seat of the hill fort). From Daingeann (a fortress) are derived such names as Dangen and in Ireland also in its Dingen, ; Dingle, earlier form fort of O'Cush or it re- Daingean-ui-Chuis (the ) ; ceived its name in the of Elizabeth Ballen- present reign ; dine and town of the Ballendaggan (the fort) ; Dangan was also the ancient name of Philipstown. a hil r g SSy 5 WnS ' DUNE, Or DOWN f j (A.S.), south of5? *f ^the m England ; Dunes, mm fC ] \ \ in Halidon Hill ( ; (the holy

hill) ; Dunham, Dunwick, and Dutton, originally Dunton 70 DURD YFFR YN

in Flanders (hill town) ; Croydon (chalk hill) ; , church on the in (the dunes) ; Snowdon (snowy hill), Wales ; its Welsh name is Creigiawr (the eagle's rock), eryr (an a town in near eagle) ; Dunse, , now , a hill of the Eildon in same name ; the Hills, - from Moeldun bald in shire, corrupt, (the hill) ; Eddertoun, Ross-shire (between the hills or dunes).

: /^ 11 ( water e.g. Dour,' Douro, Dore, or DOBHR I _. . DUR, (Gadhehc), Duir r, /r- c* \\ } >' , Doro, Adour, Durance, or DWR 4 ', DWFR,' (Cym.-Cel.),v 3 ' ~ ,. \ , , . \ Duron (river names) ; Glasdur (green DOUR (Breton), / \ s* / \~ u anc. u V water) ; Calder, Calaover(woody Derwent or clear Lauder water) ; (bright water) ; (the gray Ledder and Leader broad water) ; (the water) ; Dorking, Co. Surrey, anc. Durchinges, or more correctly, Durvicingas the water to on the (dwellers by witian, dwell) ; Briare, Loire, anc. Briva-durum (the town on the brink of the from this Dorchester water, probably Dover, root) ; (the fortress of the Durotriges dwellers by the water), ttigo, Cym.-Cel. (to dwell), called by Leland Hydropolisj Rother red anc. Kaledor (the river) ; Cawdor, (woody water).

dr sterile *' Diirrenstein barren nttppp- (C^\ ( >"' ; (the Diirrental barren Diirr- /\V7 iU < rock)' ;' (thev valley)'' ; , .. DROOG (Dutch), ) , , . ,. n wald or sterile { (the dry wood) ; Droogberg barren (the hill) ; Drupach (dry brook). a door or enin an en court e Dvoretz r P g' P > -S- DWOR CSclav ) town at the in Russia Dwarka //- \ (the opening),* *" ;' THUR . (Ger.), ^ t court or Hurdwar ( gate), Hmdostan ; (the Vr 1 \ 1 of or called also A ''\ court Hurry3 Siva),7 ' Gangadiuara . , . DWAR (Sansc.), ,, 4 , v , " of the in Hmdostan [ (the opening Ganges), ; Issoire, anc. Issiodorum (the town at door or meeting of the waters, uisge), a town in France at the conf. of the Allier Gael. Dorus-darach the and Couze ; Durrisdeer, (at opening in Dumfriesshire in anc. of the oak-wood), ; Lindores, Fife, Lindoruis (at the outlet of the waters), on a lake of the same name which communicates by a small stream with the Tay. a river DYFFRYN (Welsh), valley ; e.g. Dyffryn-Clydach, Dyffryn- in of the R. and in Wales Gwy, the valleys Clwyd Gwy, ; Dyffryn-golych (the vale of worship), in Glamorgan. EA 71

an island from ea a aa TTVAV f ; > -> > running water; i . * AY. . .1 . /- ea or ^y enter into the composition of many EGE or EG A ^ r i 1-1 i , , x < A.b. names of places which are now loined or A . \ . ., OE, o, (Scand.), , , JT%_. v\ to the mainland or to rich pastures by the OOG (DlltCh), . , T7. 1? 13 T7 as in / [ river-side, Eton, Eaton, Eyam, Ey- the worth, Eywick (dwellings by water) ; Eyemouth, Moulsy, on the R. Mole included in the ; Bermondsey, now anc. Eamot of Metropolis ; Eamont, (the meeting waters) ; Fladda and the Fladday (flat island) ; Winchelsea (either corner, A.S. ivincel, of the water, or the island of Wincheling, of the son Saxon king Cissa, who founded it) ; Swansea the at the of the (Sweyn's town, on water), mouth Tawey ; Anglesea (the island of the or English), so named the its or Mono. by Danes Welsh name was Ynys-Fonn ; Portsea island of the Battersea Peter's (the haven) ; (St. St. Peter's isle), because belonging to Abbey, Westminster ; Chelsea (ship island, or the island of the sandbank) v. p.

46, CEOL, CEOSEL ; Ely (eel island) ; (Caesar's isle) ; Odensee island or town Olney (holly meadow) ; (Woden's on the Rona water) ; Whalsey (whale island, hval} ; (St. Ronan's and isle) ; Mageroe (scraggy island) ; Nordereys Sudereys from this word Sudereys, the Bishop of Sodor and Man takes his (the north and south isles), names given by the Norsemen to the Hebrides and the Orkneys under their rule Oesel island of ; (seal island) ; Oransay (the St. Pabba and or Oran) ; Papa (priest's isle). The Papae Christian anchorites came from Ireland and the west of Scot- land to Orkney and Shetland, and traces of them were found in Iceland on its discovery by the Norsemen, hence probably such names as Pappa and Crimea (the island of the Cymri or Morea Cimmerians) ; (the mulberry -shaped island) ; isle of a Faroe (the Hjalpand, Norse Viking) ; (the islands also in Sweden but sheep -faar, Scand.) ; Faroe, ; Farr, a parish in the north of Scotland, is from fatre, Gael, a watch or sentinel, from a chain of watch-towers which existed there in former times island of the ; (the staves or Scand. island of columns, stem) ; Athelney (the 72 EADAREAGLAIS

the Norse Bardie's nobles) ; Bressay, ay (giant's island) ; Bardsey (the bard's island), the last retreat of the Welsh bards Femoe anc. Fedor's-oe ; (cattle island) ; , Gael. ('s island) ; Romney (marsh island), Rumach; A.S. Sheppey, Sceapige (sheep island) ; Langeoog (long Oeland island with island) ; (water land) ; Torsay (the conical hills, torr) ; , A.S. Ceortes-ige (Ceorot's Norse island) ; Lingley (heathery island), ling, (heather) ; A.S. Muchelney (large island) ; Putney, Puttanige (Putta's but its more ancient was isle) ; Thorney (thorny island), name Ankerige, from an anchorite who dwelt in a cell in the island.

, ( Co. Ross ,~ , N 4 e.g.* Eddertoun, (be- EADAR, EDAR (Cel.), between, 1 tween v. Eddra- /T- o j r, *. \ J hills)' DUNE:' . . . . ENTRE(Fr., Span., and Port.),' < ,.... /T \ i.e. Eadar da Chaolas t\ chillis, ((between two ), Co. Suther- in i.e. land ; Killederdaowen, Galway, Coill-eder-da-abhainn between two and (the wood rivers) ; Killadrown, King's

County, with the same meaning ; Cloonederowen, Gal- between two way (the meadow rivers) ; Ballydarown (the between two rivers). In France : Entre-deux-mers two Entrevaux Entre-rios (between seas) ; (between valleys) ; in Entre-Douro-e-Minho (between streams), Spain ; (between these in Interlacken in rivers), Portugal ; (between lakes), Switzerland.

//- jt. v \ f a church. These and synonymous words EAGLAIS (Gadhelic), ., , . m tne Romance are derived /V /- i \ languages , . . , EGLWYS(Cym.-CeL),v } " T 7 . . . . < from Lat. ecclesta, and that from the . , . . . ILIZ (Armonc), , , , /TT \ e/cKATjo-ia (an assembly) ; e.g. Eccles, ''' a and suburb of also [ parish Manchester, of in Berwickshire in the name two parishes ; Eccleshall, Staffordshire, so called because the bishops of had a there Eccleshill formerly palace ; (church hill), in Eccleston in Lancashire Yorkshire ; (church town), ; church of St. in Ecclesmachan (the Machan), Linlithgow ; hamlet at the Co. Renfrew Eccles- Eaglesham (the church), ; craig or Ecclesgrieg (the church of St. Gregory or Grig), in Cormac's Dumfries Kincardine ; Eglishcormick (St. church), ; St. in Fife Co. Ecclescyrus (of Cyrus), ; Lesmahago, Lanark, corrupt, from Ecdesia-Machuti (the church of St. Machute, is said to have settled there in the sixth who century) ; EASECKE 73

Carluke, in Lanarkshire, corrupt, from Eccles-maol-Luke church of the servant of St. anc. (the Luke) ; Terregles, Traver-eglys (church lands), Gael, treabhair (houses), in

In Wales : Fair Kirkcudbright. Eglwys (St. Mary's church) ; and Hen-eglwys (old church) ; Aglish (the church), the of in Ireland names parishes ; Aglishcloghone (the church of the in stepping-stones) ; Iglesuela (little church), in Spain ; Feher eghaz (white church), Hungary. In

France : church in the Eglise-aux-bois (the woods) ; Eglise

neuve (new church) ; Eglisolles, Eligaberry, and Eligaberria (the church in the plain). Such names as Aylesford, Ayls- worth, Aylesby, etc., may be derived from eglwys or ecclesia, corrupted. ESSIE a waterfall the R. Ness EAS, ESS, (Gadhelic), ; e.g. and Loch Ness the river and lake of the Fall of Ess- (i.e. Foyers) ; waterfall of the nambroc (the badger) ; Essmore (the great Doonass Irish easa fort of the waterfall) ; (i.e. Dun (the on the in cataract), Shannon ; Caherass, Limerick, with the same Pollanass of the meaning ; (the pool waterfall) ; Fetteresso, in Kincardine (the uncultivated land, fiadhair, the in to derive near waterfall) ; Edessa, Turkey, seems its name from the same root, as its Sclavonic name is with the same in Vodena, meaning ; Edessa, Mesopotamia, is on the R. Daisan Portessie of the ; (the port waterfall), Banff. a Ebenried Ebenrinth EBEN (Ger.), plain ; e.g. and (the cleared Ebnit the Breite-Ebnit plain) ; (on plain) ; (broad plain) ; Holzeben (woody plain).

, , c. j \ ( a nook or corner '; e.g. or .. ,, ECKE, EGG (Teut. and Scand.), c , ,., , , f r//" A r \ \ Schonegg (beautiful nook) ; VIG , (Gadhelic), ) Eckdorf, ? / -n \ ( (corner village) ; Reinecke Rhine Ran- Eggberg (corner hill) ; (the corner) ; decke corner of the Vilseek the (the point, rand) ; (at corner of the R. corner of the Vils) ; Wendecken (the or corner Wends Sclaves) ; Edgcott (the hut) ; Wantage, Co. Berks on the of a stream (Wanta's corner), edge ; Co. Herts Gourock Stevenage, ('s corner) ; (the in the the or goal's corner) ; Landeck, Tyrol (at meeting corner of three Gael. the roads) ; Nigg, N-uig (at corner), 74 EGERENAGH

a in Co. and also in Ross and parish Kincardine, Cromarty ; Haideck (heath corner), in Bavaria. the alder-tree the R. EGER (Hung.), ; e.g. Eger with the town of the same name. an //- ju T \ f island,' cognate& with the Lat. insula. EILEAN (Gadhehc), , . . Gaelic word is to I generally applied EALAND fA S "l *^ '^^ ^** '""" * *'& EUean- EYLANDT (Dutch) \ 5 athach or e the win ed Sky ( ; I g island) INSEL (Ger ) S^ Eilean-dunan isle of the small [ (the fort) ; the Eilean-na-monach the Eilean-na-goibhre (of goats) ; (of Eilean-na-Clearach the monks) ; (of clergy) ; Eilean-na- naoimbh the often to Ireland (of saints), applied ; Eilean- nam-Muchad or Muck island of in the Hebrides (the pigs), ; Flannan, in the Hebrides, i.e. Eilean-an-Flannan (of St. Groote off the of Flannan) ; Eylandt (great island), coast in ; Rhode Island, the , Dutch (red island), or, according to another interpretation, so named from its fancied resemblance in form to the island of . EISEN iron Eisenstadt in (Ger.), ; e.g. (iron town) ; Eisenach, a river with Germany (on impregnated iron) ; Eisenberg hill in (iron fort), Germany ; Eisenburg (iron town), Hung. in Eisenirz the Vasvar, Hungary ; (iron ore), on Erzberg Mountains Eisenschmidt in Prussia. ; (iron forge),

v river river , fa ; e.g. Alf, , , , names ; ,p '" < river in the Dol-elf FT v Laagenelv (the hollow) ; (valley a town on a river of the [ river) ; Elbing, same name.

ENAGH, or ^ENAGH (Irish), an assembly of people, such as were held in old times by the Irish at the burial mounds, and in modern times to a cattle fair in applied ; e.g. , Tip- perary, anc. ^n-^Enach-Urmhumhan (the assembly meeting- place of Ormund), the definite article n having been added to the this is still celebrated for its name place great fairs ; town of the Ballinenagh, Ballineanig, Ballynenagh (the fair) ; of the Ardanlanig (the height fair) ; Monaster-an-enagh (the monastery at the place of meeting). But this word is not to be confounded with eanach (a watery place or marsh), found under such forms as enagh and annagh, especially in Ulster. Thus Annabella, near Mallow, is in Irish Eanach- ENDE ETAN 75

bile of the old (the marsh tree) ; Annaghaskin (the marsh of the eels). ENDE (Teut.), the end or corner; Ostend, in Belgium (at the of the canal into the in west end opening ocean) ; Ostend, east of the Oberende Essex (at the end land) ; (upper end) ; south Endfelden corner of Siiderende (the corner) ; (the the field), probably Enfield, near London. Purmerend (at the end of the Purmer), a lake in Holland, now drained. ENGE (Teut.), narrow; e.g. Engberg (narrow hill); Engbriick narrow (narrow bridge) ; Engkuizen (the houses). an inheritance or Erbstellen ERBE (Ger.), property ; e.g. (the of the or the inherited Erbhof place inheritance, property) ; inherited Sechserben (the mansion-house) ; (the property or inheritance of the Saxons). cultivated ERDE (Teut.), land ; e.g. Rotherde (red land) ; Schwarz- enerde (black land). ERLE the alder-tree Erla and Erlabeka (Ger.), ; e.g. (alder-tree near stream) ; Erlangen (the dwelling alder-trees) ; Erlau, a town in Hungary, on the Erlau (alder-tree river). ERMAK (Turc.), a river; e.g. Kizel-Ermack (red river); Jekil- Ermak (green river). a or sowed field ESCHE (Old Ger.), common ; e.g. Summeresche, field in Brach- Winteresche (the sown summer and winter) ; esche field broken for Kaiseresche (the up tillage) ; (the

emperor's common). For this word as an affix, v. p. 5 : as a prefix it signifies the ash-tree, as in the Aschaff or ash-tree river fortress on the ; Aschaffenberg (the Aschaff) ; Escheweiller Eschach (ash-tree stream) ; (ash-tree town) ; Eschau (ash-tree meadow). ESGAIR (Welsh), a long ridge ; e.g. Esgair-hir (the long ridge) ; Esgair-yn-eira (the snow ridge). ESKI (Turc.), old; e.g. Eski-djuma (old ditch). or the ESPE, ASPE (Ger.), poplar-tree ; e.g. Aspach (a place in or abounding poplars, the poplar-tree stream) ; Espen- field field of station of (the poplars) ; Aspenstadt (the poplars) v. AESP, p. 5. ESTERO a marsh or salt creek (Span.), ; e.g. Estero-Santiago (St. Los-Esteros salt in South James's marsh) ; (the creeks), America.

ETAN, TANA (Basque), a district, with the same meaning as the 76 EUDANFAL U

Cel. tan, Latinised tania; e.g. Aquitania (the district of the Mauritania the Lusitania ancient waters) ; (of Moors) ; (the name of Portugal). This root-word enters into the name of Britain, according to Taylor v. Words and Places. EUDAN, or AODANN (Gadhelic), the forehead in topography, the front or brow of a hill hill-brow of the ; e.g. Edenderry (the oak-wood); Edenkelly (the front of the wood); Ednashanlaght hill-brow of the old (the sepulchre) ; Edenmore (the great Edina of the ancient names of hill-brow) ; (one Edinburgh). a Evedon the brink of the (A.S.), margin ; e.g. (on hill) ; Evesbatch brink of the Evesham dwell- (the brook) ; (the ing on the bank of the River Avon, in Worcester, or the dwelling of Eoves, a shepherd, afterwards made ).

FAGUS a beech-tree a (Lat.), ; Fagetum, place planted with beeches ; e.g. La Fage, Le Faget, Fayet, Les Faus, Fau- mont, in France. FAHR, FUHR (Teut. and Scand.), a way or passage fromfahren, to Fahrenhorst at the Fahren- ; e.g. (the passage wood) ; Fahrwasser over the bach, (the passage water) ; Fahrwangen field at the Rheinfahr over the (the ferry) ; (the passage Niederfahr Rhine) ; Langefahr (long ferry) ; (lower ferry) ; Vere or in Holland to Campvere, (the ferry leading Kampen) ; town of the in Yorkshire Ferryby (the Ferry), ; Broughty- Ferry, in Fife (the ferry near a brough or castle, the ruins of which still remain) ; Ferry-Port-on-Craig (the landing- on the place rock), opposite Broughty-Ferry) ; Queensferry, West named from Lothian, Queen Margaret ; Connal-Ferry of the in (the ferry raging flood), confhath-tutl, Argyleshire ; Fareham, Co. Hants (the dwelling at the ferry). or FALVA a FALU, (Hung.), village ; e.g. Uj-falu (new village) ; Olah-falu (the village of the Wallachians or Wallochs, a name which the Germans to the Hanus-falva applied Sclaves) ; Ebes-falva (John's village) ; (Elizabeth's village), Ger. Elizabeth-stadt ; Szombat-falva (the village at which the market was Balars-falva of Saturday held) ; (the village Bud-falva of Blaise) ; (the village Buda). FANUMFELD 77

a in anc. Fanum-Fortunce FANUM (Lat.), temple ; e.g. Fano, Italy, (the temple of fortune), built here by the Romans to com- the memorate the defeat of Asdrubal on Metaurus ; , anc. of anc. Fanum-Martis (the temple ) ; Fanjeaux, St. anc. Fanum-Deodati Fanum-Jovis (of Jove) ; Die, (the of of St. anc. temple Deodatus, Bishop Nevers) ; Dezier, Fanum-Desiderii of St. Florent- (the temple ) ; anc. Florentii St. St. le-Vieul, Fanum- (of Florentius) ; Flour, Fanum-Flori (of St. Florus). FARR (Norse), a sheep. This word seems to have given names to several places in the north of Scotland, as affording for a in Sutherland- good pasture sheep ; e.g. Farr, parish islands in the Hebrides and shire) ; Farra, Faray, Orkneys ; Fare, a hill in Aberdeenshire.

,,,... ( the alder-tree : e.g. Fernagh, FEARN (Gadhelic),' j tr / , x < Farnagh, and Ferney* v(a place or . . FAUR, VAUR (great) Z/.MAUR,' , ,, \ in alder in ( abounding -trees),

Ireland ; Glenfarne (alder-tree valley) ; Ferns, Co. Wexford, of Gortnavern field of anc. Fearna (the place alders) ; (the Co. alders) ; Farney, Monaghan, corrupt, from Fearn- Altanfearn little stream of mhagh (alder-tree plain) ; (the alders); Sronfearn (the point of alders) v. p. 178; Fearns in Ross - shire also in Forfar (the alder-trees), ; Fearn, ; Ferney, on the Lake of Geneva, probably with same mean- ing as Ferney in Ireland. FEHER white Ger. (Hung.), ; Szekes-Fehervar, Stuliveissenburg (the throne of the white fortress). FEKETE black Fekete-halam (Hung.), ; e.g. (black hill). FEL in to (Hung.), upper, opposition a!, lower ; e.g. Felsovaros Alvaros (upper town) ; (lower town). or a or field lit. FELD, VELD (Teut.), plain ; a place where trees had been felled ; e.g. Feldham (field dwelling) ; Feldberg in (field fortress) ; Bassevelde, Belgium (low plain) ; Gurk- feld Rhinfeld of (cucumber field) ; Leckfeld, (the plain the Rivers Leek and Great in Rhine) ; , Yorkshire in (dry field) ; Huddersfield, Doomsday Oderesfeld, from a field of personal name ; Macclesfield (the St. Michael's on the R. on the R. church) ; Sheffield, Sheaf; Mansfield, field of Mann ; Lichfield, Co. Stafford (the corpses), A.S. Licenfelt, where, according to tradition, a great slaughter 78 FELL FENN

of the took in the of place reign ; Wakefield field the (the by wayside, waeg) ; Spitalfields, (i.e. the fields near the hospital or place of entertainment), Lat. hospitalium. There is a watering-place near Berwick called also a suburb of Aberdeen called the Spital, Spital ; Smithfield, in London, is a corruption of Smethfield (smooth so called from field) ; Beaconsfield, Berks, having been built on a height on which beacon fires were formerly in field of or lighted) ; Coilsfield, Ayrshire (the King Coil). There is a large mound near it said to mark the site of his grave. * *& m Unta n r or FJELD ( l FELL, FIALL, (Scand.), Dovrefehl f FELSEN ^. (the FEL, (Ger.), ]*?*' Donners- [ gloomy mountains) ; feld mountain of thunder or of (the range Thor) ; Snafel, Iceland, and Sneefell, in the (snow moun- Blaefell Drachenfells tain) ; () ; (the dragon's Weissenfels white Rothenfels rock) ; (the rock) ; (red Scawfell mountain of the sca-w or rock) ; (the promontory) ; Hartfell Hestfell the Lindenfels (of harts) ; (of steed) ; (of Lichtenfels of a the linden-tree) ; (the mountain light), settlement in Fitful Moravian ; Head, corrupt. from fitfioll (the hill with the promontory running into the Norse in Shetland in a sea), Old fit ; Falaise, France, promontory, derived from the Ger. fell ; Fellentin (the the in France fort, dun, on rock), ; Souter-fell, Cumber- land in Iceland ; Saudfjeld, Norway ; Saudafell, (sheep a Soutra hill), from Old Norse sauder, sheep ; perhaps Hill, in Mid- Lothian, may come from the same word; Criffel Dumfries Felsbach (the craggy rock), ; Felza, (rocky in France in stream), ; Felsberg (rock fortress), Germany ; Goat-fell, in Arran, Gael. Gaoth-ceann (the windy point), to which the Norsemen added their fell.

. . or /a marsh:' e.g. the Fenns marshy , .. , , . FENN (Ger.), ,P. , /-r^ i_\ ) lands : Fen-ditton (the enclosed town on Or VEEN VEN,' v(Dutch),'' < iV i.\ T7 c. .r j /^ r j the ; ford j marsh) Fenny-Stratford (the r (A - b -'> (on the Roman road, strat, in the or marshy land) ; Fenwick, Fenton, Finsbury (the town on the in enclosed place marsh) ; Venloo, Belgium (the in the Veenhusen in the place marsh) ; Veenhof, (dwellings FERNFEUCHT 79

Houtveen marsh) ; (woody marsh) ; Diepenveen (deep in Holland south marsh) ; Zutphen, (the marsh) ; , in Italy, called Pludosa (the marshy). It was originally in like built a lagoon, on stakes, ; Venice, named dwellers in from the Veneti, probably marsh ; Vannes, France, and La Vendee, may be from the same word, although others derive the names from venna (a fisherman), others from Cel. fair Finland land gwent, (the plain) ; (the of marshes). The natives call themselves Suomilius, from suoma (a marsh). Fang in German and Dutch names, and faing in French names, are sometimes used instead of fenn as in Zeefang (lake marsh) ; Aalfang (eel marsh) ;

Habechtsfang (hawk's marsh) ; Faing-du-buisson, Dom- faing, etc., in the valleys of the Vosges. the fern Farn- FERN, or FARN (Teut.), ; e.g. Ferndorf, Farndon, Farnhurst ham, Farnborough (dwellings among ferns) ; (fern

thicket) ; Ferndale (fern valley) ; Farringdon (fern hill) ; Fernruit (a place cleared of ferns). f or a grave trench ; e.g. Farta, Ferta, and ' /,- ji. T \ \ Fartha (i.e. the graves) : Fertagh and Far- FERTA , (Gadhehc), | ,. /^ , r of in [ tagh (the place graves) ; Moyarta, Irish field of the Fortin- Clare, Magh-fherta (the graves) ; gall, in Perthshire, is supposed to have derived its name from this word, Feart-na-gall (the grave of the strangers), having been the scene of many bloody battles. LA FERTE, contracted from the French La fermeti, from the Lat. in to a firmitas (strength), applied topography stronghold ; La Ferte Bernardi e.g. ('s stronghold) ; Ferte'-freshal, from Firmitas Fraxinelli of little (the stronghold ash-trees) ; La Ferte, in Nievre and in Jura, etc. a fortress e Altefeste hi h > ( g FESTE(Ger) ( ^ fortress); Franzenfeste fortress of the /-r\\ u\ ) (the Franks) ; VESTING (Dutch), < /, r L r FestenburS (the town of the fortress); FAESTUNG (Scand'") ) ^ Ivanich-festung (John's fortress), in . moist marsh e ' y5 Feuchtwang (the marshy FEUCHT (Ger ) f & fi eld in f Called - )' rm ^ Hudr VOICHTIG 1 . . (Dutch), 7 in f ^^with the same ; ( POUS, Greek, meaning Feucht also in Bavaria and (the damp place), ; Viecht-gross Viecht-klein (the great and little damp place), in Bavaria. 80 LES FEVESFLECKE

LES FEVES (Fr.), beans, Lat. faba, from which come such places in France as La Faviere, Favieres, Faverage, Favray, Faverelles, etc. the beautiful FICHTE (Ger.), pine-tree ; e.g. Schoenfichten (the Finsterfechten dark Ficht- pine-trees) ; (the pine-trees) ; horst Feichheim (pine-wood) ; (a dwelling among pines). In topography, however, it is difficult to distinguish this word from feucht (damp). FIN, FIONN (Gadhelic), fair, white, Welsh gwynn; e.g. Findrum clear Phoenix (white ridge) ; Fionn-uisge (the water). The Park, in Dublin, was so called from a beautiful spring well on the Findlater fair grounds ; (the slope, letter) ; Fingart and (fair field) ; Finnow, Finnan, Finglass (fair stream) ; Knockfin Finglen (fair glen) ; (fair hill) ; Loch Fyne (clear or beautiful in Aberdeenshire in lake) ; Fintray, ; , Co. i.e. Fionn- Stirling (fair strand, traigK) ; Ventry, Kerry, Finnow fair traigh (fair strand) ; (the stream). FIORD, or (Scand.), a creek or inlet formed by an arm of the sea, Anglicised ford, or in Scotland firth; e.g. Selfiord Laxfiord Hvalfiord (herring creek) ; (salmon creek) ; (whale inlet of creek) ; Lymefiord (muddy creek) ; Skagafiord (the the Halsfiord of the neck or promontory, skagi) ; (the bay hals, i.e. the narrow passage); Waterford, named by the Danes Vadre-fiord (the fordable part of the bay) the Irish name of the town was Port-lairge (the port of the thigh), from its form Wexford creek or also ; (the western inlet), named by the Danes Flekkefiord (the flat inlet) its Irish name was Inverslanie (at the mouth of the Slaney) ; Strangford Lough the loch of the in Irish (i.e. strong fiord} ; Carlingford, the Vaer- Caerlmn, the fiord having been added by Danes ; ingefiord, in Norway (the inlet of the or Breidafiord in Ireland Haver- Warings) ; (broad inlet), ; ford, probably from Scand. havre (oats). or level FLECKE (Teut. and Scand.), a spot place, hence a hamlet ; in flat e.g. Flegg, East and West, Norfolk ; Fleckney (the Fletton Pfaffenfleck island) ; (flat town) ; (the priest's Amtsfleck Schcenfleck hamlet) ; (the amptman's hamlet) ; Marktflecten market (beautiful hamlet) ; (the village) ; Fleckeroe Fladstrand Fladda, Flatholme, (flat island) ; (flat strand). FLEOTFONS 81

FLEOT, FLIEZ ' (Teut.), n WhlCh VCSS m ; VLIET 1 . - (Dutch) Fleet*? nver fin ^,?K tf ( (a name), Kirkcudbright ; Fleet Loch Swinefleet ; (Sweyn's channel) ; Saltfleetby (the the salt water Shalfleet dwelling on channel) ; (shallow

channel) ; Depenfleth (deep channel) ; Adlingfleet (the channel of the or a which Atheling noble) ; Ebbfleet, place was a port in the twelfth century, but is now half a mile from the shore anc. ; Purfleet, Co. Essex, Poitrteflete (the channel of the on the channel port) ; Fleetwood (the wood of the R. Miihlfloss in Wyre) ; (mill channel) ; Flushing, Holland, corrupt, from Vliessengen (the town on the channel of the R. Scheldt). In Normandy this kind of channel takes the form of fleur, e.g. Barfleur (the summit or pro- on the Harfleur or Havrefleur harbour jection channel) ; (the on the Biervliet fruitful on the channel) ; (the plain channel). Flad as a prefix sometimes signifies a place liable to be flooded, as Fladbury, Fledborough. The Lat. flumen (a flowing stream) is akin to these words, along with its derivations in the Romance languages : thus Fiume (on the river), a seaport in Croatia, at the mouth of the R. Fiumara a small at the north mouth ; Fiumicina, seaport of the Tiber Fiume-freddo cold in and ; (the stream), Italy in Lat. the Sicily ; Flims, Switzerland, Ad- (at Fiume-della near is a of streams) ; Fine, Leghorn, corrupt, its ancient name, Ad-Fines (the river at the boundary). FOLD land Foldvar Alfold (Hung.), ; e.g. (land fortress) ; (low Felfold Szekel-fold land of the land) ; (high land) ; (the Havasel-fold land Szeklers) ; (the beyond the mountains), which is the Hungarian name for Wallachia. a fountain a wel1 e Fon- > 5 -g- FONS (Lat \ r

FONTE (It and Port.), spring of FONT, FONTAINE (the (Fr.), beautiful ; Fontenoy (the FUENTE, and MONTANA water) (Span.), of Fon- place the fountain) ; FUARAN and UARAN (Gadhelic), FFYNNON (the place of the foun- (Cym.-Cel.), Fontanas tain) ; Les Fontaines, little Fonte- (the fountains) ; Fontenelles (the fountains) ; Lat. Fons-Ebraldi well St. Fuente vrault, (the of Evrault) ; the of in Fuen- (the fountain), name several towns Spain ; G 82 FORD

caliente (the warm fountain) ; Fuensagrada (holy well) ; Fuente-el-fresna the Fuente-alamo the (of ash-tree) ; (of from the poplar) ; Fontarabia, Span. Fttentarrabia, corrupt, Lat. Fuenfrido Fons-rapidans (the swift-flowing spring) ; in Lat. Fons-sanus (cold fountain) ; Fossano, Italy, (the Hon- healing fountain) ; Hontanas, Hontanares, Hontananza, of in Hontomin tangas (the place springs), Spain ; (the fountain of the R. in Pinos-fuente Omino), Spain ; (pine- tree in Saint in fountain), Granada ; -fontaine, Belgium, corrupt, from Terra- de- centum fontanis (the land of the hundred in from springs) ; Spa, Belgium, corrupt, Espa (the fountain) its Latin name was Fons-Tungrorum (the well of the Fonthill hill of the The town Tungri) ; (the spring). of Spalding, Co. Lincoln, is said to have derived its name from a spa of mineral water in the market-place. The

Celtic uaran or fuaran takes the form of oran in Ireland : thus fountain near a Knock- Oranmore (the great holy well) ; an-oran hill of the town of the (the well) ; Ballynoran (the from well) ; Tinoran, corrupt, Tigh-an-uarain (the dwelling at the in took its name from well) ; Foveran, Aberdeenshire, a at Foveran Castle spring, fuaran, ; Ffynon-Bed (St. Peter's well), in Wales. a shallow PassaSe over a river FORD (A S } ( Bradford (the br *d rd i 0rk FURT, or FURTH J !? (Ger.),* ^ the AirA * Bedf rd> ^ VOORD K ' ' ford (Dutch), j onBeaconthe Ouse \ (the protected ford), ; the Chelmer Brentford, on the R. Brenta ; Chelmsford, on ; on the Charford ford of , Camel ; (the Ceredic) ; Hacford and Hackfurth Aylesford (of ^Egle) ; (of Haco) ; Guildford the or (of guilds trading associations) ; Hunger- from Welsh ford, corrupt, Ingle ford (corner ford) ; Oxford, for in and Rhyd-ychen (ford oxen) ; Ochsenfurt, Bavaria, the with the Hertford probably Bosphorus, same meaning ; hart's Hereford ford of the or more (the ford) ; (the army), probably a mistranslation of its Celtic name, Caer-ffaivydd town of the and Knuts- (the beech-trees) ; Horsford, Illford, ford (the fords of Horsa, Ella, and Canute). Canute had this ford before battle crossed gaining a great ; Watford (the the translation of ford on ) ; Milford, Rhyd- y-milwr (the ford of the Milwr), a small brook that flows FORS FORUM 83

into Haverford West v. HAVN the Welsh name the haven ; is Hvulfford (the sailing way, fiord}, so called because the tide comes to the town anc. up ; Tiverton, Twyford (the on the two A.S. town fords) ; Stamford, Stanford (stony on the Stratford ford on ford), Welland ; (the stony the anc. ford at the Roman road) ; Stafford, Stafford (the or a ford crossed staffs or on station, by stilts) ; Crayford, the R. but in is from Cray ; Crawford, Lanarkshire, corrupt, anc. Latin- Caerford (castle ford) ; Wallingford, Gual-hen, ised Gallena old fort at the anc. Theod- (the ford) ; Thetford, on the R. Thet on the ford (the people's ford), ; Dartford, R. Darent in Devonshire the Furth ; Bideford, (by ford) ; in Prussia in anc. and Pforten (the fords), ; Erfurt, Saxony, ford of Hohenfurth Erpisford (the Erpe) ; (the high ford), on the on the Bohemia ; Frankfort, and Oder (the ford of the and Velvorde fords of Franks) ; Quernfurt (the the Rivers and Steenvoord Quern Wolowe) ; (stony ford) ; Verden, in Hanover (at the ford of the R. Aller). FOSS a waterfall on FORS, (Scand.), ; e.g. High-force, Low-force, the R. Tees waterfall on the ; Skogar-foss (the promontory), in Ireland in Yorkshire cascade of ; Wilberforce, (the Sodorfors south in Foston Wilbera) ; (the cascade), Sweden ; (the town of the waterfall). a Forst-lohn FORST, VORST (Teut.), wood ; e.g. (the path through the Forst-bach Eichenforst wood) ; (forest brook) ; (oak Forstheim forest) ; (forest dwelling). a from the akin to Irish FORT, stronghold ; Lat.fortzs, strong the Longphorth (a fortress), and the French La Ferte, abridged v. Rochefort rock fromfermete p. 79 ; e.g. (the fortress) ; Fort after the of Augustus, named Duke Cumberland ; Fort- Fort- anc. George (after George II.) ; William, Inverlochy (at the mouth of the lake), and surnamed after William III. Fortrose fortress on the Fort- ; (the promontory) ; in founded and named Louis Louis, , by XIV. ; Charles-Fort, in Canada, named after Charles I. In Ireland the town of Longford is called in the annals Longphorth O'Farrell (the fortress of the O'Farrells). This Irish word is sometimes corrupted, as in Lonart for Longphorth, and in Athlunkard for Athlongford (the ford of the fortress). FORUM a or of (Lat.), market-place place assembly ; e.g. Forli, FOSSE FRENE

anc. Forum-Livii forum of in in (the Livius), Italy ; Feurs, France, anc. Forum -Segusianorum (the forum of the forum of the Segusiani) ; Forlimpopoli (the people) ; Ferrara, anc. Forum- Alieni of the (the market-place foreigner) ; Fornova anc. (new forum) ; Fossombrone, Forum- Sem- and anc. pronii (of Sempronius) ; Frejus Friuli, Forum-Julii anc. Forum-Domitii (of Julius) ; Frontignan, (of Domitius), also called Frontiniacum the of the Voor- (on edge water) ; burg, in Holland, anc. Forum-Hadriani (the market-place of anc. Claudii- ) ; Klagenfurt, Forum (the forum of in anc. Claudius) ; Fordongianus, Sardinia, Forum- forum of anc. Forum-Cassii Trajani (the Trajan) ; Forcassi, anc. Forum- Aurelii (of Cassius) ; Fiora, (of Aurelius) ; in or Mar- Appii-Forum (of Appius) ; Marazion, Cornwall, ketjeu, Latinised by the Romans into Forum-Jovis (the forum of Jove or of God), resorted to in former times from its vicinity to the sacred shrine of St. Michael. FOSSE, a ditch or trench dug around a fortified place, from the Lat. to road near the fodio, dig ; e.g. Fosseway (the trench) ; Foston town with the trench or in (the ) ; Fosse, at the mouths of the anc. Fossce Belgium ; Fos, Rhone, Mariana Portus (the port of the trench or canal of Marius). FRANK (Ger.), free, but in topography meaning belonging to the Franks district of the ; e.g. (the Franks) ; France, abridged from Frankreich (the kingdom of the Franks or Frankenthal of the Franken- freemen) ; (the valley Franks) ; and Frankenfels hill and rock of the berg (the Franks) ; Frankenburg and Frankenhausen (the dwellings of the Frankenstein rock of the Franken- Franks) ; (the Franks) ; markt market of the Ville-franche and Ville- (the Franks) ; franche sur in France Villa-franca Saone (free town), ; (free several in Villa-franca in town), Italy ; (free town), Spain. or FREY a as also FREI, (Ger.), privileged place, freiheit (freedom) ; and Schloss- e.g. Freyburg Fribourg (the privileged city) ; freiheit Oude- and Berg-freiheit (the privileged castle) ; old in Holland Vrijheid (the privileged place), ; Freystadt, in Hungary, Grk. Eleutheropolis (free city). * the ash-tree Les FRASSINO [ ; e.g. Frenes, FRENE v(Fr.)," (It.), ,.? - ._ . ash Vn _.\ \ Les Fresnes (the trees)' ; ,-, . ,, . FRESNO (Span.), FREIXO (Port.)," ) V r ( Frenois, Frenoit, Frenai, Fre- FREUDE FURST 85

in in France nay, Fresney (the place abounding ash-trees), ; Frassinetto-di-Po (the ash-tree grove on the R. Po). Freudenthal of Freuden- FREUDE (Ger.), joy ; e.g. (the valley joy) ; stadt (the town of joy). FRIDE, a hedge, from the Old Ger. word vride akin to the Gael. the Welsh fridh, and fridd (a wood) ; e.g. Burgfried (the the anc. Vi fortress hedge of fortress) ; Friedberg, iduperg (a. a but in East surrounded by hedge) ; Friedland, Prussia, Grk. Irenopyrgos (the tower of peace), is iromfriede, Ger. peace. The prefix fried is also sometimes a contraction for Frederick thus Friedburg may mean Frederick's town. , or FIRTH, the navigable estuary of a river, akin to fiord Lat. a channel the Firths of and the /return, ; e.g. Forth, Firth. This has Tay, and Clyde ; the Solway word Solway

had various derivations assigned to it : one derivation is the a tribe the Old Norse from Selgovcz, ; Ferguson suggests word sulla, Eng. sully, from its turbid waters, particularly as it was called in Leland's Itinera Sulway. I would suggest the A. S. sol (mire), as this channel is a miry slough

at low tide, and can be crossed on foot ; Pentland Firth, corrupt, from Petland Fiord (the bay between the land of the Picts and the Orkneys). lord and Froustalla lord or FROU, FRAU (Ger.), lady ; e.g. (the nobleman's nobleman's Frau- stall) ; Frousthorp (the farm) ; Frau- brunnen (our lady's well) ; Frauenberg, Frauenburg, stadt Frauenkirchen (our lady's town) ; (our lady's church) ; Frauenfeld (our lady's field). Fulbrook Fulneck FUL (A.S.), dirty ; e.g. Fulbeck, (dirty stream) ; or Fulham or Fullenham Fullanig (dirty water) ; (either the dwelling on the miry place or, according to another derivation, hom/ugel, a bird). a bath or Tisza-Fiired FURED (Hung.), watering-place ; e.g. (the on the R. Theis or watering-place Tisza) ; Balaton-Fiired, on Lake Balaton.

FURST (Ger.), a prince or the first in rank; e.g. Furstenau, Furstenberg, Furstenfeld, Furstenwald, Furstenwerder, Furstenzell (the meadow, hill, field, wood, island, church, of the but the chief or prince) ; Furstberg means highest hill. 86 GABELGARENNE

a f rk a lied to river forks ' PP ' *' GABEL (Teut } ( /r* ju r \ \ Gabelbach (the forked stream) ; or , , GABHAL, GOUL (Gadhelic),' ) ., ,Ji { Gabelhof (the court or dwelling at the forked stream), in Germany. In Ireland : Goul, and Gowl Gola Gowel, (the fork) ; (forks) ; Addergoul, Addergoule, and Edargoule, Irish Eadar-dha-ghabhal (the between two in Yorkshire place river-prongs) ; Goule, (on the fork of two streams. GADEN a Stein- (Ger.), cottage ; e.g. Holzgaden (wood cottage) ; gaden (rock cottage). a or fortified from fan enclosure, city,*' place,J ,. _ GADR (Phren.), ( ,. v wall or anc. ) for, a ; e.g. Gades Cadiz, Gaar, ' \ in anc. Kartha-hadtha /TT u \ Spain ; Carthage, (the m " (new city, in opposition to Utica, the old); of Carthagena (New Carthage) ; Kirjath-Arba (the city afterwards the Arba, Hebron) ; Kirjath-sepher (of book) ;

Kirjath-jearim (of forests) ; Kirjath-Baal (Baal's town) ; Keriathaim double Kirjath-Sannah (of palms) ; (the town) ; Kir-Moab citadel of in (the Moab) ; Cordova, Spain, Phcen. Kartha-Baal (which may mean the city of Baal). GAMA a in (Tamul), village ; e.g. Alut-gama (new village), Ceylon. GANG (Ger.), a narrow passage, either on land or by water; e.g. birch-tree narrow Birkengang (the pass) ; Strassgang (a across the street) ; Gangbach (the passage brook) ; Gang- hofen (the dwelling at the ferry), on the R. Roth, in Bavaria. or a river Borra or the GANGA, GUNGA (Sansc.), ; e.g. Ganga black Ganges (the great river) ; Kishenganga (the river) ; blue river of Neelganga (the river) ; Naraingunga (the or Naranyana Vishnu) ; Ramgunga (Ram's river).

r e ' ' RiverS Gara Garwe Ugh ; g ' Gany ' ' GARBH ( (Gadhelic) Garwv > Owengarve, Garonne, Garvault, GARW ( Cvm -Cel (' 1 ''' Garracloon ( Yair, Yarrow (rough stream) ; Garroch head or (rough meadow) ; Ard-Kingarth (the point of in dis- the rough headland), Bute ; (the rough trict), in Aberdeenshire. GARENNE, a word of Germanic or Celtic origin, from the Low GARIEF GARTH 87

Lat. warenna, and that from the High Ger. waran (to take of or precautions), had at first the sense a, protected guarded place, and more lately of a wood to which was attached the of the chase La exclusive right ; e.g. Garenne, Garenne, Varenne, Varennes, Warennes, in various . a river Nu- GARIEF (South Africa), ; e.g. Ky-garief (yellow river) ; garief (black river).

- ji_ i- \ (a &garden : e.g.* GarryowenJ (Owen's gar- GARRDH (Gadhehc), x . , ,,. , A . -o ?v ard hl h Ballm- den ; Gair ( S ; PARnn CCvm Cel f 1 > y garden) town of the Garrane f ( garry (the garden) ; and Garrawn (the shrubbery); Garranbane (white shrubbery). a hill brow of the in GARTH (Welsh), ; e.g. Tal-garth (the hill), after its Brecknockshire ; Brecknock, named Brychan, king, who came from Ireland in the sixth century. Its fox's ancient name was Garth-Madryn (the hill).

, ~ , . /an enclosed place, either for GART and I .% ' T GARTH, v(Teut. Scand.), , r ._ ,. .. . 1 plants or cattle, then a farm. GARRAD (Gadhehc),'' < lL * c A ^\, . . . } It is sometimes found in the GARRD, GARZ (Cym.-Cel.), l , , . T , , , ^ form of gort in Ireland and enclosure or enclosed Scotland ; e.g. Garton (the town) ; enclosure or Applegarth (the apple farm) ; Hogarth (an enclosure for enclosure for or hay) ; Weingarten (an vines, a and enclosure for vineyard) ; Stuttgart Hestingaard (an a horses) ; Nornigard (the sibyl's dwelling, norn, pro- or fisher's in phetess) ; Fishgarth Fishguard (the farm), farm at the naust or Wales ; Noostigard (the ship station) ; in Shetland ; Smiorgard (butter farm) ; Prestgard (the enclosed Yard- priest's farm) ; Yardley (the meadow) ; enclosed borough (the town) ; (little field) ; Gordon, a parish in Berwickshire, corrupt, from Goirtean (little Gartbane and Gortban Gartfarran farm) ; (fair field) ; (the farm at the Gartbreck fountain, fuarari) ; (spotted field) ; field Gortnagclock (the of the stones) ; Gortreagh (gray field of the in field) ; Gortenure (the yew-tree) ; Oulart, from or Ireland, corrupt, Abhalghort (apple-field orchard) ; enclosure for in Shetland Bugard (an cattle), ; Olligard (the farm or of in dwelling Olaf), Shetland ; Girthon, corrupt, from Girthavon (the enclosure on the river), in" Kirkcud- bright). On the other hand, Garda or Warda in French GATGEBEL

names signified originally a fortified or protected place, from an old Teutonic word ivarta; hence Gardere, Gardiere, La Garderie, La Garde, La Warde, etc.

, , . /an or the opening passage ; e.g. Cattegat (the cat ' s throat or /A c v ) passage) ; Margate (the sea-gate .A or assa e anc- there been \ ) P g )> Meregate, having "'' ^formerly a mere or lake here which had its influx into sea of the the ; Ramsgate (the passage Ruim, ancient name of contraction from Thanet) ; Reigate, Ridgegate (the the at the passage through ridge) ; Yetholm (the valley passage or border between England and Scotland, yet, Scot, a the of the gate) ; Harrowgate, probably passage army, A.S. here, as it is situated near one of the great roads a in Fife the road Roman ; Crossgates, village (at did not derive its name from a certain crossings) ; , according to popular tradition, but is an instance of tautology, there having been an ancient A.S. word hlid (a door), hence Geathlid (a gate) v. BOSWORTH. In the word ghat is applied to a pass between hills or mountains, as in the Ghauts (the two converging mountain lion's between Calcutta and ranges) ; Sheergotta (the pass), Benares and horse's or to a ; Geragaut (the pass), passage across a river, as well as to the flights of steps leading from a river to the buildings on its banks. Thus Calcutta is Kalikttti (the ghauts or passes leading to the temple of the R. also on the goddess Kali), on the Hoogly ; Calicut, Malabar coast. a district GAU, GOVIA (Ger.), ; e.g. , Westgau, Nordgau and north Thur- (south, west, district) ; Aargau, Rheingau, gau (the districts watered by the Rivers Aar, Rhine, and

Thur) ; Schdengau (beautiful district) ; Wonnegau (the district of Ger. district of delight) ; Hainault, Hennegau (the R. Haine. and the district the ault, stream) ; Pinzgau (the of in or rushes, binse), Tyrol ; Oehringen Oringowe (the district of the R. Ohr). GEBEL, or DJEBEL (Ar.), a mountain; e.g. Gebel-Kattarin, in Sinai (St. Catharine's mountain), where, according to tradi- tion, the body of St. Catharine was transported from Alex- andria mountain of in Horeb ; Djebel-Mousa (the ), ; in Armenia Djebel-Nimrod (of Nimrod), ; Jebel-Khal (black GEESTEGEN 89

in Africa Ar. Gebel-al-Tarik mount), ; Gibraltar, (the moun- tain of Tarik, a Moor, who erected a fort on the rock of Calpe, A.D. 711); Jebel-Libnan or Lebanon (the white mountain), supposed to be so called because covered with snow a of the Gebel-Oomar during great part year ; (the mountain of Gibel-el-Faro mountain with the Omar) ; (the near ), Malaga ; Djebel-es-, (the mount of the sheik or shah, i.e. of the king), the Arabian name for Mount Hermon v. INDEX. barren land Geeste GEESTE (Ger.), ; e.g. Gaste, Geist, (the barren Geestefeld barren land) ; (barren field) ; Holzengeist (the land in the northern wood) ; Nordergast, Middelgast (the and middle barren land). GEISE a Geisa and Geisbach (Ger.), goat ; e.g. (the goat's stream) ; Geismar in Geisen- (rich goats) ; Geiselhoring, Geisenhausen, heim (the goat's dwelling) ; Geisberg (goat's hill). GEMENDE a common Gmeind Peters- (Ger.), ; e.g. (the common) ; Gemeindmiihle mill on gemeinde (Peter's common) ; (the the common). a river-mouth or a confluence GEMUND (Ger.), ; e.g. Neckarge- mund the mouth of the R. (at ) ; Saaregemund (at the conf. of the R. Saare and the in Belise) ; Gmiind, Wur- the conf. of the two and temberg (at streams) ; Gemund Gemunden, in various parts of Germany. In Holland this word takes the form ofmonde, as in Roermonde and Dender- monde the mouths of the Roer and (at Dender) ; Emden, in Hanover, is a corrupt, of Emsmiinder (at the conf. of the Ems and a small stream). GEN, an abbreviated form of magen or megen, the Teutonic form for the Cel. magh (a field) qu. v. j e.g. Remagen or Rhem- field on the for Novio- maghen (the Rhine) ; Nimeguen, new field or of magus (the field) ; Schleusingen (the plain the R. field of the Schleuse) ; Munchingen (the monks) ; on the R. Bever field Beverungen, ; Meiningen (the great or plain), in the valley of the R. Wara. GENAU a or GEN, (Cel.), mouth opening ; e.g. Llanfihangel- genaur'-glyn (the church of the angel at the mouth of the in Wales of the glen), ; Genappe and Gennep (the mouth the or of the water, abh) ; Geneva (either opening mouth water, or the head, ceann, of the water, where the Rhone 90 GENTGLAISE

from the with the proceeds lake) ; Genoa, probably same Ghent or at the conf. of the meaning ; Gend, Scheldt and Lys, may also mean at the mouth of the rivers, although, according to tradition, it acquired its name from a tribe of , the Gandani, and was called in the ninth century Gandavum-vicum, from the name of its inhabitants. in beautiful anc. GENT, French topography, ; e.g. Gentilly, Gen- tiliacum (the place of beautiful waters), on the Bievre v. OEUIL ; Nogent (beautiful meadow). a court of hill GERICHT (Ger.), justice ; e.g. Gerichtsbergen (the of the court of Gerichtstetten station of the justice) ; (the court of justice). a cave Garbo in Malta GHAR (Ar.), ; e.g. (the cave), ; Trafalgar, i.e. Taraf-al-gar (the promontory of the cave). a fort e /c .\ ; & Ahmednaghar (the nrroRF 1 arv ( Or IjUKHi oanSC. ), I r , r AI i\ T-> i r f CjnAK, VjrlUK,' " . fort of -< Ahmed)' ; Ramghur (of a , . , , NAGAR, city, ) T-, , r ,?. \ ( Ram); Kishenagur (of Krishna);

Furracknagur (of Furrack) ; Moradnagur (of Morad) ; Allah or of Bis- Jehanagur (of Jehan) ; Allighur (of God) ; of Deo- naghur (triumphant fort) ; Futtegur (fort victory) ;

ghur (God's fort) ; Neelgur (blue fort) ; Seringagur (the fort of fort of the abundance) ; Chandernagore (the moon) ; fort of Haidernagur (of Hyder Ali) ; Bissengur (the Vishnu) ; Chunarghur (the fort of the district of Chunar). or a a GHARI, GHERRY (Sansc.), mountain ; e.g. Ghaur, mountainous district in ; Boughir (the woody mountain) ; Kistnagherry (Krishna's mountain); Rutnagiri (the mountain of the rubies) ; Chandgherry (of moon) ; Shevagherry (of blue Siva) ; Neilgherries (the mountains) ; Dhawalageri (the white mountain), being the highest peak of the Himalayas. a ravine , GJA (Scand.), ; e.g. Buttergill, Horisgill, Ormsgill, Thorsgill, etc. (ravines in the named after ravens' or of Norse leaders) ; Hrafngia (the ravine, Hrafan, a Norse in Ice- leader) ; Almanna-gja (Allman's ravine), land. The Hebrew gde (a ravine) answers in meaning to this word, as in Ge-Hinnom (the ravine of the children of Hinnom), corrupt, to Gehenna. This word, in the form of goe, is applied to a small bay, i.e. a ravine which admits the sea, as in Redgoe, Ravengoe, in the north of Scotland. a small stream GLAISE (Gadhelic), ; e.g. Glasaboy (the yellow GLANGLEANN 91

Glasheena stream) ; Tullyglush (hill stream) ; (abounding in small i.e. black streams) ; Douglas, Dubhglaise (the in Ireland and Scotland in the stream), frequent ; Douglas, Isle of is the R. also the of a Man, on Douglas ; name parish and village in Lanarkshire, from which the Douglas family derive their name. Glasheenaulin (the beautiful little in of the stream), Co. Cork ; Ardglashin (the height rivulet), in Cavan. GLAN a a a side (Cym.-Cel), shore, brink, ; e.g. Glan-yr-afon, Welsh (the river side). GLAS or Glasalt (Cel.), gray, blue, green ; e.g. (gray stream) ; Glascloon Glasdrummond (green meadow) ; (green ridge) ; in Glaslough (green lake) ; Glasmullagh (green summit),

Ireland in In : ; Glass, a parish Scotland. Wales Glascoed Glascombe is said (greenwood) ; (green hollow). Glasgow by James, the author of Welsh Names of Places, to be a corrupt, of G'las-coed.

//- ji_ v \ f a small valley, often named from GLEANN (Gadhehc), ., , . ;' . . I the river which flows through it ; GLYN and GLANN (Cym.-Cel. ),< . , , /Aq\ I**1 Glen-fender, Glen-finnan, (Glen-tilt, Glen-shee, Glen-esk, Glen-bervie, Glen-bucket, Glen-livet, Glen-lyon, Glen-almond, Glen-dochart, Glen-luce, Glen-isla, Glen-ary, Glen-coe, Glen- devon (valleys in Scotland watered by the Rivers Fender, Finnan, Tilt, Shee, Esk, Bervie, Bucket, Livet, Lyon, Almond, Dochart, Luce, Isla, Aray, Cona, Devon). In

Ireland : of the Glen- Glennagross (the valley crosses) ; mullion the Glendine and Glandine and Glen- (of mill) ; dowan, Irish Gleann-doimhin (the deep valley) sometimes it takes the form of glan or glyn, as in Glin on the and in Antrim Glen- Shannon, ; Glennan, Glenann,

tane, Glenlaun, etc. (little valley). When this word occurs at. the end of names in Ireland the g is sometimes sup- in anc. pressed ; e.g. Leiglin, Carlow, Leith-ghlionn (half glen) ; Crimlin Glencross Crumlin, Cromlin, and (the winding glen) ; or Glencorse, in the Pentlands, named from a remarkable cross which stood there of hunt- once ; Glenelg (the valley or of the the ing roe) ; Glengarnock (of rough hillock) ; Glencroe the Glenmore or Glenmore-nan- (of sheepfold) ; Albin (the great glen of Scotland which divides the High- 92 GLEIZGOLB

lands into two nearly equal parts) ; Glenmoreston (the of the i.e. of valley great cascade, Foyers) ; Glenbeg (little Glenburnie the little Glenmuick valley) ; (of stream) ; boars' Glenure the Glenfinlas (the valley) ; (of yew) ; (of the clear stream) ; Glengariff (rough glen) ; Glendalough, Co. Wicklow, is in Irish Gleann-da-locha (the glen of the two the Glinties lakes) ; Glennamaddy (of dogs, madadK) ; Co. a in Banffshire (the glens), Donegal ; Forglen, parish (the cold or the grassy glen). In Wales, Glyn-Nedd (of the R. Nedd).

GLEIZ (Old Ger.), shining; e.g. Glisbach (shining brook); Gleis- Gleesweiler berg (shining hill) ; Gleesdorf, (shining dwelling).

GLINA (Sclav.), clay ; e.g. Glinzig, Glindow, Glintock, Glianicke, Glinow of near Glina (names places clay pits) ; (the clayey stream). and GLOG (Sclav.), the white thorn ; e.g. Glogau, Gross, Upper in Glogau, in Silesia (places abounding white thorn) ; Glognitz, with the same meaning. Gnadenhiitten tabernacles of GNADE (Ger.), grace ; e.g. (the grace),

a Moravian settlement on the Ohio ; Gnadenthal (the valley of in Africa and Gnadenfeld grace), ; Gnadenburg (the city and field of grace). GOBHA (Gadhelic), a blacksmith in topography GOTV or Cowan; blacksmith's Balna- e.g. Ardgowan (the height) ; Balgowan, gowan, Balgownie, Balgonie, in Scotland, and Ballygow, Ballygowan, Ballingown, Ballynagown, in Ireland (the of the blacksmith's dwelling blacksmith) ; Athgoe (the ford). In early times the blacksmith was regarded as an important personage, being the manufacturer of weapons of war, and the ancient Irish, like other nations, had their smith god, Goban, hence the frequent use of the word in their topo- graphy. or a wood GOLA, GALA (Sclav.), ; e.g. Golschow, Goltzen, Golkojye Galinchen or , and Gahlen (the woody place) ; little i.e. a from that (the Gahlen, colony town) ; Kallinichen, i.e. in the colony from Gallun (the woody place) ; Gollnow, from this root but near Pomerania, ; Gollnitz, Finsterwalde, is corrupt, from Jelenze (stag town), from jelen. the dove GOLB, GULB (Sclav.), ; e.g. Gulbin, Golbitten, Golembin, GORA GRANGE 93

Golembki in Golembecks, (dove town) ; Gollombken, Prussia, Ger. Taubendorf (dove town).

, , . ( a or hill Ger. Goi's mountain ; e.g. Goritz, (the town on the in in a of tr ir \ \ hill), Hungary, province ''' the Gorlitz the called ( same name ; (behind hill), also Ger. Gor- Sgoretz; Gorigk, Bergheide (hilly heath) ; gast (hill inn), gosta corrupt, into gast; Podgorze, Pod- gorach, Podgoriza, Poschgorize (near the hill). This word sometimes takes the form of hora, as in Zahora, in Turkey the Czernahora black (behind hill) ; (the hill). GORT (Gadhelic), a field, cognate with the Lat. hortus and Span. and the Teut. v. Huerta-del- huerta, garth p. 87 ; e.g. rey (the king's orchard), in Spain. the red beech GRAB (Sclav.), ; e.g. Grabkow, Grabitz, Grabig, of red Ger. Finster- (the place beeches) ; Grabin, ivalde (the place of red beeches or the dark wood). a ave or trench from ^" ' graben, grafan t0 e Mtihl raben the mil1 dig); * S ( trench or trench dam) ; Vloedgraben (the for the moat of the flood) ; Schutzgraben (the defence) ; Grafton and moated Graffham (the town) ; Gravesend (the town at the end of the moat) ; Bischofsgraef (the bishop's trench). In Ireland the prefix graf is applied to lands that have been grubbed up with a kind of axe called a grafan hence such names as Graffan, Gramn, Graffee, Graffy. a count or earl GRAF, GRAAF (Teut. and Scand.), ; e.g. Graffenau, Graffenberg, Grafenschlag, Grafenstein (the meadow, hill, and rock of the Grafenworth wood-clearing, count) ; and Grafenhain count's enclosure or (the farm) ; Grafenthal (the count's Grafenbriick count's Grafen- valley) ; (the bridge) ; miihle count's in anc. (the mill) ; , Flanders, Graveninghem (the count's domain). In Sclavonic names, Grabik, Grabink, Grobitz, Hrabowa, Hrabaschin (the count's Grobinow Germanised into town) ; (count's town), Kroppstadt. GRANGE (Fr. and Scot.), a farm or storehouse for grain, from the Lat. granaria, cognate with the Gadhelic grainnseach, Low Lat. grangiaj e.g. Grange, a parish and village in Banff- shire Les La Neuve ; Granges (the granaries) ; Grange 94 GRENZEGRODEN

in France La in (the new farm), ; Granja, Spain ; Grange- geeth (the windy farm), in Ireland. From the same root

. such names in Ireland as Granagh, Granaghan (places producing grain).

, , ( the or corner boundary ; e.g. Grenzhausen (the ' '" -' , on the ; Banai-Militar j dwellings boundary) ''* the ( Granze (the border territory under govern- ment of a officer called The Gransee military Ban) ; (the corner Granowo in lake) ; Graniz, (boundary towns), a in in a of Hungary ; Gran, town Hungary, province the same name through which the R. Gran flows. the sun either from GRIAN (Gadhelic), ; e.g. Greenock, grianach or the cnoc the (sunny) knoll, (of sun) ; Greenan, Greenane, Greenawn, and Grennan (literally, a sunny spot), trans- lated by the Irish Latin-writers solarium; but as it occurs in topographical names in Ireland, it is used as another for a in is name ; Grenanstown, Co. Tipperary, a sort of translation of its ancient name Baile-an-ghrianain of the of the (the town palace) ; Greenan-Ely (the palace circular stone hill of the fortress, aileacK) ; Tullagreen (the

sun) ; Monagreany (sunny bog). GRIES sand or Griesbach (Ger.), gravel ; e.g. (sandy brook) ; Griesthal Grieshaim dwell- Griesau, (sandy valley) ; (sandy

ing) ; Grieswang (sandy field) ; Griesberg (sand hill) ; Grieskirchen (the church on the sandy land). Gressius and Gresum in bos Lat. have the same meaning, and have given names to such places in France as Les Gres, Greses, Les Gresillons, La Gressee, La Grezille, etc.

, . fortified /c , (a town ; e.g. Belgrade GRAD , ,, GROD, GOROD,' (Sclav.),v '' J , i / vrT r , and Belgorodft v(white fortress) ; . , ,. HRAD (Turc.), ) , , , iU ',' ( Ekatenngrad and Elizabethgrad fortified town of the Catharine and (the Empress Elizabeth) ; fortress of the Czar or Zaregorod (the Emperor) ; Novgorod and fortress of (new fortress) ; Paulograd Ivanograd (the Paul or i.e. Ivan, John) ; Gratz, Gradiska, Gradizsk, Gradentz, Grodek, Grodno, Grodzizk (the fortified towns), the in Poland and Russia ; Hradeck and Hradisch, with same meaning, in Bohemia. land reclaimed from the sea Moor- GRODEN (Frisian), ; e.g. groden, Ostergroden, Salzgroden, places in Holland. GRONGUT 95

and GRON, GROEN, GRUN (Teut. Scand.), green ; e.g. Groenloo, Grunavoe Gronau (the green meadow) ; (green bay) ; Grunaster dwell- Grunataing (green promontory) ; (green in Shetland translated from ing), ; Greenland, Terra-verde, the name given to the country by Cortoreal in I 500, but it had been discovered by an Icelander (Lief, son of Eric the red), in the ninth century, and named by him Hvitsaerk because covered with snow (white shirt), probably ; Green- wich, A.S. Grenavie, Lat. viridus-vicus (green town). a GRUND (Ger.), valley ; e.g. Amsel-grund, Itygrund (the valleys of the Rivers Amsel and Ity) ; Riesengrund (the giant's of the R. in valley) ; Laucha-grund (the valley Laucha), . GUADA, the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Arabic bed of a wddy (the dried-up river) ; e.g. Guada- i.e. Ar. white Guadalete laviar, Wadi-l-abyadh (the river) ; small (the river) ; Guadalimar (red river) ; Guadarama Guadalertin (sandy river) ; (the muddy river) ; Guadaloupe river of the Guadiana river of (the bay, upl) ; (the joy), called the Greeks by Chrysus (the golden) ; Guadalquivir, i.e. Wad-al-kebir Guaalcazar the (the great river) ; (of Guadalhorra the Guadalbanar palace) ; (of cave, ghar) ; the Guadaira the (of battlefield) ; (of mills). GU a from the Celtic water Gue- (Fr.), ford, perhaps gwy, ; e.g. du- Loire (the ford of the Loire); Gue-de-PIsle (of the Le Gue-aux-biches the island) ; (of hinds) ; Bone, formerly Lat. in France Bonum-vadum, (the good ford), ; Bungay, in Suffolk, on the R. Waveney, corrupt, from Bon-giie (good ford). GUISA to found in river (Old Ger.), gush, names ; e.g. Buachgieso

(the bending stream) ; Goldgieso (golden stream) ; Wisgoz (the white stream). a market-town GUNGE (Sansc.), ; e.g. Saibgunge (the market-town of the town of Englishmen) ; Futtegunge (the victory) ; the Sultangunge (of Sultan) ; Shevagunge (of Siva) ; Jaffiergunge (of Jaffier). a of GUT, GOED (Ger.), property ; e.g. Schlossgut (the property the in the waste castle) ; Wiistegut (the property land) ; but this word, used as a prefix, denotes good, as in Gutten- 96 G WEN HAAR

berg, Guttenbrun, Guttenstein (the good hill, well, and fortress). GWEN (Cym.-Cel.), fair, white, cognate with the Gadhelic fionn; fair and e.g. Gwenap (the slope) ; Gwendur Derwent (the fair fair Corwen fair water) ; Berwyn (the boundary) ; (the Ventnor fair or choir) ; (the shore) ; Guinty Guindy (the fair or white dwelling), common in Wales. Gwent, Latin- ised Venta, meant a fair open plain, and was applied to the counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, and Hereford, and

Hampshire, as well as to the coast of Brittany : thus Win- chester was formerly Caer-givent (the fortress of the fair plain), Latinised Venta-Belgorum (the plain of the Belgians). There was a gwent also in Norfolk, Latinised Venta-Icen- orum (the plain of the Iceni). This root-word may be the derivation of Vannes and La Vendee, in Normandy, if not from the Veneti v. FEN. GWENT (Welsh), a fair or open region, a campaign. It is a name now confined to nearly all , but which anciently comprehended also parts of the counties of Gloucester and Hereford, being a district where Caer-weni of or the Venta-Silurum the Romans was the capital ; blessed choir or Corwen (the church) ; Yr Eglwys-Wen blessed choir or in (the church) ; Wenvoe, Glamorgan, corrupt, from Gwenvai (the happy land). GWERN (Cym.-Cel.), the alder-tree, also a swamp; e.g. Coed- gwern (alder-tree wood). GWY, or WY (Cym.-Cel.), water; e.g. the Rivers Wye, the Elwy

(gliding water) ; Llugwy (clear water) ; Mynewy (small

water) ; Leveny (smooth water) ; Garway (rough water) ; chief or head i.e. Conway (the water, cyri) ; Gwydir, Gwy-tir the ancient of (water land), name Glastonbury ; (water glen), an ancient region in North Wales. verdant winter GWYRDD (Welsh), green, ; e.g. Gwyrdd-y-coed (the green).

H

an eminence HAAR (Teut.), ; e.g. Haarlem (the eminence on the clayey soil, leem). HAFENHAI 97

a hai bour ' HAFEN, HAVN (Teut. and Scand.), ( ; *?. V ft 6 ' <* HOFEN HAMM, J 'f^(freshwaterf ^f ^Kur- haven); HAVRE (m ) \ische-haff (the harbour of the a harbour of Cures, tribe) ; Ludwig's-hafen (the Louis) ; Charles's -haven, Frederick's -haven (named after their Delfshaven canal Vilshaven founders) ; (the harbour) ; (the harbour at of the R. the mouth Vils) ; Thorshaven (the harbour of Thor) ; Heiligenhaven (holy harbour) ; Hamburg town of the Hochburi (the harbour), formerly (high town) ; Soderhamm south Osterhafen har- (the harbour) ; (east in harbour on the bour) ; Ryehaven, (the bank, Milford-haven harbour of the modern rive) ; (the Milford), name of the Cel. Aber-du-gledian (the confluence of the two a word to streams the ancient Britons swords\ applied by ; Whitehaven, in Cumberland, according to Camden named from its white cliffs Stonehaven harbour of the ; (the rock), in allusion to the projecting rock which shelters the har- bour in allusion to ; Newhaven, Co. Sussex, the new harbour made in 1713 its former name was Meeching; Newhaven, Co. Edinburgh, named in contradistinction from the old harbour at Leith.

., , , an a , c ( enclosure,' literally3 place HAG, HAGEN (Teut. and Scand.), I , , , , , surrounded b a hed e y S > cognate riAiiN. \ . - . , . nAiwU)HAIGH n.tt.i,HAY HAIN , TT \ with the Celtic cae; e.g. Hagen, in Germany, and La Haye, Les Hayes, and Hawes (the en- in and closures), France, Belgium, England ; Hagenbach enclosed (the hedged-in brook) ; Hagenbrunn (the well) ; enclosed a town in Hagueneau (the meadow), Germany ; Fotheringay (probably originally an enclosure for fodder or The Ger. duke's en- fother) ; Hague, Gravenhage (the a of the Princes of closure, originally hunting-seat Orange) ; Hain-Grossen (the great enclosure) ; Jacob's-hagen (James's in Pomerania enclosure of enclosure), ; Urishay (the Uris), in Hereford enclosed in ; Haigh and Haywood (the wood), Lancashire. HEGY a hill HAGO, (Hung.), ; e.g. Kiraly-hago (the king's hill) ; Szarhegy (the emperor's hill). HAI the sea Nankai (Chinese), ; e.g. Hoanghai (the yellow sea), ; (the southern sea). H 98 HAIDE HAM

or HEIDE a heath or wild wood Falkenheid HAIDE, (Teut.), ; e.g. falcon's Birchenheide birch - (the wood) ; (the wood) ; Hohenheid and Hochheyd (high heath) ; Hatfield, Hadleigh, and field or Hatherley, Hatherleigh (the heathy meadow) ; Hadlow Haidecke (heath hill) ; (heath corner) ; Heyde- capelle (the chapel on the heath), in Holland. a or thicket Wildenhain wild beasts' HAIN (Ger.), grove ; e.g. (the Wilhelmshain or Lan- thicket) ; (William's grove thicket) ; Grossenhain thick genhain (long thicket) ; (the grove). HALDE a with Scand. (Ger.), declivity, cognate hald, (a rock) ; e.g. in Leimhalde (clayey declivity) ; Frederick's-hald, Norway, so named by Frederick III. in 1665. Its old name was simply Halden (on the declivity).

, . a stone a [ house, ^palace ; e.g. Eccleshall HALL, or ALH (Teut.), I , , \ . Ci Z j ,. in Staffordshire, where ( \c\ \ (church house), the of Lichfield had a ( Bishops palace ; in Essex Coggeshall, (Gwgan's mansion) ; Kenninghall (the king's palace), in Norfolk, at one time the residence of the princes of . HALL and HALLE, in German topography, is a general name for a place where salt is manufactured. The word has its root in the Cym.-Cel. halen (salt), cognate with the Gadhelic salen and the Teut. sals, probably from the Grk. hals (the sea). Hall and Halle, as town names, are found in con- nection with Salz; as in Hall in Upper Austria, near the Salzberg (a hill with salt mines), and Hall, near the salt mines in the in Prussian on the Tyrol ; Halle, Saxony, R. Saale Reichenhall in Bavaria ; (rich salt-work), ; Hallein, celebrated for its salt-works and on the baths, Salza ; for its in Hallstadt, also noted salt-works ; Hall, Wurtem- near salt in berg, springs ; Halton, Cheshire, probably takes its name from the salt mines and works in the neigh- bourhood headland of the salt ; Penardhalawig (the marsh) ancient of in Flint was the name Hawarden, and Cheshire ; Halys and Halycus (salt streams), in and Sicily.

, c , . (a home or family residence, HAM, HEIM (Teut. and Scand.)," I ... . ', . < literally a place of shelter, from . HJEM, HEIM, ) j Ger.r- ,1 . , ( heimen, (to cover), hama, A.S. (a covering), cognate with the Grk. heima; e.g. Hamp- home stead and Hampton (the place) ; Okehampton (the HAM 99

R. in Devonshire dwelling on the Oke), ; Oakham (oak dwelling), so called from the numerous oaks that used to in its of the Buc- grow vicinity ; Buckingham (the home or dwellers beech - cingus among trees) ; , a from the probably Boerings ; Addlingham of the or and Edlingham (the home Athelings nobles) ;

Horsham (Horsa's dwelling) ; Clapham (Clapa's home) ; Epsom, anc. Thermce- Ebbesham (the warm springs of a Flitcham Blen- Ebba, Saxon queen) ; (Felex's home) ; Blindheim in heim, Ger. (dull home), Bavaria ; Notting- A.S. near Shore- ham, Snotengaham (the dwelling caves) ; on the ham (the dwelling coast) ; Waltham (the dwelling near a of the wood) ; Framlingham (the dwelling strangers), from the A.S. Grantham ; (Granta's dwelling) ; Ightham with in Kent (the parish eight villages), ; Wrexham, anc. Writtlesham (the town of wreaths), A.S. wreath; of the Ingelheim (the dwelling Angli) ; Ingersheim (of Rodelheim Ingra) ; Oppenheim (of Uppo) ; (of Rodolph) ; Southampton (the south dwelling, in distinction from North- Twickenham between the ampton) ; (the dwelling streams, where the Thames seems to be divided into two streams) ; Rotherham, anc. Cel. Yr odre (the boundary), Lat. Ad-fines the (on boundary) ; Wolverhampton (the dwelling endowed the Wulfrana in the tenth by Lady century) ; Godmanham, in Yorkshire (the holy man's dwelling), the site of an idol temple, destroyed under the preaching of Paulinus, whose name it bears. This root-word is often joined to the name of a river, thus Coleham, Coverham, Debenham, Hexham or Hestildisham, Jaxtham, Lenham, Trentham, Tynningham (i.e, towns or villages on the Rivers Colne, Cover, Deben, on the Chelt Hestild, Jaxt, Len, Trent, Tyne) ; Cheltenham, ; Oxnam, Co. Roxburgh, formerly Oxenham (a place of shelter for on the R. in Hanover Dron- oxen) ; Hameln, Hamel, ; theim or Kaiserheim Trondjeim (throne dwelling) ; (the Heidelsheim of emperor's dwelling) ; (the dwelling Haidulf), in the Bavaria ; , probably dwelling near the field of Old Ger. hilti battle, (a battle) ; Mannheim (the dwelling of men), as contrasted with Asheim or Asgarth of the in Baden in (the dwelling gods), ; Hildersham, Yorkshire, anc. Hildericsham (the dwelling of Childeric). HAMMANHAR

Ham is often contracted into om, um, en, or am, etc. as in Dokum town of the or in Holland (the port dock), ; in from Nehon, Normandy, corrupt, Nigel's home ; Angeln of the in Silesia (the dwelling Angli) ; Oppeln, (the dwelling of in from Adderham Oppo) ; Edrom, Berwickshire, corrupt, on the R. on the in (the dwelling Adder) ; Ednam, Eden, on Hiz or in Roxburghshire ; Hitchen, the Hitche, Herts ; Fulham, anc. Fullenham (the home of birds), A.S. fugil; Hownam (the dwelling of Howen or Owen), in Roxburgh- shire. In Flanders ham or heim often takes the forms ofeim, as in Killim of em, etc., (the dwelling Kilian) ; the (of Ledro) ; Hem (of Hugnes) ; Pitgain (of well) ; for Wolfsheim of the Wolsen, ; Bohemia (the home Boii) ; Dahlen Wolsen (valley dwelling) ; (Wolfa's dwelling). ,. , . (hot springs;6 e.g.& Hamman-Mousa HAMMAN (Ar. and Turc.), \ ... .' , ,, ' of < (the hot springs Moses) ; Ham- HAMMAH, man-Pharoon-_., / / T.I i_\ Ham-TT ( (of Pharaoh) ; mah-de-Cabes baths of in North Africa (the warm Cabes), ; Alhama (the town of the warm baths), the name of several places in Spain. HAMMER (Scand.) This word sometimes signifies a village or small and sometimes a rock Lillehammer town, ; e.g. (the little Oesthammer Hamr town) ; (east village) ; (a steep in Shetland in the island of place), ; Hammerfeste, Qualoe, probably means the rock fortress, faestung. In German topography it is generally connected with the blacksmith's hammer, and is common in localities where metals are thus - Silber- worked, Hammersmeide (hammer smithy) ; hammer (a place where silver is wrought), near Dantzic. Kemble also suspects a reference to Thor's hammer in the names of towns or in some villages England ; e.g. Hamerton, in also in in Huntingdon, and ; Hammerwich, Staffordshire in Yorkshire. ; Hamerton-kirk, HANG (Ger.), a declivity, from hangen (to hang), A.S. hongian; on the Panns- e.g. Hangenheim (the dwelling declivity) ; in Herts hanger (Penn's slope), ; Clehonger (clayey slope), Hereford. HAER the Harwich town or HAR, (Teut.), army ; e.g. (army bay), in Essex, so called because the Danes had a great military at this in anc. Hari-stelle depot place ; Herstal, Belgium, HARTHAUGH 101

in Nor- (army place) ; Hargrave (the army entrenchment), folk in ; Harbottle (the army's quarters), Northumberland. In Edmond's Names of Places this prefix, as well as hor, is referred to an A.S. word signifying hoary; under which he places Harborough, in , the name of which is traced by to havre (oats). e brushwood or a wood ' -S- the Harz HART HARZ (Teut ) f Mountains, with the town of Harzburg HVRST fA sV i fortress in the ( (the wood) ; in in Deerhurst (woody field), Hanover ; Hurst, Kent ; wood or of (deer thicket) ; Hurst -Monceaux (the wood a in Monceaux, probably Norman baron), Sussex ; Hurst, a town in Lancashire of ; Lyndhurst (the wood lime-trees) ; Midhurst the middle of the Hawkhurst (in wood) ; (hawk Gravenhorst count's Horstmar wood) ; (the wood) ; (rich in wood) v. MAR; Billing's-hurst (the wood of the Billings), a Farnhurst and patronymic ; Ferneyhurst (ferny wood) ; Sendenhorst in Herzovia or (the rushy wood), Westphalia ; in in Herzegovia (a woody district), Turkey ; Murrhard, means the wood on the R. Wurtemberg, Muhr ; Delmen- horst, on the Delme, in Hanover. Hart, in English topo- graphy, however, refers more commonly to heart (the hart), as in Hart7WHessle of HASEL, (Teut.), ; e.g. (the place Haselburn and hazels) ; Haselbrunnen (the stream and well of the Haslau hazels) ; (hazel meadow) ; Heslington in i.e. (the dwelling among hazels) ; Hasselt, Belgium, Lat. Hasseletum Hasseloe Hasselholt, (hazel grove) ; (hazel in Sweden and island), Denmark ; Hazeldean and Hasling- den (the hollow of the hazels). HATCH, HJECA (A.S.), a bolt, a gate, hence an enclosed dwelling; e.g. Hatch -Beauchamp (the enclosed dwelling of Beau- a West- champ, personal name) ; Colney-Hatch (of Colney) ; in in Hatch, Somerset ; Pilgrim's Hatch, Essex.

In Scot l and these words denote a ( generally WATTPW HFTT/-W I ...... xlAUOrl,' xlrLULjH. , , ., < low -lying meadow between hills or on the HOW, HOPE. J i i r T-rii'ty. 1 in ( banks of a stream, as Hobkirk (i.e. the 102 HA UPTHA US

church in the or Howwood wood in the hope meadow) ; (the for in the hollow) ; , Hoiaton (the dwelling hollow), parishes in Scotland. In England how and haugh come more frequently from the Scand. haugr (a heap or mound often raised over a grave, like the cairns in Scotland), as in Silver-how, Butterlip-how, in the Lake District, probably from over some Norse leader's in mounds grave ; Haugh, Lincoln near the How- ; Haugham (the dwelling mound) ; in Yorkshire of the or den, (the valley haugr mound) ; Haughley (the meadow near the mound). La Hogue, in France, is from haugr or from the houg, as also Les Hogues and little Gretna Green is the La Hoguette (the mound) ; modern name for Cretan-how (the great hollow). Haugr also means a temple or high place, fenced off and hallowed, the Scandinavians and to this so derived among ; word Dasent traces Harrow-on-the-hill and Harrowby. a head a in ' Promontory; Howth Head, HAUPT (Ger} ( f& /o j \ ) Ireland, from the Danish hofed its Irish . ~ , . , HOVED (Scand.),v n < D ,, ,.,, , x -r, ,. . \ is Edatr hill of Brun- name Ben (the Edar) ; *'> houbt well ( (the head) ; Berghaupt (hill head) ; Ruckshoft in Hoft (ridge head), Germany ; (the headland), in the island of Sneehatten in Nor- Rugen ; (snowy head), in Dumfriesshire. way ; Hoddam (holm head), , . /a dwelling, allied to casa, Lat., It., Span., and 'T. Port. Miihlhausen the mill UUS } sJ ; e.g. (at house) ; (bcand), Saxenhausen the of the un ( dwelling Saxons) ; S-)> the (wendenhausen (of Wends) ; (the ship station), which consisted originally of a few store- houses on the banks of the Rhine for the reception of mer- chandise Dunkelhauser dark Aarhuus ; (the house) ; (the the a in town on watercourse), seaport Denmark ; Aggers- huus, in Norway, on the R. . This district and river seems to have been named from an agger or rampart erected near Christiania in 1302, on the Aggerfiord. Ward- huus (the dwelling in the island of the watch-tower), on the coast of Fenmark Holzhausen at the ; (the dwelling wood) ; fortified Distilhousen dwell- Burghausen (the dwelling) ; (the ing among thistles), in Belgium. In Hungary, Bogdan-haza Oroshaza of the (God's house) ; (the dwelling Russians) ; Chaise-Dieu, Lat. Casa-Dei (the house of God), in France. HEL Y 103

Also in France, Chaise, Les Chaises; Casa-nova (new house); Casa-vecchia in Corsica (old house), ; Chassepierre, Lat. in Casa-bianca Casa-petrea (stone house), Belgium ; (white house), in Brazil. with various in [ prefixes meanings Eng., Ger., < and Scand. topography. Sometimes they mean Ger. as in ( holy, heilig, Heligoland (holy isle) ; Heilbron (holy well) ; Heligensteen (holy rock) ; Heilberg and Hallidon (holy hill) ; Heiligencreuz (the town of the Nemet-keresztur of the holy cross), Hung. (the grove cross) ;

Heiligenhaven (holy harbour) ; Heiligenstadt (holy town) ; Halifax, in Yorkshire (holy face), is said to have been named from an image of John the Baptist, kept in a her- at the in mitage place ; Hoxton, Sussex, was originally Hageltoun (holy town), because it was there that St. Edmund suffered martyrdom. Sometimes, however, hell denotes a covered place, as in Helwell, in Devonshire (the covered sometimes it as in Hellebrunn well) ; means clear, (clear or in of bright fountain) ; Heilbronn, Wurtemberg (fountain health), named from a spring formerly used medicinally. Hellefors, a waterfall in Norway, and Hellgate, New , seem to derive their names from a superstition connected with the of the dead in Hel) goddess ; , Wales, is in Welsh Pen-Caer-Gibi (the hill fort of St. Cybi, called in his Lat. holy honour) ; Holy Island, Insula-sancta, obtained its name from the monastery of St. Cuthbert its more ancient name, Lindisfarne, is probably the ferry, fahr, of the brook on the shore in Lindis, opposite ; Holywell, Flint, took its name from St. Winifred's Well, celebrated for its miraculous cures its Welsh name is Tref-fynnon (the town of the clear water) ; Holywood, Dumfriesshire, Cel. Der Congal (the oak grove of St. Congal). HELLR a cave into which the tide flows Hellr- (Scand.), ; e.g. hals neck or strait of the Heller-holm (the cave) ; (the island of the Hellersness cave) ; (the headland of the caves). HELY a Var- (Hung.), place ; e.g. Vasarhely (the market-place) ; of the hely (the place fortress) ; Marosvasarhely (the market-place on the R. Maros), in Ger. Neumarkt ; Vasarhely- hod -Mezo (the market-place of the beaver's 104 HENHIRSCH

where the meadow) ; Szombathely (the place Saturday is market held, szombaf) ; Csotortokhely (the Thursday market-place), Germanised Donners-markt; Udvarhely

(court place) ; Szerdahely (Wednesday market-place), Vasar, Hung, (a market), from Turc. Bazar. old old on the Thames HEN (Cym.-Cel.), ; e.g. Henly (the place), ; for Hen- St. Hentland, (old church, now Asaph's) ; in Henlys (old palace) ; Hen-egglys (old church), Anglesea. ancient ancient HEN (Cym.-Cel.), old, ; e.g. Henlys (the hall). HENGST (Teut.), a horse hence Hengiston, in Cornwall, either enclosure for or the of an horses town Hengist ; Hengest- dorf or Pferdsdorf (horse's village) ; Hengistridge (horse's horse's island or ridge) ; Hinksey (the marshy place) ; Hinkley (the horses' meadow).

, a or lord or \ ( duke ;' e.g. Herzogenbosch HERZOG . , ... . . HERR, (Ger.), jf Her- /T^ i_\ X Bois-le-Duc (the^ grove); , , , . . HERTOG (Dutch), ) ^ ,, /A , < , js s reclaimed ( togspodler (the duke land) ; duke's Herzogenburg (the fortress) ; Herzogenrath (the cleared duke's duke's land) ; Herrnsbaumgarten (the Herrnhut Lord's founded orchard) ; (the tabernacle), by Count Zinzendorf, in Saxony, for the Moravian Brethren, in Herisau duke's Lat. 1722 ; (the meadow), Augia- Domim, in Switzerland. or or thicket HESE, HEES (Teut.), a hedge ; e.g. Hessingen (the in the Maashees thicket on the dwelling thicket) ; (the R. Wolfhees wolfs Maas) ; (the thicket). I with the /A e \ an elevation, cognate Ger. hugel; \- ''', . '< e.g. Silver-hill, named after Solvar, a Norse [

: walled Lisbon Spain Olisippo (the town), now ; Oreppo, Belippo, Lacippo. HIR (Cym.-Cel.), long. the hart Hirzenach hart's HIRSCH (Ger.), ; e.g. (the stream) ; Hersbrock (the hart's marsh); Hirschberg, Lat. Cotva- HISSARHOCH 105

montem hart's (the hill) ; Hirschfeld, Herschau, Hirsch- holm, Hirschhorn (the field, meadow, hill, peak of the harts). HISSAR a castle Kezil-hissar Kara- (Turc.), ; e.g. (red castle) ; hissar Eski-hissar anc. (black castle) ; (old castle), Lao- dicea Demir-hissar Guzel-hissar ; (iron castle) ; (white Sevri-hissar castle) ; (cypress castle) ; Sultan-hissar (the sultan's Kulci-hissar castle on the R. castle) ; (the Khelki). HITHE (A.S.), a haven; e.g. Hythe, in Kent; Greenhithe (the anc. Lomehithe green haven) ; Lambeth, (clayey haven) ; Maidenhead, anc. Mayden-hithe, i.e. the wharf midway between Marlow and Windsor ; Queenhithe (the queen's in anc. haven) ; Redriff, Surrey, Rethra-hythe (the haven of sailors), A.S. rethra, also called Rotherhithe (the haven for horned Old rather anc. Stebon- cattle), Eng. ; Stepney, haven or timber A.S. Ora- hythe (Stephen's wharf) ; Erith, hithe in Kent in (shore haven), ; Challock, Kent, corrupt, from ceale hythe (chalk haven). a HJALTI (Scand.), Viking ; e.g. Shapansay, anc. Hjalpansay (the i.e. with Viking's island) ; Shetland, Hjaltiland, the same meaning. HLINC a in (A.S. ), ridge ; e.g. Linch, Sussex; Rouselinch (Rouse's ridge), in Worcestershire. HO a river or water (Chinese), ; e.g. Euho (the precious river) ; Peiho Hoangho (the yellow river) ; (white river) ; Yuho of (imperial river) ; Keangho (rapid river) ; Hoonan (south the Hoohe of the i.e. of lake) ; (north lake, Lake Tongting). *"*' HohurSt and hlgh ' (& hdght) ' *& HOCH HOHEN (Ger ) ( Hohenhart HFAH' HFAP CA <\ ) (high wood) ; Hohenberg hill hil1 fort HOOG (Dutch 1 (high > ; Homburg

enclosure) ; Hochstadt, Hochstetten, Hochstatten (high or dwelling) ; Hocheim (high home dwelling), from which Hock wines are Velko- place named ; Hochwiesen, Sclav. meadow or for and polya (high plain) ; Hochst Hochstadt, for Hochham Grk. Hoym (high town) ; Hohenelbi, Albipolis town on the (the high Elbe) ; Hohenlohe (the high meadow or Hohenstein and Hohenstauffen thicket) ; (high rock) ; Lat. Hohenwarth, Altaspecula (the high watch-tower) ; Hohenzollern to Zwolf (the high place belonging the family) ; io6 HOF HOLM

Hohenscheid Hockliffe (the high watershed) ; (high cliff), in Bedford manor or ; Higham, Highworth (high dwelling) ; Wilhelmshohe Highgate (high road) ; (William's high place) ; , in Shetland (the high island). > an enclosure, and court. In Scan- I" manor, dinavia hoff means a temple ; e.g. Eyndhoven 'OEVE (Dutch) 1 '' manor at the Neuhof and Neun- ( (the corner) ; in France Hof and Hoff hoffen, (new manor) ; (the enclosure), in in on the R. Saale Stadt-am- Belgium ; Hof, Bavaria, ; hof, in Bavaria, anc. Curia Bavarica (the place at the Hof-an-der- or the court) ; March (the court manor on R. Schoonhoven in Holland March) ; (beautiful manor), ; Nonnenhof nun's Meerhof (the enclosure) ; (the dwelling on the Peterhof court founded marshy land) ; (the dwelling Peter the Hoff in Iceland by Great) ; (the temple), ; Hoff, a village near Appleby, has the same meaning, as it is situated in a wood called Hoff-land (the temple grove). In Iceland, when a chieftain had taken possession of a district, he erected a temple (Jiojf) and became, as he had been in of district Norway, the chief, the pontiff, and the judge the ; and when the took possession of Cumberland and Westmoreland they would naturally act in the same manner. HOHN (Old Ger.), a low place, as in Die-Hohne (the hollows), in the Brocken.

HOLLE (Teut.), a cave, from hohl (hollow); e.g. Hohenlinden, anc. Hollinden hollow of or the (the place lime-trees) ; Holland Netherlands low also a (the countries) ; Holland, low-lying district in Lincolnshire low ; Holdeornesse (the promontory of the of in Hereford low province ) ; Holmer, (the lake, mere). a small island HOLM (Scand.), ; e.g. Flatholm (flat island) ; Steep- holm Priestholm the Alderholm (steep island) ; (of priest) ; in and in (of alders) ; Holm, Sweden, Hulm, Norway (the anc. Holmia island built island) ; Stockholm, (the city, upon stalces). But holm also signifies occasionally a hill, as in in and or Smailholm, Roxburghshire (little hill) ; Hume, holm, Castle, in Berwickshire (on a hill). Sometimes also it signifies a low meadow on the banks of a stream, as in Durham, corrupt, from Dun-holm or Dunelme (the fortress on the almost surrounded the R. meadow), by Wear ; Lang- HOLT HORN 107

holm Denholm meadow in the (the long meadow) ; (the anc. on deep valley) ; Twynholm, Twynham (the dwelling a in the hillock), Welsh twyn, parish Kirkcudbright ;

Brachenholm (ferny meadow) ; Lingholme (heather island), in also Silverholme island of a Windermere ; (the Solvar, in the anc. Norse leader) ; Bornholm, Baltic, Burgundaland island of the an insulated dis- (the ) ; Axholme, trict in Co. Lincoln, formed by the Rivers Trent, Idle, and Cel. in the Malar Don, from utsge, (water) ; Drotningholm, Lake near Stockholm (queen's island), from Swed. drottmig found in some in the north (a queen) ; Battleholme, places of England, according to Ferguson, means fertile island, from an Old English word battel or bette (fertile). and a Aldershot HOLT, HOLZ (A.S. Ger.), wood ; e.g. (alder-tree hill or hill fort in the Evershot wood) ; Bergholt (the wood) ; boar's Badshot Boch- (the wood, eofer) ; (badger's wood) ; holt Ooster- (beech-wood) ; Jagerholz (huntsman's wood) ; hout Holzkirchen church at the (east wood) ; (the wood) ; Thourhout, in (the wood consecrated to the in the of in France god Thor) ; Tourotte, department Oise, "Dior's Hootenesse in (also wood) ; (woody promontory), Meerholt Meerhout Belgium ; Diepholz (deep wood) ; and a district in (marshy wood) ; Holt, woody Norfolk. or HOE a of land into the HOO, (Scand.), spit running sea ; e.g. Sandhoe The in Kent in (the sandy cape) ; Hoe, ; Kew, Surrey, anc. Kay-hoo (the quay on the spit of land). a h rn'like projection or into the HORN (C \ ( cape jutting sea or a between like a T/ / a c\ ) > valley hills, curved ri \ RNli, (/\.o. ) -\ i T , , , hom e' - Hoorn ; g (the Promontory)> a seaport HOORN (Dutch) ) \m. Holland, from which place the Dutch navigator Schoutens named Cape Horn, Hoorn being his native town on the place ; Hornburg (the projection) ;

Hornby (corner dwelling) ; Horncastle (the castle on the Horndon promontory) ; Hornbergand (the projecting hill) ; on the (the projection coast) ; Matterhorn (the peak in the meadows), so called from the patches of green meadow-land which surround its base ; Schreckhorn (the of Finsteraarhorn the peak terror) ; (the peak out of which Finster-Aar, or dark Aar, has its source). This river is so named to distinguish it from the Lauter or clear river. io8 HOUCIA

of the in Faul- Skagenshorn (the peak Skaw), Denmark) ; horn (the foul peak), so called from the black shale which in water Wetterhorn Katzen- disintegrates ; (stormy peak) ; horn cat's Silberhorn (the peak) ; (the silvery peak) ; Jung- frauhorn (the peak of the maiden). HOUC, or HOOG (Teut.), a corner or little elevation, akin to the Spottish heugh and the Scand. haugr; e.g. Hoogzand and sand and marsh at the Hoogeveen (the corner) ; Hoogheyd land at (corner heath) ; Hoogbraek (the broken-up the

corner) ; Stanhoug (stone corner). or a little hill HUBEL, HUGEL (Ger.), ; e.g. Haidhugel (heath hill) ; Huchel and Hivel little Steinhugel (stony hill) ; (the hill) ; Lindhovel hill of Gieshiibel hill of (the lime-trees) ; (the gushing brooks). x , a district supposed to have originally com- JNJJKr/lJ F f . , ...... rlU ll^ng. 1, ., , r /)- \ \ prised at least one hundred family dwell- ...... _ HUNTARI (Ger.), IF , ,. , r like ( ings, Welsh (from cant, a the of a similar division in Wales hundred), name ; e.g. Hundrethwaite (the cleared land on this Hundred), a district in Yorkshire. HUTTE and a shed or Uunkelhiitte (Teut. Scand.), cottage ; e.g. Mooshutten in the (dark cottage) ; (the cottage mossy land) ; hut on the ox Huttenwerke (the pasture) ; (the huts at the works or Hudemiihlen mines) ; (mill hut) ; Hutton (the town of huts). But , in Bavaria, does not seem to be derived from hutte, but from schutz, Ger. (a defence), as it is in the neighbourhood of an old fortress, on the site of a Roman camp. HVER a oxen's (Norse), warm, bubbling spring ; e.g. Uxaver (the spring), in Iceland.

I

I an island I-Colum-chille or lona island of (Gadhelic), ; e.g. (the St. Columba's lerne or Ireland western island or cell) ; (the the island of Eire, an ancient queen). I A a or land Galatia and and anc. (Cel.), country ; e.g. Galicia, Gallia of the for Van- (the country Gauls) ; Andalusia, dalusia of the Batavia (the country Vandals) ; (the good IACUMILLIA 109

Britania or Pictavia land), bette, good ; (probably the land of from painted tribes) ; Catalonia, corrupt, Gothalonia (the land of the Circassia land of the Goths) ; (the Tcherkes, a Croatia land of the Choriots or tribe) ; (the mountaineers) ; the Moravia district Suabia (of Suevii) ; (the of the R. Moldavia the R. It is called Moravia) ; (of Moldau). by the natives and Turks Bogdania, from Bogdan, a chieftain who colonised it in the thirteenth century. Ethiopia (the land of the blacks, or the people with the sunburnt faces), from Grk. and aitho Phoenicia ops (the face), (to burn) ; (the land of palms or the brown land), Grk. Phoenix; Silesia land of the Bosnia district (the Suisli) ; (the of the R. named after a Scandinavian Bosna) ; Russia, Rourik, chief from the ancient of the ; Siberia, Siber, capital Tartars ; Kaffraria (the country of the Kaffirs or unbelievers), a the Arabs Dalmatia name given by ; (the country of the who inhabited the the Dalmates, city Dalminium) ; Iberia, ancient name of Spain, either from the R. Ebro or from a tribe called the Iberi or from Basques ; Caledonia, perhaps Coille (the wood). affix IACUM, an used by the Romans, sometimes for ia (a district), and sometimes the Latinised form of the adjectival termina- tion ach v. Lat. qu. p. 5 ; e.g. Juliers, Juliacum (belonging to Lat. Bellovacum Julius Cassar) ; Beauvais, (belonging to the Bellovaci) ; Annonay, Lat. Annonicum (a place for with of in grain, large magazines corn) ; Bouvignes, Bel- Lat. Boviniacum of gium, (the place oxen) ; Clameny, Lat. Clameniacum to its (belonging Clement, founder) ; Joigny, anc. on the R. Yonne Lat. Joiniacum, ; Annecy, Anneacum to Lat. (belonging Anecius) ; Cognac, Cogniacum (the corner of the water), Fr. coin, Old Fr. coiny, Cel. cuan. IERE, an affix in French topography denoting a possession, and affixed to the name of the Guil- generally proprietor ; e.g. letiere of Guzoniere (the property Guillet) ; (of Guzon). ILI (Turc.), a district; e.g. Ili-Bosnia (the district of the R. Rumeli or Roumelia district of the Bosna) ; (the Romans). ILLIA a town (Basque), ; e.g. Elloirio, Illora, and Illura (the town on the anc. Illurcis fine water, ura) ; Lorca, (the town with town with the Grk. water) ; Elibyrge (the tower), pyrgos ; anc. Illici town on the Illiberus Elche", (the hill, ct) ; (new 1 10 IMING

surnamed Elne after the in town, Empress Helena), Spain ; the isle of Oleron, anc. Illura (the town on the water). IM and a contraction for the Ger. in der or on IN, (in the) ; e.g. the Imhorst the Imgrund (in valley) ; (in wood) ; Eimbeck the Imruke the (on brook) ; (on ridge). ( an affix used by the Teutonic races, as a patronymic, ' ' < in the same sense as Mac is used in Scotland, afi I NT"* A in and O in Ireland. is ( Wales, Ing generally affixed to the settlement of a chief, and ingen to that of his descend- ants. Ing; preceding ham, ton, dean, ley, thorp, worth, etc., is generally an abbreviation of ingen, and denotes that the place belonged to the family of the tribe, as in Bonnington, Collington, Collingham, Islington (the home of the Bonnings, the Collings, and the Islings). In French topography ingen or takes the forms of igny, igne~, inges; and it appears, by comparing the names of many towns and villages in Eng- land and the north-west of France with those of Germany, that Teutonic tribes forming settlements in these countries transferred the names in their native land to their new homes. For the full elucidation of this subject reference may be made to Taylor's Words and Places, chap. vii. and the Appendix, and to Edmund's Names of Places, p. 5 8. Only a few examples of the use of this patronymic can be here from the and given ; thus, Offings Oving Ovingham, corresponding to the Ger. Offingen and the Fr. Offignes. From the Eppings Epping, Ger. Eppinghofen, and Fr. The Ger. Epagne. Bings Bing, Bingham, Bingley ; Fr. The Bingen ; Buigny. Basings Eng. Basing, Basing- Fr. From the ham, Bessingby ; Bazigny. Raedings Reading, Co. Berks. The Harlings Harlington. The Billings Bellington. From the Moerings or Merovingians towns and are named many French villages ; e.g. Morigny, in Marignd, Merignac, Merrigny ; England Herring, Merrington. We can sometimes trace these tribe names to the nature of the localities which they inhabited. Thus the Bucings, from which we have Boking and Buckingham, to a locality abounding in beech-trees, hoc; the Durotriges, from which we have Dorset and Dorchester, are the dwellers by the water, dur ; as well as the Eburovices, who gave their name to Evreux, in France. Ing, also, in INNEJKINNIS in

A.S. names, sometimes means a meadow, as in Clavering-, in Essex (clover meadow), A.S. Claefer; Mountnessing, Co. Essex (the meadow of the Mountneys, who were lords of the of formerly manor) ; Godalming (the meadow Godhelm). INNER (Ger.), opposed to ausser (the inner and outer), as in Innerzell, Ausserzell (the inner and outer church). f an island, also in some cases pasture INNIS (Gadhelic), . \ or a It /^ /- i \ land near water,' peninsula. YNYS, ENEZ (Cym.-Cel.), , ,, f f r often takes the form of inch, as in EL fr er ^ j -)> 1 island of the Keith ULA(y (the (Lat.), family) ; (St. Columba's NESOS (Grk.), T , j( T t-r j /i i \ T i. Inchfad Inch- Island) ; (long isle) ; Inchard Inch- garvie (the rough island) ; (high isle) ; Cailleach (the island of the old women or nuns), in Loch Lomond, being the site of an ancient nunnery; Inchmarnoch St. in the Firth of Inchbrackie (of Marnoch), Clyde ; (the Inchtuthill spotted isle) ; Inchgower (the goat's isle) ; (the island of the flooded anc. stream) ; Craignish, Craiginche in is a (the rocky peninsula) ; , Sutherlandshire, from Doirbh-innis corrupt, (the stormy peninsula) ; Ynys- Bronwen (the island of Bronwen, a Welsh lady who was in off buried there), Anglesey ; Ynis-wyllt (wild island), the coast of Wales isle and home of ; Inysawdre (the refuge),

in In Ireland : Ennis river Glamorgan. (the meadow) ; , Irish Inis-Cethlenn (the island of Cethlenn, an ancient of Ennisheen queen Ireland) ; (beautiful island) ; Devenish, in Lough Erne, is Daimhinis (the island of oxen). is not from this root it is But Enniskerry ; corrupt, from Gael. Orc- Ath-na-scairbhe (the rough ford) ; Orkney Isles, innis islands of are sometimes called (the whales) ; they tail of in Earr-Cath (the Caithness) ; Innisfallen, Lake island of the Hebrides or Kallarney (the Fathlenn) ; called islands of the the Sudereys, Innisgall (the ) ; from Russ. alent bald in Hol- Aleutian Islands, (a rock) ; land, Duiveland (pigeon island), and Eyerlandt (the island of the in town on an sand-bank) ; Eilenburg, Saxony (the island in the R. Isola. a town in an Mulda) ; (on Issola or Imo-Isola in island) ; (low island), Italy ; Lille, in Flanders, anc. L'lsle, named from an insulated castle in INVERJABLON

the midst of a marsh island of ; Peloponnesus (the Pelops) ; Polynesia (many islands).

/r jv i- \ ( a river confluence or a creek at I . , INVER, or INBHIR (Gadhehc), ,, _,. " < the mouth of a river. This word INNER, is ( an element in numerous names Scotland and it is not so throughout ; although common in Ireland, it exists in old names, as in Dromineer, for Druim- inbhir (the ridge of the river mouth). In Scotland it is used in connection with aber, the word inver being found sometimes at the mouth and aber farther up 'the same thus stream: Abergeldie and Invergeldie, on the Geldie ; and etc. Abernyte Invernyte, ; (the needle or a narrow confluence, snathad, needle) ; Innerkip (at the conf. of the and Inveresk and Inverkeilor Kip Daff) ; (at the mouths of the Esk and Keilor), in Mid Lothian and Innerleithen conf. Forfar ; (at the of the Leithen and in Peebles Inveraven the conf. of the Tweed), ; (at Aven and Inverness the conf. of the Ness with the Spey) ; (at the mouth of the Beauly) ; Inveraray (at Aray) ; Inverury the the Inverbervie or Urie) ; Inverkeithing (of Keith) ; Bervie the of the anc. (at mouth Bervie) ; Peterhead, Inverugie Petri or Petri promontorium (the promontory of the rock of St. Peter), on the R. Ugie, with its church dedicated to St. Peter now Leith the ; Inverleith, (at of the the mouth of the mouth Leith) ; Inverarity (at Arity), in Forfar anc. Invercullen the of the ; Cullen, (at mouth back river) v. CUL. ITZ, iz, IZCH, a Sclavonic affix, signifying a possession or quality, to the Teut. Carlovitz equivalent ing; e.g. (Charles's town) ; town of Studnitz the foun- Mitrowitz (the Demetrius) ; (of market Trebnitz and Trebitsch tain) ; Targowitz (the town) ; Schwanitz Madlitz (poor town) ; (swine town) ; (the house of Publitz of prayer) ; (the place beans) ; Janowitz (John's Schwantewitz town of the Sclavonic town) ; (the god Swantewit).

J

the JABLON (Sclav.), apple-tree ; e.g. Jablonez, Jablonka, Jablona, Jablonken, Jablonoko, Gablenz, Gablona (places abounding in or Zablonnoi mountain of apples) ; Jablonnoi (the apples). JAMA KAISER 113

a ditch and JAMA (Sclav.), ; e.g. Jamlitz, Jamnitz, Jamno (places with a ditch or town in the hollow trench) ; Jamburg (the or but sometimes the of ditch) ; Jamlitz may mean place medlar-trees, from jemelina (the medlar). a marsh and JASOR (Sclav.), ; e.g. Jehser-hohen Jeser-nieder (the and lower near Frankfort and high marsh), ; Jeserig Jeserize (the marshy place). the ash-tree JASSEN (Sclav.), ; e.g. Jessen, Jessern, Jesseu, Jessnitz (the place of ash-trees). the Great and Little in JAWOR (Sclav.), maple-tree ; e.g. Jawer, Silesia in Russia ; Jauer, ; Jauernitz and Jauerburg (the place of maple-trees), in Russia. JAZA (Sclav.), a house; e.g. Jaschen, Jaschwitz, Jaschutz (the houses). an island or or JEZIRAH (Ar.), peninsula ; e.g. Algiers Al-Jezirah, from an island near the town Al-Geziras named ; (the near in Sar- islands), Gibraltar ; Alghero (the peninsula), dinia in the Persian Al- ; Jezirah-diraz (long island), Gulf; Jezirah or Mesopotamia (between the river). a snow-covered hill hill JOKUL (Scand.), ; e.g. Vatna-Jokul (the with the desert lake) ; Orefa-Jokul (the hill) ; Forfa-Jokul hill of (the Forfa) ; Long-Jokul (long hill). from JONC (Fr.), juncus, Lat. (a rush) ; e.g. Jonchere, Joncheres, Jonchery, Le Jonquer, La Joncieres, etc., place-names in France.

K

KADE a or a bank the water-side KAAI, KAI, (Teut), quay by ; Oudekaai or on e.g. (old quay) ; Kadzand (the quay bank the Moerkade Kewstoke sand) ; (marshy bank) ; (the place on the in on the quay) ; Kew, Surrey, Thames ; Torquay (the quay of the hill called Tor). KAHL (Ger.), ( bald, cognate with the Lat. calvus ; e.g. Kalen- CALO and bald (A.S.), ( berg Kahlengebirge (the mountains). , , /the emperor or Caesar; e.g. Kaisersheim, Kaiserstadt Kaiser- .r, /T-V \ u\ ) (the emperor's town) ; . KEYSER (Dutch). < , , , (the emperor's seat) ; Kaiserberg (the CYZAR (Sclav) jstuhl in from V^ emperor's fortress), , named a castle erected Frederick II. Kaiserslautern em- by ; (the I 114 KALATKESSEL

on the Lauter Kaiserswerth peror's place), R. ; (the emperor's on the Rhine island), ; Keysersdyk (the emperor's dam) ; in Holland Keysersloot (the emperor's sluice), ; Cysarowes in Bohemia (the emperor's village), ; Kaisariyeh, anc. Ccesarea. or a castle in Belochistan KALAT, KALAH (Ar.), ; e.g. Khelat, ; Yenikale new in the Crimea Calatablanca (the castle), ; ' in Ar. alat-harral (white castle), Sicily ; Calahorra, K (stone in Calata-bellota oak-tree in castle), Spain ; (the castle), surrounded Calata- Sicily ; Calata-girone (the castle), Sicily ; castle of the castle of mesetta (the women) ; Calatayud (the a Moorish Alcala-real Ayud, king) ; (the royal castle) ; Alcala-de-Henares (the castle on the R. Henares), in Spain; Sanjiac-Kaleh (the castle of the standard), corrupt, by the into in Asia French St. Jaques, Minor ; Calatrava (the castle of Rabah). KAMEN a stone (Sclav.), ; e.g. Camentz, Kemmen, Kammena, little Kamienetz (the stony place) ; Kamminchen (the from Steenkirchen stony place), a colony ; Chemnitz (the or the town on the Kersna- stony town, stony river) ; kaimai Christian's stone (the house) ; Schemnitz, Hung. Selmecz (stony town), in Silesia. KARA black Karamania district of the (Turc.), ; e.g. (the blacks) ; black in Kara-su black Karacoum (the sand), Tartary ; (the Kara-su-Bazar market-town on the river) ; (the Kara-su) ; black in Persia and Kara-Tappeh (the mound), ; Kartagh Kartaon (the black mountain chains), in Turkey and Tar- the for the tary ; Kara-Dengis, Black Sea, called by the Russians Tchernce-more, Ger. Schawarz-meer; Kara-mulin Kara-bournow black (black mill) ; Cape (the nose), in Asia Minor. a or defile KEHLE (Ger.), gorge ; e.g. Bergkehle (hill gorge) ; Hundkehle (the dog's gorge) ; Langkehl (long gorge) ; in Baden hidden Kehl (the gorge), ; Schuylkill (the gorge), a river in America.

, a but in , ( literally kettle,' topography ap- KEZIL I ,. , , . KESSEL,' (Ger.)," / j . . < plied to a bowl-shaped valley surrounded hills in Holstein | by ; e.g. Ketel, ; Kessel, in Kessel-loo or in Belgium ; (the low-lying grove swamp), Kesselt in Belgium ; (the low-lying wood, holt), Belgium ; KIR KIRCHE 1 1 5

Kettle or King's-kettle (the hollow), in the valley of the R. in to the crown but such Eden, Fife, formerly belonging ; names as Kesselstadt, Kesselsham, Kettlesthorpe, and Kettleshulme are probably connected with the personal name Chetil or Kettle, being common names among the and Scandinavians. or a or Kir- ... a wall stronghold, city town ; e.g. ^ ( hold of Kiriathaim M ab the stron Moab ) 5 (the TH \ ( ? ' two of now ( cities) ; Kirjath-Arba (the city Arba),

Hebron ; Kirjath-Baal (of Baal) ; Kirjath-Huzoth (the city

of villas) ; Kirjath-jearim (of forests) ; Kirjath-sannah (of palms), also called Kirjath-sepher (the city of the book). The Breton Ker (a dwelling) seems akin to this word, as in Kergneu (the house at the nut-trees), in Brittany.

,_ , c , . /a church. The usual derivation of I . . . , . KIRCHE (Ger. and Scand.), , , , , I this is Grk. /A e \ word from kurtake,

>_ v. i oikos-kuriou (the Lord's house) ; I . , , KERK (Dutch), *ur i v T-J c \e.g. Kirkham, Kerkom, Kirchdorf Kirchhof Kirchwerder (church town) ; (church court) ; on an island in the R. Elbe Kirchditmold (), ; (the church at the people's place of meeting) -v. DIOT. Fiinfkirchen five in (the churches), Hungary ; Kirchberg (church hill), in Saxony. Many parishes in Scotland have this affix to their names, as in Kirkbean (the church of St church of the who Bean) ; Kirkcaldy (the Culdees, formerly had a cell Kirkcolm St. there) ; (of Columba) ; St. anc. Kirkuen St. (of Connal) ; , (of Keuin) ; St. in Kirkcudbright (of Cuthbert) ; Kirkden (the church the Kirkhill the the hollow) ; (on hill) ; Kirkhope (in valley) ; Kirkinner (the church of St. Kinneir). In England : Kirkby- Lonsdale church in the of the Lune (the town), valley ; Kirkby-Stephen (of St. Stephen, to whom the church was in Lancashire also in dedicated) ; Kirkdale, ; Kirkham, Lancashire Kirkliston church ; (the of the strong fort, founded the in Kirk- by Templars), Linlithgow ; after of oswald, named Oswald, King Northumberland ; Kirkurd, in Peeblesshire, Lat. Ecclesia de Orde (the church of Orde or a Norse Horda, personal name) ; , church on the Hobkirk church Kirk-ju-vagr (the bay) ; (the in the or in dedicated hope valley) ; Ladykirk, Berwickshire, ii6 KIS KNOLL

to the Virgin Mary by James IV. on his army crossing the near the to the church Tweed place ; Falkirk, supposed be on the Vallum or wall of Agricola, but more likely to be the A.S. rendering of its Gaelic name Eglais-bhrac (the spotted in A.S. of divers colours church), fah being ; Stonykirk, in Wigtonshire, corrupt, from Steenie-kirk (St. Stephen's Kirkmaden St. Carmichael for Kirk- church) ; (of Medan) ; Michael (of St. Michael); Bridekirk (of St. Bridget); Carluke for Kirkluke St. anc. (of Luke) ; Selkirk, Sella-chyrche-Regis (the seat of the king's church, originally attached to a royal Laurencekirk church of St. hunting-seat) ; (the ,

Archbishop' of Canterbury, called the Apostle of the Picts) ; church in the of the or Kirby-Kendal (the valley Ken Kent) ; Channelkirk, in Berwickshire, anc. Childer-kirk (the child- ren's church, having been dedicated to the Innocents). KIS little in (Hung.), ; e.g. Kis-sceg (little corner), Transylvania ;

Kishissar (little fort). KLAUSE, KLOSTER, a place shut in, from the Lat. claudo, also a cloister Klausen enclosed in ; e.g. (the place), Tyrol ; enclosed Klausenthal en- Klausenburg (the fortress) ; (the closed valley); Kloster-Neuburg (the new town of the in anc. and in cloister) ; Chiusa, Tuscany, Clusium, Clusa, enclosed also in Piedmont Saxony (the place), La Chiusa, ; but claus, as a prefix, may be Klaus, the German for Nicholas, and is sometimes attached to the names of churches dedicated to that saint.

little little a mountain KLEIN (Ger.), ; e.g. Klein-eigher (the giant), in Switzerland.

, . a hillock , ( ; e.g.* Noopnossv (the KNOP and I . ., A ,. KNAB, (Scand. Teut.), Knabtoftv rwlpftvn \ projecting point); of the ( (the farm hillock) ; The in hill with the Knab, Cumberland ; Knapen-Fell (the pro- in of tuberance), Norway ; (the valley hillocks), town and well near Argyleshire ; Knapton, Knapwell (the the in Suffolk and Yorkshire hillock) ; Snape (the hillock), ; in Nappan (little hillock), and Knapagh (hilly land), Ireland.

- a hillock Knowle and T \ ( ; e.g. Knoyle (the hillock) ; '' or Knowl-end ; valley, -| (hill end) Knowsley (hill, the or it is ( field). In form of know now common as an affix in Scotland. KOHKOPF 117

chief or father KOH (Pers.), a mountain ; e.g. Koh-baba (the Caucasus on or the moun- mountain) ; (mountain mountain, tain of the Kuh-i-Nuh the gods, Asses) ; ('s mountain), for Ararat ; Kashgar (the mountain fortress).

KOI (Turc.), a village ; e.g. Kopri-koi (bridge village) ; Haji-Veli- koi of the (the village pilgrim Veli) ; Papaskoi (the priest's Kadikoi village) ; (the judge's village) ; Hajikoi (the pil- Akhmedkoi grim's village) ; (Achmed's village) ; Boghaz-koi (God's house), near the ruins of an ancient temple in Asia Minor.

' a e' ' Koni shofen the kin s court king ? g S ( ) 5 KONIG CGer } ( f' ftLG\ \ Konigheim (the king's dwelling) ; Konigsbrunn ''' en- ( (the king's well) ; Konigshain (the king's

closure) ; Konigshaven (the king's harbour) ; Konigsberg, in Prussia, and Kongsberg, in Norway (the king's moun- rock tain) ; Konigstein (the king's fortress) ; Coningsby, Connington, Coniston, Kingsbury, places in England where held their court in the Anglo-Saxons ; Kingston, Surrey, their were where kings generally crowned ; Kingston or Hull, upon the R. Hull, in Yorkshire, named after Edward I. so in ; Kingston, Co. Dublin, named commemoration of 's visit to Ireland in George IV. ; Kingston, Jamaica, named after III. William ; Cunningham, Kingthorpe, Kingsby (the or but in king's dwelling farm) ; Cuningsburg, Shetland, may be derived from in Kuningr (a rabbit) ; Kingsbarns, Fife, so called from certain storehouses erected there by King John during his occupation of the castle now demolished. a headland or mountain KOPF KOPPE(Ger) T peak; e.g.

cat's ; I Catzenkopf (the head) Schneekopf '/w 1 M and Schneek PPe (snowy peak); Och- KUPA (Sclav ) "I

,V !'' oxen's ; I senkopf (the peak) Riesenkoppe in Russia [ (giants' peak) ; Perecop, (the of the birds' gate headland) ; Vogelskuppe (the peak) ; Cape Colonna (the headland of the pillars), so named from the ruins of a to Minerva Leuca temple ; Cape (the white) ; Roxo red Cape Negro (the black) ; Cape (the cape) ; a in Russia Kuopio (on headland), ; Cabeza-del-buey (ox in Cabeciera in headland), Spain ; (black headland), Spain ; summit of I a district Capo-d'Istria (the stria) ; Copeland, in Cumberland full of peaks or headlands. n8 KOPRILAAG

KUPRI a vizier's KOPRI, (Turc.), bridge ; e.g. Vezir-kopri (the market-town at the bridge) ; Keupri-bazaar (the bridge) ; Keupris (bridge town), in Turkey. KOS a Koselo Koslin (Sclav.), goat ; e.g. (goat's river) ; (goat town), in Pomerania. a church KOSCIOL (Sclav.), Romish ; e.g. Kostel, Kosteletz (towns with a Romish church), a Protestant church being called Zbor, and a Greek church Zerkwa. KRAL, KROL (Sclav.), a king; e.g. Kralik, Kralitz, Krolow, Kraliewa, Kralowitz (the king's town or fortress). beautiful Krasnabrod beautiful KRASNA (Sclav.), ; e.g. (the ford) ; beautiful beau- Krasnapol (the city) ; Krasno-Ufimsk (the tiful town of the R. Krasna and Krasne beautiful Ufa) ; (the place). a the KRE (Sclav.), coppice ; e.g. Sakrau, Sakrow (behind coppice). a circle Saalkreis circle watered the R. KREIS (Ger.), ; e.g. (the by circle Saal) ; Schwardswaldkreis (the of the Black Forest). KRIM a stone The KREM, (Sclav.), building ; e.g. (the stone fort of ) ; Kremmen, Kremenetz, Kremnitz, Kremmenaia, Kremenskaia, towns in Russia, Poland, and Lusatia. a KRONE, KRON (Teut. and Scand.), crown ; e.g. Kronstadt, Brasso in in Hung. (crown city), Hungary ; Cronstadt, founded Peter the Russia, by Great ; Konigscrone (the Carlscrone Landscrone king's crown) ; (Charles's crown) ; (the crown or summit of the land), a mountain and town in Silesia also with the same meaning, Landscrona, in Sweden. Kron, however, as a prefix, comes occasionally from krahn (a crane), as in Kronwinkel (the crane's corner). a small inn thorn KRUG (Ger.), ; e.g. Dornkrug (the inn) ; Krug- mtille (the mill at the inn).

> field ,,, (a site, a low-lying' ;' e.g. Brawenlage ., ,, ,, . ,, . , LAAG. LAGE (Ger.), , ., , field /T^ iA \ (brown field) ; Wittlage (white or wood LOOG .,. (Dutch), J \ r>i i c. u\ Muhlen-Tx/r-ui ( field) ; Blumlage (flowery field) ; mill field or loog (the site) ; Dinkellage (wheat field). This word is also used as an adjective, signifying low; e.g. LAC LADE 119

Loogkirk (low church) ; Loogheyde (low heath) ; Loogemeer Laaland (low lake) ; (low island). with the Lat. /T- x [a lake, cognate lacus and the Cel. loch or Iwch. These LACHE (Ger.), , . ., in the j r> * \ { words various, ongm-& . . ,. , LAGO (It.,^ Span., and Port), c , 7 , ally signified a from the I hollow, roots and Grk. [ lag, lug, lakos; e.g. Lat. Adlacum the a town on Lake Zurich Lachen, (at lake), ; Interlachen the in Switzerland Biber- (between lakes), ; lachen (beaver lake) ; Lago Maggiore (the greater lake), with reference to Lake Lugano, which itself means simply the lake or hollow Nuovo in it ; Lago (new lake), Tyrol, was formed a few a a years ago by landslip ; Lagoa (on lake or in Brazil a in Prussia marsh), ; Lagow (on lake), ; in a or de- Lagos, Portugal (on large bay lake) ; Laguna- Negrillos (the lake of the elms) and Laguna-Encinillos (of the in in the evergreen oaks), Spain ; Laach, Rhine Pro- vinces on a the crater of an extinct volcano (situated lake), ; Anderlecht or Anderlac the lake or in (at marsh), Belgium ; Chablais, Lat. Caput-lacensis (at the head of the lake, i.e. of i.e. the of a Geneva) ; Missolonghi, Mezzo-laguno (in midst in anc. Biberlac marshy lagoon) ; Beverley, Yorkshire, (the beaver lake or lake of marsh) ; Lago-dos- (the geese), in Brazil Niederhaslach and Oberhaslach and ; (lower upper in Bas Rhin Lake takes its lake), ; Champlain name from a Norman adventurer, Governor-general of Canada, in the seventeenth in a century ; Alagoas (abounding lakes), in with its of the same province Brazil, capital name ; Filey, in Yorkshire, in Doomsday Fuielac (i.e. bird lake,

a or LAD (Scand.), pile heap ; e.g. Ladhouse, Ladhill, Ladcragg, Ladrigg (the house, hill, crag, ridge of the mound or cairn), probably so named from a heap or cairn erected over the grave of some Norse leader. LADE, or LODE (A.S.), a way, passage, or canal; e.g. Ladbrook of the in Gloucester (the passage brook) ; Lechlade, (the of the R. Lech into the Evenlode passage Thames) ; (at brink of the or anc. Crecca- passage stream) ; Cricklade, gelade or Crecca-ford (the creek at the opening or entrance of the Churn and Key into the Thames). LAENLANN

. . ( land leased a fief out, ; e.g. Kingsland or ''' J. in and Kingslaen, Middlesex, Hereford, Orkney ; enclosed in Hereford Len- ( Haylene (the fief), ; on the . ham (the dwelling laen) ; Lenton, LAESE (A.S.), pasture, literally moist, wet land; e.g. Lewes, in Sussex in Worcester wet Lewis- ; Lesowes, (the pasture) ; on the in Kent Leswalt ham (the dwelling pasture), ; (wood pasture), in Dumfriesshire.

tf+ 'it. * \ ( a hollow, cognate with the Lat. lacus and LAG, LUG (Gadhelic), I it_ ~_i_ , ri T / , , ,, x the Grk- lakk s; e.g. Logie (the hollow), T ftrKF rr>r ^ \ in hollow of ( Stirling ; Logiealmond (the R. in in Aberdeenshire the Almond Perth) ; Logie-, ; Logie -Coldstone, Gael. Lag-cul-duine (the hollow behind the Aberdeen and in fort), ; Logie-Easter Logie-Wester, lake in Cromarty ; Logie Loch and Laggan Loch (the the little Gael. hollow) ; Logan (the hollow) ; Logierait, Lag-an- rath (the hollow of the rath or castle, so called from the Earls of having formerly had their castle there in Co. the Perthshire) ; Mortlach, Banff, probably meaning

great hollow. In Ireland : Legachory, Lagacurry, Lega- of the or curry (the hollow pit caldron, coire) ; Lugduff of the (dark hollow) ; Lugnaquillia (the highest Wicklow mountains), is from the Irish Lug-na-gcoilleach (the hollow of the i.e. lake of the cocks, grouse) ; Lough Logan (the little in anc. hollow) ; , France, Lagniacum (the in the hollow of the Lace- place waters) ; and demonia (in the hollow), in Greece. l an enc sure> a a house; but Mr. (C Hh V \ f church,

, r ) Skene considers that the Cel. llan comes LLAN (Cym.-Cel.). < , i_ T , ^/ / i 11 \ from t*16 Lat. level as VT N J planum (a place), just (^the Gael. Ian (full) comes from the Lat. plenus. This word is more common in Welsh names than in the topography of Ireland and Scotland, and in its signification of a church forms the groundwork of a vast number of Welsh names. In Ireland it means a house as well as a as in Landbrock church, (the badger's house) ; Landmore (the great church), in Londonderry; Landa- in hussy (O'Hussy's church), Tyrone ; Lanaglug (the church of the bells). It is not so frequent in Scotland, but the modern name of , in the Island of Arran, for- LANN 121 merly Ard-na-Molas, the height of St. Molios, who lived in a cave there, seems to be the church or enclosure of this in is Lannbride saint ; Lambride, Forfar, (St. Bridget's is from Lann-Finan Finan's church) ; Lumphanan (St. church). The derivation of Lanark, anc. Lanerk, is prob- ably from the Welsh Llanerck (a distinct spot or fertile piece of ground). There are many examples of this root in Lanleff enclosure on the R. Brittany ; e.g. (the Leff) ; little Lanmeur (great church) ; (the enclosure) ; enclosure on the but and Lannoy (the water) ; in French topography the Teut. land generally signifies uncultivated La La ground ; e.g. Lande, Landes, Landelles, Landelle, Les Landais, Landau, etc. v. Cocheris's Noms de Lieu. Launceston, in Cornwall, is probably corrupt, from Llan-Stephen. The greatest number of our examples must be taken from Wales. There are Lantony or Llan- Ddevinant (the church of St. David in the valley, nant, of the R. Llan-Dewi- David's church Hodeny) ; (St. at of the St. Llan- the mouth Arth) ; (of Peter) ; St. Llanbadern-fawr church Asaph (of Asaph) ; (the great founded also Llandelo- by Paternus), Llan-Badarn-Odyn ; Feilo the Llandewi-Brefi David's vawr (of Great) ; (St. church). Brevi here means the bellowing, from the dismal killed moans of a sacred animal here ; , corrupt, from Llan-ym-dyffrwd (the church among the rivers, at the confluence of three Llanudno St. streams) ; (of Tudno) ; St. Llanfair St. (of Elian) ; (of Mary) ; of the church dedi- (the church Cover wells) ; (the cated to the mother of St. Nonn, David) ; Llanfair-yn- nghornwy (on the horn or headland of the water). There are several of this name, as Llan-fair-ar-y-bryn (St. Mary's church on the church hill) ; Llanfair-helygen (St. Mary's the Llanfi- among willows) ; Llanfair-o'r-llwyn (on lake) ; the church hangel (of angel) ; Llanfihangel-genau'r-glyn (the of the at of the angels the opening valley) ; Llanfihangel-y- creuddin, a church erected probably on the site of a bloody battle church at the foot of a ; Llanfihangel- (the St. the Llan- declivity) ; Llangadogvawr (of Great) ; St. St. geler (of Celert) ; (of Collen) ; St. St. (of Idloes); Llaniestyn (of ) ; Llannethlin, 122 LAR

anc. Mediolanum church the or (the among pools marshes) ; Llantrissant three Llanddeusaint two (of saints) ; (of saints) ; St. St. (of Peres) ; (of Theckla) ; Llanrhaiadr church of the (the cataract) ; (the church of the the battle-field) ; LandafF, on R. Taff; Llan- church of the Llanaml-lech goedmore (the great wood) ; church on the (the stony ground, etc.) ; Llangwyllog (the in the shade of the Druidic gloomy church, perhaps grove) ; Llanfleiddian to a Llan- (dedicated bishop named Flaidd) ; llawer (the church of the multitude, llawer, close to which was a sainted well famous for its medicinal properties, and which was resorted to crowds of Llancilcen by impotent folk) ;

(the church in the nook, a/, at the top, cen, of a hill), a in Flint Llan-mabon St. parish ; (of Mabon) ; Llan-Beblig, corrupt, from Bublicius, named for the son of Helen, a Welsh in of princess ; Llan-sant-, named honour St. Faganus, a missionary from . Llan is sometimes corrupted to in as in a town in long Scotland, Longniddrie ; Lagny, France, anc. Laniaciim (the church or enclosure on the stream). From the Teut. land, i.e. a country or district, some names may come in appropriately under this head thus Scotland land of the from Ireland (the Scots), ; Monk- in Lanarkshire to the land, (belonging monks) ; Natland, in land of horned Sutherland Norway (the cattle) ; (the southern land, as compared with Caithness), both Suther- land and Caithness having formed part of the Orkney Cumberland land of the Jarldom ; (the Cymbri), being part of the British of Holland kingdom ; (the marshy in honour of Sir land, ollant) ; Gippsland, named George a of Gipps, governor Port Philip ; (the land of the Beveland or Baardland ) ; (of oxen beeves) ; (of the Westmoreland land of the ) ; (the West- mot or of the Western ingas people moors) ; Gothland, in land of the Sweden (the Goths) ; (the land of the Getae or , the Cimbric Chersonesus of the ancients). in //-MJ /- \ /a site,' abed;' and Germany. LEER . LAR,' LAAR, (Old Ger.), t 4 '. 1 to a field ,. according Buttmann, ; LAER (A. o. ) -\ . i //- jt. v \ ^ m topography,* & r *' synonymous LATHAIR, or LAUER (Gadhelic)," l .. f ,7 . ^ with lage; e.g. Goslar (the site LAUFLAYA 123

or field on the R. in Hanover Gose), ; Somplar (marshy Wittlar Dinklar field) ; (woody field) ; (wheat field) ; , in anc. Wittlara Wassarlar Prussia, (woody field) ; (watery northern Lahr field) ; Noordlaren (the site) ; (the site), a town in Baden. In Ireland this word takes the forms of and site of the laragh laraj e.g. Laraghleas (the fort) ; Laraghshankill (of the old church). Lara, however, is sometimes a corrupt, of Leath-rath (half rath), as in in laar lare Laragh, West Meath ; and and often mean as in Rosslare middle middle, (the peninsula) ; Ennislare in is the site (the middle island) ; Latheron, Caithness, of the seal.

,_ . a from Ger. (a current,' rapid, laufen. ; LAUF, LAUFEND (Ger.), I , . , j 77 , A o / hlau en Scand- hlea en A.S. P > ' P > (to LOOP (Dutch} 1 to Laufen ( run, leap) ; e.g. (the rapids), the R. Salzach town near the on ; Lauffenberg (the rapids of the Laufnitz Lauffen Rhine) ; (the leaping river) ; (on the of the in Old rapids R. Inn) ; Leixlip, Ireland, Norse Lax- on a cataract of the R. hlaup (salmon-leap), Liffey ; Beck- in Holland loop (brook cataract), ; Loop-Head, Co. Clare, Irish Leim-Chon-Chuillerin (Cuchullin's leap) v. Joyce's Names of Places. a hil1 c nate with the Irish ' S *<&*'' LAWfA.S} hleaw ( '& Houndslow the d S' s hil1 Ludlow LOW \ ( ); (the in ( people's hill, lead) ; Greenlaw, Berwick- shire (the green hill) the modern town is situated on a but old on a hill hill plain, Greenlaw was ; (the of in Berks Marlow chalk or victory), ; (the marshy hill) ; Wardlaw anc. (guard hill) ; Hadlow, Haslow (hazel hill) ; Castlelaw, in the Lammermuir range, named from Roman hills camps on these ; Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in re- ference to their forming the southern boundary of Strath- Co. anc. more) ; Warmlow, Worcester, Waermundes-hleau hill of a a (the Waermund, personal name) ; Fala, parish in Mid abbreviated from Lothian, Fallaw (the speckled hill) ; Mintlaw, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt, from Moan-alt-law (the hill at the moss burn). LAYA an abode abode of (Sansc.), ; e.g. Naglaya (the snakes) ; the Mountains abode of for Himalaya (the snow) ; Hurrial, Arayalaya (the abode of Hari or Vishnu). 124 LEACLEGIO

a flat stone in topography, found in the LEAC (Gadhelic) f f rmS f U k a"d co nate with the -Ce'l \ ^ LLECH (Cvm } ''' Lat. ( lapis and Grk. lithosj e.g. Lackeen, Licken little of (the stone) ; Slieve-league (the mountain the Molasse's Bel- flagstone) ; Lickmollasy (St. flagstone) ; leek, Irish Bel-leice (the ford of the flagstone), near Bally- shannon of Lickfinn ; Lackagh (full flagstones) ; (white anc. stone house or flagstone) ; Duleek, Doimhliag (the Auchinleck field of the in church) ; (the stone), Ayrshire ; in Merioneth Ar-llech the the Harlech, ; (on rock, place situated on a Llananl-lech v. being craggy eminence) ; LLAN Llech - ; Llech-trufin, probably originally (the rock of the or Llanml-lech church look-out, twrfine) ; (the Tre-llech Llech- among many stones) ; (stone dwelling) ; ford of the flat Leckbeck rhyd (the stone) ; Leek, Lech, Leckfield field on the R. (the stony rivers) ; (the Leek) ; Leckwith, in Wales, for Lechwedd (a slope). the elm-tree the a river at LEAMHAN (Gadhelic), ; e.g. Laune, and the in Scotland elm-tree Killarney, Leven, (the stream) ; Lennox or Levenach (the district of the R. Leven), the ancient name of Dumbartonshire Lislevane fort of the ; (the elm-tree), in Ireland. According to Mr. Skene, the Rivers Leven in Dumbartonshire and in Fife have given their names to Loch Lomond and Loch Leven, while in each county there is a corresponding mountain called Lomond. the of a hill in Ireland LEARG (Gadhelic), slope ; e.g. Largy, ; a in Sutherlandshire in Lairg, parish ; Largs, Ayrshire, and in from this word little Largo, Fife, ; Largan (the hill-slope) ;

Largynagreana (the sunny hill-slope) ; Larganreagh (gray hill-slope), in Ireland. LEBEN (Ger.), a possession, an inheritance. Forsteman thinks this word is derived from the Old Ger. laiban (to leave or bequeath), cognate with the Grk. leipa, and not from leben anc. (to live) ; e.g. Leibnitz, Dud-leipen (the inheritance of Ottersleben Ritzleben Dudo) ; (of Otho) ; (of Richard) ; Germersleben Osharsleben San- (of Germer) ; (of Ausgar) ; dersleben Hadersleben (of Sander) ; (of Hada). LEGIO (Lat), a Roman legion; e.g. Caerleon, on the Usk, anc. of the Isca-Legionis ; Leicester, Legionis-castra (the camp in anc. the station of legion) ; Leon, Spain, Legio, being LEHMLEY 125

the seventh anc. Roman legion ; Lexdon, Legionis-dtmum fort of the in now (the legion) ; Megiddo, Palestine, Ledjun, anc. Castra-legionis (the camp of the legion).

mud e ' ' the Leam the mudd river day> ' g ( y ) ; LEHM (Ger ) ( town on the R. Lehm- ) A *\'\ ) Leamington (the Leam) ; hurst (the clayey ; Lambourn an M ) wood) (muddy '' Leemkothen (^ brook) ; (the mud huts). LEITER the of a hill in Aberdeen- (Gadhelic), slope ; e.g. Ballater, shire on the Letterfearn alder- (the town sloping hill) ; (the tree slope); Letterfourie (the grassy hill-side, feurach); Find-

later (the cold hill-slope, fionri), in Scotland. In Ireland : of the Letterkeen (the hill-slope O'Cannons) ; Lettermullen (beautiful hill-slope) ; (Meallan's hill-slope) ; Letterbrick hill- (the badger's hill-slope) ; Letterlickey (the of the in the slope flagstone) ; Letherhead, Surrey (at head of the slope, Welsh llethr), on the declivitous bank of the R. for on the Mole ; Machynlleth Mach-yn-Llethr (the ridge slope), a town in Montgomery.

/ the e e e Leutkirch A e \ ( P pl > 'g' (the people's church) ; Ger. anc. Leodicus-vicus /P \ *\ Liege, Liittich, (the ^ hill citadel ( people's town) the on which the stands was called Publes-mont (the people's hill) ; , in Yorkshire, anc. Loidis (the people's town, according to it the of Bayley) ; Whittaker, however, makes town Loidi, a but in is said to personal name) ; Leeds, Kent, have been named after Ledian, the Chancellor of Ethelred II. LESSE a wood or thicket LESSO, (Sclav.), ; e.g. Lessau, Leske, Lissa towns in Prussia Leskau, Lessen, (the woody place), ; Leschnitz, in Silesia, and Leizig, in Saxony, with the same Leschkirch church in the in Tran- meaning ; (the wood),

sylvania ; Liezegorike (woody hill). white LEUCUS (Grk.), ; e.g. Leuctra, Leuctron, Leucadia, so 'named from the white rocks at its white extremity ; Leucasia (the Leucate white in river) ; (the promontory Greece). a district in English ' generally T FV T1.1.F A ( A q N ( topography L,H,l. A C/\. O. ). ,. , ^11 i < to an field or applied open meadow ; e.g. in Lancashire [ Leigh (the meadow), ; Berkeley, Thornley, Oakley, Auchley, Alderley, Brachley (the meadow of birch, thorn, oak, alder, ferns) ; Hasley (of hazels) ; enclosed meadow of Hagley (the meadow) ; Horsley (the 126 LIN LINNE

or of the Horsa, horses) ; Brockley (of badger) ; Hindley the the wild (of stag) ; Everley (of boar, aper) ; Bradley

(broad meadow) ; Stanley (stony meadow) ; Loxley (of a Scandinavian Loki, ) ; Ashley (ash-tree meadow) ; but Ashley, S. Carolina, was named after Lord Ashley in the of Charles II. reign ; Morley (moor-field) ; Bisley (bean-

field) ; Cowley (cow's field) ; Linley (flax-field) ; Monkley monk's Co. Stafford but (the field) ; Audley, (old field) ; Audley, in Essex, took its name from a palace erected of by Audley, Lord Chancellor England ; Ofley field of in (the King Offa) ; Tarporley, Cheshire, corrupt, from farm-field or Thorpeley (the meadow) ; Chorley (the meadow of the R. Chor) ; Bosley (Bodolph's field) ; West

Leigh, North Leigh, Leighton, from the same root ; Satter- field of an A. S. leigh (the Seator, deity) ; Earnley, Sussex in from a (eagle meadow) ; Ripley, Yorkshire, ffryp, kind peronal name ; Bentley, bent, pasture (a coarse of and from a Saxon grass) ; Tewesley Tisley, Tiw, deity as also and Teowes Tewing, Tuoesmere, (thorn) ; Henley (the old meadow or field), supposed to be the oldest town in Oxfordshire. LIN a fort or town fortress (Esthonian), ; e.g. Rialin, now Riga (the of the in Russia anc. ), ; Pernau, Perna-ltn (the lime- tree Turc. fort) ; Tepelin (hill town ; tepe, hill). the linden-tree Lindhurst ,~ ^ ( ;' e.g.& LINDE (Ger.), , T ,, . .. , ano- linden -tree LYND /AC- andjo j \ -\ Lyndhurst (the LIND, (A.S. Scand.)," ) j\ jv T-J r Lim-T ( wood) ; Lmdheim, Lindorf, in town of as also burg, Germany (the linden-trees) ; Lim- burg, in Holland, formerly Lindenbiirgj Lindau (the linden- tree Lindesnaes of meadow) ; (the promontory linden-trees), in La Le Lindois in Norway ; Linde, (abounding linden-trees) ; Limboeuf, Lindeboeuf (linden-tree dwelling), in France. a a sometimes to //- ji. i- \ ( pool,' lake, applied"* a . LINNE (Gadhelic), i , . . not as associated with the cas- //- ^ i \ ; waterfall, LLYNN (Cym.-Cel.), < . , ,, , . , . . / A o \ i cade, but with the pool into which it is HLYNNA (A.S.), / , ~ ., ^received, as in the Linn of Dee, in Aber- deenshire, and Corra-linn, on the Clyde. Dublin (the black pool) takes its name from that part of the R. LifFey on it is built there are several which ; and other places in Ireland whose names have the same meaning, although LIOS 127

as in and variously spelt, Devlin, Mayo ; Bowling Doolin, in Clare Ballinadoolin Kilkenny and ; (the town of the black pool), in Kildare. In several such cases the proper name was Ath-cliath (hurdle ford), literally Baile-atha-cliath (the town of the hurdle ford), the original name of Dublin. The ancient name of Lincoln, Lindum, is the hill fort on comes from the same is the pool ; Linlithgow root, and probably the gray lake how it came by the termination gow, gu, or cu, as it is variously spelt, cannot be deter- in is the town on the mined ; Linton, Roxburghshire, pool ; Linton, in Peebles, on the R. Lyne in Cambridge (on the on the R. in Perthshire brook, hlynna) ; Dupplin, Earn, black in anc. Traverlin (the pool) ; Crailing, Berwickshire, on the Edarline (the dwellings, treabhar, pool) ; (between the of the blue in pools) ; Aber-glas-lyn (the estuary pool), Wales in Norfolk Roslin ; Lynn-Regis (the king's pool), ; on the in Mid Lothian (the projecting point pool), ; Lynn- beaver's in in yr-Afrange (the pool), Wales ; Mauchline, in the in Ayrshire (the pool plain, magh) ; Lincluden, of the R. in Kirkcudbright (the pool Cluden) ; Lindores, Fife, probably not from this root, but a corrupt, of Lann- Tours, being the seat of the abbey of Tours, founded by David, Earl of Huntingdon. Lyme-Regis (the king's pool), in Dorset anc. Linton town on the ; Lymington, (the pool), in Hants ; Llyn-hir (long pool) ; Llyn-y-cun (the dog's pool), in Carnarvon adder's ; Llynn-y-Nadroedd (the pool) ; Llynn- enclosed all in Wales ye-cae (the pool), ; Llyn-tegid (the fair or beautiful with the same lake) ; Lly-gwyn, meaning ; of the R. in Llyn-Teivy, Teivy, Wales ; Llyn-Safaddon, corrupt, from Llyn-saf-baddon (the standing pool or fixed bathing place) v. BAD.

//- ju T \ ( an enclosure, a garden, or a fort. In , . LIOS, or LIS (Gadhelic), ) T , ; j <* v.\ { Ireland it generally meant originally a LES and . (Breton Cornish),' ) i j / i . circular ( place enclosed with a entrench- ment, for the purpose of shelter and safety, and is often translated by the Lat. atrium (the entrance-room to a dwelling or temple). There are eleven places in Ireland called Lismore also in (the great enclosure) ; Lismore Listowel Liscarrol Argyleshire ; (Tuathal's fort) ; (Carrol's Liscahane fort) ; (Cathan's fort) ; , Lissane, Lessany 128 LIPA LOCH

little town of the little (the fort) ; Ballylesson (the fort) ; Lislevane fort of the Lisclogher (stone fort) ; (the elm) ; Lismullin the the (of mill) ; Lisnadarragh (of oaks) ; i.e. Lios-na-sceithe the Lissard Lisnaskea, (of bush) ; (high Gortnalissa field of the i.e. fort) ; (the fort) ; Lisbellaw, Lios-bel-atha fort at the ford Dunluce (the mouth) ; (strong Co. from Durlas fort) ; , Tipperary, (strong fort) ; Rathurles rath of the all in Ireland (the strong fort) ; Liskard or Liskeard (the enclosure on the height), in Corn- in i.e. wall and Cheshire ; Lostwithel, Cornwall, Les-vthiel (the lofty palace), one of the ancient seats of the Duke of Cornwall in Lat. Ecclesia- ; Lesmahago, Lanarkshire, Machute enclosure or church of St. Les- (the Machute) ; neven, in Brittany, i.e. Les-an-Evan (the enclosure or palace of Count of in Fife enclosure on Evan, Leon) ; Leslie, (the R. Lessudden or St. in the Leven) ; 's, Roxburgh- shire, bears the first name from Aidan, the Bishop of is said to lived there its Lindesfarne, who have ; and second name from Boisel, a disciple of St. Cuthbert. The Spanish llosa is akin to the Celtic lios, as in Lliosa-del-Obispo (the bishop's enclosure). LIPA the linden-tree Laubsdorf or (Sclav.), ; e.g. Leipzig, Lipten, Libanoise, Lauban or Luban, Luben, Laubst, Labolz, etc. in Lubeck and Lublin (the places abounding linden-trees) ; may come from the same root, or from a Sclavonic word signifying beloved.

LLWYD (Welsh), gray-brown ; e.g. Rhipyn Llwyd (the gray upland) ; Llwyd-goed (gray wood). a lake e.p. lake //- ji. i- \ ( ; * (the . LOCH, LOUGH (Gadhelic),/} r , \ T i, /- / r < of showers, braori)' ; Loch Carron v(of LLWCH ., , ~ . (Cym.-Cel.), J the \ LochT ( winding water) ; Dome Loch in Ross-shire lake of St. (deep loch) ; Duich, (the Duthic, the same person from whom the town of Tain took Baile- St. Dulhaick's its Gaelic name, Duich, town) ; Loch fair Loch Lomond lake of the elm- Fyne (the lake) ; (the tree Loch Nell the Loch Ness river) ; (of swan, eala) ; (of i.e. of v. EAS Loch the waterfall, Foyers) ; Long (ship Gareloch in lake, Scand. Skipafiord) ; (short lake, gearr), of Ross-shire, and also a branch of the Firth Clyde ; Loch lake of the Etive (dreary loch, eittdh) ; Lochlubnaig (the LOCH 129 little Lochbuie and bend, lubnaig) ; Lochbuy (the yellow Lochmuic the wild loch) ; (of boar) ; Lochgorm (blue the Loch the R. loch) ; Lochlaggan (of hollow) ; Tay (of or the fair Tay Tamha, quiet river) ; Lochgelly (of water) ; lake of St. Lochard Loch Maree (the Malrube) ; (high Loch and Loch Linnhe loch) ; Awe (here duplicate names, water and linne a Loch-na-keal aw signifying pool) ; (the loch of the Earn west i.e. cemetery, till) ; Loch (the loch, west of Loch Loch Tay) ; Lochgelly (white lake, gealicK) ; the lake of the Caterans or freebooters Katrine, probably ; , in Argyleshire, i.e. Bendaraloch (the hill between the i.e. lakes) ; , Lochan-na-gabhar (the little lake of the goats, at the base of the mountain to which it its the loch of the gives name) ; Lochmaben, probably bald headland, as in an old charter the castle at the head of the loch is called Lochmalban; Lochfad (long loch), in the Island of Bute, five miles long and scarce half a mile broad in Perthshire loch of the level ; Loch Achray, (the in the plain, reidh) ; Leuchars, Fife, formerly Lough-yards, low grounds of the village used to lie under water for the greater part of the year. In Ireland there are (red lake), originally Loch Dergderc (the lake of the red connected with a Conn a eye, legend) ; Lough (from per- sonal name Loch Rea or smooth Conn) ; (gray lake, reidh, as also Loch in the smooth) ; Ryan, Kirkcudbright (of smooth water, reidhan) Loch Foyle (the lake of Febhal, the son of Lodan) ; Loughan, Loughane (little lake) ; Lochanaskin little lake of the (the eels) ; Lough Corrib, corrupt, from Lough Orbsen (the lake of Orbsen or over whose it is said to Mannanan, grave have forth) ; in from the a tribe Lough Erne, Ireland, named Ernai, ; Lough Finn, named after a lady called Finn, who was drowned in its waters i.e. lake ; Lough, Loch-n'-Echach (the of Eochy, a Munster chief, who, with his family, was over- whelmed in the eruption which gave their origin to its Loch a waters) ; Swilly, probably Scand. name, meaning the lake of the surges or whirlpool, sivelchie. The town of Carlow was originally Cetherloch (the quadruple lake, cether, four), from a tradition that formerly the R. Barrow formed four lakes at this spot. K 130 LOCUS LUG

a e ' ' Netle Lat Laeto-loco f place ; g y> (at LOCUS CLat ) c \ the pleasant, cheerful place), so called T r /A | from a founded there , T ^ /r- r i \ \ monastery by LOK, LLE (Cym.-Cel.), ] , j ,? f , of in LIEU(Fr) Mereward, King Mercia, 658; Matlock [ Madley (the good place) ; (the meat enclosure or Lat. Loaes- storehouse) ; Leominster, Porlock or in fanum (temple place) ; Portlock, Somerset of the of (the place port) ; Lok-Maria-Ker (the town Maria

in In France : Richelieu Ker), Brittany. (rich place) ; Chaalis, anc. Carolis-locus (the place of Charles the Good, Count of Beaulieu Flanders) ; (beautiful place) ; Loctudey, at Finisterre, corrupt, from Loc-Sancti-Tudene (the place of St. Locdieu and i.e. Dei-locus Tudy) ; Dilo, (God's place) ; Lieusaint Baslieu (holy place) ; (low place).

//- j T-> ^ i.\ ( a meadow or thicket, and sometimes LOH,' LOO (Ger. and Dutch), " < a marsh Waterloo ; e.g. (watery

( meadow) ; Venloo (the marshy meadow), and perhaps Lotivain may have the same mean- Groenloo ing; (green thicket) ; Hohenlohe (the high marshy meadow of the meadow) ; Tongerloo (the marshy Tungri) ; Schwarzenloh black the (the thicket) ; (on marsh). Iser-lohn the R. //- \ (a path ; e.g. (the path by Iser) ; in /V, v\ \ Forstlohn (the path the wood) ; Neerloon and LOON _, . (Dutch),/J ) Oberloon lower and ( (the upper path) ; Loon-op- Zand (the path on the sand).

a Sa red ve e' ' in gr ; g Lug ' Italy ' LUCUS (Lat ) f

. V^TT'I t. x < anc. Lucus-Diatuz (the sacred grove LLWYN (Welsh), a grove, ) ,. , T V, r of in anc. Lucus- ( ); Lugo, Spam, sacred of Les in Augusti (the grove Augustus) ; luches, near anc. France, the remains of an ancient temple ; Luc, Lucus, in Dauphiny. a mars^' c gnate with the Lat. LUC LUKA fS 1 ^ ( ' /y-jt_ v \ ) lutum;' e.g.& Lusatia or Lausatz v(the LEOIG , ,. , , . (Gadhehc), T Ger. r ,V v marshy land) ; Lassahn, Lakt- LAUK (Esthoman), j , town on the V burgum (the marsh) ; Lugos or Lugosch, Luko and Leignitz, with the same mean- in Poland Silesia Podlachia the ing, and ; (near marshes), a district in Poland. The towns of Lyons, Laon, and Leyden were formerly named Ltigdimum (the fortress in the marshy Paris Lutetia-Parisiorum land) ; was formerly (the marshy LUND MAES 131

land of the Parisii). In France : Loches, formerly Lttcca;

and Lochice (the marshy land) ; and Loche, formerly Loch- eium (the marshy dwelling), in the departments of Indre et Loire. a sacred towns in LUND (Scand.), grove ; e.g. Lund, Sweden and in the Shetlands enclosed in York- ; Lundgarth (the grove), shire of at the in ; Lundsthing (the place meeting grove),

Shetland ; Charlottenlund, Christianslund, and Fredericks- lund (the grove of Charlotte, Christian, and Frederick), vill- in island in ages Denmark ; and perhaps the , the Channel.

LUST, LYST (Teut.), pleasure applied, in topography, to a palace or mansion lordly ; e.g. Ludwigslust, Charlottenlust, Raven- lust of of and of (the palaces Ludovick, Charlotte, Hrafen) ; Lostwithel, in Cornwall (the manor of Withel), in the old Brit, language, Pen Uchel coet (the lofty hill in the wood, and the Uzella of of Ptolemy) ; Lustleigh (the valley plea- sure), in Devon. LUTTER, LAUTER (Teut.), bright, clear; e.g. Lutri, on Lake Geneva; in Brunswick Latterbach Luttar, (the bright place) ; and Lauterburn in (clear stream) ; Lauterburg, Alsace, on the Lauter Lutterworth in R. ; (the bright farm) ; Lauterecken, Bavaria, at the corner, eck, of the R. Lauter. - SmaU 6' ' the little clear ' g LutSenrode ( LUTZEL LYTEL (Teut ) ( Luxembur from Lutzel- ing^ ; & corrupt, LILLE (Scand ) } { burg (small fortress), Latinised Lucis- Burgum (the city of light), and hence passing into Lux- Lucelle or in Alsace Lutzelsten small emburg ; Lutzel, ; (the rock), in Alsace.

M

MAEN a stone tower-like (Welsh), ; e.g. Maentwrog (the pillar), a in Merioneth Maen or Dewi David's parish ; (St. possession). a meadow or with the ,//- /- i \ ( field,' cognate' MAES,orFAES(Cym.-Cel.), l~ . 7 ,, Gael, / A o \ } magn:J e.g.& Maescar v(the pool . - .*. . MOED, Or MEAD (A.S.), < , .' , -*??! n Maisemore field ' ' (SF**- )> MATTE (Ger ) ) ! in Brecknock and ^ ; Marden, in Hereford, anc. Maes-y-durdin (the field of the 132 MAGENMAGH

water in camp) ; Basaleg, a parish Wales. The name has been corrupted Maes-aleg, signifying elect land, from an event famous in Welsh history, which took place there. fair field of ash- Maes-teg (the field) ; Maes-yr-onnen (the of the trees) ; Cemmaes (the plain ridge, cefri) ; Maes-y- i.e. Mynach (monk field) ; Cemmaes, Cefn-maes (the ridge of the in Co. plain), Wales ; Runnymede, Surrey (the meadow of the council), Latinised Pratum-concilii; Ander- matt the Zermatt the in (on meadow) ; (at meadow), Switzerland Matterhorn of the ; (the peak meadow) ; Aeschenmatt Maes-Garmon field (ash-tree meadow) ; (the of St. in Wales Soultzmatt of Germanus), ; (the meadow mineral waters, salz), in Alsace. or MAIN the MAGEN, MEKEN, (Teut.), great ; e.g. R. Main, anc. anc. Magen-aha (great water) ; Mainland, Meginland (great in the Mainhardt Mein- island), Orkneys ; (great wood) ; ingen (the great field) v. GEN in Germany. ,,,,., C a field or plain, corrupt, into Maw MAGH (Gadhelic), i/r T !i i. or Latinised //- <~ i\ a -j \ Moy, magus;* e.g. Magh- MACH (Cym.-CelA ridge,' j , , beautiful in ( breagh (the plain), Ireland, extending from the R. Liffey to the borders of Co. Louth and both in Ireland and in ; Moy May (the plain), Scotland; (the high plain), in Inverness-shire; Mayo of Irish (the plain yew-trees) ; Moynalty, Magh-nealta (the of the in plain flocks) ; Macosquin, Londonderry, corrupt, from field of in Magh-Cosgrain (the Cosgrain) ; Mallow, Cork, Magh-Ealla (the plain of the R. Allo or Ealla, now the and Movilla of the old Blackwater) ; (the plain for of tree, bile) ; Moycoba, Magh-Coba (the plain Coba) ; Machaire, a derivative from Magh, is found under the forms of Maghera and , thus Magheracloone (the plain of the at the back of meadow) ; Magheraculmony (the plain the of shrubbery) ; Maynooth (the plain Nuadhat) ; Moira, from of the Co. Down corrupt, Magh-rath (the plain forts), ; Moyarta (the plain of the grave, ferta). In Scotland we find Rothiemay, in Banff, corrupt, from Rath-na-magh (the castle of the i.e. plain) ; Monievaird, Magh-na-bhaird (the plain in Perthshire on the of the bards), ; Machynlleth (the ridge slope), a town in Montgomeryshire, Wales. In its Latin- ised form this word is found in Marcomagus, now Margagen MAHA MAN 1 33

of and Csesa.ro- (the plain the ) ; Juliomagus and new magus (of ) ; Noviomagus (the plain) ; and again the same word became magen or megen among thus the Teutonic races, Noviomagus became Nimeguen ; Nozon was anc. Noviomagus or Noviodunum; Riom, in anc. or on France, Ricomagus (rich plain) ; Meung, the Loire, formerly Magus ; Argenton, Argentomagus (silver anc. fort on the field) ; Rouen, Rothomagus (the plain). The ancient name of Worms was Bartomagus, which Butt- field its was man says means high ; present name corrupted from Vormatia; Mouzon, in France, was Mosomagus (the plain of the R. Meuse). of the MAHA (Sansc.), great ; e.g. Mahabalipoor (the city great god Mahadea Mountains Bali) ; Mahanuddy (the great river) ; mountains of the (the great goddess) ; Maha-vila-ganga (the in great sandy river) ; Mantote, Ceylon, corrupt, from Maha- Totta (the great ferry). or MOLD the of Mahl- MAHAL, MAL, (Teut.), place meeting ; e.g. burg or Mailburg, in Lower Austria (the town of the place of anc. Theotmalli meet- meeting) ; Detmold, (the people's Wittmold in the ing-place ; (the meeting-place wood) ; the town of the Moldfelde (in field) ; Malton (the meeting), in Yorkshire of in ; Maulden (the valley the meeting), Bed- fordshire Kirch-ditmold church at the ; (the meeting-place). or MALKI little MALY, (Sclav.), ; e.g. Malinek, Malinkowo, Malenz, Malkowitz Maliverck Malchow, Malkow, (little town) ; (the little height). or a or district MAN, MAEN (Cym.-Cel.), place ; Maenolat Mainor, Welsh (a possession), akin to the Lat. mansio and the Fr. maison. From this word may be derived Maine, a province of France and ; Mans Mantes, although more directly they may probably come from the Cenomanni, a people who for- inhabited that district in in merly France ; Mantua, Italy, and La Mancha, in Spain, may be placed under this also head ; Manchester, anc. Mancuntum, and Mancester, anc. Manduessedum; , in Perthshire, the district of the R. Teith. In the the letter m is changed into f, and pronounced v, and fan abridged to fa, thus Brawdfa of Eisteddfa (the place judgment) ; (the shore sitting place) ; Gorphwzsfa (resting place) ; Morfa (the 134 MANSUSMARK

or sea of place) ; Manaera (the place slaughter), probably the site of a battle 1 ; Manclochog (the ringing-stone). MANSUS (Lat.), a farm or rural dwelling, to which was attached a certain portion of land. It was often contracted into mas,

miex, or mex; e.g. La Manse, Mansac, Manselle, Le Mas, Beaumets, Beaumais, in France. The Manse, i.e. the dwell- and attached to a in Scotland a ing glebe parish ; Mains, parish in Forfar. MANTIL the fir-tree Mantilholz (Old Ger.), ; e.g. (the fir-wood) ; or Mantilberg (fir-tree hill) ; Zimmermantil (the room dwelling at the fir-trees). MAR, a Ger. word, used both as an affix and a prefix, with various meanings. As a prefix, it occasionally stands for mark (a boundary), as in Marbrook (the boundary brook), wiail of in some- and March (the boundary ), Wales ; times for a marsh, as in Marbach, on the Danube, and also for Marburg, on the Neckar ; sometimes mark, an Old Ger. word for a horse, as in Marburg, on the R. Lahn, and Marburg and Mardorf (horse town), in Hesse. As an affix, it is an adjective, and signifies, in the names of places and or in persons, clear, bright, distinguished, abounding ; e.g. Eschmar in Geismar (abounding ash-trees) ; (in goats) ; Horstmar Weimar the (in wood) ; (in vine). or the RIC fC \ (the boundary; e.g. Styria Stiermark, of the R. Markstein M (f^^\ J Boundary Steyer ; (the ,' ''! Markhaus on the j boundary stone) ; (the dwelling ^ ''' a town in La (^ border) ; March, Cambridge; Marche (the frontier), a domain in France, having been the Euskarians boundary between the Franks and ; Mercia, of on Wales one the kingdoms of the , bordering ; and Murcia, in Spain, the boundary district between the of the other of Moorish kingdom Granada and parts Spain ; Newmark, Altmark, Mittelmark (the new, old, and middle in in the Scandinavian lan- boundary), Germany ; Mark, guage, meant a plain or district, thus Denmark means the of the the plain Danes ; Finnmark (of Finns) ; Markbury, in in Hereford and Cheshire ; Markley, (the boundary town field). The Marcomanni were the March or boundary men

1 It obtained the name from two large stones that lay on the roadside near the church, and possessed that property. MARKT MEDINA 135

of the Sclavonic frontier of the R. or Germany ; March the between Lower Austria and Morava, boundary Hungary ; and rivers in France Mardick Marbecq Marbeque, ; (the boundary dike). a mar^et sometimes found as mart Markt- MAKJCT (T t\ ( > ; e.g. " 1 miihle market (the mill) ; Marktham, Markt- flecken in ( (market-town), Germany ; Martham, also in Norfolk in and ; Neumarkt Germany, Newmarket in in England (new market-town) ; Martock, Somerset (the oak-tree under which the market of the district used to be in on the R. Raisin held) ; Market-Raisin, Lincoln, ; Bibert- in on the Bibert in Markt, Bavaria, R. ; Kasmarkt, Hun- gary, corrupt, from Kaiser-Markt (the emperor's market- the translation or town) ; Donnersmarkt, German corrup- tion of Csotartokhely (the Thursday market-place), in Hun- gary. The cattle-market at Stratford-on-Avon is still called the Rother-market, from an old word rather, for horned cattle.

a in i.e. MARSA (Ar.), port ; e.g. Marsala, Sicily, Marsa-Allah of i.e. Marsal-el-kebir (the port God) ; Marsalquivir, (the great port). In Malta : Marsa-scala, Marsa-scirocco, Marsa- muscetto, Marsa Torno. MAS (Irish), the thigh applied in topography to a long low hill Mausrower ; e.g. Massreagh (gray hill) ; (thick hill) ; i.e. Massareene, Mas-a-rioghna (the queen's hill) ; but Co. is not from this root it is a trans- Massbrook, Mayo, ; lation of Sruthan-an-aiffrinn (the brook where the mass used to be celebrated). or Irish madhm mountain or MAUM, MOYM, MAM, (a pass chasm) ; Maum-Turk boar's e.g. (the pass) ; Maumakeogh (the pass of the Maumnaman the mist); (of women) ; Maumnahaltora (of the altar). MAVRO black black (Modern Grk.), ; e.g. Mavrovouno (the Mavro Potamo black in Greece mountain) ; (the river), ; Mavrovo and Mavroya (the black town), in Turkey. MAWR, by mutation fawr, Welsh (great) v. MOR, p. 143. MEDINA a or the in (Ar.), city metropolis ; e.g. Medina, Arabia, called by the Arabs Medinat-al-Nabi (the city of the prophet). In Spain : Medina-de-las-torres (the city of the towers); Medina- del -campo (of the plain); Medina-del- 136 MEERMENIL

the Medina-del-rio-seco pomar (of apple-orchard) ; (of the Medina-Sidonia the dry river-bed) ; (of Sidonians). This city was so named by the Moors, because they believed it to have been built on the site of the Phoenician city Asidur. a or marsh MEER, MERE (Teut.), lake, sea, ; e.g. Blakemere (the in black lake, blaec), Hereford ; Great Marlow or Merelow (the hill by the marsh); Cranmere (the crane's lake or so to marsh) ; Winandermere, called, according Camden, the of its shores from winding ; Wittleseamere, Buttermere, from and Ellsmere, probably personal names ; Meerfeld, Meerhof, Meerholz, and Meerhout (the field, court, and wood near the lake or marsh), in Holland. But mere, in place-names, is said sometimes to mean a boundary thus Merse, the other name for Berwickshire, may mean either the marshy land or the boundary county between England and Scotland. Closely connected with meer (a lake) are the words in the Celtic as well as in the Teutonic languages, denoting marshy lands, z>. lands that have lain under water, are still such as and partially submerged merse, A.S. ; Ger. Welsh Gadhelic morast, ; morfa, ; marts/t, ; marsk, and Fr. in Great Britain Scand. ; marais, Many places and the Continent derive their names from these words, thus or Marosh and the Morava the Maros ; (marshy rivers); district of the in Moravia (the marshy river) ; Morast, town on the in Berwickshire Sweden (the marsh) ; Merton, on the in (the town marsh) ; Morebattle, Roxburghshire, anc. on the Ostermarsh Mereboda (the dwelling marsh) ; (east marsh), in Holland; Marengo (the marshy field), in Italy; Moeres in Flanders Les (the marshes), ; Marchienne, in Marchienes, Maresche, , Marest, etc., France ; Marcienisi, in Italy (marshy localities). The River Mersey may come from this word, or it may mean the border river between England and Wales. of MENIL, MESNIL (Fr.), from Mansionile, the dim. mansusj e.g. or Le Grandmenil (the great dwelling hamlet) ; Menil-la- of the comtesse (the manor countess) ; Mesnil-eglise (the

church hamlet) ; Mesnil-Guillaume, Mesnil-, Mesnil- from the Jourdan, named proprietors ; Mesnil-sur-PEstree (the hamlet on the Roman road called Strata Estree) Les Menils, Menillot, etc., in France. MENZIL MINSTER 137

a from Menzil-el- MENZIL (Ar.), village ; e.g. Miselmeri, corrupt, 's from Menzil- Emir (the village) ; Mezojuso, (the village of ).

,,, , , ( little, cognate with the Lat. minor; e.g. the Rivers

J\ < Minnow and Mynwy,' in Wales : the Mincio, in . , . ,,. : MIO (Scand.), ) , ,, /', the in ( Italy ; Mmho, Portugal ; Minorca (the in to less), opposition Majorca (the greater island) ; Miosen (the little sea or lake), in Norway.

MICKLA, MYCEL (Teut. and Scand.), great, Scotch muckle; e.g. Mickledorf, Michelstadt, Michelham, Mickleton (great Micklebeck dwelling) ; (great brook) ; Michelau (great Mitchelmerse meadow) ; (the great marsh) ; Mecklenburg, anc. or hill Mikilinberg (the great town fort) ; Muchelney (the great island), in Somersetshire, formed by the conf. of the Rivers Ivel and Parret Meikle ; Ferry (the great on ferry), ; Micklegarth (the great enclosure), the Scandinavian name for Constantinople, Grk. Megalo- polis; but mikil or miklos, especially in Russia and Hun- gary, is often an abbreviation of St. Nicholas, and denotes that the churches in these places were dedicated to that saint" thus Mikailov, Mikhailovskaia, Mikhalpol (St. Nicholas's towns), in Russia; Miklos-Szent and Miklos- in in Poland Nagy-Szent, Hungary ; Mikolajow, ; Mitcham, in Surrey, in Doomsday is Michelham. MIN, MEN, or MAEN (Cym.-Cel.), a high rock or the brow of a hill Maen-du in a ; e.g. (black rock), Monmouth ; Minto, in on the brow of a hill Meon- parish Roxburghshire, steep ; stoke East and in Gloucester- (hill station) ; West Meon, shire Mendabia the foot of the in ; (at hill), Spain ; Alt- " maen, corrupt, to ," in the Lake " and to the Old of in the country, Man Hoy," Orkneys ; " the Dodmaen," in Cornwall v. DODD has been cor- rupted to Deadman.

' m nk S rm nasteT, MINSTER, MYNSTER ? (A.S.), j *ence a Cathedral^"^ -Lat. monas- MUENSTER (Ger.), [ tertum ; e.g. Illmmster, Axminster, Stourminster, Kremmunster, Charminster (the monasteries on the Rivers 111, Ax, Stour, Krem, and Char) ; Beam- Co. after St. Kidderminster minster, Dorset, named Bega ; 138 MIRMITTEL

of Earl Westminster (the monastery Cynebert) ; (the min- ster west of St. Warminster the weir or Paul's) ; (near dam of the R. of Willey) ; Monasteranenagh (the monastery the Monasterboice Monasterevin fair) ; (of St. Bcethus) ; (of St. in Ireland Monasteria de la the Evin), ; Vega (of plain),

in Spain. In France : Moutier, Moustier, Moustoir, Mun- Monestier ster, (the monastery) ; Montereau, Montreuil, Marmoutier of St. Masmoutier (the monastery Martin) ; Noirmoutier and black (of Maso) ; Rougemoutier (the and red Toli-Monaster or Bitolia monastery) ; (the monastery of the in Munster beech-trees), Turkey ; (the monastery), in Alsace a in is ; but Munster, province Ireland, com- pounded from the Scand. ster qu. v. and the Irish a Munster-eifel at Mumha, king's name ; (the monastery the foot of the Eifel-berg). MIR fortress of (Sclav.), peace ; e.g. Mirgorod (the peace) ; Miropol, Mirowitz, Mirow (the town of peace). *e mid le CO ate ' * MIDDEL and MITTEL, (Teut. Scand.), j T ? the Lat- f dav.), i r^' 5^. ( mesas, and Gadhehc meadhon; e.g. Middleby, , Middleham, Mitton, middle Middlesex Middleburg (the town) ; (the territory of the middle Middlewich middle salt manufac- Saxons) ; (the in Cheshire v. WICH Midhurst middle ), ; (the wood), in Sussex Midmar middle district of in Aber- ; (the Mar), deenshire Gael. Ardmeadhonadh middle ; Ardmeanadh, (the the Gaelic for Mitford height), being name Cromarty ; (the middle sometimes written ford) ; -Mowbray, Medel- tune (the middle town), formerly belonging to the Mowbray middle mountain Mittel- family ; Mittelgebirge (the range) ; Sclav. Medzibor middle of the in Silesia walde, (the wood), ; in with the same Methwold, Norfolk, meaning ; Mittweyda the midst of in (in pasture ground), Saxony ; Methley and Metfield Meseritz and i.e. (middle field) ; Meseritsch, mied- zyvreka (in the midst of streams), in Moravia and Pomer- ania Mediasch the midst of in ; (in waters), Hungary ; Misdroi the midst of in (in woods), Pomerania ; Mediter- ranean the middle of the Sea (in land) ; Media (the middle as then Grk. country, known) ; Mesopotamia, (the country the the midst of the between rivers) ; Mediolanum (in plain MLAD YMOIN 1 39

or land) v. LANN the ancient name of , Saintes, and some other towns. new Mladzo- MLADY, MLODY (Sclav.), ; e.g. Mladiza, Mladowitz, witz in Bohemia Bladen and (new town), ; Bladow, corrupt, from Mladen, with the same meaning, in Silesia. /a round hill or a bald promontory, MOEL (Lym.-LeL) I &n adjective signifying& bald and MEALL , , , MAOL,' v(Gadhelic), < \. ^ ?.,/ , . ft en to hills and . J applied promon- ( , thus the Mull or promon- and in tory of Cantyre ; Meldrum, Aberdeenshire, in Ireland bald i.e. and Meeldrum, (the ridge) ; Melrose, Maol-ros (the bald headland), Old Melrose having been a formed the the Eildon situated on peninsula by Tweed ; the Hills, near Melrose, corrupt, from Moeldun (bald hill) ;

Island of Mull, one of the Hebrides ; Mealfourvounie (the hill of cold in Inverness-shire Glassmeal the moor), ; (gray in Perth Malvern bald hill of the hill), ; (the alders, gwer- hill of the in neri) ; Moel-y-don (the waves), Anglesea ; Moel-Aelir Muldonach hill of (the frosty hill) ; (the Donald), of the three one of the Hebrides ; Moel-Try-garn (the ridge Moel-Eilio mount of cairns) ; (the construction) ; Moel-y-crio hill of Moel-ben-twrch head in (the shouting) ; (boar's hill), bald of the Wales ; Moel-cwm-Cerwyn (the dingle cauldron) ; Moelfre, corrupt, from Moelbre (bald hill), in Wales. In Ireland this word often takes the form of moyle, as in Kil-

moyle (bald church) ; Rathmoyle, Lismoyle, Dunmoyle or white (the bald dilapidated fort) ; Mweelbane (the hill) ; Meelshane bald Meelgarrow (rough hill) ; (John's hill) ; bald hill of the Mweel-na-horna (the barley) ; Maulagh in (abounding hillocks) ; Mullaghmeen (smooth hillock) ; etc. and Mullana- Mulboy (yellow hillock), ; Mullanagore gower (the little summit of the goats). In Wales : Moel- in Wales. The hebog (hawk hill) ; Moel-eryn (eagle hill), Mool of Aswich and the Mool of Land, in Shetland.

tr- ju r \ ( a moss or bog.& In Ireland : Mona- ,, . , ., MOIN,' MOINE (Gadhelic),/J ,., < braher, i.e. Moin-nam-bratnar (the of the Monalour the { bog friars) ; (of Moneen little town lepers) ; (the bog) ; Ballynamona (the of the Monard for Mointeach bog) ; (high bog) ; Montiagh, 140 MONCH MONDE

Monabrock Mon- (the boggy place) ; (the badger's moss) ; roe red sometimes used (the moss) ; Mon is, however, instead of monadh (a rising ground in a moor), as in Co. in little which Monaghan, Muineachan (abounding hills) ; country, however, according to the Annals of the Four Masters, was named from its chief town (the town of monks).

: district in In Scotland Moin, a moorland Sutherlandshire ; Monzie and Moonzie (the mossy land), in Fife and Perth- shire Montrose for ; (the boggy promontory) ; Mon, again in Monimail in Fife Moncrieffe monadh, (bald hill), ; (the Moness hill of the woody hill, craobach) ; (the cascade, eas).

, a from the Greek monos MONCH ,_ monk, (alone) ; (Ger.),'' n/r i 4. TV/T i ^ A >. e.g. Monkton, Monkstown, Monkswood, ^ ,' ''!, .. . Monkland, named from lands belonging MONACH (Gadhehc). ', T ,,.. , ft , .V, (' to the monks ; Le Monch (the monk), one MYNACH (Cym.-Cel.), x. r T, AI of*^ v ^ Bernese Mon- the highest of the Alps ; monks' in Wales achty (the dwelling), ; Llan-y-mynach (the or in monks' church enclosure), Co. Salop ; Monksilver, monks' Somerset, corrupt, from Monk-sylva (the wood) ; monks' with the same Monkleagh (the meadow) ; Munsley, in of the meaning, Hereford ; Monach-log-ddu (the place black in in monks), Wales ; Munchberg (monk's hill), Bavaria monks' in Bohemia ; Munchengratz (the fortress), ; Munich and Munchingen (belonging to the monks), in Germany.

, . ( a river mouth j e.g. Dortmund, Fisch- MONDE, MUND (Ger.), /c j \ \ mund, Dendermund, Roermonde, MINDE .. , MUNNI, (Scand.)," ) j ( Travemunde, Saarmund, Tanger- miinde, Ysselmonde, Rupelmonde, Orlamunda, Stolpe- miinde, Swinmund or Sweinemund, Ukermiinde, Warne- munde, at the mouth of the rivers forming the first part of in the mouths of the these names ; Miinden, Hanover (at Rivers Monmouth the conf. of the and Fulda) ; (at and Yar- Mynwy Wye) ; Plymouth, Falmouth, Sidmouth, mouth, Grangemouth, Teignmouth, Wearmouth, Cocker- of these rivers mouth, at the mouths ; Bishop's Wearmouth, in middle of the seventh founded by Biscop the century ; in at of the Glad- Deulemont, France, the mouth Deule ; mouth, in Wales, formerly Cledemuth, at the mouth of the MONE YMONT 1 4 1

or in at the of Clede Cleddy ; Minde, Iceland, mouth Lake Miosen. MONEY, a frequent prefix in Irish names from muine (a brake or and little shrubbery) ; eg. Moneymore, Moneybeg (the great blue shrubbery) ; Moneygorm (the shrubbery) ; Moneyduff black or dark (the shrubbery) ; Moneygall (the shrubbery of the strangers).

. j T \ ( a mountain, from the and I . , MONT, MONTE (Fr. It),' T , . < Lat. , T, x mans,' and cog- . MONTANA and MONTE and ' , ? (Span, Port.), ) nate ( with the Gadhelic monadh, and the Cym.-Cel. mynydd; e.g. Montalto (high Montauban mount of Montechiaro mount) ; (the Albanus) ; Monte-fosoli Montehermosa (clear mount) ; (brown mount) ; in Turc. (beautiful mount), Spain ; Montenegro, Karadagh, in Sclav. Zerna-gora (black mount), Turkey ; Beaumont, Haumont and Chaumont, (the beautiful, bald, high mount) ;

Montereale and Montreal (the royal hill) ; Montreal, in Canada, so named by Cartier in 1555; Monte-Rosa, anc. Monte-Video Mons-sylva (woody hill) ; (the prospect mount) ; Montmartre, anc. Mons-Martyrum (the hill of the martyrdom of St. Denis), but its earlier name was Mons-Martis (the hill of Lat. Mons-mirabilis Mars) ; Montmirail, (the wonder- ful Lat. mountain) ; Remiremont, Romaries-mons, founded by St. Romarie in 620; Monte-Cavallo, corrupt, from Monte- Calvaria (the Mount of Calvary), so called from a number of chapels, in which were represented the successive scenes of our Lord's passion. From monticellus, the diminutive of mont, have arisen such place-names as Moncel, Le etc. Mont d'Or in Monchel, Monchelet, ; (golden mount), Auvergne; Montefrio (cold mount), in Spain; Montpellier, Lat. Mons-puellarum (the hill of the young girls), so called from to the sisters of St. Fulcrum two villages belonging ; Mont- serrat serrated Clermont (the hill) ; (bright hill) ; Mondragon Monfalcone and Montdragone (the dragon's hill) ; (hawk Ger. in Piedmont hill) ; Mons, BergJten (hill town), Belgium ; of the Floremont or (at the foot Alps) ; Blumenberg (flowery in Alsace and anc. hill), ; Montaign Monthen, Mons-acutus or (sharp peaked hill) ; Montigny, Montignac (mountainous) ; anc. hill of in France , Jovismons (the Jove), ; Mount Pilatus (the mount with the cap of clouds, hompileus, I 42 MONT MOOS

Lat. a felt in cap) ; Richmond, Yorkshire, named from a castle in Brittany, from which the Earl of Richmond took the rich or fertile hill his title, meaning ; Richmond, in Surrey, named by the Earl after his Yorkshire estate, for- merly called Shene from the splendour of the royal residence there, sane, A.S. (splendid); Righimont, in Switzerland, cor- from Montacute rupt. Mons-regius (royal hill) ; (sharp hill), in Somerset Tras-os-Montes the in ; (beyond hills), Portugal ; in for Apremont, France, Aspromonte (rough hill) ; Pyrmont, from Mons-Petrus Peter's corrupt, (St. mount) ; Montferrato also hill (the fortified hill). Mont signified a fort, like berg as in Montalcino fort of in and dttn, (the Alcinous), Italy ; Montgomery, in Wales, (the fortress of de Mont- gomerie, who erected a castle there in 1093) its earlier name was Tre-Faldwyn (the dwelling of Baldwin, a Nor- in after man knight) ; Charlemont, France, named Charles V.; Henrichemont, after Henri -Quatre. In Wales: the town of Mold, abbreviated from Mons-altus (high fort) the Normans built a castle there ; Mynydd-du (black hill) ;

Mynydd-mawr (great hill) ; Mynydd-moel (bald hill). In Scotland : Monadh-ruadh (the red mount or the mountli), Gaelic for the Mount the name Grampians ; Battock, Gael. raven's in Monadh-beatach (the hill) ; Mountbenjerlaw, Selkirkshire, originally Ben-Yair (the hill of the R. Yair), to which the A.S. law and the Norman mount were added. But monadh in Gael, signifies a mountain range, and some- times a moor, as Monadh-leath (the gray mountain range). Probably Mendip, in Somerset, is the deep hill, Welsh d-wfn Monimail Monifieth hill or and mynyddj (bald hill) ; (the moor of the deer, feidK). The Mourne Mountains, in the mountains of the tribe Ireland, means ; Mughhorna. Mon, in the , also signifies a hill, and is in an ancient of with a hill found Monzon, town Spain, fort ; in and in Monda and Mondonedo, Spain ; Mondego, and in in Portugal ; Carmona (hill summit), Spain.

/o j \ ( mossy ground ; e.%. Donaumoss MOOS (Ger.), MOS (Scand.), I moif > eadow of the Danube); MECH, MOCK (Sclav.), | ^ osston the town on the mos or on the ground) ; Moseley (moss-field valley) ; Moscow,

R. Moskwa (mossy water) ; Mossow, Mehzo, Mochow, MOR MOR 143

Mochlitz Ger. (the mossy ground) ; Mohacs, Margetta (the or in the Miesbach marshy mossy island), Danube ; (the district of the mossy brook), in Bavaria. The Irish word meethail (soft mossy land) is almost synonymous with these It is in Co. in roots. found , Leitrim ; Mothel Mothell in Waterford, and Kilkenny ; Cahermoyle (the stone fort of the mossy land) in Ireland, and in Muthil in Perthshire. and waste heath Scot, MOR, MOER (Teut. Scand.), land, ; muir;

e.g. Moorby, Morton, and Moreton (the dwelling on the moor moor) ; Morpeth (the path) ; Oudemoor (the old and Oostmoer in Holland Moorlinch moor), (east moor), ; moor Lichtenmoer cleared (the ridge, htinc) ; (the moor) ; Muirkirk church in the in (the moor), Argyleshire ; Murroes, in corrupt, from Muirhouse, a parish Co. Forfar ; Tweeds- muir (the moor at the source of the R. Tweed), a parish in

Peeblesshire ; Muiravonside (the mossy land on the banks of the R. Avon), in Stirlingshire.

, ,, ,. x great ; e.g. Morven (the great MOR (Gadhelic), u-n u ben or vm hill in V //- /- i \ u * hill), a Caithness , ". .. MAWR(Cym.-CeL),' or by mutation , ., , ^ also in ,. AT i r nf and Aberdeenshire ; Jfawr; e.g.* Morlais for Mawr- ,, , T , . , , , N ., Morven or Morvern, i.e. Mor- clais (the great trench), the Earrain great name of a ruined castle near (the district), /- j-cc u -I*, u m Argyleshire,6 called by the built Cardiff, above a deep , T> iu * , , . ', , , , Gaels Kenalban, corrupt, from gully, through which a brook Cenealbaltyn, i.e. the tribe of passes. a Baldan, personal name ; Ken- more on Loch (the great headland), Tay ; Penmaen-mawr (the great stone-hill), in Wales.

, the with the Lat. mare. ,~ ^ j c T \ ( sea,' cognate MOR (Cym.-Cel. and Sclav.), I , . , . //- ju T \ l an" its derivatives in the Romance MUIR (Gadhelic), , , and the /inr i u\ u 1 languages,' Teut. meerj e.g. MORFA (Welsh), sea-marsh, I . ^Armonca or Brittany, and Pomer- ania districts on the little (the sea-shore) ; Morbihan (the sea), in Brittany; Morlachia or Moro- Vlassi (the Wallachs' or land the v. WALSCH Morlaix strangers' by sea) ; (a on the in place sea-shore), Brittany ; Glamorgan, Welsh gwlad-morgant (the district of Morgan Mawr, an ancient of in i.e. the sea-shore king Wales) ; Morgan, Cornwall, by ; headland the in South Maracaybo(the by sea-shore), America ; 144 MOSTMllHLE

Parimaribo near the in South America (the dwelling sea), ; Connemara, in Ireland, Irish Conmac-ne-Mara, the de- scendants of Conmac (by the sea-side). MOST a (Sclav.), bridge ; e.g. Dolgemost (long bridge) ; Maust, at the in Bohemia Most, Mostje (the place bridge), ; Babimost (the old woman's bridge, i.e. the fragile bridge), abbreviated to Priedemost first in Bomst ; (the bridge), Silesia Mostar a town in ; (old bridge), Turkey. MOT, or MOOT (A.S.), the place of assembly, where the Anglo- Saxons held their courts of at justice ; e.g. Mote-hill, Scone ; the Moat near Hawick the of Hill, ; Mote Galloway ; the Moat of Dull, in Perthshire, and of Hamilton, on Strath- at and in the clyde ; Moot-hill, Naseby ; Lake District, and Caermote Moothill also in Aberdeen- ; appears shire near ; Almoot, Peterhead, meaning the meeting-place on the height, has been corrupted into Old Maud, and the railway company have called their station New Maud. It is found in the Gaelic name for the Island of Bute, Baile- mhoide (the dwelling of the courts of justice), but in this case, as in Ireland, the word was probably borrowed from the Saxons. The word is found in Ireland, signifying a large mound, as well as in connection with the courts of justice as in Tom-an-mhoid (the hill of the court of justice); La Motte, Fr. (a hillock), common in France. a mil1 C nat With the L ' MilHLE MYLEN f ? ? (Ger.), (AS.), ^ / f ola and lts derivatlves > n the > MUILENN (Gadhelic), Romance , Mulen- MELIN languages ; e.g. (Cym.-Cel.), bach and Molinbech (mill brook) ; MLYN (Sclav.), Miihlan, Miihldorf, Miihlhausen, MOLEN (Dutch), Muhlheim (mill dwelling) ; Mo- leneynde (mill corner), in Germany and Holland. In Eng-

land and Scotland : Melbourne, Milton, Millwick, Milford, Milden, Milnathorpe (the stream, town, ford, hollow, farm, of the but in and in mill) ; Milton, Kent Dorsetshire, are from middle town a in corrupt, ; Moulin, parish Perthshire.

In France : Moulins (the mills), so called from the great number of water mills formerly on the R. Allier; Miilhausen or in celebrated for its Mulhouse, Alsace, manufactures ; a town in Murcia also in Molina, manufacturing ; Spain,

Molinos-del-Rey (the king's mills). In Ireland : Mullina- MULLAGHNAES 145

hone mill of the Mullinavat the (the cave) ; (of stick) ; Mullintra the Mullinakil the In (of strand) ; (of church).

Sclavonic districts : Mlineh, Mlinki, Mlinsk, Mlinow, etc. MULLAGH (Gadhelic), the top or summit, and sometimes applied to hills of a considerable height; e.g. Mullaghmeen (the smooth summit of the summit) ; Mulkeergh (the sheep, Mullan little in Ireland caotrich) ; (the summit), ; probably the Island of Mull, in the Hebrides.

., . wall Maurs walled in France /a ; e.g. (the town), ; *'' also Villa -de-Muro-cincto sur- ^ r J (the dwelling rounded in Muro- , v ) by' walls) ; Morsain, 879 I . ', MURA (Sclav.)," e , , 11 \ n/r i / u \ anctus (surrounded by walls) ; Murviel (old walls), in Herault, a place where the ruins of an ancient Gaulish are found Mauerhof enclosed in city ; (the court), walled town on the R. Germany ; Trasmauer (the Trasen), in Austria walled in . ; Murany-var (the fortress), Hungary ; Muriel-de-la-fuente walled of the (the town fountain) ; old walled Murillo little walled Muriel-viejo (the town) ; (the in Murviedro old called town), Spain ; (the fortifications), by the Romans Muriveteres, because they believed it to be on the site of the ancient in Saguntum ; Semur, France, corrupt, from Sinemurum (without walls).

N

a nose with the Lat. and in e /A c \ ( > cognate nasus, to ra h to a the PS P y applied promontory ; e.g. NOES (Scand ") J . ,J; in and in Monmouth ; j Naze, Norway, Nash, ^Nash-scaur (the promontory of the cliff), in Wales Katznase cat's Blankenese ; (the headland) ; (white in Holstein cape), ; Foreness, Sheerness, Fifeness, Buchan- in Scotland Roeness ness, Blackness, England and ; (red Shetland Vatternish in Bor- cape), ; (water cape), Skye ; rowstounness or Bo'ness, in (the cape near Burward's dwelling) ; (the woody promontory) ; and in Langness Littleness, Man ; Dungeness (danger of site of cape) ; (the cape the beacon-fire), the an ancient in Lancashire southern lighthouse ; Saturnness (the in from cape), Kirkcudbright ; Shoeburyness, corrupt, of the Sceobirig (the cape sea-fortress) ; Skegness (the cape 146 NAGORENA VA

near the Sviata- wood, skogr) ; Skipness (ship headland) ; Sclav, in Russia Caithness nos, (holy cape), ; (the promon- tory of the Catti, a tribe). Sansc. a NAGORE (Hindu nagar, nagura), city ; e.g. Barnagore for of the Varaha-nagur (the city boar) ; Chandernagore (of the the moon) ; Serenagur (of sun).

NAGY (Hung.), great ; e.g. Nagy-Karoly (Charles's great town) ; Matthew's Nagy-Malton (St. great town) ; Nagy-Szent- Miklos St. (of Nicholas) ; Nagy-varad (great fortress) ; Nagy-Koros (the great town on the R. Koros). NAHR a river Nahr-el-keber (Semitic), ; e.g. (the great river) ; Nahr-el-kelb or Lycus (the river of the dog or wolf), so named from a fancied resemblance of a rock near its mouth to the of these animals river of head ; Nahr-Mukatta (the slaughter); Aram-Naharaim (the high lands of the two rivers, i.e. Mesopotamia); Nahar-Misraim (the river of Egypt, i. the Nile). NANT (Cym.-Cel.), a brook or a valley through which a stream flows Nantmel ; e.g. (the honey brook) ; Sych-nant (dried- Nancemillin of the in Wales up brook) ; (the valley mill), ; Dewffneynt (the deep valley) was the ancient British name of Levenant Devonshire ; (smooth stream) ; Nant-frangon, i.e. beavers' Nant-yr-a-franc (the valley) ; Nantglyn (the glen of the in brook) ; Nant-y-Gwrtheyren ('s valley), in Cornwall also in Cornwall Penant Wales ; Nans, ; (the head of Cornant in the valley), and (a brook) ; Nantwich, Cheshire (the salt-works, wick, on the brook or stream, i.e. the a of the Nantes Weaver) ; (in valley Alps) ; from the in the named Namnetes (dwellers valley) ; Moch- nant swift in Wales (the brook) ; Nannau (the brooks), ; N angle, a bay on the coast of Wales, perhaps N ant-gel or eel (a secret corner) the Rev. J. James. Nevern, a parish in Wales, for Nant-ynfer (the brook of the conflu- with the ence) ; Nancy (the valley dwellings) ; Nans, Nant, in France Nanteuil of the same meaning, ; (the valley v. CEUIL Nantberis Peris's fountain) ; (St. brook). moist Nassau moist Nassenfeld NASS (Ger.), ; e.g. (the meadow) ; Nassenhuben huts in moist (moist field) ; (the land) ; Nassenbeuren (the dwelling in moist land). a Nava-de-los-Oteros of the NAVA (Basque), plain ; e.g. (the plain NEDERNEU 147

Nava-hermosa and Nav- heights) ; (beautiful plain) ; Navarette at the arreux (the plain among hills) ; (the plain foot of the Paredes-de-nava houses of the hill) ; (the plain). lower Nether- NEDER, NIEDER, NEER (Teut. and Scand.), ; e.g. lands lower Nieder- (the lands) ; Netherby (lower town) ; lahnstein fortress on the lower R. (the Lahn) ; Nederheim, Nederwyk (lower dwellings). NEMET (Celtic), a sacred grove, cognate with the Lat. nemus and the Grk. nemos ; e.g. Nemours, anc. Nemoracum (the place of the sacred or also in wood grove) ; Nanterre, France, anc. Nemetodurum sacred on the (the grove waters) ; anc. in the Nismes, (the place grove) ; Augusto- nemetum (the splendid place of the grove), being the ancient of the ancient of name Clermont ; Nemetacum, name ; Nemea (the place of the grove), in Greece. with the Lat. f new,' cognate novus and . . . NEU (Ger.), i , ^, , /' .. the Grk. neos and their derivatives : NEWYDD (Cym.-Cel.), VT i. XT j r TVT t j. TVT 1 ' Neubur Neudorf Neu- ^ S> > Neustadt, NUADH rGadhelic ) 'f '', . I ville, Newbury, Newburgh (new town); NOWY and NAU , (Sclav.)," NeumarktT , . / [ (new market) ; Newbold, Newbottle, Newbattle (new building), in Germany, Eng- in is of land, and Scotland ; Newburgh, Fife, a town con- siderable antiquity. It owes its origin to the Abbey of Lindores, in its neighbourhood. It was erected into a burgh or by Alexander III., in 1266, and in the charter it was called "Novus , juxta monasterium de Lindores." It seems, therefore, that there was a more ancient burgh belonging to the abbey in the neighbourhood Newburn (new stream), in Fife. Newhaven (the new harbour), in relation to the older harbour of Leith. In the sixteenth century Newhaven had a chapel dedicated to the and was then called our of Virgin Mary, Lady's port grace ; but in the year 1511 the city of Edinburgh bought up the

village and harbour. In France : Nevers and Noyon, anc.

Noviodunum (the new fortress) ; Neuvy, with the same Villeneuve meaning ; Neuve'glise (new church) ; (new

villa) ; Nievre and Nivernais, a department and ancient of France from province ; Nienburg, corrupt, Neuenburg in Hanover in (new town), ; Newport (new harbour), in Isle of Belgium ; Newport, the Wight, so named because 148 NEUNIJNY

it the older harbour at Carisbrook in superseded ; Newport, which Caerleon Neusatz or Wales, superseded ; Neoplanta founded in 1 on the (new station), 700, Danube ; Neusohl (new seat), in Hungary its native name is Bestereze-banya (the mine on the R. Bistritz); Neustadl (new stall); Neuwied anc. in (new pasture) ; Nimeguen, Noviomagus (new field), Holland and ; Novgorod Novigrad (new fortress) ; Novidwar in Russia in (new court), ; Nowe-mjasto (new bridge), Poland ; Novobeilaiaskaia (the new town on the white stream), in Russia i.e. Novaia-Zemlia new ; Nova-Zembla, (the land) ; Novi- Bazaar in Nowazamka (new castle) ; (new market), Nowosedl Turkey ; (new seat) ; Nienburg, Nyborg, Nyby, in Denmark and Holland Nystead (new town), ; Neocastro in Greece Nola or Novla in the (new camp), ; (new place), states and Sardinian ; Naumburg Nienburg, corrupt, from in Neuenburg (new town) ; Nykioping (new market-town), Sweden, and Nykjobing, in Denmark, with the same in from meaning ; Newington, Surrey, corrupt, Neweton; Newfoundland, so called when rediscovered by John Cabot in 1427, but known previously by Icelandic colonists as Litla- ; Nova (New Scotland), called by the Norseman ; New River, a large aqueduct from Hertfordshire to Islington, by which a of is with great part London supplied water ; New Ross, Co. Wexford, corrupt, from its Irish name Ros-mic-Treoin of Treun's in (the wood son) ; Newtown-Hamilton, Ireland, founded by the Hamilton family in 1770; Newtown- Limavady, Co. Londonderry, named from a castle in the called Newtown- neighbourhood Limavady (the dog's leap) ; Stewart, Co. Tyrone, so called from Sir William Stewart, it Charles I. to whom was granted by ; , named of the of afterwards II. in honour Duke York, James ; , called by Tasman, its Dutch discoverer, in honour, it is supposed, of his native province. lower lower new for- NIJNY (Sclav.), ; e.g. Nijny-Novgorod (the lower town on the as tress) ; Nijny-Neviansk (the Neva), distinguished from Verkii-Neviansk, the upper; Nijnaia- lower fort of the ozernaia-krepost (the lakes) ; Nijny-Devitzk town on the lower (the lower Devitza) ; Nijni-Tagelsk (the town on the R. Tagel), in Russia. NIMZ NOYER 149

NIMZ (Sclav.), foreign, from nemy or nemec, dumb a word applied by the Sclavonic races to the Germans, because their language was unintelligible to them : e.g. Niemitsch, in Niemez, Niemtschitz, German towns Bohemia ; Nemet- in but there is uj-var (the new German fortress), Hungary ; a Sclavonic deity called Njam, to whom the names of some of these places may be traced. NO, , NOUE (Old Fr.), a low meadow habitually overflowed with water. It has evidently arisen out of noyer, to sub- La merge ; e.g. Noaillac, Noallau, Noalle, Noalles, Noyelle, Noyellette, in which the word is probably joined to ceuil, a water-source; Nogent (pleasant meadow); No-aux-Bois the Les Lat. (in woods) ; Noues, Neuillay, Neuilly, Noisy, Noesiacum.

NORDEN, N60RD (Teut.),

NOR (Scand), NORD (Fr.^ h (under Rollo in 912); Noordbroek north Noordwolde in (the marshy land) ; (north wood), Nordhausen Holland ; Norbury, Nordenburg, Norton, (north dwelling or town); Norham, on the R. Tweed; Northampton (the town on the north side of the Aufona, now the R. Northumberland land north of the Nen) ; (the ) ; Normanton and Nordkyn (north cape) ; Normandby (dwell- of the or in ings Norsemen Danes), England ; Norrkoping in Sweden Norrland (northern market-town), ; (a large division of in so called Sweden) ; Northallerton, Yorkshire, to it from Allerton-Mauleverer North distinguish ; Cape most of (the northerly point Norwegian ) ; North Berwick, Co. Haddington, so called to distinguish it from northern v. Berwick-upon-Tweed ; Norway (the kingdom) REIKE Norfolk abode of the north as REICH, ; (the people, from Suffolk to the north distinguished south) ; Northleach, of the R. Leach in Cheshire north salt ; Northwich, (the v. the which manufactory) WICH ; , town super- seded Venta-Icenorum, whose inhabitants fled at the approach of the Danes, and erected a castle of defence farther north. NOYER (Fr.), the walnut-tree, Lat. nucarius, from which are derived nucetum, nucelletum, and nugaretum (a place with planted walnut-trees) ; e.g. Noyers, Nozay, Noroy, La Nozaye, Les Noze"es, Nozieres, Nozeroy, etc., in France. 150 NUDDYOFER

a river NUDDY (Pali), ; e.g. Maha-nuddy (great river) ; Nuddea (the district of the rivers). a Alut-nuwera Kalawa NUWERA (Tamil), city ; e.g. (new city) ; (the on the i.e. the city Kala-Oya, rocky river) ; Nuwera-Panduas (the city of Panduas), in Ceylon.

O

, . ( upper ;' e.g. Oberhofen (upper court) ; Ober- OB, OBER (Ger.), , f i v " < ,V ,~ , x lahnstem (the upper fortress on the R. Lahn) ; OVER , , V . _. , (Dutch), ) > ( Oberndorf, Overbie, Overham, Overton, Over- town on the burg (upper town) ; Oberdrauburg (the upper R. the R. Drave) ; Overyssel (beyond Yssel) ; Orton in St. South- (upper town), Westmoreland ; Mary's-Overy, wark (i.e. over the water from London). OE "v. EA, p. 7 1. CEUIL (Fr.), the eye in topography applied to the source of a or fountain Arcueil arched fountain or stream a ; e.g. (the Berneuil source of the Ver- aqueduct) ; (the water, bior) ;

neuil and Vernel (alder-tree fountain, Lat. -uernus) ; - teuil Nanteuil (silver fountain) ; Bonneuil (good fountain) ; source of the Auneuil (the stream) ; (alder-tree fountain, Fr. Auteuil Boisseuil aune) ; (high fountain) ; (the woody anc. Cantilliacum head of the fountain) ; Chantilly, (the water-source). or shore f a border,' boundary,' or . , , OFER,' ORE v(A.S.), \ ,. f ~ x cognate with the Lat. ora and OVER (Dutch), UFER (Ger.), /^ ju i- \ \ the Grk. horos; e.g.* Oare and Ore OIR (Gadhelic), ! , , , , . T c /' , . . : (the shore), in Kent, Sussex, and or a ;, EYRE, ORE (Scand.), point,' j nr- ji i.e. Somerset ; Windle- [_ Windsor, sora A.S. (the winding shore, windle) ; Southover and south and west Ventnor shore Westover (the shore) ; (the of the ancient of the Isle of Gwent, name Wight) ; Pershore (the willow shore, pttrsh), or, according to Camden, corrupt, from Periscorum in allusion to the abundance of pear-trees in its anc. shore or vicinity ; , Andeafaran (the of the Ravensore or ferry R. Anton) ; (the point promontory of Scand. an Hrafen,a personal name) ; Hanover, c.Hohenufer Elsinore near the town of (high shore) ; (the point Helsing), in Gael. coast lands Denmark ; Argyle, Oirirgaedheal (the OICHE OSTROW 151

of the in and in Gaels) ; Dover, Kent, Douvres, Normandy, perhaps from ofer. OICHE water Oich River and Oichel Rivers (obs. Gael.), ; e.g. (the Loch Duich black Ock, Ocker, Ocke, Eck) ; Oich, (the water). ORE a Nellore (Hindostanee), city ; e.g. Ellore, Vellore, ; Tanjore, anc. of Bednore Tanja-nagaram (the city refuge) ; (bamboo of city) ; Mangalore (the city Mangala-Devi). a also a name ORMR (Scand.), , personal ; e.g. Ormeshead, in Cumberland, named either from the serpent-like shape of the rock, or from the common Norse name Ormrj Orma- thwaite, Ormsby, Ormiston, Ormskirk (the clearing, the dwelling, and the church of Ormr). The same prefix in French topography signifies the elm-tree, as in Les Ormes Ulmetiiim elm (the elms) ; Ormoy, Lat. (the -grove), synonymous with Olmedo and Olmeto, in Spain. The Orne or in or Olna (elm-tree river), Normandy ; Ulm Ulma (the in in Corsica. place of elm-trees), Wurtemburg ; Olmeta,

. . a /a point, a corner, and sometimes place ; e.g. Ruhrort 1 Angerort (the corner of the R. Anger); DORT C Dutch ) J the r Griinort (of Rohr ; fereen point) ; ORD (Scand \ I ) ''' Akkerort corner vSchonort (beautiful point) ; (the of the the R. Storort the field) ; Tiegenort (of Tiege) ; (of R. the or headland of Caithness. Stor) ; Ord the east e Ostend at the east end or c ; -g- ( 1 . OF T /rvrN f . \Jj OH.0 1 I VJCl. I, I r i i i \ s-\ . enm of the canal mto the ocean Oster- COST (Dutch) ) P g ) ; Osterfeld Osterhofen east burg ' ' (the town, OSTER (ScancM ) ''' and Osterholtz east Afield, court) ; (the wood) ; east of the in Sweden Osterdalen (the basin R. Duhl), ; Ostheim, Osthausen, Oesthammer (the eastern dwelling or Ostwald in Alsace Essex village) ; (east wood), ; (the in to country of the East Saxons, opposition ) ; Austerlitz east of Alost the (the town the R. Littawa) ; (to east), in Belgium. or island or lake in OSTROW, OZERO (Sclav.), an ; e.g. Ostrov, Russia a island in the (on river-island) ; Kolkoe- (the R. Ostrova island in the Bielo-Ozero Kola) ; (an Danube) ; white Tschudskoe - Ozero lake of the (the lake) ; (the a new But Tschudes, tribe) ; Ostrownoye (the island). Ostrow and are sometimes Germanised forms of 152 OTERO PALUS

Wotschow, Sclav, (a marshy place), as in Wustrow, Ostropol, Ostrasatz, Ostrawiec (the place on the marshy ground). a hill or OTERO (Span.), rising ground ; e.g. El-Otero (the rising Otero-de-las-duenas hill of the old ground) ; (the ladies) ;

Otero-del-Rey (the king's hill). Sclavonic affixes used as like the Ger. > , ow ITZ ( ingen ; e.g. Nowakwitz (the possession of the de- r>WT7 no i ' scendants of ( Nouak) ; Jvanow, Janow, Janowitz (be- to and his Karlowitz longing John descendants) ; (to Charles) ; Petrowitz Kazimiritz Mitrowitz (to Peter) ; (to Casimir) ; Stanislowow Tomazow (to Demetrius) ; (to Stanislaus) ; (to Cracow or of Craus or Thomas) ; Kracow (the town Duke Krak of Poland, by whom it was founded in 1700).

" a e' ' the wer Pala palace ; Upper and L PALATIUM fLat \ f g ,T x tinate, so called from the palaces erected PALAZZO (It.),v ,' . by' the Roman emperors in different parts PALACHIO (Span.), \ , . . f tne in r, //- /- i \ empire ; Palazzo, Dalmatia and ,, . . . PALAS (Cym.-Cel.), , , - , ,, ,. Palazzolo Palazzuolo \J /' Naples '; and (the PAILIS (Gadhelic), v . TJ . , in Los great palace), Piedmont ; Palachios in anc. Palatiolum (the palaces), Spain ; Pfalsbourg, (the town of the palace, founded in 1570), in France; Semi- palatinsk, in Siberia (the town of the seven palaces), so called from the extensive ruins in its in neighbourhood ; Spalatro, Dalmatia, named from the palace of Diocletian, originally SalotKZ-Palatiiim (the palace near ), at first corrupted to As-palthium (at the palace), and then to Spalatro. In

Wales : Plas-gwyn (the white palace) ; Plas-newydd (the new palace). PALLI (Tamil), a small town or village, sometimes corrupted to or i.e. Poly, Pilly, Pally ; e.g. Trichinopoly, Trisira-palli (the town of the giant).

/T \ a marsh ; Padula and towns in t ( e.g. Paduli, Italy; ^ ^ee ^at - a^us an extensive marsh in ; P '> Belgium in La Pala, La Palud, and Paluz, France ; Per- ugia (the town on the marsh), in a province of the same in or name Italy ; Pelusium, Coptic Permoun (the muddy marshy place), on the Delta of the Nile. PANT PEEL 153

PANT a hollow hollow of the (Welsh), ; e.g. Pant-y-crwys (the cross), in Wales; Pant-yr-Ysgraff for Pont-yr-Ysgraff V. PONT. a P t; ^' ^ PAPA,orPABBA(Scand.),( 1 1 T several of this name ^^in the island), ^ PFAFFEfGer ) J Hebrides island ; Papa-Stour (the great POP (Sclav } I of in V the priest), Shetland ; Papa- island Stronsay (the priest's near Stronsay), Orkney ; Pap- penheim, Pfaffenhausen, Pfaffenberg, Pfafifenhofen (the in priest's dwelling), Germany ; Papendrecht (the priest's Pfarrkirchen or pasture) ; (the priest's parish church) ; Poppowitz, Poppow, Sclav, (places belonging to the priests). PARA a or the (Brazilian), river, water, sea ; e.g. Para, Parahiba, rivers in Brazil Parana, Paranymbuna, ; Paraguay (the place of Parana-Assu Parana-Mirim waters) ; (the great river) ; small (the river) ; Parahyba (bad water). PARA (Sclav.), a swamp or marsh, cognate with the Lat. palus;

e.g. Parchen, Parchau, Parchim (places in a marshy locality) ; Partwitz or Parzow, Paaren (the town on the marsh), in several localities. The letter/ is sometimes changed into b, as in Barduz, Barzig, Baruth, in Prussia, and Bars or Barsch, in Hungary. or PATTANA a PATAM, (Sansc.), city ; e.g. Nagapatam (the city of the snake) ; Masulipatam (of fishes) ; Periapatam (the chosen of city) ; Viziapatam (the city victory) ; Seringa- i.e. of Pata or patam, Sri-ranja-Pattana (the city Vishnu) ; Pattana or an of (the city) ; Madras Madras-pat (the city the or school a Madras college ; , Ar., university). is called by the natives Chenna-patana (the city of Chenappa, an Indian prince). PEEL a small fortress in the Isle of (Cel. pile), ; e.g. Peel, Man, and numerous Peel towers on the border between England and Scotland. The Pile of Foudrig (the peel or tower of the fire island), called Furness, the site of an ancient light- house Les in in La ; Pilles, Dauphiny ; He du Pilier, with a in the Lithuanian lan- Vendde, lighthouse ; Pittas, guage also, is a castle, thus Pillkallan (the castle on the hill), in E. Prussia, as well as the towns of Pillau, in E. Prussia, Pilsen, in Bohemia, and Pillnitz (the towns with fortifications). 154 PENPFERD

PEN a or a or hill summit (Cym.-Cel.), head, promontory, ; e.g. hill or Pen-carrig (rocky cape) ; Pen-brynn (hill summit) ; Pencoid the of (of wood) ; (the promontory Mona or Pentir boar's Anglesea) ; (the headland) ; Pentyrch (the of the in head) ; Pen-y-cwm-gwig (the top woody vale), Wales headland of the ; Pen-y-groes (the cross) ; Penby- in Wales chief diog (land's end), ; Pencelly (the grove) ; head of the a Pen-y-gelly (the grove, cell, grove) ; Penllech (of the stone or rock); Penhill, Somerset, and Dumfries hill Pendarves head Penlaw, (the summit) ; (the of the in oak-field) ; Penpont (the head of the bridge), Dumfriesshire Penn in Stafford ; (a hill), ; Pencombe head of the Penforfa the Pen- (the hollow) ; (of moor) ; nant (of the valley); Pen-mynnydd (of the mountain); anc. the Penicuik cuckoo's Penrith, Pen-rhyd (of ford) ; (the Pen-maen-maur stone hill) ; Cockpen (red hill) ; (the great head or and hill) ; Pennigant (windy hill) ; Penryn Penrhyn head of the the (the promontory) ; (of strand) ; or Old Radnor head of the Pen-y-craig (the rock) ; Penzance, formerly Pensans it is called the saint's headland, from a head of John the Baptist (the town's arms), but it sands Camden thinks might mean the head of the ; Pain-bceuf or ox's Pendennis Penn-Ochen (the headland) ; (the fort on the headland) v. DINAS. Mount Pindus and the Grampians, Van in Brecknock, and the Vans in this root also the and the Wales, embody ; Apennines Pennine Alps, Pena and Penha, in Spain and Portugal, are applied to rocks, thus Penafiel (the loyal rock), in also Spain, and Cape Penas ; Penha-verde (green rock), in Brazil.

v In this word an enclosure _-,_ (r f Germany signifies Jrr H,Kl_.rl I Ijer. ), .. , . _, , , IT- for cattle in England and France, an en- .rh/AKKUUPWAppnr (ri./A o.$\ "), , < .1 r r . closure for the of or for ^ -J protection game ' Parkhurst enclosure in the ft t_\ I pleasure ; e.g. (the PAIRC (Irish). ,. r t. i\/~ Parkfoot^?r ^/^T.)the foot of the Co. [ wood) ; (at park), Parkham Stirling ; (park dwelling) ; Parkmore (great park or in Ireland Parkatotaun field of the field), ; (the burning), Co. Limerick. PFERD a horse Pferdsfeld horse's Pfers- (Ger.), ; e.g. (the field) ; dorf (the horse's village). PFORTE 155

a haven or ' landing-place, passage cognate PFORTE (Ger ) \ with the Lat rtU5 > * Seligenpforten POORT mntcM ! P blessed Sassen orte the RTHrcvm cen ^ (the port); P ( ' Saxons ; Himmelpforte port I haven) (the POUT (r^l\\r\IC '' [of ); Pforzheim (the dwelling at to in Baden the passage or entrance the Hyrcenian forest), ; Porlock enclosed Zandpoort (sandy haven) ; (the haven), in Portsmouth of the Somersetshire ; (the mouth haven) ; in Porthkerry (rocky haven), Wales ; Porthaethroy (the landing-place of the terrible water), a dangerous ferry in Wales from ; Portholgoch, corrupt, Porth-y-wal-goch (i.e. the harbour of the red Porthstinian of wall) ; (the port in from Justinian), Wales ; Porth-y-cawl, corrupt, Porth-y- (the harbour where the Gallic invaders used to land),

in Wales. In Ireland : Portraine, now Rathlin (the land- of the Port- ing-place Rachra) ; (at fortress) ; Irish the Portmarnock law, Port-lagha (at hill) ; (the haven of St. of the Marnock) ; Port-na-Spania (the port Spaniard), where one of the vessels of the Invincible

Armada was wrecked, off the coast of Ireland ; Port-Arling- ton, named after the Earl of Arlington in the reign of Charles II. anc. Kil-ma-Colm Columba's ; Port-Glasgow, (St. church). It received its modern name in 1668, when pur- chased in Kin- by the merchants of Glasgow ; Portmoak, ross of St. Port-Patrick (the landing-place Moak) ; (the it is for place from which said St. Patrick sailed Ireland) ; Portree, in Skye, and Port-an-righ, in Ross (the king's Portnellan of the in haven) ; (the landing-place island), Loch in Tummel ; Portmore (the great port), Wigton ; the Port-na-churaich the Port-na-craig (of rock) ; (of boat), in Port- lona, where St. Columba landed from Ireland ; skerrie in (the rocky landing-place), Sutherland ; Snizort, in Skye, corrupt, from Snisport, probably named after a Norse leader or haven of ; Port-ny-hinsey (the of island), the Celtic name of Peel, in the Isle Man ; Portinscale, in Westmoreland (the passage where the skaala or booths for the Scandinavian thing, i.e. meeting, were Portobello beautiful in South erected) ; (the harbour), so its founder in Mid America, named by ; Portobello, Lothian, named in commemoration of the capture of the i $6 PIC PITT

in or South American town 1739 ; Portskewitt Porth-is-coed below the in (the port wood), Monmouth ; Porth-yn-lyn (the the in in i.e. port of pool), Wales ; Portsoy, Banffshire, safe Port-saith (the port) ; Port-dyn-Norwig (the port of the in Wales in Northman), ; Maryport, Cumberland, named after the wife of its first proprietor ; Portlethan, Gael. Port- leath-an of the Port- (the port gray river), Kincardine ; Logan, in Wigton, i.e. Gael. Port-na-lagan (the port of the hollow). Port became an established Saxon word for a market-town hence we have such names as Newport, to inland towns on the R. Longport, applied ; Bridport, Brit. The Cinque-ports, Fr. cinq (five), were the towns of Dover, , Hythe, Romney, . In Portugal :

Oporto (the port) ; Portugal, anc. Portus-cale, both mean- the harbour Porto-rico an island of the ing ; (rich port), Antilles Porto-Santo in group ; (the holy port), the Madeira Isles Porto-Vecchio ; Porto-seguro (safe port) ; (old port), in Corsica cheerful in Brazil ; Porto-Alegre (the port), ; Porto-farina of in North Africa Porto- (the port wheat), ; ferrajo (fortified port), in Tuscany, on the coast of the Island of Lat. Portus- of Elba ; Port-Vendres, Veneris (the port in Venus), France ; Le Treport, corrupt, from the Lat. Ulterior-Portus, in Normandy, at the mouth of the Bresle. a eak or .. the Pike o' PT^P/A q\ ( P Promontory; e.g. Stidde f the r ck the (the peak high > ; PIC and r . 6ak in Der Pike's in the ' byshire ; Peak SPITZE (Ger.) \| Rocky Mountains,M named after General Pike in built a hill ; Spitz, Austria, around ; Spitzbergen head of the (the peaked mountains) ; Spithead (the promon- Le a town situated on a hill tory) ; Puy (the peak), high ; Puy-de-dome (the dome-shaped peak). sand in a PISCH (Sclav.), ; e.g. Pesth, Hungary (on dry, sandy but that the name be derived soil) ; Buttman suggests may from paz, Sclav, (a baking place), as the for Buda, on the opposite side of the Danube, is Ofen (the in oven) ; Peschkowitz, Peshen, Pisck, Pskov, Peckska, Russia and Bohemia. Pies, Sclav, (the dog), may, however, be the root-word of some of these names. PITT, PITTEN (Gadhelic), a hole, a small hollow. This word, as a prefix, occurs very frequently in Scotland, especially in PLESSA POLDER 157

Fife, in which county the most important place is Pitten- weem (the hollow of the cave, tiaimh), the seat of an ancient monastery, near which is the cave from which it was Pitcairn hollow of the named ; (the cairn), near Perth, in the neighbourhood of which there are two large cairns of stones ; Pitgarvie (the rough hollow) ; Pitglas (the gray Pettinain hollow of the a hollow) ; (the river), parish on the hollow of the Clyde ; Pittencrieff(the tree, craobJi) ; Pitgober the Pitnamoon the Pittendriech (of goat) ; (of moss) ; (the

Druid's hollow) ; Pitcaithly, probably the hollow of the in Perthshire narrow valley, ; Pittentaggart (the priest's portion) as in ancient times, the word pitte is understood to have also meant a or of land it part portion ; and has probably this meaning in Pitlochrie, in Perthshire, anc. Pittan-cleireach (the portion of the clergy or church-land), as well as in in Fife in Pittan-clerach, ; Pitmeddin, Aber- deenshire, named after St. Meddane. Pittenbrae (the hollow of the or anc. hill) ; Petty Pettie, Petyn (the hollow of the on Inverness island), Beauly Loch, ; Pettycur (the hollow of the dell, coire), in Fife.

v ( a an enclosed and xp meaning successively hedge, cu^ivate^ surrounded an enclosed FiruM \ place by trees, ' a a or ( garden, park, mansion, country residence ; e.g. Plessis, Le Plessin, Plessier, Le Plessial, etc. v. Cocheris's Noms de Lieu. or PLOE a found in PLEU, (Cym.-Cel.), village, only Brittany ; e.g. Pleu-meur Ploer- (great village) ; Pleu-nevey (new village) ; mel mill (the village) ; Pleu-Jian (John's village) ; Pleu, Ploven, Pleven, etc. POLSKI a a town in PLON, (Sclav.), plain ; e.g. Ploen, Holstein ; Plonersee lake of the (the plain) ; Juriev-Polskoi (St. George's town on the i.e. Polskoi plain) ; Poland, (the plain or level level land) ; Volkynia (the country). POD near or under the (Sclav.), ; e.g. Podgoriza (under hill) ; Podmokla the from (near moss) ; Potsdam, Pozdu-pemi (under the oaks). POLDER land reclaimed from the sea (Dutch), ; e.g. Polder and in of Polders, Belgium ; Beemsterpolder (the meadow the reclaimed land); Charlotten- Polder (Charlotte's reclaimed reclaimed from a or land) ; Pwlpolder (land pool marsh). 158 POLISPOLL

a borrowed from the POLIS (Grk.), city ; pol (Sclav.), probably founded the Greek ; Constantinople, Adrianople, by emperors and Constantine and Adrian ; Nicopolis Nicopoli (the city of victory) the first founded by Augustus to commemorate the battle of Actium, and the second by Trajan to com- over the memorate his victory ; Persepolis (the city from of the Persians) ; Pampeluna, corrupt, Pompeiopolis, rebuilt the sons of the so called because by Pompey Great ; Decapolis (the district of the ten cities), colonised by the in Palestine Stav- Romans, ; Sebastopol (the august city) ; of the in Russia white ropol (the city cross), ; Bielopol (the of Sclav. city) ; Bogopol (the city God, Bog) ; Gallipoli, beautiful anc. Calipolis (the city) ; Naples, Nauplia, Nablous,

and Neapolis (the new city) ; Grenoble, corrupt, from of of Gratianopolis (the city Gratian) ; Heliopolis (the city the sun), being the for On, in Egypt, and also in fair for Baalbec, Syria ; Krasnapol (the city) ; Theriasipol, in Hungary (named after the Empress Theresa) its Hun-

garian name Szabadka (the privileged) ; Yelisabetpol (after in three the Empress Elizabeth) ; Tripoli, Syria (the cities), from and Aradus being a joint colony Tyre, Sidon, ; Tripoli, in Barbary, named from its three principal cities, Lepta, in the built from the Oca, and Sabrata ; Tripolitza, Morea, cities remains of the three Tegea, Mantinea, and Palantium ; Amphipolis, now Emboli (the surrounded city), so called encircled the R. in because almost by Strymon ; Anapli, from the Morea, corrupt, Neapolis (new town) ; Annapolis, after in in Nova Scotia, named Queen Anne ; Antibes, Provence, a colony from Marseilles, anc. Antinopolis, named its the Turkish for after founder ; Stamboul, name Con- stantinople, means eis ten polin (to the city). /a pool or marsh, cognate with the Lat. palus; OLL I (Gadhelic), . ^ pool^ m Dorset) situated on a lagune PWL (Lym.-Lel.), at the bri ; Welsh- <^ Pontypool (the pool dge) '' ( pool, so called to distinguish it from Poole in Dorset its Welsh name is Trellyn (the dwelling on the Danish Hartness hard the pool) ; Hartlepool, (the pool by headland) the Normans added le pol, from a pool called the it is almost insulated Slake, by which ; , probably sea in Llyr-pvul, Welsh (the pool) ; Blackpool, Lancashire, POMM1ERPONS 159

drained named from a marsh now ; Polton and Pulborough Polbaith and Gael, of the (pool town) ; Polbeath, (the pool Poltarf the and Polrane birches) ; (of bull) ; Pollnaranny the in Ireland in Cumberland (of ferns), ; Wampool (i.e. Pwl-helli salt Pwll-du Woden's pool) ; (the pool) ; (black Pwll--mael of the warlike pool) ; (the pool weapons),

the site of a battle between the Welsh and Saxons ; Pwll- tin-byd (the very deep pool, literally the pool at the bottom of the in Wales. world) ; Pwll-y-wrach (the hag's pool), Pill, in Gloucester, means the mouth of a brook, e.g. Cow- etc. pill, Horse-pill, ; Polmont, Co. Stirling, corrupt, from

poll-monaidh (the pool near the hill). the POMMIER (Fr.), apple-tree ; pomeratum (a place planted with

apple-trees) ; e.g. La Pommeree, Pommeray, Pomiers, Pommera, Pommeraie, Pommereau, , in France.

/T \ the with its derivatives in the Romance t ( bridge, in lan ua es e and the Welsh S S ' -g- Pontefract, PONT (Welsh) 1 '' Lat. the broken ( Ad-pontem-fractum (at bridge) ; Pontoise across the R. (the bridge Oise) ; Pont-Audemer built Aldemar across the R. Pont-de- (the bridge by Rille) ; of briques (the bridge bricks) ; Pont-d'Espagne, corrupt, from fir-tree in Pont-de-sapins (the bridge) ; Ponteland, Northumberland, corrupt, from Ad-pontem-^Elianum (at the of - bridge ^lius) ; Pontigny (bridge town) ; Les -Fonts de-Ce (the bridges of Caesar), a town in France, with four across the Loire bridges ; Negropont, probably a corrupt, of Egripo, which the Italian sailors translated into Negripo or Negropont (black bridge), in allusion to the narrow strait called in Greek Euripos (i.e. the strait with the violent current), on which the town was built the name of the town was gradually extended to the whole island, till then called Eubcea; Ponte-vedra (the old bridge), and Puenta- in in de-la-Reyna (the queen's bridge), Spain ; Grampound, Cornwall, Welsh Pout-maur (the great bridge), corrupt, from the Fr. Grand-pont; Paunton, in Lincoln, anc. Ad- the in pontem (at bridge) ; Pontesbury (bridge town), Cheshire Ponte-corvo crooked in ; (the bridge), Campania ; Deux-ponts (the two bridges), in Bavaria. In Wales: Pont- faen (stone bridge) ; Pont-newydd (new bridge) ; Pont-glas- at the blue llyn (the bridge pool) ; Pont-y-glyn (the bridge 160 POORPRADO

of the of the glen) ; Pont-y-pair (the bridge cauldron) ; on the dark Pont-ar- Pont-ar-ddulas (the bridge water) ; devil's of the Fynach (the bridge) ; Pontypool (the bridge from pool) ; Pant-yr-ysgrafif, probably corrupt, Pont-yr- ysgraff"(\he. bridge of boats). In France: Poncelle, Ponchel, etc. in the of Poncelet, Ponceaux, ; Pont-a-couleuvre, depart, Oise, probably from an Old Lat. text, in which this place is called Pont-d-qui-l'ouvre (i.e. the bridge to whomsoever may open), it being a bridge closed by barriers Cocheris's Noms de Lieu. PURA a POOR, PORE, (Sansc.), city ; e.g. Nagpoor (snake city) ; little snake Chuta Nagpore (the city) ; Amarapoora (divine or of Beram- city) ; Bejapore Visiapoor (the city victory) ; the Mahometan sect called pore (of Bohra) ; Bhagulpore of (tiger city) ; Ahmedpore (the city Ahmed) ; Ahmedpore Chuta little of (the city Ahmed) ; Callianpoor (flourishing of the brother of the city) ; Bhurtpore (the city Bhurat, god

Ram) ; Rampoor (Ram's city) ; Bissenpoor (of Vishnu) ; Hari or Ferozepore (of Feroze-Togluk) ; Huripoor (of Shah Vishnu) ; Shahjehanpoor (of Jehan) ; Mahabalipoor Bali the the (of Great) ; Caujapoor (of Virgin) ; Rajapore the or the Beloved (of rajah) ; Cawnpoor Khanpur (of a title of the Ghazi- One, Krishna) ; Hajipoor (of pilgrim) ; a of the pore (of Ghazi, martyr) ; Mirzapoor (the city Secunder emir) ; Secunderpoor (of Lodi) ; Sidhpoor (of the the the saint) ; (of lions) ; Russoulpoor (of the prophet) ; Chandpoor (of moon) ; Joudpoor (war city) ; Darma- Ratnapoor (of rubies) ; Munnipora (of jewels) ;

pooram (of justice) ; Dinajpore (of beggars) ; Futtepoor (of

victory) ; Sudhapura (bright city) ; Conjeveram, corrupt,

from Canchipura (the golden city) ; Trivandrum, corrupt, from Tiruvanan-thapuram (the town of the holy Eternal One), in Travancore. PRAYAGA a PRAAG, (Sansc.), holy place ; e.g. Vissenpraag (the holy of place Vishnu) ; Devaprayaga (God's holy place).

j ^ \ ( a meadow, derived from the Lat. fira- PRADO (Span, and Port), I, ~ . . , ,-, turn; the Prairies or meadow lands ; ^ J e.g. Prato-Vecchio old in \ (the\ meadow),/' PTJATRTT? I Kr I ^ Tuscany; Ouro-preto, corrupt, from Ouro-prado (the gold meadow), near a gold mine in Brazil. PUEBLAQUELLE 161

In France, Premol, i.e.pratum molle (the smooth meadow); i.e. Pratum Alberti Prabert, (Albert's meadow) ; Pradelles, Les Presek, Premontie', Lat. Pratum-mons (the mount in the meadow), the site of an abbey, chief of the order of the Pre'montie'. a collection of hence a PUEBLA (Span.), people, village ; e.g. La in of Puebla, Mexico ; La Puebla-de-los- (the village the angels), in Mexico. PULO an island (Malay), ; e.g. Pulo-Penang (betel-nut island). PUSTY a waste Pustina the waste (Sclav.), place ; e.g. (on ground) ; Pusta-kaminica (the stony waste).

x well or of with /. q fa pool standing water, cognate s the Lat. and its derivatives in the /P J puteus Romance languages; e.g. Puozzuoli in Italy, FYDEN (Welsh) j " and Puteaux in anc. Puteoli \^ France, (the place of anc. Ptiteolis castrum of wells) ; Le Puiset, (the camp the Pfutzenthal well) ; Pfutzenburg and (the town and valley of the wells or in Poza-de-la-sal salt pools), Germany ; (the

near a salt in also in : well), mine Spain ; Spain Pozanca and Pozancos Pozo-blanco and Pozo- (the stagnant pools) ; hondo white and Puttenheath (the deep pool) ; Putney, anc. on the in in (the pool heath), Surrey ; Puttenheim, Belgium (a dwelling near a well or pool).

Q

f a place from which water flows QUELLE (Ger.), WEDEL (Old Ger.), , . c \ from quellen, to spring, and

/c- j \ { ivvllan. to flow; e.g. Miihl- KILDE (Scand.), . /n M quelle (the mill fountain); [ Hoogkill (corner well), and Bassekill in Holland in (low well), ; Quilleboeuf (well town), Roeskilde fountain of in Den- Normandy ; (the King Roe), mark Salzwedel Hohenwedel ; (salt well) ; (high well) ; Tideswell, in Derbyshire probably from a personal name, as there is a Tideslow in the in Nor- neighbourhood ; Wells, folk into which the tide in (a place flows) ; Wells, Somerset, named from a fountain to St. holy dedicated Andrew ; Motherwell, in Lanarkshire, named from a well dedicated to the in Virgin Mary ; Amwell, Hants, corrupt, from Emma's M 1 62 RADE RAIN

wellj Holywell, in Wales, named from St. Winifred's well in Welsh it is called town of the Trejfynnon (the well) ; in Shadwell, London (St. Chad's well) ; Bakewell, anc. in a Badican-wylla (the bath wells), Derbyshire ; Walston, parish in Lanarkshire, named from a sacred well near the site of the church Ashwell well in ; (the among ash-trees), in written Hertford ; Ewell, Surrey, found Etwell and Awell (at the well).

R

RADE, RODE (Teut), a place where wood has been cut down, and which has been cleared for tillage, from reuten, to root out, to plough or turn up. The word in its various forms, reud, is in reut, and rath, common German topography ; e.g. Wittarode cleared (the wood) ; Herzegerode (the clearing the Hartz of the on Mountains) ; Quadrath (the clearing on the R. Rade- ) ; Lippenrode (the clearing ) ; vor-dem-walde in front of the Randa- (the clearing wood) ; of rath and Wernigerode (the clearing Randa and Werner) ; Zeulenroda on the (the clearing boundary, ziel) ; Schabert, from Suabroid Pfaffrath corrupt, (the Swabian clearing) ; Baireuth cleared of the (the priest's clearing) ; (the ground Boii or on the R. Bavarians) ; Schussenried (the clearing ). Royd, in England, means a path cut through a wood, as in Huntroyd, Boothroyd, Holroyd. Terra-rodata (rode land) was so called in opposition to Terra-Bovata, i.e. an ancient enclosure which had been from time immemorial under the plough, i.e. Ormeroyd (Ormer's rode land).

, f a promontory or peninsula ; RAIN, RAND, RA (Teut. and Scand.), e-- a town name in if* fS\+ \ * Ram, . . RHYNN ', . ~ \(Cym.-Cel.),* Bavaria and c RINN /T { Styna; Randers, (Irish),v in ',' on a promontory Den- ROINN (Gael.), , %, . /!!. [mark; Hohenram (high pro- Steenrain Renfrew montory) ; (rock headland) ; (the pro- montory of the stream, frew\ anc. Strathgriff, on the R. Griff; the Rhinns (i.e. the points), in Galloway; Rhynie, in a in a parish Aberdeenshire ; Rhind, parish Perthshire, with the parish church situated on a headland jutting into the Rinmore in R. Tay ; (the great point), Devon, Argyle, RAJA RATH 163

and Aberdeenshire in Gael. ; Rindon, Wigton ; Tynron, Tigh-an-roinne (the house on the point), a parish in Dum- friesshire in and a station ; Reay, Sutherlandshire, Reay, on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, from Ra, Norse (a head of the in Cornwall. This point) ; Penryn (the point), word, in various forms, such as rin, reen, rine, ring, is of in Ireland seal's frequent occurrence ; e.g. Ringrone (the Rineanna of the promontory) ; (the promontory marsh, and Irish Rinn-bhile eanaigJi) ; Ringville Ringabella, (the of the old point tree) ; Ringfad (long point) ; Ringbane

(white point) ; Rineen (little point) ; Ringagonagh (the of the in of point O'Cooneys) ; Rinville, Galway (the point a Mhil, Firbolg chieftain) ; Ringsend, near Dublin (the end of the point).

RAJA, RAJ (Sansc.), royal ; e.g. Rajamahal (the royal palace) ; of the Rajapoor (royal city) ; Rajpootana (the country Raj- poots, i.e. the king's sons putra, a son). a ca e e white RAS fA ^ ( P -S' Ras-el-abyad (the cape);

i as elbi Rasicalbo /TT R '& } corrupt, from (the dog's ^ '^ \ ** Rasicarami of the ( cape) ; (the cape vineyards) ; Ras-el-tafal Rasicanzar swine's (chalk cape) ; (the cape) ; Ras-el-shakah Ras-el-hamra (the split cape) ; (red cape) ; Rascorno (Cape Horn). or RATH, RAED (Teut.), council ; e.g. Rachstadt Rastadt (the town of the council or court of Rathenau of justice) ; (the meadow the of the court of council) ; Raithby (the dwelling justice). RATH (Gadhelic), a round earthen fort or stronghold, cognate with the Welsh a or hill rhath, mound ; e.g. Rathmore (the great Ratass or Rathteas south Rattoo or fort) ; (the fort) ; Rath- tuaith Rathduff (northern fort) ; Rathbeg (little fort) ; (black fort of fort) ; Rathglass (green fort) ; (the Cum- the father of Rath- hal, Finn) ; Rathcormac (of Cormack) ; drum the Irish (of ridge) ; Rathdowney, Rath-tamhnaigh the Rathbane (of green field) ; (white fort) ; Rathfryland (Freelan's fort) all in Ireland. Rattray, in Perthshire, where there are the remains of an old fortress on a hill, and near what is called the Standing Stones, supposed to have been a Druidical in Banffshire temple ; Rathven (hill-fort), ; Rathmorail in Ra- (the magnificent fort), Aberdeenshire ; phoe, Co. Donegal, abbrev. from Rathboth (the fort of huts). 1 64 REICH RHEDIG

t.e. Frank-retch REIKE /r ^ \ (& kingdom ; e.g. France, REICH,' (Goth.),' I /, 7- j r ^ i- z. T. . v(the kingdom of the Franks, who are RICE (A.S.), < t j , J. to have derived their V~ j x. j supposed name RICH (Scand.), I r i j r i- 11 j r \ from a kind of called V. javelin franca) ; Austria, CEstreich (the eastern kingdom), as opposed to or Sud-rice southern (the western) ; Surrey (the in Hereford rule or kingdom) ; Goodrich, (Coda's kingdom) ; in Yorkshire or Nordrike Rastrick (Rasta's rule), ; Norway northern in (the kingdom) ; Ringerige, Norway (the king- of anc. Gotarike dom King Ringe) ; Gothland, (the kingdom of anc. Sviarike of the the Goths) ; Sweden, (the kingdom Suiones). REIDH (Gadhelic), smooth, used also as a noun to signify a level field, and Anglicised re, rea, or rey ; e.g. Remeen (the Muilrea smooth plain) ; (smooth hill, mullagh, p. 145) ; Rehill for Redh-choill (smooth wood). a river REKA (Sclav.), ; e.g. Riga, , , Regnitz (river also the R. Sclav. Serbenreka river of names) ; Spree, (the the or Meseritz and Meseritsch the Serbs Wends) ; (in in Rakonitz midst of rivers), Moravia and Wallachia ; (the in the Sclavonic for town on the river), Russia ; Reka, name Fiume, It. (the river), a town on the Adriatic, at the mouth of a stream of the same name.

. . . to fl w from whence are derived rivus > >J C Lat. and Port. and rivula, ; Ho, Span, ; (r rM?'r \ I '' r* v ta raes and A.S. 5^ i x >' > rith, (a stream). (Grk.), }-, . \ .1 TT .\ The Eng. river comes through the Fr. ff j in .L /o \ riviere, and that from tiparia, Mediae- Rl, SRI (Sansc.), v_* v* n u i valIT!Lat. a but a river-bank. [_ river, literally From these root-words many river names are derived, or rea to water from rhe, (swift), joined root-words signifying ; e.g. the Rhone, anc. Rhodamis, the Rhine, Rye, Rea, Rhee, etc. Rio-doce and Rio- , Rey, Rheus, Roe, Ruhr, ; dulce (sweet or fresh river), in opposition to Rio-salada Rio-branco Rio-bravo-del-norte (salt river) ; (white river) ; north south (the great river) ; Rio-grande-do-sul (the great Rio Rio-tinto river) ; -negro (black river) ; (coloured river) ; Rio -Colorado, with the same meaning; Rio -de -Janeiro, generally called Rio so named by the Portuguese dis- coverer because the bay was discovered on the feast of RHIADURRHUDD 165

St. Januarius : the city founded at the place, and now called St. Sebastian Rio -de Rio, was originally named ; - in Rio-dos-Reis river of (the snake river), Jamaica ; (the the kings), in Africa, so named by Vasco de Gama, because discovered on the feast of the Epiphany; Rio-de-Ouro river of on the coast of Guinea Rio-azul (the gold), ; (the

blue river) ; Rio-Marahao (the tangled river) ; Rio-de-la- Plata (the river of plata, i.e. silver), so called from the booty taken on its banks. a cataract a RHIADUR (Cym.-Cel.), ; e.g. Rhayadar (the cataract), town in Radnor, near a fall of the R. Wye, removed in 1780. Radnor itself is supposed to have taken its name from cataract of the R. Rhiadur- Rhiadur-Gwy (the Wye) ; in Caernarvonshire mawr (the great cataract), ; Rhaidr-y- wennol (the cataract of the swallow), so named from the rapidity of its motion, like that of the bird. an ascent from Rhiw- RHIW (Welsh), ; e.g. Ruabon, corrupt, Fabon (the ascent of St. Mabon). RHOS, ROS (Cym.-Cel.), in Wales signifying a moor, in Cornwall a a town in Hereford Rhoscollen valley ; e.g. Ross, ; (the moor of in Rhos-du hazels), Anglesea ; (black moor) ; Penrhos (the head of the moor), in Wales. In Cornwall : of Roskilly (the valley hazels) ; Rosecrewe (the valley of the cross); Rosvean (little valley); Rosmean (stony valley). e Ru nd red land or er' & < >> P RHUDD (Cym.-Cel.), f ^ f RUADH ' Gadhelic), p^.l .1 ' Rhuddlan the ^Tred bank^l T^/( ( > **) ROTH and RUD (Teut ) 1 f .3 \ Rhuthin, from Rhudd-din fc I corrupt, (the

red ; Llanrhudd red [_ land) (the church), in anc. Rotemulte Wales ; Romhilde, (red land) ; Rother,

Rotha, Rothback (red stream) ; Rotherthurm, Hung. Sclav. Vorostoroney (red tower) ; Rothen-haus, Czerweny- hradek house or in in (red castle), Bohemia ; Rotenburg, Switzerland town on the red in (the brook) ; Rothenburg, and Bavaria red in Hanover (the fortress) ; Rothenburg, Prussia proper, is called by the Sclaves Rostarezewo (the town of the Sclavonic Rothenfels deity Ratzi) ; (red rock) ; Rotherham on the red (the dwelling river) ; Roughan and Rooghaun (reddish land), in Ireland. But the prefix rud is sometimes the abbreviation of a proper name, thus 1 66 RHYDRIPA

Rudesheim, in Germany, is from Hruodinesheim (the dwell- of in Yorkshire Rud- ing Hruodine) ; Rudby, (of Routh) ; kioping, in Denmark (the market-town of Routh). a ford from RHYD (Welsh), ; e.g. Rhyderin, corrupt, Rhyd-gerwin

(the rough ford) ; Rhyd-y-Boithan, corrupt, from Byddin ford of the from (the army) ; Rhydonen, corrupt, Rhyd-hen old ford of (the ford) ; Rhyd-dol-cynfar (the the valley of the ancient fight). RIDING, or THRITHING, the three things, q.v., i.e. the three places or districts where the Scandinavians held their judicial the in so assemblies ; e.g. Ridings, Yorkshire, named under the rule Lincoln divided the in Danish ; was by Danes the same manner.

RIED (A.S.), a reed; e.g. Retford and Radford (the reedy ford); in Radbourne (reedy brook) ; Redbridge, Hants, anc. Reideford (reedy ford). Bede calls it Arundinis-vadum, Lat. (the ford of the reeds). ' a e' ' HansrUcke hn s ridge ; g (J "dge) 5 RIGGE CA S } ( horses' Hengistriicke (the ; Hundsricke PTTPRP-M /rwe N \ ridge) ^ '' field at ( (the dog's ridge) ; Rudgeley (the the brown and ridge) ; Brownrigg, Grayrigg (the gray ridge) ; Reigate (the passage through the ridge), contracted from

ridgegate ; Lindridge (lime-tree ridge) ; Rucksteig (the on the Steen- steep path ridge) ; Langrike (long ridge) ; riicke (stony ridge).

. /T fa bank or the border of a stream ; e.g. RIPA . (Lat.),' , 111 r T i /* \ . of ,, Riva (on the bank Lake Como) ; . RIVA (It.), TT C / T 1 /- J \ , . -c or T, Riva Rief (on Lake Garda) ; Rive- RIBA (Span, and Port.), 1 , ~. , . \ / , (/ c V_r v de-Gier and Aube-nve the banks of E r (on V ''' the R. Gier and Aute-rive and [ Aube) ; Rives-altes anc. (the high river-banks) ; Rieux, Rivi-Castra of the Riberac the bank of (the camp river-bank) ; (on the in France Rivalta in water), ; (the high bank), Piedmont ; anc. little in Piedmont Rivoli, Ripula (the bank), ; Romor- antin, anc. Rivus-Morentini (the bank of the R. Morantin), or in in France ; Riveria Riberia, Low Lat. signified a plain on the bank of a river hence Riviere, Rivieres, in Hautes- Rivieres, La Rivoire, etc., France ; Rivar- i.e. on the Cher rennas, Ripa-arentz (the sandy bank), R. ; the Rialto at Venice is corrupt, from Riva-alto (the high XISCHROS 167

in in Lat. records in bank) ; Rye, Sussex, Ripa; Ryde, the Isle of the bank of the Wight, formerly Rye (on water) ; on the R. anc. Altrupp, Rhone, Alta-tipa (the high bank) ; Ribaute and Haute-rive in Autrepe,for (high bank), Belgium ; Ribadavia and Riba-de-Sella (the bank of the Rivers Avia and in in Sella), Spain ; Ripon, Yorkshire, anc. Ripztm (on the bank of the R. Ure).

/the rush ; Ruscomb /r ^ e.g. (the rushy hollow) ; Rushbrook f A 9 \ J (the rushy stream) ; Rushford, Rushmere \ Rushholme, Ryston (the rushy OGOSCHA /Sclav ''' 1 l^ford, marsh, island, and town); Rogatzn, in Poland, and Rogatchev, in Russia (the place of rushes). a rock~derivatives from the Lat. rupesj e.g. ROC ROCHE ^(Fr)"'* ( . 1 Rocca-bianca Rocca-casale /T x v(white rock)"; v(rock ROCCA (It.), < . , ,.. . ,. r / A \ village or Rocca-secura safe pnr c j dwelling); (the V^rock fortress), in Italy; Rocca-Valoscuro (the rock in the dark in Rochefort-sur-mer valley), Naples ; (the fortress on the at the of the strong sea), mouth R. Charente ; La Rochelle little rock Rochefort for- (the fortress) ; (rock in tress), Belgium ; Rochester, Co. Kent (the fortress on the rock), or, according to Bede, the fort of Hrop, a Saxon chief in ; Rochester, New York, named after Colonel one of the settlers Rochester, early ; Roche-Guyon, Lat. rock fortress of Rupes-Gmdonis(\.\\.e Guido) ; Roche-Foucault, anc. fortress of Rupes-Fucaldi (the Foucalt) ; Rocroi, Lat. in France Rupes-Regia (the royal fortress), ; Roxburgh (the rock fortress) the ancient town, as well as the county, taking their name from the strong castle, situated on a rock near the junction of the Tweed and Teviot the ancient name of the castle was Marchidun (the hill -fort on the marshy land). ROS, ROSS (Gadhelic), a promontory or isthmus, and also, in the south of a Ireland, wood ; thus New Ross, Co. Wexford, anc. Ros-mic-Treoin wood of Ros- (the Treuon's son) ; common St. Ross- (of Coman) ; ('s wood) ; castle a on Lake (on promontory Killarney) ; Muckross of the in several in Ireland (the peninsula pigs), places ; Muckros (with the same meaning the pig's headland)

was the ancient name of the town of St. Andrews ; Ross- 1 68 RUHE SASHALL

the the Port- begh (of birches) ; (of confluence) ; rush of the (the landing-place promontory) ; Ross-shire its from seems to have taken name Ross (a wood) ; Mon- trose, anc. Monros (the promontory on the marshy land, anc. Rosneveth of St. mom) ; Rosneath, (the promontory in Roslin Nefydd), Dumbartonshire ; (the promontory on the Kinross head of the either pool) ; (the promontory), with reference to the county in regard to Fife, of which it anciently formed part or with reference to the town at the head of Loch Leven. Fife was anciently called Ross : it got the name of Fife in honour of Duff, Earl of Fife, to whom it was given by Kenneth II.; and in 1426 Kinross was made a separate county. Roskeen (the head or corner in of Ross-shire) ; Rosehearty, Aberdeenshire, corrupt, from Ros-ardty (the dwelling on the high promontory). rest Carlshriihe RUHE (Ger.), ; e.g. Ludwigsriihe (Ludowic's rest) ; (Charles's rest), founded by Charles William, of Baden, in 1715; Henricksriihe (Henry's rest).' council Runhall hall of the Run- RUN (A.S.), ; e.g. (the council) ; anc. town of the nington, Runenton (the council) ; Runny- mede (the meadow of the council). fish fish RYBA (Sclav.), ; e.g. Rybnik, Rybniza (the pond) ; Rybinsk, Rybnaia (fish town). a or ditch Prierow the RYSCH, or ROW (Sclav.), dam ; e.g. (near Prierosbriick near the dam) ; (the bridge dam) ; Ryswick on the the (the town dam) ; Riez, Rieze, Riezow, Riezig (at dam).

,~ . . ( behind Sabor the Zadrin av ; e.g. (behind wood) ; ''' the R. Zamosc the (behind Drin) ; (behind moss) ; ZA> \ (Zabrod (behind the ford); Zablat (behind the marsh). a barn anc. Sabhall- SABHALL (Gadhelic), ; e.g. , Co. Down, Patrick (Patrick's barn), being the first place of worship St. Patrick in Ireland Saval barn as used by ; (the used a near Drumsaul barn or church on church), ; (the the a mountain in from ridge) ; Sawel, Ireland, probably root a hill in the same ; Cairntoul, Aberdeenshire, origin- ally Carn-t-Sabhall (the cairn of the barn). SABLE SALZ 169

SABLE (Fr.), sand ; e.g. Sable, Sable", Sablat, Sablon, Sablieres, La Sabloniere, in France.

the willow ; Salehurst ( A q \ ( e.g. (willow copse); Salford willow ford Saul in Gloucester-- SALIX Lat ( ) ; . shire of In ( (the place willows). France take their name from Fr. many places Saule, (the willow) ; e.g. Sailly, from Salicettim (a place planted with willows), as also Saux, Saules, Saulzais, etc.

, a stone a with the \ ( dwelling ; set, cottage, cognate '''< Span, and Port, sala; e.g. Hohensale (high dwell- Nordsehl Oldenzeel ( ing) ; (north dwelling) ; (old Eversal of the wild Brun- dwelling) ; (the dwelling boar) ; sele at the Holzselen the (the dwelling well) ; (at wood) ; Laufenselden near the Marsal (the dwelling waterfall) ; (on

the in France. In : Salas Salas- marsh), Spain (the halls) ; de-la-ribera on the Salas-de-los- (the dwellings river-bank) ; Infantes of the (the dwellings infantry) ; Upsal, Scand. Upsalr (the high halls), in Sweden. sa with the Lat. sal and the Grk. /P x f lt, cognate the Rivers Salz- fr Hh i- \ hols; e.g. Saale, Salzach, v bachj Sal, Salat (salt Salies, ,q j \ stream);

//- /- i \ Salins, Salinas,' Salines,' Salenillas,' Salskaia, HALEN (Cym.-Cel.), . . ^, . . in South and [_ place-names France, America, Russia the of salt mines or (in neighbourhood springs) ; on the R. in also in , Saal, Saxony ; Saalfelden, salt in Austria (the field) ; Salamanca, Spain, anc. Salmantica in the of salt (the place neighbourhood springs) ; Salzburg, the R. Salzach Salzbrunn salt Salzkam- on ; (the well) ; of the or mergut (the public treasury salt-works) ; Soultz Soultzbad saline Soultzbach salt (the bath) ; (the brook) ; Soultz-sous-forets salt under the Soultz- (the springs woods) ; matt of the salt anc. (the meadow springs) ; Selters, in near the Selzar or mineral Saltrissa, Nassau, springs ; Saltzkotten huts of the salt in (the miners), Westphalia ; Solikamsk (the town of the salt-works on the R. Kama), in

Russia ; salt and sa/tz, as affixes, are also applied to dwell- ings on the sea-coast, thus Westersalt, Ostersalt, Neusaltz

(the west, east, and new watering-place by the sea) ; but Salton, a parish in East Lothian, does not come from this word. It is said to have derived its name from Nicolas de i;o SANG SCALE

Soules, who possessed that part of the country in the thirteenth century. Hal, the Celtic word for salt, still exists in the of where there are or were names places salt-works ; in Hants in e.g. Haling, ; Halton, Cheshire ; Halsal and in Lancashire in Prussian Hallaton, ; Halle, Saxony, stands the R. Saala on the Saale on ; Reichenhall, ; Hallein, on the Salza, near the salt mines in Tyrol. SANG (Ger.), a place cleared of wood by burning, from sengen, to burn fire ; e.g. Feuersang (the clearing) ; Altensang (the old but means the of clearing) ; Vogelgesang place singing-birds. SARN (Welsh), a road. The word sarn refers to the old Roman road which the Emperor Maximus called in honour of his wife a Welsh whom he had married Helen, princess ; e.g. Pen-Sarn Sarn-Helen (Helen's road) ; (the head or end of the Tal-Sarn face of the road) ; (the road). SAX, SAHS (Teut.), a stone, cognate with the Lat. saxum; e.g. Sachsa water in the of (the stony neighbourhood quarries) ; in stone or Sassoferrato forti- Sasso, Italy (the tomb) ; (the fied Sassuolo little rock or in rock) ; (the stone), Italy ; but these words, either as prefixes or affixes, in topography generally indicate places belonging to the Saxons, who were so called from the seax, a kind of sword which they used in thus warfare ; Sachsenberg, Sachsenburg, Sachsenheim, denote the of the Sachsendorf, Sassetot, dwellings Saxons ; in Saxony, Germany (peopled by Saxons) ; Sussex, Essex, and Wessex (the south, east, and west districts of the in Saxons' in Lincoln Saxons), England ; Saxby (the town), ; Saxlingham (the home of the descendants of the Saxons), in Norfolk Saxons' in ; Sassenberg (the hill), Westphalia. Shed 'alb ; <*' S y SKALI ( 5, SCALE, (Scand.), \ f f ff ^ ; SHEAL SHEAUNG Scaleby (hut town) (the (Scotch)," \ huts on the in Shetland ( bay, vig), ; huts on the R. Galashiels (the Gala) ; Biggarshiels (the near the of Co. huts town Biggar) ; Larbert, Stirling, formerly Lairbert-scheills (the huts of a man named Lair- North and South a collection of bert) ; Shields, originally huts but as in the fishermen's ; scald, Scandinavian language, means a bard that word is likely to have formed an element in place-names. Scaldwell is probably the bard's well; Skalholt, in Iceland, may be the bard's hill. SCAMSCHMAL 171

little little SCAM (Old Ger.), ; e.g. Schambach, Schamach (the stream). a bulwark (Ger.), ; e.g. Rheinschanze (the bulwark of the Hochschanze Rhine) ; (high bulwark). a from to divide SCHEIDE (Ger.), watershed, scheiden, ; e.g. Lenn- scheide, Remschede, Nettenscheide (the watershed of the this Rivers Lenn, Rems, and ) ; but word sometimes means a place separated by an enclosure from the surround- as in Scheidhof or enclosed ing land, (the separated court) ;

Scheidlehen (the separated fief). a Schenholtz SCHENKE (Ger.), public-house ; e.g. (the wood near the Shenklein little public-house) ; (the public-house) ; Shenkendorf (the inn village). a shed or barn brick SCHEUNE (Ger.), ; e.g. Ziegelscheune (the barn) ; Kalkscheune (lime-shed); Scheunenstelle(the place of sheds). a wood or field SCHLAG (Ger.), clearing ; e.g. Leopoldschlag (the field of the Pfafien- Leopold) ; Grafenschlag (of count) ; the the schlag (of priest) ; Kirchsclag (of church) ; Schlagen- cleared wald (the wood) ; Schlagberg and Schlaghock (the cleared hill and corner) ; Murzuschlag (the clearing on the R. Murz), in Styria. a snake SCHLANGE (Ger.), ; e.g. Slagenhorst (snake thicket) ; Schlangenbad (snake bath).

a sluice e ' ' Rhinschleuse the sluice of the ' g ( SCHLEUSE (Ger \ ( in Rhme ! Sluys, Holland ; and also

Norway ; Smallburgh (little town) ; Schmallenberg (little a in hill) ; Smailholm (little hill), parish Roxburghshire. 172 SCHMEIDESEE

SCHMEIDE (Ger.), a smithy; e.g. Nagelschmeide (the nail smithy); Schmeidefeld and Schmeidsiedel (the field and site of the hill of the smithy) ; Schmeideberg (the smithy). acattle-shed count's 5 ^ Herrnschweige (the SCHWAlGfOld* Ger ) ( "'*< cattle-shed); Brunswick, anc. Braunsiveig ( (Bruno's shed, or the town of Bruno). a or SCHWAND (Ger.), wood clearing ; e.g. Schwand Schwandt, in Bavaria in Switzerland ; Schwanden, ; Schwandorf (the village at the wood clearing). black SCHWARZ (Ger.), ; e.g. Schwarza, Schwarzach, Schwarzbach, for- Schwarzwasser (black stream) ; Schwarzburg (black Schwarzwald tress) ; Schwarzberg (black mountain) ; (black Schwarzkreutz black wood) ; (the cross). a wild SCHWERE (Sclav.), beast ; e.g. Schwerin and Schwerin- in in lake, Mecklenburg ; and Schwersentz, Posen (places infested by wild beasts).

/ clear Sherbourne clear A q \ ( ? bright ; e.g. (the stream) ; ^ *'' < but this word is sometimes used instead of scyre. SCER i I a division or shire, as in Sherwood (the wood the shire were Sherston where meetings held) ; (shire and Shardhill boundary stone) ; Shardlow (the boundary

hill) ; Sharnford (the boundary ford) ; Sharrington (the town of the children of the shire or division). old old SEANN (Gadhelic), ; e.g. Shanmullagh (the summit) ; old old Shandrum (the ridge) ; Shangarry (the garden) ; old Shanbally and Shanvally (the dwelling) ; Shanbo, old in Ireland also Shanboe, and Shanbogh (the hut), ; Shankill (old church), and Shandon, Irish Seandun (old fort). There are several places in Ireland called Shannon from this word, but it is uncertain what is the origin of the R. Shannon, whose ancient name was Senosj Sanquhar, Gael. Seann-Cathair (the old fortress), in Dumfriesshire, named from an old castle near the town.

. ( a lake or sea Ostsee and Oostzee ,p ; e.g. (east lake) ; ' Zee- Zuyderzee (the Southern Sea) ; Zealand and m M \ '* land surrounded the Gransee ( (land by sea) ; or corner Bodensee or Lake (boundary lake) ; Constance, named from Bodami-Castrum, the castle of the legate of the Carlovingian kings on its shore, and latterly from a erected the Great fortress by Constantine ; Dolgensee, SEIFENSET 173

Sclav, the Plattensee lake on the (the' long take) ; (the the marsh, blattd) ; Unterseen (below lakes^ j.the Red Sea, the translation of the sea of Edom (the red). (Ger.), a place where metals are washed; e.g. Seifen and where metals were Seifendorf (towns washed) ; Seifengold is Seifenzinn tin is (where gold washed) ; (where washed) ; Seifenwerk (the hill of the metal washing). SEILLE, an affix in French and Belgian topography, signifying a wood or forest, derived from the Lat. saltus and sylvaj Baseille Haseille Forseille e.g. (low wood) ; (high wood) ; of the Lat. Civitas (out wood) ; Senlis, Sylvanectensium town of the i.e. dwellers in the (the Sylvanectes, woods) ; Lat. Savigny and Souvigny, Sylvaniacum (in the woods) ; Selvigny, Souvigne", with the same meaning; La-silve- benite blessed Silve-real in (the wood) ; (royal wood), etc., France district the ; Transylvania (the beyond woods) its Hungarian name, Erdely-Orsag, means the woody anc. Brit. Lat. country ; Selwood, Cozt-mawr, Sylva-magna (the great wood), perhaps Selby, in Yorkshire. or SELENY, ZIELENY (Sclav.), green ; e.g. Selinga (the green Zelendorf moun- river) ; (green village) ; Zielonagora (green Szelenek tain) ; Zieleng-brod (green ford) ; Zielenzig and (green place).

SELIG (Teut. ), holy ; e.g. Seligenstadt, Seligenfeld, Seligenthal (the holy place, field, valley)'; Sellyoak (holy oak), perhaps Selby, in Yorkshire, if it is not from sylva, wood. a seat, settlement, or possession, cognate SET, SEATA (A.S.), with the Lat. sedes ; e.g. Dorset (the settle- ZETEL (Dutch), ment of the i.e. dwellers the SITZ Durotriges, by (Ger.), anc. Wilsaetan SSEDLIO water) ; , (the (Sclav.), settlement on the R. Willy) ; Shropshire, SUIDHE (Gadhelic), anc. Scrobsaetan (the settlement among from Somerton summer seat shrubs) ; Somerset, named (the of in Yorkshire the West Anglo-Saxon kings) ; Settle, (the in on the settlement) ; Sittingbourne, Kent (the settlement brook). In the Lake District, colonised by Norsemen, this word often takes the form of side; e.g. Ormside, Ambleside, Kettleside, Silverside (the settlement of Ormr, Hamel, etc. settlement at the in Ketyl, Soelvar), ; Pecsaeten (the peak),

Derbyshire ; Alsace, anc. Alsatia, i.e. the other settlement, 174 SHANSIDH

with reference to the German settlements on the west bank of the Rhine, as distinguished from the Franks or on the east anc. Holtsatia settle- Ripuari, ; Holstein, (the ment in the Waldsassen woods) ; (wood settlement) ; Winkelsass and Endzettel corner (the settlement) ; Neusass, Neusiedel, and Neusohl (the new settlement); Einsiedeln settlement of in Switzerland (the Eina), ; Wolfsedal (of Soest or in for Suth-satium Wolfa) ; Sost, Prussia, (the southern seat). In Sclavonian names we have Sedlitz (the possession); Stary-Sedlo (the old possession); Sedlitz- in Switzerland gross (the great settlement) ; Sursee, (the seat or Old Fr. on the R. or dwelling, Zi), Sur ; Sion Sitten, in Switzerland, Cel. Suidh-dunum (the seat on the hill-fort).

In Ireland : Irish Suidhe-Gobha Gobha's Seagoe, (St. seat) ; Seeoran white (Oran's seat) ; Seaghanbane (the seat) ; anc. Seaghandoo (the black seat) ; Shinrone, Suidhe-an-roin (literally the seat of the seal, but figuratively of a certain in hairy man) ; Hermosillo, Mexico, Span, (beautiful seat). of the SHAN (Chinese), a mountain ; e.g. Shan-tung (east moun- Shan-se of the Thian-Shan tain) ; (west mountain) ; (the celestial mountain). a river river SHAMAR (Pers.), ; e.g. Samer, Samara, Sambre, names. The Samur, which flows into the Sea of Asoph. ,. . (a wood or grove; e.g. the Shaws, in 1 , SHAW (A. S.), sceaga, ~ , j , i i i_- > < Cumberland and Lanarkshire Birchen- *1\ ; '' birch Pollokshaws ( shaw (the grove) ; (the near the of Bradshaw woods village Pollok) ; (broad

wood) ; Shaugh-Prior (the prior's wood) ; Shawbury (the town in the Evershaw wood of the wild wood) ; (the boar, of the eofer) ; Skegness (the headland wood). e of the a dwellinS ' -S- Begshehr (the dwelling SHEHR CPers ) ( be or be Abou-shehr of / S y) ; (the dwelling '' Allah-shehr Eskshehr Abou) ; (God's house) ; Yenishehr (old dwelling) ; (new dwelling) ; Anoopshehr Pudicheri (incomparable dwelling) ; Pondicherry, originally or Paraicherie of (new dwelling town) ; (the village Pariahs) probably Shiraz and Shirvan belong to this root. SIDH, SITH (Gadhelic), a fairy or a fairy hill. The belief in these supernatural beings is still general among the Celtic races. It was believed that they resided in the interior of pleasant " 5 SIERRA SK .TA 1 75

hills called sidhe or siodhaj, The word frequently takes the in the in Co. form of s/iee, as .^itve Hills, Meath ; Glenshee, in Perthshire ; Mullagvisliee (the fairy hillock) ; Sheetrim, i.e. Sidh-dhruim (the fairy ridge), the old name of the rock Cashel Killashee church near the of ; (the fairy hill) ; fort of the also Rashee (the fairies) ; Shean, Sheann, Sheane, Shane, in Ireland.

. (a. a serrated mountain chain,' having appear- SIERRA (Span.), f ., T from the Lat. a saw or ,p LIT \ ance, serra, ; perhaps ''' Ar. an uncultivated tract ( from the se/ira/i, of the root of the desert of in Africa land, being Sahara, ; e.g. Sierra- de-fuentes (the mountain chain of the fountains); Sierra-de-los-vertientes the Sierra (of cascades) ; Leone (of the Sierra-Calderona mountain chain with the lion) ; (the cauldrons or craters); Sierra-de-las-Monas (of the apes); Sierra dark mountain Sierra Morena (the range) ; Nevada Sierra Estrella mountain (the snowy) ; (the starry range) ; Sierra-de-Culebra the (of snake) ; Sierra-de-gata (of agates) ; Esmeraldas-Serradas emerald in Brazil (the mountains), ; of Cerro-de-la- Cerro-da-vigia (the mountain observation) ; the Giganta (of giantess) ; Cerro-largo (broad mountain) ; the Cerro-gordo (fruitful mountain) ; Cerro-del-cobre (of but in means a as in snake) ; serra, Italian, narrow place narrow of Serra- Serra-capriola (the place the goats) ; and Monascesca (of the monks). ( a sharpr rock allied to the Welsh SKAER (Scand.), , . , . ,, . , skertd. cleft ir* ji. i- \ -\ ' asunder, ysgariad:' , , SGOR and SGEIR (Gadhehc).' j .,, ': *., ( e.g. Skend-fawn and Skend-fach (the great and little skerid or division). Esgair is another word the to from same root, applied a long ridge ; e.g. rock Esgair-hir (the long ridge) ; Esgair-graig (the ridge) Scarcliff cliff of the Nashscaur e.g. (the sharp rock) ; (the of the on promontory steep rock) ; Scarborough (the town the rock or with in cliff) ; Scorton, the same meaning, Yorkshire Scarnose and Scarness ; (the sharp cape) ; - the coast of ford, Skeerpoint, on Wales ; Sheerness (the on the with the sharp headland), Thames ; Scaranos, same on the coast of meaning, Sicily ; Scarabines (the sharp in Scuir island points), Caithness ; (a sharp rock), on the of in in Egg ; Scordale, Westmoreland, and Scordal, Ice- 1 76 S&tWSHABH

land of the Scarsach (the valley steep rock) ; (abounding in steep rocks), in Perth V"-?carba (the island of the and in the" Hebrides sharp rock), Scarp, ; the Skerry and the , in the Shetland^, and on the coast of Ireland and Wales in ; Skerry-vore (the great rock), the Hebrides. an isthmus or SKAW, SKAGI (Scand.), promontqrv ; e.g. the Skaw or on the coast of Skagen Cape, Denmark ; Skagerack or Skagen-rack (the strait near the promontory). SKI, SK, SKIA, an affix in Sclav, topography, signifying a town, often annexed to the name of the river near the town, or to the of its founder name ; e.g. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Pinsk, Vitepsk, Volsk, Omsk, on the Rivers Tobol, Tom, Pina,

Viteba, Volga, Om ; Irkutsk, Berdiansk, Bielorietzk, Bob- roninsk, Illginsk, Miask, Olekminsk, Okhotsk, Olensk, on the Rivers Irkut, Berda, Biela, Bobronia, Ilga, Miass, Olekma, and Olenek Bielozersk on Okhota, ; (the town the white town on the or island) ; Jarensk (the Jarenga strong river) ; Kesilskaia the red (on river) ; Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautiful town of the R. Petsk in Ufa) ; (silk town), Turkey, where the mulberry- tree is extensively cultivated; Yakutsk (the town of the a Tartar Yakuts, tribe) ; Salskaia, on the R. Sal town on the Sviatskaia ; Sviajsk (the Sviga, holy river) ; town of a Sclav, (the Sviatovid, deity) ; Dmitrovisk (the town of a Russian Demetrius, saint) ; Kupiansk and Kupiszki (the town on the promontory, kupa).

, . /c (a ; Schaefheim e KTP C sheep e.g. Skipton, Skipwich, shee ( P town) Shapfells (sheep hills) ; Sheppey * SCHAEF (A ' S ''') l ( (sheep island) ; Skipsia (sheep's stream) ; Schaef- matt Shefford (sheep meadow) ; (sheep's ford) ; Scaefstadt (sheep town). SLIABH, SLIEVE, or SLIEU (Gadhelic), a mountain or heath, akin to the Ger. a Slieve-Anieran sliet, declivity ; e.g. (the iron so called from its mines mountain), ; Slievesnaght (snowy Bricklive mountains) ; Slieve-Bernagh (gapped mountain) ; In all (speckled mountain) ; Beglieve (small mountain). these places in Ireland the original names have been cor-

: Sleeven little rupted Sleaty (the mountains) ; (the hill) ; , i.e. Sliabh-na-mban-fion (the mountain of the fair women or Slievebloom fairies) ; (Bladh's mountain) ; SLOG SPITAL 177

Slieve-beagh (birch-tree hill) ; Slieve-corragh (rugged hill) ; Slieveroe red the (the hill) ; Sliabh-cuailgne, now Cooley in Ireland Sleibhe-Cuillinn or Mountains, ; (the Coolin Cuchullin in Slamannan sliabh or moor of Hills), Skye ; (the the district formerly called Manan, parts of Stirling and Clackmannanshire). SLOG (A.S.), a slough or marshy place; e.g. Slough, Co. Bucks; Sloby, Slawston, Slaugham (the dwelling on the marshy ground). ford- SLUAGH (Gadhelic), a multitude, a host ; e.g. Ballinasloe (the of the in Co. i.e. Srath- mouth hosts), Galway ; Srahatloe, river holm of the Knockatloe a'-tsluagh (the hosts) ; and Tullintloy (the hill of the hosts), in Ireland. SNAID, SNOED (Teut.), a separated piece of land, from the Old Ger. sniden and Modern Ger. schneiden (to cut) ; e.g. Eckschnaid oak Hinterschnaid the (the snaid) ; (behind snaid) ; , in Yorkshire Co. Stafford ; Snead, Montgomery ; Sneyd, ; on Sneaton (the town the snaid) ; Snodland and Snodlands hill on (the separated lands) ; Snodhill (the the snaid).

,. . (a. to hold local courts ^ place privileged ; e.g.

J; ,~ , ,. Thorpe-le-Soke and Kirby-le-Soken (the village '" --J ( and church-town where the courts were wont to be Walsoken and Walton-le-Soken near held) ; (the place the or the where the court wall, perhaps well, was held) ; Sockbridge and Sockburn (the bridge and stream near the court station). the SOTO (Span.), a grove ; e.g. Soto, name of several places in Sotilla little Sotilla-de-las-Palomas Spain ; (the grove) ; little of the Sotilla-de-la-ribera little (the grove doves) ; (the grove of the river-bank).

a th rn e' ' E inac E inal in France > g P > P > Epinay, ; SPINA (Lat ) ( \ < in ..p Espinosa, Spain (the thorny place) ; Epinville ^ '** ( (the thorny villa) ; Epineuil (the thorny fountain, in in ceuil) ; Epinoy, Epineuse, etc., France ; Speen, Co. Berks, anc. Spin

field of the in na-Spidal (the hospital) ; Spittalfields, Middle- sex on the R. ; Yspytty-Rhew-Ystwith, Ystwith ; Yspytty- Evan in Wales in (Evan's hospital), ; Llanspithid, Brecknock, which derived its name from an ancient Ysbytty hospitium that existed here, supported by the priory of Malvern. These names and many others in England and Scotland derived their names from hospitals attached to religious houses in the Middle Ages. a water-source e farm 5 -g- Springthorpe (the SPRING CTeut \ ( at the fountain ) '> Adlerspring (the eagle's SPRONP VsramnI ) \ O-r-KLJiNlj OLdllU. I r . \ T / . t r i ' the source of the ( fountain) ; Lippspnng (at the source of the R. Lippe) ; Springe (at R. Haller) ; Magdespring (the maiden's fountain). an extensive valley, Anglicised strath; e.g. SRATH (Gadhelic) I /r f*i\4 Strathmore and Strathbeg (the great and ,. , YSTRAD (Cym.-Cel.), ) Ci ^, J? l_.,. " little ( valleys) ; Strathavon, Strathblan, Strathbogie, Strathconan, (the valleys of the Rivers and Avon, Blane, Bogie, Conan, Earn) ; , corrupt, from Srathiar (the western valley, with reference to the in Perthshire Strath- Strathearn, eastern), ; Strathclyde, naver, Strathspey, , Strathpeffer, Strathbran, Strath- griffe (the valleys of the Rivers Clyde, Naver, Spey, Allan, Strath in Peffer, Bran, and Griffe) ; Tary, Sutherlandshire (the bull's strath, tairebb) Strichen, in Aberdeenshire, from of the R. Strath- corrupt, Srath-Ugie (the valley Ugie) ; don, corrupt, from Srath-domhain (the valley of the deep of the R. in Wales river) ; Ystrad-Tywy (the valley Tywy), ; or the of the brook Ystrad-yw (yew-tree valley valley Ywen) ; Yester, a parish in East Lothian, from Ystrad; Ystrad-fflur (the flowery valley), called by the Romans Strata- Florida ; Ystrad-gwnlais (the valley of the trench, dais, through which a stream in town on the flows) ; Straiton, Ayrshire (the

Strath) ; Traquhair (sheep valley).

a hence a : Stronaba //- jt. i- \ f nose, promontory' ' e.%. SRON (Gadhelic), I /t , , c , , s ^ cow promontory) ; Stronaclacher (the fC r 1 N i v y*" J* [ stony promontory) ; Stronechrigen (the Stronfearn of the Stron- rocky point) ; (the point alders) ; southern Strontian little deas (the point) ; (the promontory) ; Sorn, in Ayrshire, named from an ancient castle situated Troon on the on a rocky headland ; (the promontory), SRUTHSTADT 179

coast Ayrshire ; Sroan-keeragh (the sheep's promontory) ; in Ireland Duntroon Shrone-beha (birch-tree promontory), ; Castle fortress on the in (the promontory), Argyleshire ; Turnberry Head, in Ayrshire, from trwyn; also Trwyn in Au-tron the in Cornwall Point, Ayrshire ; (on point), ; Trwyn-y-Badan (the promontory of the boats), in Wales. river *owin wate s * ; > SRUTH, SRUTHAIR (Gadhelic), f ^ \S SC fl CO e SROTA " (Sansc.), 1 r ^ > SfSclav. ( Teut., ^ ; e.g. stroum, struja, in Ireland Srue, Sruh, Shrough, Sroughan (the stream), ; also on the Bealnashrura Abbeyshrule (the abbey stream) ; ford-mouth of the (the stream) ; Sroolane, Srooleen, Sruffan, and Sruffaun anc. Cillin-a- (little stream) ; Killeenatruan, tsruthain little church of the Anstruther in (the stream) ; Fife, and Westruther in Berwickshire, probably from the root in is for St. same ; but Strowan, Perthshire, named in is of Rowan ; , Tyrone, a corrupt, Ard-sratha (the height near the bank of the stream). r ectin e a P J rock or P int 5 -S- the Stack STACKR (Scand''\ ( . , Rocks and ,', on the coast of ...... STUAIC (Gadhelic), ) T , Wales the on the Irish coast Stack ( ; Stags, ;

Island, Wales ; and St. Bude's Stack. In Ireland this word is generally Anglicised into stookj thus the Stookans (the little rock pinnacles), near the entrance of the Giant's Stookan and Stookeen little Causeway ; (the rock). a laCC a Stat f r STADT and STATT P ; (Ger.), j / 'T& *T*' ;" * Or STEAD ' ' STEDE, (A.S.) 1 ^t j **%***. bank or shore ; ^ Thene- ^ Carlstadt, ( e.g.^ sanstadt, Christianstadt (towns named after one of the German emperors, Charles, after the Empress Theresa, and after Christian IV. of Sweden) ; Darmstadt, Illstadt, Stadt-Steinach, Lippstadt (towns on the Rivers Darm, 111, and Bleistadt near lead Steinach, Lippe) ; (lead town), mines in Russia ; Brahestadt, (founded by Count Brahe) ; Elizabethstadt, Hung. Ebes-falva, named after the Empress Elizabeth Frederickstadt in ; (Frederick's town), Denmark and in in of Norway ; Gerbstadt, Saxony (the town Gerbert) ; Gluckstadt, Lat. Fanum-fortunce (the fortunate town or the of Halbertstadt town of temple fortune) ; (the Albert) ; of Heiligenstadt (holy town) ; Hermanstadt (the town i8o STAEFSTAN

Herman, one of the Germans who colonised certain German cities in in the twelfth Transylvania century) ; Ingoldstadt, in Bavaria (the town of Ingold) the name of this town was mistranslated by Latin and Greek authors into Auripolis and Chrysopolis (the golden city) ; (the town of in Rudolph) ; Grimstadt, Norway, and Grimstead, in Co. Wilts town of a common Scandinavian (the Grim, name) ; in in (the station), Hanover ; Scoppenstadt, Brunswick, anc. Scipingestete (the ship station) ; Stadt-am-hop (the at the in Bavaria town court), ; Tennstadt, anc. Dannenstedi station of the in the (the Danes), Saxony ; Kroppenstadt, Germanised form of the Sclav. Grobenstadt (the count's Reichstadt Altstadt town) ; (rich town) ; (old town) ; Elstead, in Sussex and in of the Surrey (the place Ella, Saxon) ; town at the in Oxford Stadhampton (the home place), ; thatched in Boxstead Thaxsted (the place), Essex ; (the of beech or of the a place -trees, Bokings, patronymic) ; home Wanstead Hampstead (the place) ; (Woden's place) ; Armenianstadt, in Transylvania, colonised by Armenians in 1726; Staithes (the banks), in Cumberland; Stathern on the (the dwelling bank), Leicester ; Halstead, A.S. Haelsted (a healthy place). stake Or " applied STAEF, STAUF (Teut), j f a er endlcuIarP^' f' rock^manye Stauffen- P P '> -S- STAV (Scand ) \ mountain with ( berg (the pillar-like rocks), in Donaustauff rock on the Lower Hesse ; (the steep Hohenstauffen in Danube) ; (the ), Wurtemberg ; rock on the R. Staufen fort Regenstauf (the Regen) ; (a situated in Staffa island with the on a rock), Baden ; (the off the coast of Staffenloch pillar-like rocks), Argyleshire ; (the lake of the pillars), in the Island of Skye. or seat , , a stall, place, ; e.g. Hohenstellen T ( Herstal the lace of (the high place) ; ( P STELLE \ the Tunstall on the ( army) ; (the place hill, dun), in Co. Stafford. /ACN /a stone or rock, and in topography sometimes ' ^ ''' to a rock-fortress j applied ; e.g. Staunton, Steynton the tOWn n the St in STEENrDutch^ ny Around); Stanton, '' V stone (^ Gloucestershire, named from a remarkable in in the neighbourhood) ; Fewstone (fire stone), Yorkshire, STAN 181

from a fire-circle near the said to have been named place ; Staines (the stones), in Middlesex, marking the jurisdiction of Stantz in of the London ; (the stony place),

Switzerland ; Steenbeke, Steenbegue, Steinbach (the stony in Yorkshire brook) ; Stanley (stony field), ; Steenbirge, Steenbrugge, Steenhout, Steenkirche (the stony hill, bridge, in Steenvorde wood, church), Belgium ; (stony ford) ; rock on the Steinitz Stein-am-anger (the field) ; (the German of in Moravia OfFenstein rendering Sczenz, dog town), ; of fortress the (the fortress Offa) ; Lahnstein (the on R. Lauenstein lion's with reference to Lahn) ; (the fortress,

some person who bore that ) ; Ehrenbreitstein broad stone of Stennis headland of the (the honour) ; (the in in stones), Orkney ; Hauenstein, Baden (the hewn rock), so called because the precipices of the Jura in that locality resemble Ysselstein rock on the R. masonry ; (the Yssel) ; Bleistein near lead in (lead rock), mines, Bavaria ; Dach- stein, in Alsace, anc. Dagoberti Saxum (the rock of Dago- Frankenstein rock of the Falkenstein bert) ; (the Franks) ; the falcon or of the Greiffenstein (of personal name Falk) ; the Schaunstein beautiful rock or (of vulture) ; (the fortress) ; Neckar-Steinach on the (the stony place Neckar) ; Iselstein, Isel in on the ; Wetterstein, on the Wetter ; Buxton, Derbyshire, was named from the piles of stones called found in the Yorkshire and moors buck-stones, Derbyshire ; Standish, in Gloucestershire, corrupt, from Stonehouse. In some cases the affix stone is used instead of town or ton, as in Maidstone, A.S. Medwegston, Cel. Caer-Medwig (the town on the R. Goodmanstone Medway) ; (the priest's Dorsetshire in town), ; and Cumberland and Westmoreland, where the Norsemen had settlements, this word often marks the site of the grave of one of their heroes, as in Harold- stone, Hubberstone, Thurston, Gamfrestone, Silverstone, Stanton, Drew (the Druid's stone), in Somersetshire, near an ancient stone-circle in where in the ; Kingston, Surrey, centre of the town is still shown the stone on which the A.S. kings were crowned. a district or re ion e Hindostan g ; -g- (the (Pers ) ( , x \ district watered by the R. Indus, Pers. hindu STHANA (Sansc.), ) !_* / i j- ri_ district of the ( water) ; Afghanistan (the 182 STAPLE STEORT

Affghans, who are said to have taken their designation from a certain chief called Malik Afghana) ; Rajpootana district of the or Kurdistan (the Rajpoots king's sons) ; (of the Beloochistan the or Kurds) ; (of Beluchis) ; Gurgistan district watered (the by the R. Kur or Kyros) ; Kaffaristan or Kaffraria the Arabistan (of unbelievers) ; (of Bootan district of the the Arabs) ; (the Highlanders) ; Dushistan (the south region), also called Gurmsir (warm Gulistan district of country) ; (the roses) ; Baghistan (of Khorasan of the or gardens) ; (the country sun) ; Zangistan Zanguebar, Pers. and Ar. (the country or coast -lands of the Zangis) v. BAHR. a or but in the STAPLE (Teut), literally prop, support, heap ; commerce of the Middle Ages it was applied, in the first place, to the buildings or towns in which the chief products of district treasured or sold in the a were up ; and, second the place, to commodities themselves ; e.g. Stapleton (the of the and town market) ; Staplehurst Stapleford (the wood ford near the market- and market-place) ; Dunstable (the place on the hill), formerly Dunstaple; Whitstable (white anc. Berstable market-place) ; Barnstaple, (the market-place for the produce of the district bear, what it bears). In

France : Etaples, L'etape, Staple, etc. STARY(Sclav.),old; .". , Starogard (the old fortress); Stary- Starosol old Starodub sedlo, Storosele, (the settlement) ; (the old Stariza oak-tree) ; Starwitz, Staria, Starinka, (old place) ; old on the R. Staro-Constan- Starobielsk (the town Biela) ; tinov (the old town of Constantine). In places where the population is chiefly German this word takes the form of stark, as in Istarda or Starova Starkenburg, Starkenhorst ; (old town), in Turkey; Staroi-Oskol (the old town on the R. Oskol, in opposition to Novoi-Oskol, the new town on that river). a STEIG, STIG, STY (Teut. and Scand.), steep path ; e.g. Stickney island or the (the watery meadow by steep path) ; Kirchsteg to the (the steep path church) ; Durnsteeg (thorny path) ; mill on the the Stiegmuhle (the steep path) ; Amsteg (at steep path). tail ~ in Start- the topog^phy a point ; e.g. STEORT ( A S ^ f omt m Devonshire Starston town on P > ; (the (C\\A c \ I ren '' [the point); Sterzhausen, Sterzmtihle, Staart- STEPPES STOC 183

v. POLDER Staartven marsh on polder HAUS, MiJHLE, ; (the the point). STEPPES (Sclav.), an uncultivated waste a word applied to the extensive desert plains in Russia. in a stream Ster-boueux STER, or ESTER, Brittany, ; e.g. (the Stercaer stream at the Ster- muddy stream) ; (the fort) ; poulder (of the black pool), etc. According to Forsteman, there is a Teutonic river-root, sir, which he finds in the

names of 100 German streams ; e.g. Elster, Alster, Wilster, Gelster, Laster, and Ister an ancient name of the Danube Stour, Stura, etc. STER (Scand.), Old Norse setr (a station or place), contracted stadr bu-stadr contracted from (a place) ; (a dwelling-place), to bister or buster; e.g. Grunaster (green place) ; Kelda- bister at the well or (the place fountain) ; Kirkbuster (the at the settlement of dwelling church) ; Hesting-ster (the Hesting). The same word appears in the names given by the Danes to three of the Ulster, for the Irish Uladh, i.e. Ulla-ster; Leinster, Irish Laighen or Layn; Munster, Irish Mumha (named after a king). STOC, STOW (Teut.), literally a stake or the trunk of a tree, applied at first to a place protected by a , or stocks or and in surrounded by piles ; German topography sometimes to as in Hochstock applied hills, (high hill) ; home on the sometimes to Stockheim (the hill) ; places built upon stakes, as in Stockholm. In Great Britain, standing alone, it means simply the place, as Stock, in Essex a in Mid Lothian ; Stow, parish ; Stoke-upon-Trent ; or waste land Stow-in-the-Wold ; Stoke-Bardolph, Stoke- Fleming, Stoke-, Stoke-Poges, Stoke-Edith (named from the Stow-market proprietors) ; (the market-place) ; in the Stow-Upland (the place high lands) ; Kewstoke (at the in Wilts in quay) ; Elstow, (old place) ; Elstow, Bed- ford (St. Helen's place), the site of a nunnery dedicated to that saint to the ; Basingstoke (the place belonging Basings, a Bridstow anc. patronymic) ; (St. Bridget's place) ; Bristol, Briegstow (the place at the breach or chasm, brice, through which the R. Avon passes) its Celtic name was Nant-Avon the of the in (on valley Avon) ; , Cornwall, anc. Petrocstowe, Welsh Llan-petroc (the place or church of St. 1 84 STOLL STRELITZ

Tavistock and Tawstock Petroc) ; (places on the Rivers Tavy and ). As a prefix, stock often denotes the chief place in a district, as in Stockton (the chief town on the Tees), and in Stockport (the chief port on the Mersey). STOLL a mine-shaft hill of the (Ger.), ; e.g. Stollenberg (the mine- Stollenschmeide at the but shaft) ; (the smithy mine-shaft) ; Stollenkirchen, i.e. Stallinchirchun, is from Stalla (a per- son's name). a in a STOLPE (Sclav.), rising ground marshy place ; e.g. Stolpe, the name of a circle and of several towns in Hungary and in Pomerania ; Stolpen, Saxony. STOR Stdrfiord (Scand.), great ; e.g. (the great bay) ; Storhammer Storoe Storaa (great hill) ; (great island) ; (great river) ; Storsoen Storsjon and (great lake) ; Stora-kopparberg (the great copper mountain), in Sweden and Norway. a row, a street, a road, borrowed from the STRAD (A.S.), Lat. strata; e.g. Stratford (the ford near STRASSE (Ger.), one of the Roman roads, called .STRCEDE great (Scand.), Stratford-le-Bow ford with SRAID streets) ; (the (Gadhelic), the bow or near the Roman YSTRAD bridge road) ; (Cym.-Cel.), Stratsett road Streatham and (the station) ; Stretton town on the in (the road) ; Stratton, Cornwall, in Ireland of one and Stradbally, (the village street) ; Strade Stradeen in , (the street) ; (little street), Ireland the R. Strond in West ; Strond, on ; , Prussia on the but in (the town highway) ; Strasbourg, Alsace, anc. Stratiburg, is the German translation of its Latin name Argentoriatum (the town of silver strati, Stratford ford on the Teut., silver) ; Stony (the stony great called Street is said Roman road, Erming Street) ; Watling to have been named from ivaedla (the mendicant or pil- Icknield Street from the Street grim) ; Icenij Erming from earm (a pauper). STRAZNA (Sclav.), a watch-tower, akin to the A.S. streone; e.g. Straznitz, in Moravia (the town with the watch-tower). a huntsman Strelitz-klein and Strelitz- STRELITZ (Sclav.), ; e.g. gross (the great and little town of the huntsman, or of to the in Russia the Strelitzi, the name given lifeguards), ; Strelitzkaia and Strielinskaia, with the same meaning. STROM SUNTARA 185

a stream or current the STROM, STROOM (Teut), ; e.g. Maelstrom so called from its (mill stream, rushing sound) ; Rheinstrom Rhine Stroomsloot sluice of the (the current) ; (the current) ; Stroma, Stromoe, Stromsoe, Stromay (the island of the and Stromstadt near current) ; Stromen (the place the of the Strom- current) ; Stromen-Fiorden (the bay current) ; town or hill on the berg (the stream) ; (the headland of the current). Ak-su white Kara-su SU (Turc.), water ; e.g. (the stream) ; (the black stream) ; Adji-su (bitter water).

( the south ; Buttman traces this word to the ' < oldest sun,' the form of the word being sundar: SOBER, SOUDEN, ) , cju o ju ( e.g. Sonnenburg, Sonderhausen, Sundheim, Southofen south or Soudham, (the dwelling enclosure) ;

Southdean (south hollow) ; Southwark, Dan. Sydvirche south Southover Suffolk (the fortress) ; (south shore) ; (the district of the south as people, distinguished from Norfolk) ; Sutton and Sudborne Sodbury (south town) ; (south stream) ; Sudetic Suderoe (south island) ; Mountains (the southern mountain southern chain) ; Sudereys (the islands), a name applied by the Norsemen to all the British islands under their rule south of the Orkneys and north of the Island of hence the of Man bishoprick Sodor and Man ; Sutherland land to the south of (the Caithness) ; Soderkoping (the south in in Prussia the market-town), Sweden ; Soest, (on Hills in Sosterbach) ; Sidlaw (the south hills, reference to their forming the south boundary of Strathmore).

SUMAR, SOMAR (Teut.), summer ; e.g. Somercotes, Somersall, Somerton in (summer dwellings) ; Somerghem Belgium, and in with the Sommerberg Bohemia, same meaning ; but Somarsheim, in Hungary, is the German corrupt, of of or Szomorfalva (the village sorrow) ; Szmarja Szent-marfa (St. Mary's town), Germanised into Sommarein. SUXD a strait (Scand.), ; e.g. the Sound, between Sweden and

Zealand ; Christiansund, at the mouth of a narrow inlet, founded Christian IV. a by ; Frederichsund, on narrow inlet in Zealand Ostersund eastern in ; (the strait), Sweden ; (the arrow-like strait straele, an arrow). land SUNTARA (Teut.), privileged ; e.g. Frankensundern (the of the Beversundern privileged place Franks) ; (the privi- 1 86 SZASZTAL

on the R. in leged place Bever) ; Sontra, Hesse-Homburg in (the privileged place) ; (the privileged land), Durham. SZASZ Ger. Sachsenstadt (Hung.), Saxon ; e.g. Szasvaros, (the town or fortress of the in Szasz- Saxons), Transylvania ; Sebes (the Saxon-Sebes or swift stream).

a Saint e ' ' Szenta Szentes the saints> town ( ; g ' ( SZENT ( } r e Szendro St - Andrew's holy t0wn); ( ; SANT fWelshY' \ & town) '' All [ Mindszent (the town of Saints); Szent-kercsyt of in from (the town the holy cross) ; Santarem, Portugal, St. St. St. Irene, Santiago (for James) ; Denis, named after St. Dionysius, where the remains of this saint were interred St. in St. Szent- ; Heliers, Jersey (for Hilarius) ; St. in named Gyb'rgy (St. George's town) ; Ives, Cornwall, after an Irish saint called Jia, who came to that spot; St. Ives, in Huntingdon, named after Ivon, a bishop.

TA Ta-Hai (Chinese), great ; e.g. Ta-kiang (the great river) ; (the Ta-Shan Ta-Gobi great lake) ; (great mountain) ; (the great desert).

, . in /T ( an inn '; e.g. Taberna, Spain ; TABERNA (Lat. and Span.), , . , . Zabem- Rhem the mn onthe Rhme TAFARN (Welsh} \ ( > 5 hill Zabern- ( Zabern-berg (the inn) ; Elsass (the Alsatian inn), called in French Saverna, corrupt. from the Lat. Tabernce ; Tavernes and Taverny, in France. tOn Ue a int of land a ' P ; . TAING, TANGA (Teut. and Scand.), ( ' '- | Parlsh TUNGA '. in ( Sutherlandshire ; Tong, in a Ross ; Tongland, Kirkcudbright, upon peninsula formed by the Rivers Dee and Tarf; Tonge, in Lancashire; but Tongres, Tongrinnes, and Tongerloo, in Belgium, derive their names from the a tribe in Cumber- Tungri, ; Tong-fell, land, and Tangfjeld, Norway, and Tunga-fell, Iceland (the with the or in mountain tongue point) ; Thong-castle, Kent, and Thong-castor, near Grimsby. TAL (Cym.-Cel.), the forehead, or, as an adjective, high; e.g. brow of the hill Talibont Talgarth (the ; (bridge-end, ponf) ; TAMH TEA CH 1 87

Talbenny (the head of the hill-pen), in Wales. Tal-y-cavn head of the head of the (the trough) ; Tal-y-Llychan (the in head of the black pools), Caermarthen ; Talachddu (the water, a small brook called Achddu), a parish in Brecknock. TAMH, TAW (Cym.-Cel.), quiet, cognate with A.S. tarn, found in river the many names ; e.g. Tame, Tamar, Tamer, Teane, Teign, Thame, Taw, Tawey, Tavoy, Tay, Temesch, Tees, to ri Thames (the quiet water), joined uisge, a, y,

a buU> co&nate with the Lat - taurus and TARBH (Gadhelic) ( ' the Grk fauros ->' e-- Knockatarriv and T4BW CCvm rviei \ \ '' J hill of the ( Knockatarry (the bull) ; Clontarf, anc. Cluain-tarbh bull's Cloontarriff and (the meadow) ; Cloontarriv, with the same meaning. Some river names, such as Tarf, Tarras, Tarth, Tarn, may have this word as a prefix, or perhaps tara, Irish, rapid. TARNIK the thorn (Sclav.), ; e.g. Tarnowce and Tarnowitz (thorn Torniz village) ; Tarnau, Tarnow, Tornow, (a thorny place) ;

Tarnograd (thorn fortress) ; Tarnopol (thorn city). ho se ' dwellin c s"at* * TEACH and TIGH !? (Gadhelic), j f. / ^' tectum, Ger. dock, and TY (Cym -Cel ) \ ( Scand. tag, a roof; Anglicised tagh) in the genitive, tigh. This word, under various forms, is in Irish common topography ; e.g. Tagheen (beautiful and house) ; Taghboy Taghbane (the yellow and white Tua's in house) ; Taghadoe (St. house) ; Tiaquin, Co. 1 88 TEAMHAIR TEINE

Gal i.e. way, Tigh-Dachonna (St. Dachonna's house) ; Timahoe, for Tech-Mochua (St. Mochua's house or church). Joined to the genitive of the article, it takes the form of tin or tinna, thus Tinnahinch (the house of the island or river the the holm, innis) Tincurragh (of marsh) ; Tinakilly (of church or Timolin St. wood) ; (of Moling) ; Tigh-na-bruaich, in on the of the Argyleshire (the dwelling edge bank) ; Tynron, in Dumfries, i.e. Tigh-an-roinne (the house on the in Perthshire on the point) ; Tyndrum, (the dwelling ridge) ; Tisaran, anc. Teach-Sarain (the house of St. Saran), in King's Co. Stillorgan, also in Ireland, corrupt, from Tigh- Lorcain house of St. Lorcain or (the Lawrence) ; Saggard, from Teach-Sacra St. Crum- (of Mosacra) ; Cromarty, anc. on the in bachtyn (the dwelling winding bay) ; Tinnick, Ireland, i.e. Tigh-cnuie (the house on the hill). In Wales : Ty-gwyn (white house); Ty-Ddewi (St. David's house); Great Little little Tey and Tey (great and dwelling) ; Tey- at-the-elms, in Essex. TEAMHAIR a situated on an elevated (Irish), palace spot ; e.g. Tara, anc. Teamhair, the ancient capital of Meath, and several other places called Tara, in Ireland. This word sometimes takes the form of tavver, tawer, or tower, as in Towerbeg and Towermore (the little and great palace). TEAMPULL (Gadhelic), a temple or church, derived from the Lat. templum; e.g. Templemichael, Templebredon (the churches of St. Michael and St. Bredon) ; (the great church or the cathedral) ; Templecarriga (of rock) ; Temple- tochar the in Ireland and (of causeway), ; Talemars, in France, anc. Templum-Martis (the temple of Mars).

- is in .//* ju r % ( fi re I n topography this word found TEINE , ,. (Gadhelic), /. j indicate /,- /- i \ 4 the forms of tin and tinny, and must ,. , . ', . TAN (Cym.-Cel.), ) '' fires of were ( spots where special importance wont to be kindled. Whether these fires were beacon-fires, or whether they referred to the Beltane fires kindled by the ancient Celts on May Day, cannot, in special cases, be

determined ; but that the Beltane fires were connected with the religious rites of the Druids is allowed, even by those who do not derive the word Beltane from the name of a Celtic deity, or trace the observance of these rites to the sun TEPE TL TERRA

and fire worship once alleged to have existed among the Celtic tribes, but now held to be an untenable theory by 1 Celtic scholars. In Ireland, near Coleraine, we find Kil- of the field tinny (the wood fire) ; Tamnaghvelton (the of Co. Cork of the Beltane sports) ; Clontinty, (the meadow anc. the fires) ; Mollynadinta, Mullaigh-na-dtaeinte (the fort of the summit of the fires) ; Duntinny (the fire), Co. Donegal. In Scotland tinny is also found in topography, thus Ardentinny and Craigentinny (the height and rock of and field of the fire) ; Auchteany, perhaps Auchindinny (the Tinto hill of the in Lanarkshire. the fires) ; (the fire), a mountain TEPETL (Astec), ; e.g. Popocatepetl (the smoky in Mexico star-like mountain), ; Citlaltepetl (the mountain

citalme, a star) ; Naucampatepetl (the square-shaped moun- tain), in Mexico. warm TEPLY (Sclav.), warm ; e.g. Tepla (the stream) ; Tepel, on the R. Tepla (in the neighbourhood of warm mineral the name of towns in waters) ; Teplitz, Hungary, Bavaria, written and Illyria, sometimes Toplitz ; Teplik and Teplovka, in for its in Russia ; Teflis, Georgia, celebrated warm baths. f land ;*.. Terciera (the rough TERRARA (Lat.,(Lat It.,It an.and PortMt.;,} . Jand)" h Azoreg T TIERRA (Span.), ,., '. .. the neW and '" Si < )'' y TERRE , . (French , f ,. "\ to be on the site of the , \, f, r i \ posed . . , and . _ , TiR(Gadhehc Cym.-Cel.)," Gela, r [ancient ; Tierra-del-fuego (the land of fire), so named on account of the numerous fires seen on the land the first discoverers by ; Terregles Tiree Gael. Tir-ith land of (church land) ; Island, (the i.e. land of the corn) ; Terryglas, Tir-da-ghlas (the two Co. i.e. Tir-oilein rivers), Tipperary ; Terryland, (the land of the anc. island) ; Tyrone, Tir-Eoghain (Owen's land) ; Tir-Rosser, i.e. Tir-Rhos-hir (the long peat land), in Pentir from Caermarthen ; (the headland) ; Gwydir, the roots gwy, water, and tir, a general term for moist land in different places in Wales. It was the ancient name of land of the sand Glastonbury ; Tiranascragh (the hill, esker), Co. land of the ancient Galway ; Tyrconell (the Conell), of in name Co. Donegal ; Carstairs, Lanarkshire, anc.

1 For the word v. Irish Names vol. i. Beltein, Joyce's of Places, p. 187 ; Chambers's Encyclopadia ; and Petrie's Round Towers of Ireland. THAL THOR

Casteltarras, probably corrupt, from Castelterres (the castle lands), the castle in the village having been the site of a station in Cultir Roman ; Culter, Lanarkshire, anc. (the back of the Finisterroe land) ; (land's end), now Cape the north-west of Finistere, extremity France ; Blantyre land in Lanarkshire (warm blane, warm), ; Terrebonne in Canada Terre- haute in (good land), ; (high land), .

THAL (Ger.), a valley v. DAL. THING, or TING, a term applied by the Scandinavians to the legis- lative assemblies of their nation, and also to the places where these assemblies met, from an old word tinga, to speak. Traces of these institutions appear in the topo- graphy of certain districts in Great Britain formerly occu- pied by Danes or Norwegians. The Norwegian Parliament is still called the or Storthing great assembly ; smaller courts are called Lawthings, and the Althing was the general assembly of the whole nation. These meetings were generally held on some remote island, hill, or promon- tory, where their deliberations might be undisturbed. The Swedish Parliament used to assemble on a mound near Upsala, which still bears the name of Tingshogen, Scand. in Iceland haugr; Thingveller (the council-plains), ; Sands- of on the in Iceland thing (the place meeting sand), ; Aithsthing (the meeting-place on the headland), in Ice- in has the derivation its land ; Dingwall, Ross-shire, same Gaelic name is the mouth of that Inverpeffer (at stream) ; Tingwall, in Shetland, Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, Thingwall in and Dinsdale in from the same root Cheshire, Durham, ; in of Tinwald, Dumfries (the wood the meeting) ; Tain, in Ross-shire, Norse Thing its Gaelic name is Baile-Duich (St. Duthic's town). THOR and THUR, prefixes derived from the Saxon and Scandi- navian deity Thor; e.g. Thorley, Thurley, Thursley, Thorsby, Thurlow, the valley, dwelling, and hill, named after Thor, or perhaps from a people or family name derived from the god, i.e. the Thurings, from whence also probably come Thorington in England, and Thorigne and Thorigny in in France ; Thuringerwald, Germany ; Thurston, Thursford, etc. Thorsoe Thurscross, Thurlstone, ; (Thor's island) ; THORPE TOBAR 191

Thurso (Thor's stream, on which the town of Thurso is Thorshaven in and in situated) ; (Thor's harbour), Norway the Faroe Islands. On the continent the god Thor was worshipped under the name of Thunor, hence the English word thunder and the German Donner (supposed, in the Middle Ages, to be Thor's voice). From this word are derived Thunersberg and Donnersberg (the mountain of Donnersbach in Torslunde Thor) ; (Thor's stream), Styria ; (Thor's sacred grove), in Denmark. THORPE (A.S.), an assembly of people, cognate with the Welsh torf (a crowd or troop), Gael, treubh (a tribe), and troupe, to denote a farm or French ; and then gradually coming in village ; e.g. Thorp, ; Calthorpe (cold Kettles- village) ; Langthorpe (long village) ; Ingelthorpe, thorpe, Swansthorpe, Bischopsthorpe (the farm or village the of Ingold, Kettle, Sweyn, and bishop) ; Nunthorpe (the nun's village) ; Raventhorpe (Hrafen's village) ; Thorparch, on the R. Wharfe Milne- in Yorkshire (the village bridge), ; of the thorpe (the village mill) ; Althorpe (old villages) ; of the a Basingthorpe (the village Basings, patronymic) ; Copmanthorpe (of the merchant). THWAITE (Scand. thveif), a cleared spot or an isolated piece of Harrow- land, akin to the Danish tvede, a peninsula ; e.g. thwaite, Finsthwaite, Ormathwaite, Sattersthwaite, places cleared and cultivated by the Scandinavians, whose names they bear; Applethwaite (of apples); Calthwaite (cold clear- Birkthwaite Micklethwaite clear- ing) ; (of birches) ; (great in where St. ing) ; Crossthwaite, Cumberland, Kentigern is said to erected a cross Lockthwaite have ; (Loki's clearing). TOBAR (Gadhelic), a fountain or well, from the old word doboir, water. Wells and fountains were held in great veneration by the Celts in heathen times, and are the subjects of many traditions in Ireland and Scotland. Many of the early preachers of Christianity established their foundations near these venerated wells, which were the common resorts of the people whom they had come to convert. In this way the new religion became associated in the minds of the converts with their favourite wells, and obtained the names of to this the saints, by which they are known day ; e.g. 192 TOFT TON

in the Island of Mull Tobermory (St. Mary's well), ; Tobar- chieftainess's in na-bhan-thighern (the well), Badenoch ; Ballintobar (the town of the well), Co. Mayo, now called Tobermore (the great well), which had a well blessed by St. Patrick Tibbermore or in ; Tippermuir (the great well), Perthshire in well of ; Tobar-nam-buadh, Skye (the virtues) ; Tipperary, anc. Tiobrad-Arann (the well of the district of Kevin's anc. Ara) ; Tipperkevin (St. well) ; Tipperstown, Baile-an-tobair town of the (the well) ; Tobercurry (the well well of the cauldron) ; Toberbilly (the of the old well of the Bells tree) ; Tobernaclug (the bells, clog). were held sacred by the Irish on account of a certain bell favoured by St. Patrick. Perhaps the rivers Tiber and Tiverone, as well as Tivoli, anc. Tibur, may come from this root. an enclosure or farm TOFT, TOT (Scand.), ; e.g. Lowestoft, Dan. Luetoft (the enclosure or place of the beacon-fire, which in early times was placed on the promontory where the town Monk's Tofts monk's stands) ; Langtoft (long farm) ; (the in Norfolk Ecclestofts church farm), and West Tofts, ; (the in Berwickshire anc. Ivonis-tot farm buildings), ; Ivetot, of Ivo and Hautot in (the farm (high farm), Normandy ; Sassetot Saxon's Littletot (the farm) ; (little farm) ; Bergue- tot (birch farm), in Normandy. a knoll or TOM (Gadhelic and Welsh), mound ; e.g. Tomintoul (the knoll of the barn), Gael. Tom-an-t-sabhail, Co. Banff; boat Inverness -shire Tomachuraich (the -shaped knoll), ; at Callander Tom-ma-Chessaig (St. Kessag's mound), ; Tom-na-faire knoll of the on Loch Etive (the watch-tower), ; knoll of the Tomnacroiche Tomatin (the fire, teine) ; (of the Tom-da-choill the two Tombreck gallows) ; (of woods) ;

(speckled knoll) ; Tomgarrow (rough knoll) ; Tomnaguie in Ireland Tom-bar-lwm mound of the (windy knoll), ; (the mound of Lake bare hill) ; Tommen-y-Bala (the Bala, raised as of Mount having been representative Ararat) ; Tommen-y-mur (of the rampart). fan enclosure, a town. The primary meaning of ' '' J. this word comes from the Gothic Scand. p tains, n '" [/', Ger. zaun, a fence or hedge formed of twigs. Originally it meant a place rudely fortified with TON 193 stakes, and was applied to single farm-steadings and manors, in which sense tun is still used in Iceland, and toon in Scotland. The word toon retained this restricted meaning even in England in the time of Wickliffe. These single enclosures became the nucleus of a village which, gradually increasing, became a town or city, in the same manner as villages and towns arose around the Celtic duns, raf/ts, and Uses. This root, in the names of towns and villages, is more common than any other in Anglo-Saxon topography, being an element in an eighth part of the names of dwelling- places in the south of Great Britain. The greatest number of these names is connected with those of the original pro- prietors of the places, of which but a few examples can be given here. In such cases, the root ton is generally pre- ceded s or v. by ing qu. ; e.g. Grimston, Ormiston, Ribston, Haroldston, Flixton, Kennington (the property of Grim, and Canewdon Orm, Hreopa, Harold, Felix) ; (of Canute) ; and the Addlington Edlington (of nobles) ; Dolphinton, Covington, and Thankerton, parishes in Lanarkshire, took their names from Dolphine, Colban, and Tancred, to whom the lands were in times given very early ; Symington and Wiston, in Lanarkshire, are found mentioned in old charters, the one as Symington, in Ayrshire, named from the same Simon Lockhart, the progenitor of the Lockharts of i.e. in Ecclesia Lee ; Cadoxton, Cadog's town, Wales ; de uilla Simonis Lockard (the church of Simon Lockhart's villa), and the other, Ecclesia uilla Withce (the church of Withce's town of villa) ; Haddington (the Haddo) ; Alfreton, Wimbledon, Herbrandston, Houston (of Alfred, Wibba, in Richard- Herbrand, Hugh) ; Riccarton, Ayrshire, formerly ston, took its name from Richard Waleys, i.e. Richard the the ancestor of the Foreigner, great ) ; Stewarton, in Ayrshire, had its name from the family which became the race of Scotland in Lincoln after royal ; Boston, (named St. the saint of a Botolph, patron sailors) ; Maxton, parish in Roxburghshire (the settlement of Maccus, a person of some note in the of David and reign I.) ; Flemingston from Flemish Woolston Flemington (named emigrants) ; St. Ulverston a Saxon (from Woolstan) ; (from Ulphia, ladies chief) ; Wolverhampton and Royston (from who O 194 TONTOPOL

houses at these endowed religious places) ; Minchhampton of the enclosed (the home nuns, minchens) ; Hampton (the Preston and home) ; Presteign (priest's town) ; Thrapston at the town at (the dwelling cross-roads) ; Broughton (the the fort or mound), a parish in Peeblesshire, with a village of of Har- the same name ; Albrighton (the- town Aylburh) ; the descendants of Barton and Barnton rington (of Haro) ; enclosure for the what the land (the crop ; literally, bears) ; Shettleston, in Lanarkshire, Lat. Villa-filii-Sadin (the villa of of the Sadin's son) ; (the town Brihtlingas, a tribe), sometimes called Burlington; Adlington (town of in named from the Eadwulf) ; Prestonpans, Mid Lothian, salt erected there of pans by the monks Newbattle ; Layton, in the R. in also on the Essex, on Lea ; Luton, Bedford, in from St. Lea ; Makerston, Roxburghshire, perhaps in Renfrew the Laird of Machar ; Johnstone, (founded by Johnston in 1782); Liberton, near Edinburgh, where there was for Co. an hospital lepers ; Honiton, Devon, of the Ounen-y-din (the town ash-trees) ; Kensington (of in Middlesex Kensings) ; Edmonton, (Edmond's town) ; North and South Petherton, in Somerset (named from the R. Parret), anc. Pedreda; Campbeltown, in Argyleshire, received its name from the Argyle family in 1701 its Gaelic name was Ceann-Loch loch Launceston (the head) ; in on the v. LANN ; Torrington, Devon (the town hill, tor, or on the R. Torridge) ; Watlington (the village protected by wattles). Of towns named from the rivers near which they are situated, Collumpton, Crediton, Frampton, Taun- ton, Lenton (on the Culm, Credy, Frome or Frame, Tone, and the north shore of the R. Lee) ; Northampton (on now the on the R. Oke Aufona, Nen) ; Okehampton, ; Otterton, Leamington, Bruton, Moulton, Wilton, on the or Otter, Leam, Brue, Mole, and Willy ; Darlington on the in anc. Lenton Darnton, Dar ; Lymington, Hants, the south town on the Anton (on pool) ; Southampton (the with the Itchen forms or Test, which Southampton Water) ; Ayton, in Berwickshire, on the R. Eye.

the -tree and Alt TOPOL (Sclav.), poplar ; e.g. Toplitz, Neu (the place of poplars), in the basin of the R. Elbe, to be distin- TORGA U TORR 1 95

guished from Teplitz, in Bohemia v. TEPLY, which is sometimes misnamed Toplitz. a TORGAU (Sclav.), market-place ; e.g. Torgau, Torgovitza, Torgo- witz (market-towns). a a hea a conical hill with mound ' P> > cognate TORR fGadhelid f .('<( the Lat. turn's, the Ger. thurm, and the Grk. . TWR (Cym.-Cel), ) . / \ ^ T , r os a in means a \Py S ( tower); lor, Ireland, tower Toralt of the Tormore also ; e.g. (the tower cliff) ; or tower-like (great tower rock) ; Tornaroy (the king's off the Irish had two distinct tower) ; , coast, names Torach (i.e. abounding in tower-like rocks), and Toirinis (the island of the tower), so named from a fortress called Tor-Conaing (the tower of Conaing, a Fomorian Tortan to little chief) ; Torran, (little tower), applied knolls, as in in Toortane and Turtane ; Mistor and Mamtor, Devon- shire in Cornwall hill ; Croken Torr, (a where meetings were held to raven's gragan, Welsh, speak) ; Torphichen (the a in Lothian in hill), parish West ; Torbolton, Ayrshire, tradition says is the town of Baal's mound. There is a beautiful hill in the parish where superstitious rites are still held a bonfire is sort of altar similar ; raised, and a erected, to those described in the sacrifices to Baal on Mount in hill Carmel ; Torbay, Devonshire, named from the which overlooks the which its to Torr- bay, gives name Torquay ; dubh and Torrduff (black hill) ; Torbane and Torgorm white and the blue Torbreck (the hill) ; (speckled hill) ; Torinturk wild boar's the of (the hill) ; Kintore (at head the in Aberdeenshire in is hill), ; Turriff, Banffshire, the plural form of toir. From the Lat. turris and its derivatives, come Tordesillas tower of the in (the bishop's see), Spain ; Lat. Turris cremata burned Torquemada, (the tower) ; Torr- and Torre-blanca white (the tower) ; Torrecilla, Lat. Turricella in (the church-towers), Spain ; Torres-novas and Torres-vedras new and old in (the towers), Portugal ; Torella little in i.e. (the tower), Naples ; Truxillo, Spain, Turris-Julii (the tower of Julius); (), in France is ; La-tour-Sans-Venin, near Grenoble, a corrupt, of Tour-Saint- Verena to this saint the was chapel dedicated ; Tournay, in Belgium, Lat. Turris Nerviorum (the tower of the

Nervii) ; Torres-Torres (the fortifications of the mountains), 196 TRAETHTRE

Tours, in France, is not named from this root, but from the

Turones, a tribe ; but Torres Strait was named after the navi- gator Torres, who discovered it in 1606. In the Semitic lan- also it is guages Tzur means a rock ; the root of the names of the city of Tyre, and of Syria, of which in early times it was the chief city. Taurus or Tor is a general name for a mountain chain Tabris mountain a of Persia. ; (the town), city a strand e 5 -S- Traeth-mawr (great strand) ; TRAFTH CCvm OH ( Traeth-bach Trefdraeth TRAIGH (cldhelS 1 (little strand) ; (the '' on the in Wales Traeth- ( dwelling strand), ;

coch (red strand), in Anglesea. In Ireland : Tralee, Co. is from Tranamadree Deny, Traigh-liath (the gray strand) ; strand of the Co. it occurs (the dogs), Cork ; Ballintra, when on the coast, means the town on the strand, but inland it comes from Baile-an-tsratha (the town on the river-holm) ; Co. is from as Ventry, Kerry, Fionn-traigh (white strand) ; also Trabane, Trawane, and Trawbawn, which derive their from the colour names whitish of the sand ; Fintray, a parish in Aberdeenshire on the R. is also white strand but Don, ; Fintray, in Dumbartonshire, was formerly Fyntref or Fyntre, probably the dwelling, tre, on the Fenach, which is the of the side boundary-stream parish on one ; Traeth-Saith, in Wales, named after a mythological . TRANK a tank for animals (Ger. ), watering ; e.g. Kleintrank (little

tank) ; Rosstrank (horse tank) ; Trankmuhle (mill tank). the the TRAWA (Sclav.), grass ; e.g. the Traun and Trave (i.e. the grassy rivers) ; Traunkirchen (the church on Traun) ; Trawitz Traunviertel dis- Traunik, (the grassy place) ; (the trict of the R. Traun), in Silesia and Austria. e anc. a dwellinS> a town ; -S- Treago, TRF orTRFFCCvmi rvn (i .. , ... , iKK, or iKr-r \^ym.-\_ei. ), _, ., ., , . Tref-y-goll (hazel-tree dwelling), in TRFARHAIR (cL]I \ 1 IKtABHAlK Vjacl. ), I T i f-r- 1/1 i . \ { Monmouth ; Tre-n-eglos (church town), in Cornwall Tremaine Cornwall ; (stone dwelling), ; Tref-y- d'awdd (the town of the dyke, i.e. Offa's dyke), the Welsh for in name Knighton, Pembrokeshire ; Oswestry might come naturally from this word, but the Welsh call it Croes- Oswald of St. Oswald's (the place martyrdom) ; Coventry, too, might be from the same root, but Camden says it is a of Conventria district of the corruption (the convent) ; Daventry, abridged from Dwy-avon-tre (the dwelling on the TROMTULACH 197

i.e. Tre-rhiw on the two rivers) ; Truro, (the dwelling sloping in bank, or on the stream) ; Redruth, Cornwall, anc. Tref- Druid's Trefrhiw Derivydd (the town) ; (the town on the in Caernarvon Tremadoc stream), ; (Madoc's dwelling) ; Trecoid in the Essex (the dwelling wood) ; Braintree, Co. in (hill dwelling) ; Dreghorn, Ayrshire, anc. Trequern (the near in anc. dwelling alder-trees) ; Thrisk, Yorkshire, Tref- the in Ysk (the dwelling by water) ; Tranent, Mid Lothian, from TreaMiairnant in the corrupt, (the dwellings valley) ; Crailing, in Berwickshire, anc. Travertin (the dwellings on Co. anc. or the pool) ; Tring, Herts, Treungla Treangle (the village at the corner), Welsh ongl, Lat. angulusj Trelech at the called Harold's Tre- (the dwelling stone, grave) ; (the dwelling of Taliesin, the celebrated Welsh in Wales a bard) ; Trenewydd (new dwelling), ; Rhuddry, parish in Glamorgan, probably corrupt, from Yr-yw-tre (the yew-trees' home); Tre'r Beirdd (bard's town); Trefawr, little i.e. Trefach (great and town) ; Tredegar, Tre-deg-fair- choice forester's ar (land), (the abode) ; Tre-Wyddel (the i.e. abode) ; Trefhedyn, Tref-y-din (hill town). the elder-tree in Co. TROM, TRIUM (Gadhelic), ; e.g. Trim, Meath, from ford of the corrupt, Ath-trium (the elder-trees) ; in Trummery and Trimmer (places abounding elder-trees) ; Tromann, Trumman (the little elder-tree). TUAIM, TOOM (Gadhelic), a mound raised over a grave, cognate with the Lat. ; e.g. Tuam, Co. Galway, anc. Tuaim-da-ghualann (the tumulus of the two shoulders, from the of the ancient shape sepulchral mound) ; , the R. of the clear on Bann ; Tomfmlough (the tumulus tomb of the Tomies lake) ; Tomgraney (the Grian) ; (hills on Lake Toomona tomb of the Killarney) ; (the bog) ; Toomyvara, i.e. Tuaim-ui-Mheadra (O'Mara's tomb). TUAR (Gadhelic), a bleach-green, Anglicised toor; e.g. Tooreen little bleach- (little bleach-green) ; Tooreenagrena (the sunny Monatore of the for green) ; (the bog bleach-green) ; Tintore, Tigh-an-tuair (the house at the bleach-green), in Ireland. TULACH (Gadhelic), a little hill or mound, and also a measure of land Anglicised tulla, tullow, fully, or tulli; e.g. Tullow Tullamore Tullanavert (the hill) ; (great hill) ; (the hill of the and graves, ferta) ; Tullaghcullion Tullycullion 198 TUNDRA UISCE

the (of holly) ; Kiltullagh (church hill) ; (little Co. more Tealach-an- hill) ; Tallow, Waterford, correctly iarainn (the hill of the iron, from the neighbouring iron on the and in mines) ; Tullyallen, Boyne, Tulliallan, i.e. beautiful Perthshire, Tulaigh-dlainn (the hill) ; Tullyard hill at the back of the (high hill) ; Tillicoultry (the land), in Tullibardine bard's Tulloch- Clackmannan ; (the hill) ; of the black bo gorum (the hill) ; Tullybody (the cow, or dubK) ; Tillyfour (the grassy hill, feoiridK). Tully tilly, however, is sometimes a corruption of teaglach (a family), as in Tullynessle and Tillymorgan z/. W. SKENE, LL.D. TUNDRA (Tartar), a mossy flat, the name given to the vast plains on the Arctic Ocean. a or settlement a river in TURA (Tartar), town ; e.g. Tura, Russia, so called by the Tartars because they made a settlement at the also in O'Tura place ; Tura, Hungary ; (old town) ; Turinsk (the town on the R. Tura), in Russia. a Twistleton town on TWISTLE (Scand.), boundary ; e.g. (the Oswaldtwistle Hal- the boundary) ; (Oswald's boundary) ; twistle Birchtwistle (high boundary) ; (birch-tree boundary) ; Ectwistle (oak-tree boundary). U

a cave Cluain-uamha of the UAMH (Gadhelic), ; e.g. (the pasture the ancient name of Co. Cork cave), Cloyne, ; Drumnahoe, i.e. of the Druim-na-huamha (the ridge cave) ; mill of the Lisnahoon fort of the in (the cave) ; (the cave), Ireland. Wem, in Salop, and Wembdon, in Somerset, as well as other place-names with the prefix wem, may be derived from the A.S. wem (a hollow), analogous to the Cel. uaimh. Wamphray, in Dumfriesshire, Gael. Uamh-fridh (the forest-cave). UCHEL, UCH (Cym.-Cel), high, cognate with the Gael, uchda (a Ucheltref and Ochiltree height) ; e.g. (the high dwelling) ; the Ochills, a hill range in Perthshire, Lat. Ocelli-monies.

water : //- ji_ ! \ ( ' e.g. Esk,> Usk, Esky, Esker, UISCE oruiSGE(Gadhehc), I Qf GWY (Cym.-Cel.), Duffus Esla, Aisne, Isar, Isere, Isen, Etsch (river names) ; URAVALLIS 199

and Doubs Marosh the (black water) ; (marshy water) ; Theis, anc. Tibiscus ; , anc. Athesis ; the Po, anc. Padusa; Loch Ewe, and Ewes, a parish in Dumfries watered a stream of this name Wisbeach the of by ; (on beach the Wysg or Wash), now some miles from the beach by the of the land Knockaniska hillock gradual advance ; (the on the and Killiskea church water) ; Killiskey (the on the in Limerick but in is water), ; Balihiskey, Tipperary, from Bealach-uisce road of the the Rivers (the water) ; Minho and anc. Minius and Indus Mincio, M (little stream) ; Duffus I stria half or (dark water) ; (half land, water) ; Argense in France Caldas Argenteus (silver stream), ; (warm waters), in and Ischia island of Spain Portugal ; (the waters), abound- in mineral ing springs ; Issny, on the R. , anc. Issia- cum the anc. Mettis the (on water) ; , (between waters), also named Divodurttm the two in (on rivers) ; Osimo, Italy, anc. Auximum, and Osna, in Spain, anc. Uxama (on the water). water Astura a URA (Basque), ; e.g. (rocky water), river which its name to the Asturias Illuria gives ; (the town on the with the same in water) ; Illuro, meaning, now Maturo, anc. Spain ; Osuno, Ursonum, and Tarazona, anc. Turiaso of in (the place good waters), Spain osoa, Basque (good) ; Oloron, anc. Illura (the town on the water) illta, Basque (a town). URBS (Lat.), a city; e.g. Orvieto, Lat. Urbs-vetus (the old city).

V

a valley; e Vallais the land VALLIS (LaM ( & ( f in j /I* /f \ ) valleys),' ' Switzerland its VAL and VALLEE (Fr.), < . , , . /c j T* \ I inhabitants were formerly called , . VALLE (Span., Port., and It.), / r i.e. dwellers \NantuateS) valley ; Val-de-Avallano of Val-de-fuentes (the valley hazels) ; (of the Val-del-losa fountains) ; Val-del-laguna (of lagoon) ; the Val-del-Moro the Val-de- (of flagstone) ; (of Moor) ; Olivas the (of olive-trees) ; Val-de-penas (of rocks) ; Val-de- robles the in of (of oak-trees), Spain ; Val-de-lys (the valley streams), in the Pyrenees, from an old Provengal word lys (water); Vallde -de -Carol (of Charles), through which 200 VAR VELIKA

his of the Charlemagne passed from conquest Moors ; Vallombrosa of (the shady valley) ; Valparaiso (the valley in of a Paradise) ; Valtelline, Lombardy, consisting long traversed the R. Adda and valley, by Teglio ; , Lat. Vallis-clusa enclosed Lat. Aure- (the valley) ; Orvaux, vallis Lat. (the golden valley) ; Rieval, Regia-vallis the of the (the royal valley) ; Vals (in valley Volane) ; Vaucouleurs, Lat. Vallis-coloris (the valley of colour), in a valley of the R. Meuse, whose green and smiling meadows have given it this name; Gerveaux or Yorvaux, in Durham, Lat. Uri-vallis of the R. (the valley Ure) ; Pays-de-Vaud of or of the (the country valleys Waldenses) ; Clairvaux, Lat. Roncesvalles Clara-vallis (the bright valley) ; (the in Lat. Vallis-de- valleys abounding briers) ; Vaudemont, of the Val-di-chiana monte (the valley mountain) ; (the valley of the standing pool), in Italy. VARAD a fortress Ger. Klausen- VAR, (Hung.), ; e.g. Kolos-var, burg, anc. Claudipolis (the enclosed fortress, or the city of Ger. Claudius) ; Nagy-varad (great fortress) ; Vasvar, new for- Eisenburg (iron fortress) ; Szamos-Ujvar (the R. Foldvar tress), on the Zamos ; Sarivar (palace fortress) ; land Ger. Stiihl- Weissen- (the fortress) ; Szekes-Fehervar, of the burg (the white fortress throne) ; Karoly-Fehervar or white Ger. Eisen- Karlsburg (Charles's fortress) ; Varosvar, thurm red fortress or iron in Ersek- (the tower), Hungary ; Ujvar, Ger. Neuhausel (the bishop's new fortress or seat). a Also-varos VAROS (Hung.), town ; e.g. Ujvaros (the new town) ; Ger. Sachsenstadt Saxon's (lower town) ; Szasz-varos, (the town). VATN and a lake Vatnsdalr of VAND (Scand.), ; e.g. (the valley Fiskvatn lakes) ; Arnarvatn (eagle lake) ; (fish lake) ; Sanvatn Langavat (long lake) ; Steepavat (steep lake) ;

(sandy lake) ; Miosen-Vand (little lake) ; Helgavatn (holy Vatster lake lake of the lake) ; (the dwelling) ; Myvatn (the farm on the midges) ; Vatnagaard (the lake). a VEGA (Span.), plain ; e.g. Vega-de-la-neustra-Senora (the plain of our surrounded Lady) ; Vega-Espinarada (the plain by thorns). or WELIKI Velikaia VELIKA, (Sclav.), great ; e.g. (the great river) ; in Russia Welkawes Velikja-luki (the great marsh), ; (the VERNUSVINEA 201

or in Sclavonia great village dwelling), ; Welka, Welkow, Welchau, Welchow, etc., with the same meaning. VERNUS (Lat.), the alder-tree, Cel. gwern; e.g. Verney, Vernez, Vernois, Vernoy, Verneuil, Vernieres, etc., the names of various places in France.

VIE, VE, WY (Scand.), holy ; e.g. Wydale (the holy valley) ;

Wyborg, Weighton, Wisby, Wigthorpe (holy dwelling) ; in Lancashire Wigan, aijic. Wibiggan (the holy building), ; in Cumberland but in Scot- Wigton, (holy town) ; Wigton, land town the in (the on bay, vig) ; Sviga (holy river), Russia town on the ; Sviajsk (the holy river) ; Sveaborg and Sviatos-nos Sviatskaia Viborg (holy town) ; (holy cape) ; (holy town, or of the deity worshipped by the Sclavonians, called Sviato-vid), in Russia. VILLA (Lat.), a farm, manor, or town, with its derivatives in the beautiful Romance languages ; e.g. Villa-hermosa (the free of the town) ; Villa-franca-de-panades (the town bakers), in Spain. In France : Charleville (named after Due de Flamanville a Charles, Nevers) ; (founded by colony of Flemings), in Normandy; Joinville, Lat. Jo-vis- Villa (the

city of Jove, named from a Roman tower near the town) ; Luneville (the city of the moon), supposed to have been from a to in named temple Diana ; Offranville, Normandy, Lat. Villa of Auberville Vulfrani (the manor Wulfran) ; and Aubervilliers of Thionville (the manors Albert) ; (the manor of Theodone), Lat. Theodonis Villa; La Ville-tertre Villa of (hill town) ; Deville, formerly Dei (the city God) ; Lat. Martis Villa Marteville, (of Mars) ; Villa-Vigosa in and Villa-rica (abundant town), Spain Portugal ; (rich in on the R. town) ; Yeovil, Somerset (the town Yeo) ; Maxwell, in Kirkcudbright and in Roxburghshire, corrupt, from Maccusville (the manor or settlement of Maccus, to the lands were or whom given by David I.) ; Philipville in V. after his Philipstadt, Belgium (named by Charles son) ; Louisville, in the United States (named after Louis XVI., whose troops assisted the Americans in the War of Inde- pendence). VINETUM a La VINEA, (Lat.), vineyard ; e.g. Le Vignae, Vignelle, Les Vigneaux, Vigneaux, Vigny, Vinax, and places abound- in the vine in ing ; La Vigne, France. VOEWALD

a Laxvoe bay ; e.g. Leirvogr (mud bay) ; (sal- VOE (Scand } ( ^ rnon Siliavoe < bay) ; (herring bay) ; Grunavoe Aithsvoe ( (green bay) ; Westvoe (west bay) ; on the aith or (the bay headland) ; Sandvoe (sandy bay) ; the a in Kaltenwaag (cold bay) ; Vaage (on bay), town Norway. VORM (Ger.), in front of; e.g. Vormbach, Vormbusch, Vorm- horst, Vormhagen (in front of the brook, tljicket, wood, and hedge). W

a ford c nate with the Lat - vadutn and WATH (\ q ^ ( ' S he Gadhelic * VAD(Scarid) V <**; Wadebridge (the at the in Cornwall ( bridge ford), ; Wath- ford of the R. in Yorkshire upon-Dearne (the Dearne), ; Carnwath ford at the in Lanarkshire Lasswade (the cairn), ; ford on the in (the pasture-land, laes\ Mid Lothian ; Wath on the Yorkshire (the ford), Ouse ; Langwaden (long ford), in the in Germany ; Wageningen, Lat. Vadu (on ford), Holland, on the R. Leek. wAm, or WADY (Ar.), a river-course or ravine; e.g. Wadi-el-Ain ravine of the Wadi-Sasafeh the (the fountain) ; (of pigeons) ; Wadi-Sidri the the (of thorn) ; Wady-Solab (of cross) ; the the Wady-Shellal (of cataract) ; Wady-Magherah (of caves); Wady-Sagal (of the acacia); Wady-Mousa (of the father Moses) ; Wady-Abou-hamad (of fig-tree, named from a old the very tree) ; Wady-Mokatteb (of writing, from the number of inscriptions made by pilgrims) ; Wady- hamman (of the wild pigeons).

, / ( a wood or waste land ; e.g. Walden- WALD (Ger.), } c cc -r? / A P \ -\ Saffron, in Essex V(the waste land on WOLD , . , WEALD, (A.S.),7 ' ) r which saffron was afterwards ( cultivated) ; the Weald, Wold, and Wealdon (the waste lands), in Yorkshire Essex, Kent, Lincoln, and ; Waltham and Wal- thamstow near the (the dwelling-place wood) ; Waldstadt, Waldheim, Walddorf (dwellings near the wood), in Ger- Waldeck or corner of the many ; (woody corner, wood) ; forest in Waldshut (the hut), Switzerland ; Boemerwald Bohemian Waldau Wald- (the forest) ; (woody meadow) ; sassen settlement in the Unterwalden (the wood) ; (under WALLWALSCH 203

or below the near wood) ; Zinnwald-Sachsisch (the wood the Saxon's tin Finsterwalde dark mine) ; (the wood) ; Habechtswald (the griffin's wood) ; (hawk's wood) ; Lichtenwald cleared of (the wood) ; Rugenwalde (the wood the a in Pomerania and Saalwalde Rugii, tribe), ; Regenwalde (the woody districts of the rivers Rega and Saale); Methwald the midst of in Norfolk Leswalt (in woods), ; (the pasture, in the in near Zaes, wood), Wigtonshire ; Mouswald (the wood Lochar in Dumfriesshire in Wilts Moss), ; Wooton-Basset, (the woody town of the Basset family, so called from the quantity of wood in the neighbourhood).

" an emDan a a \V*TT fOld r f knient, rampart, wall, cognate w ^e ^at ' va^um tne Gadhelic and ^ i balla, WEALL fA ' S 1 \ ^ '" the the ( Welsh gwalj e.g. Walton, on Naze, where there was a walled enclosure to defend the northern intruders the of their hostile from assaults Saxon neighbours ; Walton, also, in the east corner of Suffolk (the town near the also -le- wall) ; Walton, on the Thames ; Walton dale and the in Lancashire Walton (on hill), ; Wallsend (at the end of the in in wall), Northumberland ; Walford, Hereford ford near a Wallsoken (the Roman fortification) ; (the place near the where the courts v. wall, judicial were held) SOC ; Walmer in Walldorf (the sea-wall), Kent ; Wallburg, (walled in in anc. towns), Germany ; Wallingford, Berks, Gallena, Welsh Gwal-Jien (the old wall or fortification), A.S. Weal- ingaford; Wallmill, Wallshiels, Wallfoot, Wallhead, places in Northumberland the wall of near Adrian ; Walpole (the dwelling, bol, near the wall), in Norfolk, a sea-bank raised by

the Romans as a defence from the sea ; but Walsham and Walsingham, in Norfolk, take their name from the Wael- sings, a tribe. This place was called by Erasmus Parath- alasia, Grk. (by the sea-beach). f re'gn - These words were applied the WAT srH (C \ (. by Teutonic and Sclavonicnations to allforeigners, WFATH A S \ )

1 and to the countries inhabited or colonised . VLACH (Sclav.), / , f _ \by those who did not come from a Teutonic stock or speak their language. In the charters of the Scoto-Saxon kings the Celtic Picts of Cambria and Strath-

clyde were called Wallenses ; e.g. Wales, Givalia root gwal or gall, foreign. The Welsh call their own country 204 WALSCHWANG

Cymru (the abode of the Kymry or aborigines) (the home of the so named the Saxons Cymric Celts), by ; Wallachia (the strangers' land, vlacfi), so called by the Germans and colonised the Sclaves because by Romans ; Walcherin, anc. or island of the or Walacria Gualacra (the strangers Celts) ; Cornwall horn or of the also (the promontory Celts) ; Cornuailles (a district in Brittany peopled by British emi- from Wallendorf town of the grants Wales) ; (the strangers), the German name for Olaszi or Olak, in Hungary, peopled Wallachians by ; Wallenstadt and Wallensee (the town and lake on the borders of the Romansch district of the Grisons, the Romans under conquered by Constantius) ; Walschland, the German name for Italy. The Celts of Flanders were also called their and by German neighbours ; Wlachowitz, in Moravia, means the town of the Wallachs or strangers. The Gadhelic gall (foreign), although used with the same meaning as weal/i, is not connected with it. It is a word that has been applied to strangers by the Irish from the remotest and as it was them antiquity ; applied by to the natives of Gaul {Calif), gall, in the first instance, might mean simply a native of Gaul. It was afterwards used in reference to the Norwegians, Fionn-ghaill (the fair-haired and to the darfi-haired strangers) ; Danes, Dubh-ghaill (the and in connection with them and with the strangers) ; the enters into Irish English word largely topography ; e.g. Donegal, i.e. Dun-nau-Gall (the fortress of the foreigners or and of the Danes) ; Clonegall Clongall (the meadow and town of the strangers) ; Ballynagall Ballnagall (the strangers, or English). For the further elucidation of these words v. Irish Names of Places, by Dr. Joyce, and Words and Places, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor. The words Gaill and Gallda are applied by the Highlanders of Scotland to their countrymen in the Lowlands, but they have no con- nection with the name which they apply to themselves The Gaidheil, derived from an ancestor Gaodal. WANG (Ger. and A.S.), a field or strip of land, allied to the Scot- tish a slice Duir- whang, ; e.g. Feuchtwang (moist field) ; anc. wangen (barren field) ; Ellwangen, Ellhenwang (the field eleh or of the temple, alhs) ; Affolterwangen (apple-tree ford of the field) ; Wangford (the -wang). WARA WARID 205

a Kattiwar of the WARA (Sansc.), dwelling ; e.g. (the dwelling a the or Kishtewar Katties, tribe) ; Judwar (of Juts Jats) ; (the dwelling in the wood). In Anglo-Saxon ivara means inhabitants thus Lindisivaras inhabitants of Lincoln (the ; Cantwara, of Kent). WARD, WART, WARTH (Teut.), a watch-tower or beacon, or a place guarded, A.S. waerdian, Ger. Marten, to guard waering, fortification Lat. a ; e.g. Hohenwarth, Altaspectila (the high town of the watch-tower) ; Warburg (the watch-tower), in Westphalia. In England : Warden, Wardle, Wardley (guarded places, or places where the warden of the district Wardlaw beacon Wardoe resided) ; (the hill) ; (beacon in i.e. fortified island), Norway ; Warwick, Waering-vic (the or the fort of the or dwelling, Waerings) ; Woerden War- fortified in Holland in den (the place), ; Vordhill, Shetland, in Sweden hill of the and Varberg, (the beacon) ; Warthill, in or beacon hill, Westmoreland ; Warburton, found as Wardeburgh (the town near the watch-fort) here Athel- of built a citadel freda, Queen Mercia, ; Warrington (the with the town fortress, waering) ; Gross-wardein, the Ger- of man rendering Nagy varad, Sclav, (great fortress). From guardar, Span, (to defend), we have Guardamar (the sea with a hill-fort at the mouth of the R. guard, Segura) ; La Guardia (built as a defence against the incursions of the

Moors) ; Guardia-regia (royal fortress) ; , anc. Lienwarden (the guarded place near lime-trees), in the Netherlands.

a iver is ' and r 1 a * WERID ' pl< WARID, (Old Ger.), ) / f gr ms tedJ^*ma shes d WERDER (Mod. Ger.), \ r? secured ^ ^It often/ takesf ( by dykes. the forms of iverth or "Mirth, cognate with the A. S. worth or 'worthing, qu. -v.; e.g. Bischopswerder (the bishop's island); Elsterwerder, Saarwerder (the islands in the Rivers Elster and Donauworth island in the R. Saar) ; (the Danube) ; Kirchwerder Marienwerder island (church island) ; (the or enclosure dedicated to the Falconswaart Virgin Mary) ; (the falcon's in Holland enclosure), ; Poppenwarth (the priest's \Vertheim enclosure) ; Werden, Werder, (dwellings near river Worth enclosed in islands) ; (the place), Bavaria ; Worth-sur- enclosure on the R. (the Sauer) ; Nonnen- 206 WARKWEIDE

nun's Furstenwerder werth (the enclosure) ; (the prince's Verden a island formed the R. island) ; (near large by Aller), in Verderbruch island Hanover ; (the bridge) ; Bolswaard river in Holland (Bolswine's island), ; Wertingen (a town an island in the R. Schonwerder on Schmutter) ; (beautiful island on the R. in Unstruth) ; Werth-sur-Sauer, Alsace (on an island formed the Rivers Sauer and by Soultzbach) ; Borumeler-Waard (an island near the town of Berumel), in Holland, formed by the junction of the Rivers Waal and in is a Maas ; but Hoyerswerda, Silesia, corruption of the Wendish name Worejze (the town on the ploughed land). a fortress in WARK, VIRKI (Scand.), ; e.g. Wark, Dumfriesshire, on the Scottish border Warke Castle, ; Warkthwaite (the enclosure to the in belonging fortress), Cumberland ; Ald- in in wark (old fortress) ; Newark, and Selkirk new Southwark south (the fortress) ; (the fortress) ; Warks- burn, Warkton, Warkworth (places named from their vicinity to Warke Castle), in Northumberland.

. . ( water ; e.g. Rothwasser (a town on WAZAR I-.. WASSER,' v(Teut.),' j x c u . < the red Schwartzwasser av river) ; (black ''' Whiteadder ( water) ; (white water), river Ullswater from Ulla or a names ; (named Ulf, Norse in on the R. and chief) ; Wasserburg, Bavaria, Inn, Wasser- Constance town on the burg on Lake (the water) ; Waterloo the (the watery marsh) ; Wasserbillig (the plain by river) ; Zwishenwassern (between the waters, at the confluence of in Sclav. Starawoda two streams), Illyria ; Altwasser, (the old stream), in Moravia. The ancient name of the R. Odra was Wodra (water).

. . /a way, a road, cognate with the Lat. via; e.g. WEG I Wegefurt and Wayford (the way to the ford); 1 (yer.), /A c \ Bradenwaag, (broad way) ; Lichtenweg (the WAEG ) (A.b.), road . ^ cleared ) Wegmuhle (mill road) ; Wainfleet the Wakefield field the (the way by harbour) ; (the by way- A.S. northern districts or side) ; Norway, Nonvaegas (the Lat. Curba-vta curbed in paths) ; Courbevoie, (the way), France.

t \ ( pasture ; e.g. Langenweid (the long pasture) ; ' EIDE r councillor's A Rathsweide ; Neuweid WEOD cy' \ (the pasture) (A.b.), . middle | ^ new pasture) Mittweyda (the pasture). WEILERWEND 207

WEILER (Ger.), a hamlet, Old Ger. wila; e.g. Kleinweil little Kurzweil (the hamlet) ; (short hamlet) ; Langweil in (long hamlet), Pfaffwyl (the priest's hamlet) ; Weiller, Alsace, Echzell, in Hesse-Darmstadt, corrupt, from Achizwila the Eschweiler near (the hamlet on water) ; (the hamlet ash- Dettweiler hamlet of the or trees) ; (the diet, people's hamlet of a meeting) ; Rappersweil (the Rappert, per- sonal in anc. Rotwili name) ; Rothwell, Baden, (red hamlet). this takes the form of In England word well or ////, as in Kittlewell and Bradwell. In Normandy, Hardvilliers, Rohrwiller, Neuviller, etc. WEIR (A.S.), a dam, that which wards off the water, wearan, A.S., in to guard ; e.g. Ware, Co. Hertford, named from a dam on the R. the Danes Lea, made by ; Wareham (the town on the in Dorsetshire Weir), ; Warminster (the monastery near the weir.) white Weisshorn Weissmaes /r \ ( ; e.g. (white cape) ; i te ( wn fi^d) ; Weissenberg and Weissenfels HW (\ ' S*\ J i te ( wn rock) ; Weissenburg and Weissenstadt HVin (S d\ I ** \ (white town); Weissenthurm (white tower). Sometimes the word takes the form of wttten, as in Witten- berg and Wittenburg (white fortress), although this prefix is derived from frequently vz'tte, wood ; Whitacre (white Whitbeck field) ; Whitburne, Whitbourne, (white stream) ; in Witley (white meadow) ; Whiston, Worcester, so named because it was originally a convent of white nuns. WEND, WIND, words applied in German topography to mark the settlements of the Wends or Sclavonians, from the verb ivan- deln, to wander. The Sclavonians call themselves Slowjane, which means intelligible men, or Srl>, which means kinsmen; while, by all the Sclavonic tribes, the Germans are called nzemiec, the dumb men, because their language is unintel- ligible to their Sclavonic neighbours. The Wends in the sixth century occupied the north-eastern parts of Germany, but are confined to Lusatia now chiefly ; e.g. Wendischbach Wends' (the brook) ; Wendischhausen and Windsheim (the of the dwellings Wends) ; Wendischgratz (the Wends' for- Wends' or tress) ; Wendischkappel (the chapel church) ; Windecken and Wendischhayn (the Wends' corner and enclosure). 208 WERBAWICH

on the Elbe. WERBA (Sclav.), pasture ; e.g. , a on the WERCH (Sclav.), summit ; e.g. Werchau (the town height), in Prussia Werch-see lake on the Werchne- ; (the height) ; Udinsk on the R. (the height Uda) ; Verkne-Dnieprevosk town on the R. on (the high Dnieper) ; Werchne-Uralish, R. Ural the R. the ; Verkne-Kolynski, on Kolyma ; on the R. Sosna Werchblatt Verkne-Sousensk, ; (high marsh). WERF, WARF (Teut), a dam or wharf; literally, what is thrown up werfen; e.g. Werfen (the town on the embankment), in Austria anc. the Upper ; Antwerp, Andoverpum (at wharf) ;

Hohenwerpum (high wharf) ; Neuwarp (new wharf). WERK, WEORC (Teut.), a work, applied in topography to places manufactures are carried hill where on ; e.g. Bergwerk (a work or mine) ; Konigswerk (the king's manufactory) ; and connected with Hofwerk (places mines) ; Hiittenwerk (the huts of the workmen in the Hartz Moun- for the metals at tains) ; Seifenwerk (the place washing the Frederickswerk cannon in mines) ; (a foundry Denmark established in by King Frederick) ; Wirksworth, Derbyshire (the enclosure near the mines). WESTEN (Ger.), the west. This word Buttman traces to an old Ger. root ivesen, Goth, visan (rest), i.e. the quarter of the sinks to rest where the sun ; e.g. Westphalia (the western Westerufer plain) ; Westerwald (west wood) ; (the western i.e. of the R. Westhausen and West- shore, Inn) ; hoffen and in Alsace (the west dwellings court), ; Wesen, in on the west shore of Lake Wallensee ; Westeraas, Sweden, anc. Vestra-aros (western dwelling), so called to it distinguish from Ostra-aros (the eastern dwelling) ; West- man's Isles, Scand. Vestmanna-eyar, on the coast of Iceland, so called because peopled by men from the west Irish from pirates ; Westbury, Westbourn, Weston, Westbrook, the same root.

/r_ . / a dwelling, a village, a town a word I . , WICH, wic,' WYK (Teut.), > " in in ) general use the topography of WICK, VIG (Scand.), < /* . as well as on the con- \~ /' i Great Britain,' I.. , . , WAS, WIES (Sclav.), , \tinent, but with various meanings. According to Leo, the Teut. wick or' vichs arose from the root ivaes, A.S., and wiese, Ger. (a moist meadow) and WICH 209 hence was applied to places situated on low lands, often on of the the bank a stream ; e.g. Meeswyk (the town on on the Bever. The Maas) ; Beverwyk, primary meaning seems to have been a station with the Anglo-Saxons a station or abode on the land, with the Norsemen a station for ships. The root of the word runs through all the Aryan languages Sansc. veqa, Grk. oikos, Pol. ivies, Ir. fieh, all an abode Alnwick Cym.-Cel. qivic, meaning ; e.g. (the town on the anc. on the R. Alne) ; Ipswich, Gippensivich, A.S. Lat. Welsh Caer- Gipping ; York, Eorvic, , the or R. town Ebreuc (the town on water, Eure) ; Hawick (the on the or low haugh meadow) ; Noordwyk (north town) ; and Zuick Nederwyk (lower town) ; Zuidwyk (south town), in Holland and Harwich so called Belgium ; (army town), from having been a Saxon station or military depot ; Keswick of in Gloucestershire (the town Cissa) ; Wickware, (the town of the family of De la Ware). On the other hand, the Scandinavian wick or vig signifies a bay, or a place situated on the coast, or at the mouth of a river thus Schleswick (on a formed the R. in Prussia bay by Schlie), ; Wick (the town on the in Caithness Sandwich town on the bay), ; (the the sandy bay) ; (on muddy bay) ; Greenwich, Scand. town on the Granvigen (the pine bay) ; Reikjavik, in Iceland or in and (the reeky smoky bay) ; Vigo Spain, in in Vaage Norway (on spacious bays) ; Swanage, Dorset, anc. in Arran Swanwick (Sweyen's bay town) ; , broad in (the bay town) ; Wicklow, Ireland, probably Danish Vtgloe (bay shelter), used by the Danes as a ship station contracted from ; Smerwick (butter bay) ; Berwick, Abtnuick (at the mouth of the R. Tweed) v. ABER. Wiche also denotes a place where there are salt mines or springs, and in this sense is probably connected with the Scand. vig, as salt was often obtained by the evaporation of sea-water in shallow thus v. bays ; Nantwich NANT ; Middlewich middle salt Lat. Salincz salt (the works) ; Droitwich, (the springs, where the droit or tax was paid). In some cases wick or wick is derived from the Lat. vicus, cognate with the Grk. oikos and Sansc. vega (a dwelling) thus Katwyk- sur-mer and Katwyk-sur-Rhin are supposed to occupy the site of the Roman Vicus-Cattorum (the dwelling-place of P WIDRWIN

the Vick or in from Vicus-Ausoni- ) ; Vique, Spain, ensis of the in (the dwelling Ausones) ; Vidauban, France, from Vicus-Albanus of (the dwelling Albanus) ; Longwy, from anc. Lemo-vicum Longus-vicus (long town) ; Limoges,

town of the also in France : (the Lemovici) ; Vic-despres town on the Vic-sur-Losse and Vic-sur- (the meadows) ; Aisne, the towns on these rivers. The Sclav, ivice is found in town on the and Malsch- Jazlowice (the marsh) ; wice (Matthew's town), etc. or VITU and Norwood WIDR, (Teut. Scand.), wood ; e.g. (north Lat. Celtic wood) ; Selwood, Sylva-magna (great wood), Cotes its in the Coitmaur; wold (from sheep-cotes, wood) ; the in in Wolds, near Wolderness, Yorkshire ; Ringwood, Hants, Lat. Regni-sylva (the wood or forest of the Regni, a Wittstock but tribe) ; and (woody place) ; Wittingau, Wittingen, Wittgenstein, Wittgensdorf, and other names with this prefix in Germany, come from the patronymic Wittick or Wittikind (i.e. the children of the woods). In England the same prefix may mean white, as in Witney, or from places where the Saxon Witangemote held their in Lat. meetings ; Holywood, Dumfriesshire, Abbia sacra nemoris (the abbey of the sacred wood), called by the Irish Der-Congal (the sacred oak grove of Congal). or WIKI for Wieck WIECK, (Sclav.), a market especially corn ; e.g. (the ), the name of numerous places in the districts for Elster- Sclavonic ; Wikow (the Sclavonic name werder) v. WARID, etc. asture or Pfaffenwiese P -ground meadow ; e.g. WIESE (Ger \ ( Schaafwiese q A o \ \ (the priest's meadow) ; (sheep ''' (pasture); Wiesbaden (the meadow baths); the moist Wismar or Wash (near pasture-ground) ; (beautiful rich in Wiesflech hamlet in meadow), Mecklenburg ; (the the meadow pasture) ; Ziegelwasen (the goat's meadow) ; Wisheim (the dwelling in the meadow or pasture-ground). the willow Wilcrick Wilden WILIG (A.S.), ; e.g. (willow crag) ; but and (willow hollow) ; Willoughby Willoughton, probably from a personal name. Wim- WIN (A.S.), victory ; e.g. Winford, Winslow, Wingrave, borne (the ford, hill, entrenchment, and brook of the victory). WINKEL WOR TH

a C0rner corner ; *'' Winceby ( dwelling) ; WINKEL (Ger ) ( nc corner Winchelsea Wi hcomb (the hollow) ; (the WINCFI '(A. ' S \ \ ''' ( island or moist land at the corner) ; Winchendon Winkelhorst (corner hill) ; Winkleigh (corner meadow) ; Winkeldorf Winklarn (corner thicket) ; (corner village) ; (the waste field at the corner). or WISCH, OSSICK, contracted from the Sclav, hussoki (high) ; e.g. Wissek, Weissagh, Wisowice or Wisowitz, Ossiegt, and Wisoki- Ossagh (high village) ; Wischhrad (high fortress) ; mazo-wieck in Poland (the high middle market -town), ; but in Germany wisch is sometimes a form of iviese as in Wisch- (meadow), Wischmiihle (the meadow mill) ; hausen in the for Ossick (the dwelling meadow) ; Essek, (high place), in Sclavonia. WITHIG (A.S.), the willow; e.g. Witham, Withern (willow dwelling);

Withybrook (willow stream) ; Withridge (willow ridge). won (A.S.), a turning; e.g. Woburn, Wooburn (the bend of the at the or stream) ; Woking (the turning chink chine). WOL the ox oxen's Wohlau (Sclav.), ; e.g. Wolgast (the shed) ; (an enclosure for oxen), a town in Prussia which carries on a trade in cattle Wollin of at the great ; (the place oxen), mouth of the R. Oder. or OELZA the alder-tree Wol- WOLSCHA, (Sclav.), ; e.g. Wolschau, schen, Wolsching, Wolschinka (the place abounding in the for is alders) ; Sclavonic name the R. Elster Wolshinka river of in on Oelse (the. alders) ; Oels, Silesia, the (alder- tree of alder- stream) ; Oelsen and Olsenice (the village Olsnitz or trees) ; (the town on Elster, alder stream). WOLV, or WOL, a prefix sometimes employed with reference to the wolf, as in Wolvesley (the wolves' island), where a tribute of wolves' heads was paid annually by the Britons to the Saxons, by order of King Edgar. Sometimes as a contrac- tion for wold (the waste land), as in Wolford, Wolborough, in it Woldingham, Wooler, and Woolverton ; but comes often also from a personal name, as in Wolfhamcote, Wulferlow, Wolferton (from Ulp or Wulfhern). WORTH, or WEORTHING (A.S.), a farm, manor, or estate, a place warded or protected, A.S. ivarian (to defend); cognate with the Ger. warid or iverder; e.g. Worthing in Sussex, Worthen in Salop, Worthy and Worting in Hants, WURZEZERKWA

in Lancashire farm or Worthington (the manor) ; High- worth estate of (high manor) ; (the Kenelm) ; estate on the Bosworth (of Bosa) ; Edgeworth (the border) ; anc. Polwarth Edgeware, Edgeivorth, same meaning ; (the the a in Berwickshire estate on marshy land), parish ; manor of Rickmansworth Ravenworth (the Hrafen) ; (of Tamworth on R. Tarn Wands- Rickman) ; (the manor), ; R. worth, on the Wandle ; Worksworth (the place near the miner's Chatsworth manor in the works) ; (the wood), Celtic coed; Hammersmith, corrupt, from Hermoderworth (the manor of Hermode).

. ( an a a Wurtz- (r herb, plant ; ivyrtun, garden ; e.g.

bur&> anc - (the city of ; xi c \ \ Herbipolis plants) r A - b ( -)> or field of ( Wortley (the place herbs); Warton (the garden).

YEN (Chinese), salt; e.g. Yen-shan (salt hill); Yen-yuen (salt spring). new new anc. YENI (Turc.), ; e.g. Yenidja-Vardar (the fortress), the black Pella; Yenidya-Carasu (the new place on water) ; new Yenikhan Yeniseisk Yenikale (the castle) ; (new inn) ; town on the R. Yenishehr new (the new Yenisei) ; (the Yeni-Bazar Yenikoi dwelling) ; (new market) ; (new village) ; Yeni-Hissar (new castle).

a fountain Great and Little in ZAB (Ar.), ; e.g. Zab, Turkey. or black Zschorne ZARNY, CZERNY (Sclav.), ; e.g. (black town) ; i.e. the R. Elster Sornosche-Elster, black ; Zschornegosda

(black inn) ; Zarnowice, Zarnowitz, Same, Sarnow, Sarnowo, Sarnaki (black village). or red Tscherna red ZERENY, CZERENY (Sclav.), ;.e.g. (the river) ; Tscherniz or Zerniz (red town) ; Tzernagora (red mountain). ZERKWA (Sclav.), a Greek church, from the Grk. kuriakej a Romish church in their language is called kostiolj a Protestant church, zbor; e.g. Zerkowo, Zerkowitz, Zerkwitz (the town of the Greek church). ZETTELZI 213

ZETTEL from sedal a seat or settlement (Sclav.), (Ger.), ; e.g. Brockzettel settlement or seat on the (the broken-up land) ; Endzettel settlement at the (the corner) ; Weinzettel (the wine settlement), zi a habitation Sussi habitation on (Old Fr.), ; e.g. (the high or on low ground) ; Issy (the dwelling, here, ground) ; Passy (the dwelling near the boat hoc or bad).

INDEX

A few Names which do not occur in the body of the Work are explained in the Index.

Albert, in Cape Colony, named after ABBEVILLE, 4 the Prince Consort Abbeyfeale, 4 Albuera, Ar. the lake Abbeyleix and Abbeyshrule, 4 Albuquerque, Lat. the white oak- Abyssinia, named from the Rivers Abai tree and Wabash, or, according to Bruce, Alcala, Ar. the castle, 114 from habish (mixed), i.e. the country Alcantara, 6 of the mixed races Alcarez, Ar. the farm Acapulca, 9 Aldershott, 107 Acre, anc. Accho, Ar. the sultry or Alemtayo (beyond the R. Tagus) sandy shore Aleutian Islands, the bold rocks Adelsberg, the nobles' fortress Alexandria and Alexandretta, named Aden, Ar. a paradise after Alexander the Great Afium-kara-hissar, Turc. the black Alexandria, in Cape Colony, in honour castle of opium of Queen Agades, the enclosure Alexandria, in Italy, after Alex- Agde, in France, Grk. Agathos, the ander III. good place, founded by Greeks from Alhama, 100 Marseilles Alleghany Mountains, from a tribe Aghrim, or Aughrim, 67 Alloa, the way to the sea Agosta, Lat. Augusta Almaden, Ar. the mine Agra, 2 Almanza, Ar. the plain Airdrie, 10 Almanzor, Ar. victorious Aix, 9 Almeida, Ar. the table Aix-la-Chapelle, 9 Altona, called by the Hamburgians Akerman, Turc. (white castle) All-su-nah, i.e. (all too near), in Akhalzk, new fortress allusion to its vicinity to Hamburg Alabama, the land of rest Alyth, the ascent or slope Alagous Bay (abounding in lakes) America, named after the Florentine Aland, water land adventurer Amerigo-Vespucci Albania, 7 Angora, anc. Ancyra 2l6 INDEX

Annam (the place of the South) Auch, named after the Ausci, a tribe Anstruther, 179 Auchinleck, 5 Antrim (at the elder trees) Auckland, 5 Antwerp, 208 Audlem, 7 Aoasta, Lat. Augusta Augsburg, 35 Apennine Mountains, 154 Aurillac, supposed to have been named Appenzel, 4 after the Emperor Appleby, 37 Auriol, anc. Auriolum, the golden or Applecross, 3 magnificent Aranjues, Lat. Ara Jovis, the altar o Austerlitz, 151 Jove Australia, the southern land Aravali Mountain, the hill of strength Austria, 164 Arbois, anc. Arborosa, the woody placi Autun, 69 Arbroath, 3 Auvergne, the high country, 1 1 Archangel, named in honour of th< Ava, or Awa, named from angwa, a Archangel Michael fish-pond Archipelago, the chief sea Avignon, 14 Arcos, anc. Argobriga, the town on Avranches, named from the Abrin- the bend catui Ardeche, now Ardoix, in France, from Awe, Loch, 2 ardoise, slate Azores Isles, Port, the islands of hawks Ardee, in Ireland, on the R. Dee, now the Nith Ardeen and Ardennes, 10, n B Ardfert, 10 BAALBEC, 15 Ardrossan, 10 Babelmandeb Strait, 15 Argos, the plain Bactria, Pers. the east country Argyle, 150 Badajos, corrupt, from Lat. Pax Au- Aries, Cel. Ar-laeth, the marshy land gusta Armagh, i.e. Ardmacha, Macha's Baden, 15 height Baffin's Bay, named in honour of the , 143 discoverer Arras, named from the Atrebates Bagdad, 16 Arthur Seat, in Edinburgh, Gael. Ard- Bahar, corrupt, from Vihar, a Buddhist na-said, i.e. the height of the arrows, monastery meaning a convenient ground to Bahia, Port, the bay, 16 shoot from Bahr-el-Abiad, 17 Ascension Island, so named because Bahrein, 17 discovered on Ascension Day Baikal, the rich sea Asperne, n Baireuth, 162 Aspropotamo, Modern Grk. (the white 3akewell, 162 river) Bakhtchisarai, the palace of the gar- Assouan, Ar. the opening at the mouth dens of the Nile 3ala (river head), in Wales Astrakan, named after a Tartar king Balachulish, 17 Astura R., 199 Balaclava, 21 Asturias, 12 Bala-Ghauts, 18 Attica, Grk. the promontory Jala-hissar, 18 Aubusson, 36 Balasore, 18 INDEX 217

Balbriggan, Brecan's bridge ing to the descendants of Beann, of Balearic Isles, because their inhabitants the royal race of Ulster were skilful in the use of the sling Barbadoes, Port, the island of pines (Balla, Grk. to throw) Barbary, the country of the Berbers Balfour, 17 Barbuda, the island of the bearded men, Balkan, 18 so named by the Portuguese Balkh, 1 8 Barcelona, named from Hamilcar Ballantrae, the dwelling on the sea- Barca, who founded it shore, 196 BardhWan, Pers. the thriving place Ballater, 125 Bardsey, 72 Ballina, corrupt, from Bel-atha, ford Barfleur, 81 mouth, 21 Bar-le-Duc, 194 Ballingry, the town of the king v. Barnstaple, 152 BAILE Barrow, 19 Ballintra, 196 Barrow Strait, named in honour of Balloch, 22 Sir John Barrow Ballycastle, castle-town v. 17 Barton, 194 Ballymena, 17 Basque Provinces, from bassoco, a , 17 mountaineer, or, according to Hum- Ballyshannon, 22 boldt, from basoa, a forest Balmaghie, 18 Bass Strait, named after Bass, a navi- Balmaklellan, the town of the Mac- gator lellans, 18 Basse Terre, low land Balmerino, 17 Bassora, or Bozra, the fortress Balmoral, 17 Batavia, 108 Balquhidder, the town at the back of Bath, 16 the country Battersea, 71 Balta and Baltia, the country of the Battle and Buittle, 27 belts or straits, the ancient name of Bautzen, 33 Scandinavia, 18 Bavaria, the country of the Boii Banbury, 35 Bayeux, named from the Bajoccas, a Banchory, the fair valley tribe Banchory-Devenick and Banchory - Bayonne, 17 Ternan, named in honour of two Beachy Head, 19 saints who lived there Beauley and Beaulieu, 21 Banda- Oriental, the eastern bank of , 21 the Rio-de-la-Plata Beauvais, named from the Bellovacii Banff, 34 Bedford, 82 Bangor, 23 Bednore, 151 Banjarmassin, from bender, a harbour, Beersheba, 20 and masing, usual, or from banjer, Behring Strait, so named by Captain water, and massin, salt Cook in honour of Behring, a Rus- Banks Islands and Banks Land, named sian navigator in honour of Sir Joseph Banks Beinn, Ben, etc., a mountain, 22 Bantry, Ir. Beantraighe, i.e. belong- Beira, Port, the river-bank Beja, corrupt, from the Lat. Pax-Julia 22 Note. For Scotch or Irish names beginning Belfast, with or bally, v. BAILE or BEAL, pp. Belgium, named from the 17 and 21 Belgrade, 21 218 INDEX

Belize, named after a person called Biela-Tsorkov, white church Wallace Bielgorod, white fortress Bell Rock or Inch Cape, a reef of rocks Bielorietzk, 176 south-east from Arbroath, so called Biggar, the soft land from the lighthouse which was erected Bilbao, under the hill on it in 1811, previous to which the Bingley, the field of Bing, the original monks of Arbroath caused a bell to proprietor be suspended upon it so as to be rung Bir, 20 by the waves, and thus give warning Birkdale, the birch valley to mariners Birkenhead and Birkhampstead, 25 Belleisle, 21 Birmingham, 99 Bellie, the mouth of the ford Biscaya and Bay of Biscay, named Belper, 21 from the Basques, which, accord- Beluchistan, 182 ing to Humboldt, means forest Benares, named from the names dwellers of the two rivers on which it is Bishop-Auckland, so called from the situated number of oaks that grew here, and Bender, etc., 23 from the manor having belonged to Beni, etc., 23 the bishops of Durham Benin, corrupt, from Lat. benignus, Black Sea, perhaps so called from its blessed frequent storms and fogs. The Berbice, at the mouth of the R. Greeks called it Euxine, from eiixinos, Berbice hospitable, disliking its original Berdiansk, 176 name, Axinos, inhospitable Berg and its derivatives, 23 Blaen and its derivatives, 26 Bergamo, on a hill Blair and its derivatives, 26 Berhampore, 160 Blantyre, the warm retreat Berkeley, 25 Bodmin, 27 Berkshire, 25 Bohemia, 100 Berlin, perhaps from Sclav, berle, un- Bois-le-Duc, the duke's wood cultivated ground, but uncertain Bokhara, the treasury of sciences, the Bermudas Isles, named after the dis- chief town in a state of the same coverer Juan Bermudez name Berriew, corrupt, from Aber-Rhiw, Bolivia, named after its liberator at the mouth of the R. Rhiw, in Bolivar Wales, 3 and Boulogne, named from Bervie, 112 the Boii Berwick, 209 Bombay, named after an Indian god- Berwyn, 19 dess Bombed but translated by the Beveland, 122 Portuguese into Bom-bahia, good Beverley, 25 bay

Bewdley, 21 % Bordeaux, 9 Beyrout, 20 Bornholm, 127 Bhagulpore, 160 Borovsk, 28 Bhurtpore, 160 Borrowstounness, 145 Bicester, corrupt, from Birincester, i.e. Bosphorus, Grk. the passage of the the fortress of Birin, Bishop of Glou- bull cester Bourges, named from the Bituriges Bideford, by the ford Brabant, 18 INDEX 219

Bramapootra R., the offspring of Brahma Brazil, named from the colour of its CABEZA-DEL-BUEY, 117 dye-woods, braza, Port, a live coal Cabrach, the timber-moss, a parish in Breadalbane, 29 Co. Banff Brecknock, the hill of Brecon or Bry- Cader-Idris, the chair of Idris, in Wales chan, a Welsh prince Cadiz, 86 Breda, 29 Cahors, named from the Cadurci Breslaw, named after King Vratis- Cairo, Ar. Al-kahirah, the victorious law Calahorra, 114 Breton, Cape, discovered by mariners Calais, 39 from Brittany Calatayud, 114 Bridgenorth, 31 Calcutta, 88 Bridgewater, 31 California is supposed to have taken its Brieg, 29 name from an old romance, in which Brighton, corrupt, from Brighthelm- this name was given to an imaginary ston, from a personal name island filled with gold, and Cortes Bristol, 183 applied the name to the whole dis- Britain : the Cym.-Cel. root brith, to trict paint, is supposed by some to be the Callander, the corner of the water v.

root of the word ; the British poets DUR called it Inis gwyn, white island, The Calf of Man. The word calf which answers to the Roman name was frequently used by the Norse- Albion men for a smaller object in relation Brixton, 31 to a larger i.e. the small island off Brodick, 209 Man Brody, 30 Calvados, named from one of the vessels Brooklyn, in New York, Dutch, the of the , wrecked on broken-up land the coast of France Bruges, 31 Cambay, anc. Khumbavati, the city of Brunswick, 172 the pillar Brussels, 30 Cambuskenneth, 39 Brzesce-Litewski, 28 Canada, Ind. Kannahta, a collection Bucharest, the city of enjoyment of huts Buckingham, a tribe name, or the Candahar, named after Alexander the dwelling among beeches, 33 Great Buda, 33 Candia, Ar. Khandce, the trench island Budweis, 33 Cannes, 40 Buenos-Ayres, 28 Cannoch, i.e. cann, bright, and oich, Builth, 8 water, the ancient name of the spot Bungay, 95 on which Conway Castle stands Burgos, 36 Canopus was called by the Egyptians Burslem, Burward's dwelling in the the city of Kneph, a god clayey soil, him Cantal, the head of the rock, 41 Bury, 34 Canton, i.e. K-wang Chou, the metro- Bushire, 174 polis Bute, 33 Cantyre or Kintyre, 45 Buttermere, 136 Capri and Caprera, the islands of wild Buxton, 33 goats INDEX

Cardigan, named after its ancient king General of Canada in the seventeenth Ceredig, and is therefore corrupted century from Charles Cape, named after Baby Carew, 38 Charles in the reign of James I. Carlingford, 39 Charlestown, named after Charles II. Carlisle, 38 Chatham, 55 Carlow, 129 Chaumont, 39 Carlscroone, 118 Chelsea, 46 Carlshamm, Charles's haven, 97 Chemnitz, 114 Carluke, 39 Chepstow, 47 Carmel, Heb. the fruitful field Chester, 43 Carmichael, 39 Cheviot Hills, 46 Carnac, 41 Chilham, 99 Carnatic, named from the Carnates, a Chiltern Hills, n tribe China, probably named from the Carniola, 41 of Thsin in the third century

Carolina, U. S. , named after Charles B.C. II. Chippenham, 47 Caroline Isles, named after Carlos II. Chiusa, 116 of Spain Christchurch, in Hants, anc. Twinam- Carpathian Mountains, from Chrabat, burne, between two streams, and a mountain range afterwards named from a church and Carrantuohill, Ir. the reversed reap- priory founded by the W. Saxons ing-hook, the highest mountain in in the reign of Edward the Confessor Ireland Christiana, named after Christian IV. Carthage, 86 of Sweden Carthagena, 86 Ciudad, 49 Casale, 42 Civita-Vecchia, 49 Cashel, 42 Clackmannan, 49 Caspian Sea, named from the Caspii, Clameny, 109 a tribe Clare Co., 50 Cassel, 42 Cleveland, 50 Castile, 42 Cleves, 50 Catania, Phoen. the little city Clifton, 50 Cattegat, 88 Clitheroe, 50 Caucasus, 147 Clogheen, 49 Cavan, 44 Clonakilty, 50 Caxamarca in Peru, the place of Clones, 50 frost Clontarf, 50 Cefalu, 46 Closeburn, 48 Cephalonia, 46 Cloyne, 50 Cerigo, anc. Cythera, the harp-shaped Coblentz, 54 Cerro v. SIERRA Cochin, kochi, a morass Cevennes, 46 Cockburnspath, in Berwickshire, cor- Ceylon, 65 rupt, from Colbrand's Path Chambery, the bend of the water, on Cognac, the corner of the water the R. Leysse, in France Coire or Chur, 56 Chamouni, 40 Colberg, 31 Champlain, named from the Governor- Coleraine, 58 INDEX

Colmar, Lat. Collis-Martis, the hill of Cramond, 38 Mars Crathie, 56 Colombo, corrupt, from Kalan-Totta, Cremona, anc. Cremonensis-ager, the the ferry on the Kalawa Ganga field named from a tribe Colonna, Cape, 117 Crewe, 56 Como, Lake, 54 Crewkerne, 56 Comorin, Cape, named from a temple Crieff, Gael. Craobh, a tree to the goddess Durga Croagh- Patrick, 56 Compostella, Santiago de, corrupt, from Croatia, 109 Sanctus Jacobus Apostolus, so called , the heart of Mar, a district from a legend that the Apostle James in Aberdeenshire was buried there Cronstadt, 118 Comrie, at the confluence of three Croydon, 70 rivers, in Perthshire, 53 CRUG, as prefix, 58 Cond6, 33 Cuenpa, Lat. concha,, a shell Congleton, 33 Cueva-de-Vera, 45 the Culebra R. the snake river Connaught, anc. Conaichi, territory , of the descendants of Conn of the Cumberland, 122 hundred battles Cumbernauld, 53 Connecticut, Ind. Qunnitukut, the Cumbraes Isles and Cumbrian Moun- country on the long river tains, named after the Cymbri Connemara, 144 Cundinamarca, named after an Indian Constance, Lake, 172 goddess Copeland Isle, 47 Cura9oa, named from a kind of bird Copenhagen, 47 Currie, 56 Corbridge, 56 Cuzeo, the centre, in Peru Cork, 54 CWM, as prefix v. 53, at COMBE Cornwall, 54 Cyclades Isles, Grk. kuklos, a circle Coromandel, corrupt, from Choloman- , perhaps named from the herb dala, the district of the Cholas, a kupros, with which, it abounded, tribe called by the Greeks Cerastes, the Corrientes, Span, the currents horned Corryvreckan, 52 Czernowitz, Sclav, black town Corsica, the woody Corunna, corrupt, from Columna, the pillars, in allusion to a tower of D Cosenza, Lat. Cosentia, the confluence DACCA, Sansc. Da-akka, the hidden Cotswold Hills, 52 goddess, from a statue of Durga Cottian Alps, named after a Celtic found there chief Dantzic, Danish fort, 61 Coutance and Cotantin, named after Daventry, 196 the Emperor Constantius Daviot, 6 Coventry, 196 Dax, 9 , in Ayrshire, named after King Deal, 59 Coill Deccan, Sansc. Dakshina, the south Cowes, 45 land Cracow, the town of Krak, Duke of Delft, 62 Poland Delhi, Sansc. dahal, a quagmire 222 INDEX

Denbigh, 64 Drenthe, 18 Denmark, 134 Dresden, Sclav. Dresany, the haven Deptford, 54 Dreux, named from the Durocasses Derbend, the shut-up gates or the Drogheda, 66 difficult pass Drohobicz, Sclav, the woody place Deny or Londonderry, 61 Droitwich, 209 Derwent R., 70 Dromore, 67 the drain Desaguadero R. , Span, Drontheim, 99 Detmold, 64 Dryburgh, 62 Detroit, the strait between Lake St. Dubicza, 68 Clair and Lake Erie Dublin, 126 Devizes, anc. de vies, denoting a place Dubro, 57 where two ways met Dumbarton, 68 Devonshire, 64 Dumfries, 68 Dhawalagiri Mountain, 90 Dungeness, 145 Dieppe, 54 Dunkirk, 70 Digne, 64 Dunluce, 128 Dijon, 69 Dunse, now Duns, 70 Dinan and Dinant, 54 Dunstable, 182 Dingle, 58 Durham, 106 Dingwall, 190 Durrow, 62 Dinkelsbiihl, 33 Dynevor, 64 Dmitrov, the town of St. Demetrius Dyrrachium, Grk. the place with the R. i.e. river Dnieper , Don-ieper, upper dangerous breakers, Dus and rachia Dniester, Don-tester, lower river Don Dysart, 63 Doab, 2 Dole, 59 Dolgelly, 60 Dominica Isle, so named because dis- covered on Sunday, i.e. Dies Domi- EAGLESHAM, church hamlet nica Ecclefechan, the church of St. Fechan Donagh, as prefix, 65 Eccleshall, 72 Dondra Head, 65 Ecija, 12 Donegall, 69 Ecuador, i.e. on the equator Donnybrook, 65 Edessa, 73 Doon R., 14 Edfou, corrupt, from Atbo, the Coptic Dorchester, 44 synonym forffut, the throneof Horus Dorking, 70 Edinburgh, 68 Dornoch, 66 Edom, the red land Dorset, 173 Egripo or Negropont, 159 Dort or Dordrecht, 66 Ehrenbreitstein, 181 Douglas, 91 Eichstadt, Ger. oak town Douro R., 70 Eiger, the giant, in Switzerland Dover, anc. , or anc. Brit. Dufy- Eisenach, 74 rraha Eisenberg, 74 Dovrefield Mountains, 78 Elbing, named from the river on which Downpatrick, 68 it stands Downs, The, 69 Elbceuf, 37 Drachenfels, 78 Elche', 109 INDEX 223

Elgin, named after Helgyn, a Nor- Etna, corrupt, from attuna, the furnace wegian chief, about A.D. 927 Eton, 71 Eli mo or Elath, the trees Eubcea, the well-tilled land in or R. Elizabeth, county New York, named Euho Yuho , 105 from the daughter of James I. Euphrates R., the fruitful, Ar. Furat, Elizabethgrad, 94 sweet water Elmina, Ar. the mine Europe, Grk. euros and ops, the broad Elphin, Ir. Aill-finn, the rock of the face clear spring Euxine, Grk. the hospitable, formerly Elsinore, 150 axinos the inhospitable sea stream Elster R. , the alder-tree Evesham, 76 Elstow, 183 Evora, the ford, in Spain Elvas, anc. Alba, Basque, the place on Evreux, 9 the steep hill, alboa Exeter, 44 Ely, 71 Emden, 69 Empoli, corrupt, from the Lat. empo- rium, the market-place FAENZA, Lat. Faventia, the favoured Enkhuizen, 75 and Fair Island, fromfarr, Ennis, in Scand. a sheep Enniskillen, in Falaise, 78 Eperies, Hung, the place of strawberries Falkirk, 116 anc. the ever- Eperney, aquce-perennes , Famars, 77 flowing water Fano, 76 Epinal, 177 Fareham, 76 Epping, no Farnham, 79 Epsom, 99 Faroe Islands, 71 Erekli, anc. Heraclea Faulhorn, 108 Erfurt, 83 Fazal, the beech-tree island, in the Erith, 105 Azores Erivan, Pers. JRewan, named after its Femern, n founder Fermanagh, Ir. the men of Monagh Erlangen, 75 Fermoy, the men of the plain Erlaw, 75 Fernando Po, named after the dis- , Ir. Airegal, a small church coverer Erzeroom, corrupt, from Arz-er-Room, Ferney, 77 the fortress of the Romans Ferns, 77 Eschwege, ash-tree road Ferrara, 84 Eschweiller, 6 Ferriby, 76 ESGAIR V. SKAFR, 175 Ferrol, Span, faro!, the beacon Esk R., 198 Fetlar Isle, 72 Essek or Ossick, 211 Fez, Ar. fertile Essex, 151 Fife, said to be named from Feb. a Estepa, 12 Pictish chief Estepona, 12 Figueras, Span, the fig-trees Esthonia, the district of the people of Finisterre, Cape, and district, 190 the East Finster-Aar-horn, 107 Estremadura, Lat. Estrema-Durii, the Fintray and Fintry, 196 extreme limits of the R. Douro Fishguard, 87 324 INDEX

Fiume, 81 Flamborough Head, anc. Fleamburgh, the flame hill or beacon hill , the town of the Fleche, La, named from the lofty spire Ganii, a tribe of the church of St. Thomas Galapago Isles, Span, the islands of Fleetwood, 81 the water tortoises Flintshire, supposed to have derived Galashiels, 170 its name from the abundance of Galatia, 108 quartz in the country Galicia, 108 Flisk, the moist place, Gael, fleasg Galilee, Heb. a district Florence, Lat. Florentia, the flourish- , Point de, Cingalese, the rock ing promontory, galle Florida, called by the Spaniards Pascua- Galway, named from Gaillimh, rocky Florida because discovered on Easter river, 86 Sunday Ganges R., 86 Flushing, 81 Garioch, 86 Fochabers, Gael. Faichaber, the plain Garonne R., 86 of the confluence, but more anciently Gateshead, 40 Beulath, the mouth of the ford Gaza, Ar. a treasury Foldvar, 81 Gebirge v. BERG, 24 Folkstone, the people's fortress, Lat. Genappe, 89 Lapis-populi Geneva, 89 Fondi, 8 1 Genoa, 90 Fontenay, 81 Georgia, named after George III. Fontenoy, 81 Ghauts Mountains, 88 Fordyce, the south pasture Ghent, 89 Forfar, supposed to have been named Giant's Causeway, 49 from a tribe, the Forestii Gibraltar, 89 Forli, 83 Giessbach, the rushing brook Formentara, abounding in grain Girgeh, St. George's town, on the Nile , Span, the beautiful Girvan R., the short stream Forth R., Scot. Frock, and Welsh Giurgevo, St. George's town Werid Glamorgan, Welsh Morganwg, i.e. - Fossano, 81 Gwlad Morgan, the territory of Frankenstein, 181 Morgan-Mawr, its king in the tenth Frankfort, 83 century, 143 Frankfurt, 83 Glarus, corrupt, from St. Hilarius, to Fraubrunnen, 32 whom the church was dedicated Frederickshald, 98 Glogau, 92 Freiburg, 84 Gloucester, 44 Friesland, 122 Gmiind, 89 Frische Haff, 97 , 78 Friuli, 84 Godalming, Godhelm's meadow, in Fuentarrabia, 82 Surrey Fiihnen Isle or Odensey, 71 Goes or Ter-Goes, at the R. Gosa Fulham, 100 Gollnitz and Gollnow, 92 Funchal, a place abounding mfuncho, , 86 Port, fennel Goritz, 93 Fiirth, 83 Gorlitz, 93 INDEX 225

Goslar, 122 Haguenau, 97 Gbttingen, a patronymic Hainan, Chinese, south of the sea, Gouda, on the R. Gouwe corrupt, from Hai Lam Gower, Welsh Gwyr, a peninsula in Hainault, 88 Wales, sloping west from Swansea Halicarnassus, Grk. Halikarnassos, it may signify the land of the sea horn place sunset Halifax, 103 Grabow, 93 Halifax, Nova Scotia, named for the Gradentz, 94 Earl of Halifax Gran, on the R. Gran Hall and Halle, 98 Grasmere, the lake of swine Hamburg, 97 Gratz, 94 Hameln, 99 Gravelines, 93 Hammerfest, 100 Gravesend, 93 Hampstead, 98 Greenland, 95 Hankau or Hankow, the mouth of Greenlaw, 123 commerce, a city in China Greenock, 94 Hanover, 150 Greenwich, 209 Harbottle, 27 Grenoble, 158 Harrogate, 88 Gretna Green, 102 Hartlepool, 158 Grisnez, Cape, gray cape, 145 Hartz Mountains, 101 Grisons, Ger. Graubiinden, the gray Harwich, 100 league, so called from the dress Haselt, 101 worn by the Unionists in 1424 Hastings, A.S. Haestinga-ceaster, Grodno, 94 the camp of Hastings, a Danish Grongar v. CAER, 38 pirate Groningen, a patronymic Havana, the harbour Grossenhain, 97 Havre, Le, 97 Guadalquivir, 95 Hawarden, Welsh, upon the hill Guadiana, 95 Hawes, 97 Gttben, Sclav, dove town Heboken, Ind. the smoked pipe, the Gueret, Fr. land for tillage spot in New Jersey at which the Guienne, corrupt, from Aquitania English settlers smoked the pipe of Gustrow, Sclav, guest town peace with the Indian chiefs Gwasanau, corrupt, from Hosannah, Hechingen, a patronymic a place in North Wales. The name Hedjas, the land of pilgrimage was given in allusion to the Vic- Heidelberg, 24 toria -Alleluiatica, fought on the Heilbron, 32 spot in 420, between the Britons, Heiligenstadt, 103 headed by the Germans, and the Heligoland, 103 Picts and Scots , if Celtic, perhaps El-velin, the hill of Baal Hems, probably named from Hms, the H Egyptian name of Isis Henly, Cym.-Cel. old place HAARLEM, 96 Herat, anc. Aria-Civitas, the town Hadersleben, 124 on the Arius, now the R. Heri Haemus Mountain, 18 Hereford, 82 Hague, The, 97 Hermon, the lofty peak 226 INDEX

Herstal, 180 Hurryhur, named from the goddess Hesse, named from the Catti or Chatti Hari or Vishnu Himalaya Mountains, 123 Hurst, 101 Hinckley, the horse's meadow Hythe, 105 Hindostan, 181 Hindu Koosh Mountains, i.e. the Indian Caucasus Hinojosa, Span, the place of fennel ILFRACOMBE, 54 Hirschberg, 105 , named after the tribe Illini,

Hitchen, 100 i.e. the men ; and ois, a tribe Hoang Ho, 105 Imaus, the snowy mountain Hobart Town, named after one of the Inch v. INNIS, in first settlers Ingleborough Mountain, 24 Hohenlinden, 106 Inkermann, Turc. the place of caverns Holland, 106 Innerleithen, 112 Holstein, 174 Innsbruck, at the bridge, on the R. Holt, 107 Inn Holyhead, 103 Interlachen, 119 Holy Island, 103 Inverness, 112 Holywell, 103 lona or I, 108 Holywood, 103 Iowa, the drowsy ones, a tribe name, Homburg U.S. Honduras, Span, deep water Ipswich, 209 Hong Kong, the place of fragrant Ireland or lerne, 108 streams Irkutsk, 176 Hoorn, 107 Irrawadi, the great river Hor, the mountain Iscanderoon, named after Alexander Horeb, the desert the Great Horn, Cape, 107 Iserlohn, 130 Horncastle, 107 Isla, in the Hebrides, named after Horsham, 99 Yula, a Danish princess who was Howden, 102 buried there Howth Head, 102 Ispahan, Pers. the place of horses Hudson R. named after Hud- , Henry Issoire, 70 son, who ascended the river A.D. Issoudun, 69 1607 Ithaca, the strait or steep Huelva, Basque Onoba, at the foot of hill the ; and Ar. Wuebban, corrupt, to Huelva J Huesca, anc. Osca, the town of the Basques or Euscs JABALON R., 112 Hull, 117 Jaffa or Joppa, Semitic, beauty Hungary, Ger. Ungarn, the country of Jamaica, corrupt, from Xaymaca, the the land of wood and water Huns ; Hung. Magyar- Orzag, the country of the Magyars Jamboli, Sclav, the city in the hollow Huntingdon, hunter's hill, or a pat- Janina, Sclav. John's town ronymic Jaroslav, named after its founder Hurdwar, 70 Jassy, Sclav, the marshy place Huron, Lake, from a tribe Jauer, 113 INDEX 227

Java, 65 Kent, 45 Jersey, 71 Kentucky, the dark and bloodyground in S. Sir Co. Ir. the district Jersey, U. , so named by Kerry , Ciarraidhe, George Carteret, who had come of the race of Ciar from the Island of Jersey Kettering, a patronymic Jerusalem, Semitic, the abode of Kew, 107 peace Khartoum, the promontory Joinville, 201 Khelat, 114 Joppa v. Jaffa, the beautiful Kin v. CEANN Jouare, anc. Ara-Jovis, the altar of Kinghorn, 45 Jove Kingsclere, 5 Juggernaut, or more correctly Jaggana- King's Co., named after Philip II. tha, the Lord of the world -jacat, of Spain Sansc. the world, and natha, Lord Kingston, 147 Juliers, 109 Kingussie, 45 R. after a the churches in Jumna , named Yamuna, Kirkillisia, forty Turkey goddess Kirkintilloch, 38 Jungfrau Mountain, Ger. the maiden Kirkwall, 115 or the fair one, so called from its Kishon R., i.e. the tortuous stream spotless white Kissengen, a patronymic Jura Isle, Scand. Deor-oe, deer island Klagenfurt, 84 Jiiterbogk, named for the Sclav, god Knock v. CNOC of spring Koniggratz, the king's fortress Jutland, named from the Jutes Kordofan, the white land Koros R. the red river , Hung, Koslin, 1 1 8 K Kothendorf, 47 Kralowitz, 118 the land of the Kraszna R. river KAFFRARIA^AT. Kafirs , beautiful or unbelievers Kremenetz, 118 Kaisarizeh, the mod. name of anc. Kremnitz, 118 Ccesarea Krishna or Kistna R., the black Kaiserlautern, 113 stream, in India Kalgan, Tartar, the gate, a town in Kronstadt, 118 China Kulm, 47 Kampen, 35 Kyle v. CAOL Kandy, splendour Kansas, a tribe name Karlsbad, 16 Keith, Gael, the cloudy, from ceath, a LA HOGUE, Cape, 102 cloud or mist Laaland Isle, 119 Kel and Kil v. COILL or CILL Labuan Isle, Malay, the anchorage Kells, 48 Laccadives, 65 Kelso, 38 Laconia, 120 Kempen, 40 Ladrone Isles, Span, the islands of Ken v. CEANN thieves Kendal, 60 Lagnieu, 120 Kenmare, 46 Lagos, 120 Kensington, the town of the Kensings Laguna, 120 228 INDEX

Lahr, 123 Leominster, 130 Lambeth, 105 Leon, anc. Legio, the station of the yth Lambride, 121 Roman Legion Lamlash, 120 Lepanto, Gulf of, corrupt, from Nau- Lampeter, 121 pactus, Grk. the ship station Lamsaki, anc. Lampsacus, the passage Lerida, anc. Llerda, Basque, the town Lanark, 121 Lesmahago, 128 Land's End v. PEN Letterkenny, 125 Landerneau, 121 Leuchars, the marshy land Langres, anc. Langone, named from the , Lat. the place of the sun-rising, , a tribe as seen from Italy from the use of the R. Languedoc, named Leven , 124 wordoc, for yes, in their language, i.e. Lewes, Les ewes, the waters Langue-d'oc Lewis Island, Scand. Lyodhuus, the Lannion, 121 wharf Laon, 130 Leyden, 69 Larbert, named from a man of this Liberia, the country of the free, colon- name ised by emancipated slaves Largo, 124 Lichfield, 77 Largs, 124 Lidkioping, 47 Larissa, named after a daughter of Liege, 125 Pelasgus Liegnitz, 130 Lassa, the land of the Divine intelli- , 25 gence, the capital of Thibet Ligny, a patronymic Latakia, corrupt, from anc. Laodicea Lille, in Latheron, 103 Lilybaeum, Phoen. opposite Libya Lauder, named from the R. Leader Lima, corrupt, from Rimce, the name Lauffen, 123 of the river on which it stands and Launceston, 121 of a famous idol Laval, anc. Vallis-Guidonis, the valley Limbourg, 126 of Guido Limerick, corrupt, from Lomnech, a R. so because dis- bare Lawrence , named barren spot ; lorn, covered on St. Laurence's Day, 1535 Limoges, anc. Lemovicum, the dwelling Laybach or Laubach, 15 of the Lemovici Learn R., 125 Linares, Span, flax fields Leamington, 125 Lincoln, 53 Lebanon Mountain, 89 Lindesnaes, 126 Leeds, 125 Lindores, in Fife, probably a corruption Leibnitz, 124 of Lann-Tours, being the seat of an Leighlin, 91 anc. Abbey of Tours, founded by Leighton-Buzzard, 21 David, Earl of Huntingdon Leinster, 183 Linkioping, 47 Leipzig, 128 Linlithgow, 127 Leith, named from the river at whose Lisbellaw, 128 mouth it stands Lisbon, 104 Leitrim, 67 Lisieux, in France, Lat. Ncrviomagus, Lemberg, 24 the new field, subsequently named Leobschiitz, the place of the Leubuzi, from the Lexovii a Sclavonic tribe Liskeard, 128 INDEX 229

Lissa, 125 a tower in the middle of the R. Rheus Liverpool, 158 Lucknow, corrupt, from the native name no> Laksneanauti', the fortunate I named from the Liefs, a Ludlow, 123 ^ tribe Livonia, J Ludwigslust, 131 Llanerch-y-medd, the place of honey, Lugano, 119 in Wales Lugo, 130 Llanos, Span, the level plains Lugos, 130 Lochaber, 3 Lund, 131 Lockerby, 37 , Ir. the low ridge Lodi, anc. Laus-Pompeii Luxembourg, 131 Logic, 1 20 Luxor, corrupt, from El-Kasur, the Lombardy, the country of the Longo- palaces bardi, so called from a kind of Lycus R., Grk. leukos weapon which they used Lyme, in Kent, anc. Kainos-limen, London, 64 Grk. the new haven Londonderry, 61 Lyme-Regis, on the R. Lyme Longford, 83 Lyons, 69 Longniddrie v. LLAN, 122 Loop Head, 123 Lorca, 109 M Loretto, named from Lauretta, a lady who gave the site for a chapel at that MACAO, in China, where there was a place temple sacred to an idol named Ama. L' Orient, so named from an establish- The Portuguese made it Amagoa, ment of the East India Company at the bay of Ama, corrupted first to the place in 1666 Amacao and then to Macao Lorn, Gael. Labhrin, named after one Madeira, Port, the woody island of the Irish colonists from Dalriada Madras, 153 Lossie R., i Madrid, anc. Majetit, origin unknown, Loughill, Ir. Leamchoil, the elm- but perhaps from Madarat, Ar. wood a city Louisiana, named after Louis XIV. of Maelawr, from mael, Welsh, mart, France and lawr, ground, a general name Louisville, 201 for places in Wales where trade Louth, in Lincoln, named from the R. could be carried on without any Ludd hindrance from diversity of races. Louth Co., Ir. Lugk Magh, the field James's Welsh Names of Places of Lugh Maestricht, 66 Louvain, Ger. Lowen, the lion, named Magdala, Semitic, a watch-tower in after a person called Leo Abyssinia Lowestoft, 192 Magdala, in Saxe-Weimar, on the R. Lubeck, 128 Midgel Luben, 128 Magor, corrupt, from Magwyr, Welsh, Lublin, 128 a ruin, the name of a railway station Lucca, anc. Luca v. LUCUS near Chepstow Lucena, Basque Lucea, the long town Maidenhead, 105 Lucerne, named from a lighthouse or Maidstone, 181 beacon, lucerna, formerly placed on Main R., 132 230 INDEX

Maine, in France, named from the Marlow, Great, 136 Cenomani Marmora, Sea of, named from an Mainland, 132 adjacent island, celebrated for its Malabar Coast, or Malaywar, the hilly marble, marmor country Marnoch, Co. Banff, named from St. Malacca, named from the tree called Marnoch Malacca Maros R., 136 Malaga, Phcen. malac, salt, named Maros-Vasarhely, 103 from its trade in salt Marquesas Isles, named after Marquis Malakoff, named after a of that Mendoza, Viceroy of Peru, who name who established a public-house originated the voyage through which there they were discovered Maldives Islands, 65 Marsala, 135 Maldon, 69 Maryland, named after the queen of Mallow, 132 Charles I. Malpas, Fr. the difficult pass Mathern, corrupt, from Merthyr, the Malta, Phosn. Melita, a place of refuge martyr, the name of a church near Malvern, 139 Chepstow, built in memory of Mancha, La, Span, a spot of ground Fewdrig, King of Gwent, who died covered with weeds on its site as he was returning Manchester, 44 wounded from a battle against the Manfredonia, named after Manfred, Saxons King of Naples, by whom it was built Mathravel, the land of apples, one of Mangalore, named after an Indian the ancient provinces into which deity Wales was divided Mangerton Mountain, in Ireland, Matlock, 130 corrupt, from Mangartach, i.e. the Mauritius, discovered by the Portuguese mountain covered with mang, a long in 1505, visited by the Dutch in hairlike grass 1596, who named it after Prince Mans, Le, named after the Cenomani Maurice of the Netherlands. From Mansorah, in Egypt, the victorious 1713 till 1810 it belonged to the Mantinea, Grk. the place of the pro- French, who called it Isle of France phet or oracle, mantis May Island, 132 Mantua, 133 Maynooth, 132 Manzanares, Span, the apple-tree Mayo, the plain of yew-trees orchard Mazzara, Phcen. the castle Maracaybo, 143 Mazzarino, the little castle Maranao, Span, a place overgrown Mearns, corrupt, from Maghgkerkkin, with weeds the plain of Kerkin Marathon, a place abounding in fennel, Meaux, named from the Meldi marathos Mecklenburg, 137 Marazion, 84 Medellin, named after its founder, Marburg, 134 Metellus, the Roman consul March, 134 Medina, 135 Marchena, the marshy land Mediterranean Sea, 138 Marengo, 136 Meiningen, 132 Margarita, the island of pearls Meissen, on the R. Meissa Margate, 88 Melbourne, named after Lord Mel- Marienwerder, 205 bourne in 1837 INDEX 231

Meldrum, 67 Moidart or Moydart, 132 Melrose, 139 Mola, It. the mound, anc. Turres- Melun, 69 Juliani, the town of Memmingen, a patronymic Mold, 142 Memphis or Memphe, i.e. Ma-m- Monaghan, Ir. Muneachain, a place Phthah, the place of the Egyptian abounding in little hills god Phthah Monaster, 138 , anc. Sruth-monena Monasterevin, 138 Menam, the mother of waters, a river Monda, 142 of Siam Mondego, 142 Mendip Hills, i.e. mune-duppe, rich in Monena, the river or sea of Mona mines Monmouth, at the mouth of the Mentone, It. the chin, on a point of Mynwy, i.e. the border river, from lead which it took its ancient name Merida, Lat. Augusta Emerita, the Montgomery, 142 town of the emeriti or veterans, Montrose, 168 founded by Emperor Augustus Moravia, 136 Merioneth, named after Merion, a Morayshire, 119 British saint Morbihan, 119 Merthyr - Tydvil, named after the Morecambe Bay, 39 daughter of an ancient British king Morocco, the country of the Moors, 22 Meseritz, 138 Morpeth, 143 Meshed, Ar. the mosque Morven, 143 Mesolonghi or Missolonghi, 119 Morvern, 143 Mesopotamia, 138 Moscow, 142 Metz, named from the Meomatrici, a Moulins, 141 tribe Mourne Mountains, 142 Michigan Lake, Ind. great lake, or Moy, Moyne, 132 the weir, or fish-trap, from its shape Muhlhausen, 141 Middelburg, 138 Mull Island, 145 Midhurst, 138 Miinden, 140 Miklos, 137 Munich, 140 Milan, 115 Munster, in Germany, 138 Milton, 144 Munster, in Ireland, 138 Minnesota R., the sky-coloured water Murcia, 134 Miramichi, Ind. happy retreat Murviedro, 145 Mirgorod, 138 Muscat or Meschid, Ar. the tomb of the father of Mississippi R. , Ind. a saint waters Muthil, 143 Missouri, Ind. the muddy stream Mysore, corrupt from Mahesh-Asura, Mitrovicz or Mitrovitz, 152 the name of a buffalo-headed monster, Mittau, named from Mita, a Sclav, deity said to have been destroyed by the , Lat. Mutina, the fortified goddess Kali place Moffat, the foot of the moss Mogadore, named after a saint whose N tomb is on an island off the coast Moguer, Ar. the caves NAAS, Ir. a fair or place of meeting R., named from a tribe Nablous, 158 232 INDEX

Nagore, na-gara, Sansc. a city Newport, 156 Nagpore, 160 New Ross, 167 Nagy-Banja, 18 Newry, Ir. lubhar-cinn-tragha, the Nagy-Koros, 146 yew-tree at the head of the strand , on the R. Nairn, anc. Ainear- New York, named after the Duke of nan, east-flowing river York, brother of Charles II. Nancy, 146 Niagara, corrupt, from Oni-aw-ga-rah, Nankin, Chinese, the southern capital the thunder of waters Nantes, 146 Nicastro, new camp Nantwich, 146 Nicopoli, 158 Naples, 158 Nijni Novgorod, 148

Narbonne, named from iheNarbonenses Nile R. , native name Sihor, the blue, Naseby, the town on the cape called by the Nile, the stream Nashville, named from Colonel Nash Nimeguen, 133 Nassau, 146 Nimes or Nismes, 147 Natal, Colony, so named because dis- Ningpo, the repose of the waves covered on Christmas Day, Dies- Niphon Mount, the source of light natalis, by Vasco de Gama in 1498 Nippissing, a tribe name Natchez, a tribe name Nogent, 149 Naumburg, 148 Noirmoutier, 138 Naupactus, the place of ships Nola, 148 Nauplia, a sea -port, from the Grk. Nombre-de-dios, the name of God, a naus, a ship, and pleos, full city of Mexico

' Navan, Ir. ri Eamhain, literally the Norrkoping, 47 neck brooch, so named from a legend Northumberland, 149 connected with the foundation of an Norway, 149 ancient palace there Nova Scotia, so named in concession to Navarre, 147 Sir William Alexander, a Scotsman, Naxos, the floating island who settled there in the reign of Naze, Cape, 145 James II. It was named Markland Nebraska, Ind. the shallow river by its Norse discoverer, Eric the Nedjed, Ar. the elevated country Red Negropont, 159 Nova Zembla, 148 Neilgherry Hills, 90 Noyon, anc. Noviodunum, the new Nemours, the place of the sacred grove, fort nemus Nubia, Coptic, the land of gold Nenagh, 74 Nuneaton, the nun's town, on the R. Loch and R. in the seat Ness, , 73 Ea, Warwickshire, of an Neston, 73 ancient priory Netherlands, 147 Nurnberg, 24 Neusatz, 148 Nyassa and Nyanza, the water Neusohl, 148 Nyborg, 148 Neuwied, 148 Nykoping or Nykobing, 47 Nevada Mountains v. SIERRA, 175 Nystadt, 148 Nevers, anc. Nivernum and Novio- dunum, the new fort or the R. Nievre Neviansk, on the R. Neva Newark, 206 OAKHAM, 5 Newcastle, 43 Oban, Gael, the little bay INDEX 233

Ochill Hills, 198 Oudh or Awadh, corrupt, from Ayodfia, Ochiltree, 198 the invincible Odensee, 71 Oulart, corrupt, from Abhalgort, Ir. Oeta Mount, sheep mountain apple field Ofen or Buda, 33 Oundle, 60 Ohio, beautiful river, called by the Ouro-preto, 160 French La Belle riviere Ouse R., 198 Oldenburg, 7 Overyssel R., 150 Olekminsk, 176 Oviedo is said to have derived this Olympus Mountain, the shining name from the Rivers Ove and Divo. Omagh, Omeha, named from a tribe Its Latin name was Lucus-Asturum, Omsk, 176 the grove of the Asturians Oosterhout, 107 Owyhee, the hot place Oporto, 156 Oppeln, the town on the R. Oppo Oppido, Lat. Oppidum Orange, anc. Arausione, the town on PADERBORN, 32 the R. Araise Padstow, 183 Orange R. and Republic, named after Paestum, anc. Poseidonia, the city of Maurice, Prince of Orange Poseidon or Neptune Oregon R., from the Span, organa, wild Palamcotta, 55 marjoram Palermo, corrupt, from Panormus, Grk. the harbour Orellana R. , named from its discoverer spacious Orissa, named from a tribe Palestine, the land of the Philistines, from who Orkney Islands, in strangers ; , occupied Orleans, corrupt, from Aurelianum, merely a strip of the country on the named after the Emperor Aurelian coast, and yet gave their own name Orme's Head, Norse ormr, a serpent, to the whole land from its shape Palma, the palm-tree Ormskirk, 125 Palmas, Lat. the palm-trees Orvieto, 199 Palmyra or Tadmor, the city of palms Osborne, named after the Fitz-Osborne Pampeluna or Pamplona, 158 family Panama Bay, the bay of mud fish Oschatz, Sclav. Osada, the colony Panjab or Punjaub, 2 Osimo, 199 Paraguay, 153 Osnabriick, 31 Parahyba, 153 Ossa Mountain, Grk. the watch-tower , 144 Ostend, 74 Parapamisan Mountains, the flat- Ostia, Lat. the place at the river's topped hills mouth, Os Parchim, 153 Oswestry, 57 Paris, 130 Othrys, the mountain with the over- Parsonstown, named form Sir William hanging brow, Grk. othrus Parsons, who received a grant of the Otranto, anc. Hydruntum, a place land on which the town stands, with almost surrounded by water, Mor, the adjoining estate, from James I. Grk. in 1670 Ottawa, a tribe name Passau, 44 Ottawa R. a tribe so called from the , name Patagonia, clumsy Oudenarde, 7 shoes of its native inhabitants 234 INDEX

Patna, 153 Philippine Isles, named after Philip II. Paunton, 159 of Spain Pays de Vaud, 200 Philipstown, in Ireland, named after Peebles, anc. Peblis, Cym.-Cel. the Philip, the husband of Queen Mary tents or sheds Phocis, the place of seals Peel, 153 , either the place of palms Peiho R. or the , 105 Phoenician settlement -king, Chinese, the northern capital Phoenix Park, in Dublin, 80 Pe-ling Mountains, the northern moun- Piedmont, the foot of the mountain tains Pietermaritzburg, named after two ' , the clayey mountains, pelos, Boer leaders Grk. clay Pillau, 153 Pella, the stony Pisgah Mountain, the height Pembroke, 30 Pittenweem, 157 Penicuik, 154 Pittsburg, named after William Pitt , named after William Placentia, Lat. the pleasant place Penn, whose son had obtained a Plassy, named from a grove of a cer- grant of forest land in compensa- tain kind of tree tion for ^16,000 which the king Plattensee or Balaton, 173 owed to his father Plenlimmon Mountain, Welsh, the Pentland Hills, corrupt, from the mountain with five peaks Pictsland Hills Plock, or Plotsk, 26 Penzance, 154 Ploermel, 157 Perekop, the rampart Podgoricza, 157 Perigord, named from the Petrocorii Poictiers, named from the Pictones Perm, anc. Biarmaland, the country Poland, Sclav, the level land of the Biarmi Polynesia, 112 Pernambuco, the mouth of hell, so Pomerania, 143 called from the violent surf at the Pondicherri, Tamil, the new village mouth of its harbour Pontoise, 159 Pernau, 126 Poole, 158 Pershore, 150 Popocatepetl Mountain, the smoking Perth, 19 mountain Perthddu, Welsh, the black brake or Portrush, 168 brushwood, in Wales Portugal, 156 Perugia, 152 Potenza, Lat. Potentia, the powerful Peshawur, the advanced fortress Potsdam, 157 Pesth, 150 Powys, the name of an ancient district Peterhead, 112 in North Wales, signifying a place Peterwarden, the fortress of Peter the of rest Hermit Pozoblanco, 161 , the stony , Sclav. Prako, the threshold Petropaulovski, the port of Peter and Prato-Vecchio, 160 Paul Prenzlow, the town of Pribislav, a Pforzheim, 135 personal name Philadelphia, the town of brotherly Presburg or Brezisburg, the town of love, in America Brazilaus Philippi, named after Philip of Mace- Prescot, 55 don Presteign and Preston, 194 INDEX 235

Privas, anc. Privatium Castra, the R fortress not belonging to the state, but private property" RADNORSHIRE, 165 Prossnitz, on the R. Prosna Radom and Radomka, named after Providence, in U.S., so named by the Sclav, deity Ratzi Roger Williams, who was perse- Rajputana, 163 cuted by the Puritan settlers in Ramgunga, 86 Massachusetts because he preached Ramnaggur, ram's fort toleration in religion, and was Ramsgate, 88 obliged to take refuge at that place, Randers, 162 to which, in gratitude to God, he , 163 this after Anne gave name Rapidan R. , named Queen Prussia, the country of the Pruezi Rappahannock R., Ind. the river of Puebla, Span, a town or village quick-rising waters Puebla-de-los-Angelos, the town of the Rastadt, 163 angels, so called from its fine Ratibor, 28 climate Ratisbon, Sclav, the fortress on the Puenta-de-la-Reyna, 159 R. Regen, Ger. Regena Castra or Puerto, the harbour Regensburg Pulo-Penang, 161 Ravenna, 79 Puozzuoli, 161 Rayne, Gael, raon, a plain, a parish Puy-de-dome, 156 in Aberdeenshire Pwlhelli, 159 Reading, a patronymic Pyrenees Mountains, named either Redruth, in Cornwall, in old deeds, from the Basque pyrge, high, or Tre-Druith, the dwelling of the from the Celtic pyr, a fir-tree Druids Pyrmont, 142 Reeth, on the stream, rith Rega R., 164 Reichenbach, 15 Reichenhall, 98 Reigate, 88 or Rheims, named for the QUANG-SE, the western province, in Remi, a tribe China Remscheid, 171 Quang-tung, the eastern province Renaix, corrupt, from Hrodnace, the Quatre-Bras, Fr. the four arms, i.e. town of Hrodno at the meeting of four roads Renfrew, 162 , in Canada, named after Rennes, named from the Rhedoni, a Quebec in Brittany, the village on tribe the point Resht, Ar. headship Queensberry, 24 Resolven, Welsh Rhiw, Scotch maen, Queen's County, named after Queen the brow of the stonehead, in Mary Glamorganshire Queensferry, 76 Reculver, in Kent, corrupt, from Queensland and Queenstown, named Regoluion, the point against the after Queen Victoria waves Quimper, 53 Retford, 166 Quimper-16, 53 Reutlingen, a patronymic Quita, the deep ravine Revel, named from two small islands 236 INDEX

near the town, called reffe, the , the isle of Rother, the sand-banks ancient name of Bute Reykjavik or Reikiavik, 209 Rotterdam, 60 Rhine R. and R. Rhone , 164 Rouen, 133 Rhode Island, 74 Rousillon, named from the ancient Rhodes and Rosas, in Spain, named town of Ruscino, a Roman colony from the Rhodians, a Grecian tribe Roveredo, Lat Roboretum, a place or - Cel with oaks, in Rhyddlan Rhuddlan, Cym. t planted Tyrol the red church Row, in Dumbartonshire, from rubha, Rhyl, the cleft, a watering-place in Gael, a promontory running into North Wales the sea Rhymni, the marshy land, in Mon- Roxburgh, 167 mouthshire, on a river called the Ruabon, corrupt, from Rhiw-Mabon- Rhymni, from the nature of the Sant, the ascent of St. Mabon, in land through which it flows v. North Wales Romney, at EA, 71 Rudgeley or Rugely, 166 Riga, 126 Rugen, named from the Rugii Ringwood, in Hants, the wood of the Runcorn, 45 Regni Runnymede, 132 Rio-de-Janeiro, 164 Rushbrook and Rushford, 167 Ripon, 167 Russia, named from the Rossi, a tribe Ritzbuttel, 27 of Norsemen in the ninth century Rive-de-Gier, 166 Ruthin and Rhuddlan, 165 Rivoli, 166 Rutland, 165 Rochdale, the valley of the R. Roche Rybinsk, 168 Rochefort, 167 Ryde, 167 Rochelle, 167 Ryswick, 168 Rochester, 167 Roermonde, 140 or Roumilli, 109 R. Romans, anc. Romanum-Monasterium, SAALE , 169 the monastery of the Romans, Saarbriick, 31 founded by St. Bernard Saar-Louis, 12 Rome, perhaps named from ihegroma, Sabor, 28 or four cross roads that, at the Sabor R., 28 forum formed the nucleus of the Saffron Walden, 202 city , Sclav, behind the road Romorantin, 166 Sahara, 176 Roncesvalles, 200 Saida or Sidon, Semitic, fish town Roque, La, Cape, the rock Saintes, named from the Santones Roscommon, 167 Salamanca, 169 Roscrea, 167 Salem, in U.S., intended by the Rosetta, anc. Ar. Rasched, headship Puritans to be a type of the New Ross, in Hereford, 165 Jerusalem Rossbach, the horse's brook Salford, 169 Ross-shire, 168 Salins, 169 Rothenburg, 165 Salisbury, 35 Rotherham, 165 Salonica, corrupt, from Thessalonica Rotherthurm, 165 Salop, contracted from Sloppesbury, INDEX 237

the Norman corruption of Scrobbes- Schreckhorn Mountain, 107 bury, the town among shrubs, now Schweidnitz, Sclav, the place of the Shrewsbury v. 34 cornel-tree Saltcoats, 55 Schweinfurt, the ford of the Suevi Salzburg, 169 Schwerin, 172 Samarcand, said to have been named Scilly Islands, the islands of the rock, after Alexander the Great siglio Samaria, the town of Shemir Scinde, the country of the R. Indus or Samos, Phoen. the lofty Sinde Sandwich, 209 meal Scar, in Cumberland Sangerhausen v. SANG V. SKAER, 175 Sanquhar, 172 Scutari, in Albania, corrupt, from San Salvador, the Holy Saviour, the Scodra, hill town first land descried by , and Scutari, in Turkey, from Uskudar, therefore named by him from the Pers. a messenger, having been in Saviour, who had guarded him in so remote periods, what it is to this day, many perils a station for Asiatic couriers San Sebastian, the first Spanish colony Sebastopol, 158 founded in South America Sedlitz, 174 Santa Cruz, 57 Segovia, anc. Segubia, probably the Santa the of the on the river-bend F6, city holy faith, plain ; ce, a plain, founded by Queen Isabella after the and gubia, a bend of Granada Selby, 173 Santander, named after St. Andrew Selinga, 173 Saragossa, corrupt, from Ccesarea Semipalatinsk, 152 Augusta; its Basque name was Senlis, 173 Saluba, the sheep's ford Sens, named from the Sarawak, Malay Sarakaw, the cove Seringapatam, 153 Sarnow, 212 Settle, 173 Saskatchewan, swift current, a river in Seville, Phoen. Sephala, a marshy plain British Sevres, named from the two rivers Saul, in Gloucester v. SALH, 169 which traverse it, anc. Villa Savara Saul, Co. Down v. SABHALL, 168 Shamo, Chinese, the desert Saumur, anc. Salmurium, the walled Shan v. SEANN, 172 building Shanghai, supreme court Saxony, 170 Shansi, west of the mountain Scala-nova, 39 Shantung, east of the mountain Scalloway, 170 Sherborne, 172 Scarborough, 175 Shetland Islands, 104 Scawfell Mountain, 78 Shields, 170 Schaffhausen, 102 Shiraz, 174 Schemnitz, 114 Shirvan, said to have been named after Schichallion Mountain, Gael. Ti-chail- Nieshirvan, a king of Persia linn, the maiden's pap , corrupt, from Chateauvert, Schleswick, 209 green castle Schmalkalden, 171 Shrewsbury v. Salop Schotturen, the Scotch Vienna, a Sicily, named from the Siculi, a tribe colony of Scottish monks having Sidlaw Hills, fairy hills v. SIDH settled there Sidon v. Saida, in Index, INDEX

Silesia, Sclav. Zlezia, the bad land Spitzbergen, 156 Silhet or Sirihat, the rich market Spurn Head, the look-out cape, from Silloth Bay, perhaps herring bay, sil, spyrian, to look out Norse, a herring, and , a bundle St. Alban's Head, corrupt, from St. of fishing lines Aldhelm's Head Sion or Sitten, 174 St. Andrews, so named from a tradi- Sion, Mount, the upraised tion that the bones of St. Andrew Skagen, Cape, 176 were brought to that place by St. Skager-rack, 176 Regulus : formerly called Mucros, Skaw Cape, 176 the boar's headland, and then Kil- Skipton, 176 rymont, the church or cell of the Skye Island, Gael. Ealan - skianach, king's mount the winged island St. Cloud for St. Hloddwald Slamanan, 177 St. David's, in Wales, Welsh Ty- Sligo, named from the R. Sligeach, Ddewi v. TY shelly water St. Heliers for St. Hilarius Sluys, 171 St. Omer for St. Awdomar Slyne Head, 46 Stadel, etc., 179 Snafell Mountain, 78 Staffa, 1 80 Snaith, 177 Staines, 181 Snowdon Mountain, 70 Stamboul, 158 Socotra, 65 Stanislaus, named after Stanislaus of Soissons, named from the Suessiones Poland Sokoto, the market-place Stantz, 1 8 1 Soleure, corrupt, from St. Ours or Stargard, 182 Ursinus, to whom the church was Starodub, 182 dedicated Startpoint, 182 Solway Firth, according to Camden, Stavropol, 158 was named from a small village in Stellenbosch, 36 Scotland called Solam Stepney, 105 Somerset, 173 Stetten, Sclav. Zytyn, the place of green Sommariva, the summit of the bank corn Somogy, Hung, the place of cornel- Stirling, Cym.-Cel. Ystrevelyn, the trees town of the Easterlings, from Sophia, Grk. wisdom, dedicated to the Flanders second person of the Trinity Stockholm, 106 Sorbonne, mamed from Robert de Sor- Stockport, 184 bonne, almoner of St. Louis Stockton, 184 Sost or Soest, 174 Stoke, 183 Soudan v. BELED Stolpe, 184 Southampton, 194 Stonehaven, 97 Southwark, 206 Stow-market, 183 Souvigny, 173 Stradbally, 184 Spa, 82 Stralsund, 185 Spalatro, 152 Strasbourg, 184 Sparta, Grk. the sowed land or the Strehlitz, 184 place of scattered houses Striegau or Cziska, Sclav, the place on Spires or Speyer, named from the the small stream, tschuga R. Stulweissenburg v. FEHER INDEX 239

Stuttgard, 87 Tanderagee, Ir. Ton-legasitk, the place Styria or Steyermark, the boundary with its back to the wind of the R. Steyer Tanjier, Phosn. the city protected by Sudetic Mountains, 185 God Suez, the mouth or opening Tanjore, corrupt, from Tanjavur, Suffolk, 185 derived from its ancient name Sumatra, corrupt, from Trimatra, the Tanja-Nagaram, the city of refuge happy Tarazona, 199 Sunderbunds, corrupt, from Sundari- Tarifa, named after a Moorish chief vana, so called from the forest, Tarnopol, 187 uana, of Sundari-trees Tarporley, 126 Sunderland, 186 Tarragona, anc. Tarraco, Phoen. Surat, i.e. Su-rashta, the good country Tarchon, the citadel or palace Surrey, 164 , Phoen. the strong place Susa, a city of ancient Persia, so Tasmania, named after Abel Tasman, called from the lilies in its neigh- who discovered it in 1642. It was called in bourhood ; susa, a lily Van Diemen's Land honour Sussex, 170 of the Governor - General of the Sutherlandshire, 185 Dutch East India Company Sviatoi-nos, 146 Taurus Mountain, 196 so from the number Swan R. , named Tavistock, 184 of black swans seen by the first dis- Tay R., 187 coverer Tcherniz, 212 Swansea, 71 Teflis, ^89 Sweden, 164 Teltown, Ir. Tailten, where Taillte, Sydney, named after a governor of the daughter of the King of Spain, the colony was buried Syria v. BELED, 20 Temeswar, Hung, the fortress on the Szent-kercsyt, 186 R. Temes Szentes, for saint, 186 Temisconata, the wonder of water, a county and lake in Canada Temple, a parish in Mid-Lothian, where there was an establishment for the Templars or Red Friars, founded by David I. TABRIZ, anc. Taurus, the mountain Tennessee R., the spoon-shaped river, town so called from its curve Tagus or Tejo R., Phoen. the fish Tenterden, 62 river Teramo, 14 Tain, 190 Terni, 14 Takhtapul, the throne city, the seat Terranova, 189 of the Turkish Afghan government Texas, Ind. hunting ground Takht-i-Soliman, the throne of Solo- Tezcuco, Mexican, the place of de- mon, being the highest of the Solo- tention mon Mountains Thames R., 187 Talavera, 29 Thannheim, 187 Tamsai, fresh water town, in China Thapsus, the passage Tananarive, the city of one thousand Thaxsted, 180 towns, the capital of Thebes, in Egypt, Taba, the capital 240 INDEX

Thermia, Grk. the place of warm Torquay, 195 springs, in Sicily Torres Straits, named after one of Thermopylae, the defile of the warm Magalhaen's lieutenants springs Torres- Vedras, 195 Thian-shan, Chinese, the celestial Torquemada, 195 mountains Tory Island, 195 Thian-shan-nan-loo, the country south Toul and Toulouse, 50 of the celestial mountains , anc. Telonium or Mar- Thian-shan-pe-loo, the country north tins, named after its founder of the celestial mountains Tourcoing, 195 Thibet, supposed to be a corrupt, of Tours, 196 Thupo, the country of the , a Towie and Tough, parishes in Aber- people who founded an empire there deenshire, from Gael, tuath, the in the sixth century north This or Abou-This, i.e. the city of Trafalgar, 90 This, corrupted by the Greeks into Tralee, 196 Abydos Tranent, 197 Thouars, 12 Transylvania, 173 Thrace, Grk. the rough land, trachus Trapani, anc. Drafanum, the sickle, Thun, 69 Grk. drepanon Thurgau, 88 Tras-os-Montes, 142 R. Thurles, 128 Traun , 196 Thurso, i Traunik, 196 Tiber R., 192 Traunviertel, 196 Tideswell, 161 Trave R., 196 Tierra-del-Fuego, 189 Trebizond, Grk. trapezus, the table, so Tillicoultry, 198 called from its form Tilsit or Tilzela, at the conf. of the Trent, anc. Civitas-Tridentium, the R. Tilzele with the Memel town of the Tridenti Tinnevelly, corrupt, from Trinavali, Troves, named from the Treviri, a one of the names of Vishnu tribe Tinto Hill, 189 Trichinapalli, the town of the giant Tipperary, 192 Trisira Tiree Island, 189 Trim, at the elder-tree, 197 Tiverton, 83 Trinidad, so named by Columbus Tlascala, Mexican, the place of bread from its three peaks, emblematic of Tobermory, 192 the Holy Trinity Tobolsk, 176 Tring, a patronymic Todmorden, corrupt, from Todmare- Tripoli, 158 dean, the valley of the foxes' mere Tripolitza, 158 or marsh Trolhatta Fall, Goth, the abyss of the Tomantoul, 192 trolls or demons Tomsk, 176 Trondhjem or Drontheim Tongres, 186 Troon, 178 Tonquin, Chinese Tang-king, the east- Troppau, i.e. Zur-Oppa, on the R. Oppa ern capital Troyes, named from the Tricasses Toome v. TUAIM, 197 Truro, 197 Toplitz, Neu and Alt Truxillo, in Spain, corrupt, from

Torgau, 195 Turris-Julii , Julius's tower INDEX 241

Tuam, 197 said to have been named after the Tubingen, anc. Diawingen, probably Emperor Valentinian a patronymic Valentia Island, in Ireland, Ir. Tudela, anc. Tutela, the watch-tower Dearbhre, the oak wood Tullamore, 197 Valetta, in Malta, named after the Tulle, anc. Tutela, the watch-tower Grand Master of the Knights of St. Tullow, 197 John in 1566 Turin, anc. Augusta- Taurinorum, Valparaiso, 200 named from the Taurini, i.e. dwell- Van Diemen's Land, named after ers among hills Maria Van Diemen by Tasman border named from the Veneti Tweed R. , Brit, tuedd, a Vannes, Tyndrum, 188 Varna, Turc. the fortress Tynron, 188 Varosvar, 200 Tyre, 196 Vasarhely, 103 Tyrnau, on the R. Tyrnau Vaucluse, 200 Tyrone, 189 Vaud, Pays de, 200 200 Tzerna or Czerna R. , 212 Velekaja R. , Tzernagora, 212 Vende"e, La, and Vendome, named from the Veneti Venezuela, little Venice, so called from U an Indian village constructed on piles, discovered by the Spaniards UDNY, a parish in Aberdeenshire, Venice, 79 i.e. Wodeney, from the Saxon god Venloo, 79 Woden Ventnor, 150 Uist, North and South, Scand. Vist, Ventry, 196 an abode Verdun and Verden, 69 Uj-hely, Hung, new place Vermont, green mountain , Sclav, the frontier or boundary Vevey, anc. Vibiscum, on the R. Vip Ulleswater, 206 Viborg, 20 1 Ulm or Ulma, the place of elm-trees Vick, 210 Ulster, 183 Vienna, Ger. Wien, on the R. Wien, Unst Island, anc. Ornyst, Scand. the an affluent of the Danube eagle's nest Viesti, named from a temple dedicated Unyamuezi, the land of the moon to Vesta Upsala, 169 Vigo, 209 Ural Mountains and R., Tartar, the Vimeira, Port, the place of osiers, belt or girdle vime , the Germanised form of Huz- Vincennes, anc. Ad-Vicenas ysch, Sclav, the place of learning Virginia, named after Queen Elizabeth Usk R., 198 or Wisla, the west -flowing Utrecht, 66 river Vitre", corrupt, from Victoriacum, the V victorious VALAIS, 199 Vitry, the victorious, founded by Valence, in France, and Francis I. Valencia, in Spain, anc. Valentia, the Vladimir, founded by the ducal family powerful of that name in the twelfth century and Valenza, or Valence, Vogelberg, the hill of birds 242 INDEX

Volga, the great water Whitehaven, 97 Volhynia, Sclav, the plain Whithorn, n Voorburg, 84 Wiborg, 20 1 Voralberg, i.e. in front of the Arlberg Wick, 209 ridge Wicklow, 209 Vukovar, the fortress on the R. Vuka Wiesbaden, 16 Wigan, 201 Wight, Isle of, anc. Zuzo-yr-with, the W island of the channel Wigton, 201 WAKEFIELD, 206 Wiltshire, 173 Walcherin Island, 204 Wimbleton, 193 Waldeck, 202 Wimborne, 210 Walden, Saffron, 202 Winchester, 44 Wales, 203 Windsor, 150 Wallachia, 204 Wirksworth, 208 Wallendorf, 204 Wisbeach, the shore of the R. Ouse, Wallenstadt, 204 uisge, water Wallingford, 203 Wisconsin, Ind. the wild rushing Walthamstow, 202 channel Ware, 207 Wismar, 210 Wareham, 207 Withey, 207 Warminster, 207 Wittenberg, 207 Warrington, a patronymic Wittstock, 210 Warsaw, the fortified place v. VAR Wladislawaw, the town of Wladislav Warwick, 205 Wokingham, 5 Waterford, 80 Wolfenbuttel, 27 Waterloo, 130 Wolga v. Volga Weimar, 134 Wolverhampton, 193 Weissenfels, 207 Woodstock, 210 Weistritz the 211 R. , swift, straight stream Wooler, Well v. QUELLE Woolwich, 104

Welland R. , the river into which the Worcester, anc. Huic-wara-ceaster, tide flows the camp of the Huieci Wellingborough, a patronymic Worms, 133 Wellington, a patronymic Worm's Head, the serpent's head, Weljs, 161 ornr, from its form Welshpool, Welsh Trallwng, the Worthing, 211 quagmire Wrath, Cape, Scand. the cape of the Wem, 198 hvarf, or turning Wemys, uamk, the cave Wrietzen or Brietzen, Sclav, the place Werden, 205 of birch-trees v. BRASA Wesely, Hung, pleasant , anc. Uriconium i from Weser R. , Wurtemberg, anc. Wrtinisberk, Westeraas, 208 a personal name Westphalia, the western plain Wurtzburg, 212 Wetterhorn, 108 Wycombe, 53 Wexford, 80 Wyoming Valley, corrupt. iromMaztgh- Whitby, 37 wauwame, Ind. the large plains INDEX 243

X

XANTHUS R., Grk. the yellow river ZAB R., 212 Xeres de la Frontera, anc. Asta Regia Zabern, 186 C

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