Vol. 28, No. 25 June 24, 1985

A CHINESE WEEKLY OF REVIEW NEWS AND VIEWS 'eace A New Step in Rural Reform

P Awardfig Inventions Workers put the finishing touches on a silk carpet. Designers paint on silk.

Famous Nanchong Silk 5POTLIQHT The silk industry is thriving in Nanchong in Sichuan Province. The city's 46 silk factories produce more than 200 designs in over 2,000 colours. Nanchong is one of China's major silk exporters. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

Vol. 28, No. 25 June 24, 1985 China Makes a Major Move for Peace

CONTENTS China will cut its troop strength by 1 million men over the NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 . next two years, a move designed to increase the PLA's military Troop Cuts: A Major Move on and political quality, better defend the country andl its mod• Peace ernization drive, and aid the cause of world peace (p. 4). LETTERS 5 EVENTS & TRENDS 6-10 Rural Economic Reform Enters 2nd Stage Friendship, Optimism in Zhao's Bonn Visit While rural economic reform has paid off in increased Flat Sales Cure Housing production and income, the second stage of the plan will focus Headaches Birth Drop 'Groys' China's Popu• on the farm produce circulation system. Further changes will lation result in a market-regulated rural economy guided by the social• Technology Foir Gets Results ist planning system (p. 15). Surly Sales Clerks Dis-serving People INTERNATIONAL 11-14 Reward System for Inventions Re-established US-USSR: SALT ll's Future in Doubt The policy of rewarding inventions and research achieve• Pakistan: Protesting Afghan ments, suspended during the 1966-76 "cultural revolution," was Border Raids re-established in 1979 to aid the country's modernization pro• Israel: Aim of Troop Pullout Delay Sudan: New Leader Forges New gramme. Since then, more than 900 inventions have been Ties cited (p. 18). Africa: Obstacles Block Economic Growth Second-Stage Rural Structural Re• Work for the Benefit of Handicapped form 15 Inventors Encouraged to Aid Econ• China's handicapped enjoy full state care. About 300 omy 18 special schools for the blind and deaf-mute, and more than Work tor the Benefit of Handi• 20,000 welfare undertakings and production units, have been capped 20 set up across the country. The China Welfare Fund for the Modern Literature Reflects Chinese Handicapped has also been established. For all these achieve• Life 23 ments, however, problems still remain, especially in education Economist On Socialist Commodity Economy 26 and employment (p. 20). FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 27-28 BUSINESS 8. TRADE 29-30 Rebirth of Contemporary Chinese Literature CULTURE & SCIENCE 31-32 SPORTS 33 After experiencing many twists and turns since the BOOKS 34 country's liberation in 1949, contemporary Chinese literature COVER: Professor LI Jingxiong is o has recently made significant advances in both form and con• specialist in corn breeding. He and tent. Realistically depicting the lives and attitudes of the his assistants won a first-class prize in 1984 for the hybrid corn they de• Chinese people, the works produced in this new period have veloped. gradually expanded writers' horizons to include a wide variety Photo by Yang Wumin of styles and points of view (p. 23).

Published every Monday by Distribution and subscriptions handled by Subscription prices (1 year): BEIJING REVIEW China International Book Trading Australia A.S 14.00 USA USSI8.00 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN), New Zealand NZ. SI 8.00 UK .... ts.oo The People's Republic of China P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada Can. SI 5.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Troop Cuts: Major Move on Peace by AN ZHIGUO ploded its first atom bomb in 1964, tween the two superpowers esca• Political Editor the Chinese government solemnly lates. But the people want peace, declared that at no time, and under and the forces in favour of world no circumstances, would China be peace will undoubtedly overcome Deng Xiaoping, chairman of the the first to use nuclear weapons, the forces for war. With the forces Central Military Commission, an• nor would it use nuclear weapons of peace growing worldwide, it is nounced on )une 4 that the Peo• against non-nuclear countries. possible to prevent a large-scale ple's Liberation Army will be cut Since then, China has reiterated conflict for a long time to come. by 1 million men over the next two this policy while calling for the years. The decision, made at a time complete prohibition and destruc• The troop cuts are also based when the two superpowers are bog• tion of all nuclear weapons, the on a realistic assessment of China's ged down in their marathon dis• reduction of conventional weapons defence capabilities. The decision armament talks while intensifying and the peaceful settlement of in• itself shows mature self-confidence their arms race, shows the Chinese ternational disputes. on the part of the Chinese govern• government's willingness to contri• ment and people. bute to disarmament and world The Chinese people are apply• peace not with words, but with ing their energies to achieving deeds. The troop cuts enable the socialist modernization centred on China constitutes an important PLA to increase its military economic development. Their aims factor in the defence of world and political quality and are to quadruple the country's gross national output by the end of the peace. The Chinese people suf• therefore to better defend fered a century of imperialist ag• century, secure well-to-do lives and gression and oppression; they have the country, the catch up with the developed na• had their fill of war. They there• modernization drive and tions in another 30-50 years. To fore treasure peace dearly — espe• world peace. gain time for this, China hopes cially because it contributes to their there will be ne war — not only current modernization drive. in this century, but also in future centuries. The threat of a new world war comes mainly from the superpow• As things stand today, it is nec• Socialist economic development ers' rivalry for world hegemony. essary for a country to build up is China's major task representing In order to maintain world peace, its military strength. But China the Chinese people's fundamental China has unswervingly opposed maintains this buildup should be interests. National defence should hegemonism, followed an indepen• kept within clearly defined limits, therefore be brought within this dent foreign policy and sided firm• and for defence purposes alone. framework so that our financial ly with the forces of peace. China Judged against the size of China's and material resources can be will not join any military bloc, nor population, the PLA is the smallest channelled into economic construc• will it enter into alliance with any of the world's major armed forces. tion. A sound economy will provide big powers. Still less will it estab• And its only objective is to help a solid foundation for national de• lish strategic relations with them. the country' defend itself. fence. China has no military bases in The decision to reduce the size other countries, nor has it station• The troop reductions also enable of the PLA is based on an objec- ed a single soldier abroad or oc• the People's Liberation Army to •tive analysis of the current world cupied a single inch of any other increase its military and political situation. True, the danger of a nation's territory. quality — and therefore to better world war still exists and will con• defend the country, the moderniza• When China successfully ex• tinue to grow as the arms race be• tion drive and world peace.

4 Beijing Review. No. 25 LETTERS

Why Do i Appreciate Jews in China work. Should it take 15 more "Beijing Review?" years to achieve this? I suspect you had no idea how As a European reader, 1 offensive parts of your article on Then, after consideration. 1 appreciate Beijing Review for two Chinese Jews (April 8) would be realized there might be some reasons. to foreign Jews. The point of the exceptions. 1 remembered the article is, as its title sums up, report in issue No. 4 ("Govern• First, your articles on interna• "China's Jews Found Harmony." ment Aids Poor Farmers" — Ed.), tional developments are written But according to the article, the which said: In the countryside, from the point of view of the third Chinese )ews also found extinc• tens of millions of peasants still world and are impartial on the tion. They lost their religious tra• worry about their food and two superpowers. Although never ditions and became "no different clothing although their living strident, they are often penetrating from the Chinese." standards have improved remark• and contrast informatively with ably compared with the past. publications in this country. To foreign Jews, and 1 believe to members of any ethnic or relig• That was what Deng Xiaoping Second, it is clear that China is ious minority proud of itself, the said. No doubt Deng is a prac• in the process of a great social story of the Chinese Jews is quite tical person and knows the current experiment: How to unleash the lamentable. One of the reasons situation very well. Wang Dacheng initiative of each of its thousand Jews are persecuted around the may be a person full of confidence. million people within an overall world is for our insistence on socialist plan; and how to combine I suppose "tens ,of millions" retaining our distinctive customs. a thriving, diverse commodity may mean 70 million or 80 million A happy story would be one in economy with a strong spirit of or even 90 million. And these which the Chinese Jews preserved collective welfare. may be peasants who have failed their traditions and separate iden• to bring about the various achieve• tity and nevertheless lived in China is developing fast. Many ments resulting from the respon• harmony with their neighbors. Ap• of us in Europe look forward to sibility system. its increasingly redressing the plauding the assimilation of the balance of international affairs, Chinese Jews is no way to win However, that this situation along with other third world friends among Jews and other remains after 35 years of hard countries, from the present situa• minority peoples around the world. work provokes thought, as does tion dominated by the dangerous Marcia Yudkin what was said in the article "What rivalry of the two superpowers. Massachusetts. USA Deng Says: Current Policies Will The 21st century is now only 15 Continue" in issue No. 4 of your years away! It will be different magazine. Understanding China's and better for the world, not least Ch. Paron because the Chinese people are Countryside Tervuren, Belgium standing upl In the article written by Wang C. Burford C. Dacheng in issue No. 5 of Beijing London, Britain Review ("Rural Economy No Humour, Cartoons and More coverage on the people's Longer Just Farming," in the Other struggle in Namibia and south "Notes From the Editors" column To make your magazine more -Africa and reports on China's — Ed.). 1 read such words: With attractive, you should devote more open-door policy will make your the problem of food and clothing pages to humour. Please give magazine more attractive. basically solved, peasants have set their eyes on a more affluent more information on Africa and I like these columns; Events future." write more about Chinese writers. and Trends, International, Docu• You may also carry some informa• ments and Reports, Culture and On reading this 1 thought: It tion on hygiene and some cartoons Science and Letters. really amounts to nothing to have for primary school pupils. Bokassa Alexis solved the problem of food and Djaza Ahmed Mohamed Brazzaville, Congo clothing after 35 years of hard Moheli. Comores

June 24. I9S5 5 EVENTS AND TRENDS

Friendship, Optimism in Zhao's Bonn Visit

After a successful week-long placent. The potential of co-opera• pie of our two countries, and for visit to the United Kingdom, Pre• tion between Federal Germany peace and coexistence in the mier Zhao Ziyang continued his •and China is far from being fully world." West European tour by visiting the exploited," Kohl said. During Zhao's visit, the two Federal Republic of Germany from "China's policy of opening to sides signed: June 8-17. the outside world and moderniza• An agreement on encouraging In Bonn, Zhao had what he des• tion, which we believe will con• Federal German investment in cribed as "cordial and sincere" tinue into the next century, and China and promoting bilateral talks with Chancellor Helmut Kohl our own possibilities will surely economic co-operation; on international issues of common promote our partnership to a new concern and bilateral co-operation. high, " he added. A protocol extending their 1979 economic co-operation agreement "From our talks and meetings, I Kohl also termed Zhao's visit for another 10 years after 1985; keenly feel that China and the Fed• "a milestone on the road of friend• And a memorandum on nuclear eral Republic of Germany hold ly co-operation between the two power co-operation. identical or similar views on such countries." He hoped China and important issues as the main• West Germany "would jointly After leaving Bonn, Zhao went tenance of peace and economic de• march forward on this road for the on to visit the Netherland, the last velopment, issues on which hinge benefit and well-being of the peo- leg of his West European tour. the future of the world and destiny of mankind," he said.

A follow-up to Kohl's Beijing Flat Sales Cure Housing Headaches visit last October, Zhao's trip is Housing in cities and towns is expected to further the already Chinese government is stepping now allocated by the government, good relations between the two up real estate sales to ease housing often at rents too low to cover countries. shortages and improve living con• ditions throughout the country. maintenance and management Sino-FRG political co-operation costs. In Beijing, for instance, A lack of housing has long been and economic and commercial ex• most residents have long paid the most sensitive social problem changes have developed rapidly in between 0.12 yuan and 0.16 in China's cities. According to the recent years. yuan a month per square metre. Ministry of Urban and Rural Con• For a typical five-member family, struction and Environmental Pro• In 1984, more than 5.500 Chi• that means a monthly outlay of 3-4 tection, each urban resident had an nese visited West Germany, while yuan — only 2.5-3 percent of their average of 4.8 square metres of more than 34,000 people from the income, if each of the parents living space at the end of last year. FRG toured China. earns the national average of 60 But one-third of China's city house• yuan a month. Bilateral trade last year reached holds, or about 7.5 million families, US$2.2 billion —an eight-fold in• still live in overcrowded homes. China began testing the market crease over 1972, when the two Many sleep in rooms used as of• for apartment sales three years ago countries established diplomatic fices, stores, workshops, basements in four cities — Changzhou in relations, and enough to make the and classrooms during the day. liangsu Province, Zhengzhou in FRG China's biggest trading part• Henan, Shashi in Hubei and Si- ner in Western Europe. "The fundamental solution to ping in Jilin. The experiment the housing shortage is commer• has since been gradually expand• During Zhao's stay, Kohl told cialized housing," said Xu lingan, ed. his Chinese . guest that notable an official in the State Economic achievements had been made in Reform Research Institute. China's Typically, purchasers must pay furthering Sino-FRG co-operation. present housing management sys• one-third of the apartment's cost. "But we should not become com• tem must be reformed, he added. The remainder is covered by sub-

6 Beijing Review, No. 25 sidies from the state and local em• square metres of living space for rural families with special difficul• ployers. Prices average 500 yuan each urban resident by the end of ties, who may have two children, per square metre in Beijing, where the century, China will have to and to non-Han ethnic minorities, businesses and government depart• take other measures, said Xu Jin- who may have three," said spokes• ments began selling apartments on gan. man for the State Family Plan• January 1. All organizations in the ning Commission, Shen Guoxiang. city have been ordered to set aside One of these is to sell over 900 20 percent of the apartments they million square metres of existing However, the policy has been build for sale to their employees, government-built housing. That serving its purpose, he noted. Ac• with priority to those who have no could recoup nearly 23 billion cording to a recent nationwide homes or live in overcrowded con• yuan to finance rpore new homes survey, China now has 35 million ditions. if half is sold at 50 yuan per one-child families, or 21.2 percent square metre. of the total at child-bearing age. Previously, all Beijing residents The country's birth rate last year were allocated homes by their em• Housing contractors and devel• dropped to 17.5 per thousand, as ployers or the local housing ad• opment companies across the against 18.62 per thousand in 1983; ministration. Housing sales began country should be aided with Its population growth rate also in the capital in 1982, but only funds and materials to speed up declined to 10.81 per thousand, to overseas Chinese. construction. "Real estate should compared with 11.54 per thousand become big business," he said. the year before. Last year, 1.9 million square metres of housing was sold to pri• Xu also urged a boost for the About 20 percent of all women vate buyers in 111 cities and 200 construction and building materials of child-bearing age now have two counties across China. That was a industries to make them pillars of children, the survey also said, 91 percent increase over 1983, said China's economy. Local govern• while another 20 percent have an official of the Ministry of Ur• ments and collectives should be three or more. ban and Rural Construction and encouraged to build small cement Environmental Protection." and glass plants to supplement Responsibility for meeting large state ones, he added. China's goal of holding its popula• In Shanghai, the country's most tion to 1.2 billion by the end of the crowded metropolis, about 1,000 century is delegated to provincial new apartments were sold last Birth Drop *Grays* authorities, Shen added, so that year. Under that programme spon• local economic, religious and cul• sored by the Shanghai Industrial China's Population tural factors can be taken into ac• and Commercial Bank, prospec• count. In Guangdong, for exam• tive buyers were required to make China is preparing to relax its ple, families can have a second regular savings account deposits one-child policy in some areas. child if their first-born is a girl. for a specified time. They were The province's objective is to "The one-child policy is an in• increase two-child families at the then entitled to bank loans for the expense of larger ones, he said. sum needed to purchase their new terim measure inapplicable lo homes. The bank, meanwhile, uTed the added deposits to finance more housing projects. PLACES IN THIS ISSUE In spite of these moves, how• ever, China's housing situation seems very little improved. Some experts predict that by the end of this year, as many as 470,000 more families will lack adequate hous• ing in Shanghai alone. In addi• tion, about.2 million urban young couples reach marriageable age each year, making the housing problem a potentially explosive one.

(1) Changzhou (p. 6) (2) Zliengzhou (p. 6) (3) Shoshi (p. 6) In order to reach its goal of 8 (4) Siping (p. 6) (5) Baotou (p. 18) lune 24, 1985 7 News in Brief

China has set up a state education commission to re• place the Ministry of Educa• tion.

The move is aimed at giving the State Council a comprehensive department in charge of improving edu• cation, unifying policy and guiding future reforms. - • • *

China will spend more than 1.2 billion yuan on providing urban gas supplies Zhang Shuhong (left), a Shandong doctor, giving a peasant girl her regular check-up. and central heating during the Sesvntli Five-Ycar Plan (1986-1990). The one-child policy is echoed in the Gongren Ribao (Workers' The programme will save liangsu, China's most densely pop• Daily) newspaper suggests: coal and heavy oil worth ulated province. In the locality 157 million yuan every • Introducing labour-saving women in the 15-49 age group had year. It will also cut pollu• techniques and equipment to an average of 1.44 children in tion by reducing sulfur offset possible losses caused by dioxide smoke by 40,000 1983, down sharply from 4.61 in aging labourers; tons, dust by 206,000 tons 1970 when the national family and coal cinders by more planning programme went into ef• • Establishing a national social than 430,000 tons annually. fect. A recent opinion poll indi• security system to replace the pen• cated that many women now be• sions now issued by factories and * * *. lieve more children mean more government departments. Shang• Chinese mathematician hardship — not more happiness, as hai's 1.2 million retired workers Hua Luogeng died in Tokyo Chinese tradition would have it. now draw pensions accounting for on June 12 while lecturing 20 percent of the city's total The construction of local homes to the lapan Mathematics payroll. The more retired workers for senior citizens has also played Society of the Tokyo Uni• a factory has, the heavier its a part in reducing family size, by versity. He was 74 years old. burden, dampening its workers' assuring support for the aged, as enthusiasm for their work — A special plane left Bei• has increased knowledge of con• another expression of "everybody jing on June 14 to bring traceptives. eating from the same big pot" re• Hua's ashes back i.o China. gardless of their productivity, While the family planning pro• * • « * gramme is succeeding, however, it • Creating job opportunities for has also become apparent that retired workers. About 500,000 of Over 580,000 couples as• China is rapidly aging. About 8 Shanghai's retirees can still work; signed by their government percent of its population is now giving them jobs would not only employers to work in dif• over 60 years of age, and that ease a burden on society, but also ferent cities have been re• figure is expected to rise further increase their income and make united in thepast five years, to 11 percent by 2000, and then their later lives happier; according to the Ministry of to about 20 percent in the first Labour and Personnel. quarter of the next century. • And developing welfare pro• grammes for senior citizens, with To solve the difficulties that may priority given to childless elderly arise from this trend, an article in people.

S Beijing Review. No. 25 • And giving senior citizens projects and a wide range of new nation's economic development better legal production. Law products. A further 500 technical with know-how." should be formulated to protect projects were put up for bidding. senior citizens' rights and in• A highlight of the fair was the terests, the paper said, adding that Guo Shuren, president of the transfer of military and other at least one child should be fair's board of directors, said that advanced technologies into civilian, required to live with and support the event served as a link between use. A delegation from the Min• a widowed parent, in return for a academic research and economic istry of Astronautics Industry sign• larger share of the family inheri• development, and helped spur the ed more than 2,000 technology tance. growth of national markets for transfer contracts worth 300 mil• technical services. lion yuan. The Shanghai Astronau• tics Bureau's satellite adhesive, for Over the past three decades, Guo example, has been applied to the added, research has been separated production of artificial marble — Technology Fair from the commodity market, and a move well-received by s;nall and was regarded as common property rural factories, since the artificial Gets Results to be shared free of charge. The stone is as hard and beautiful as result was that many research in• natural marble, but 25 percent stitutes paid little attention to the China's first 25-day national cheaper. technical trade fair closed in Bei• practical applications of their work jing on June 10, with more than because of a lack of incentives, China plans to hold technical 10,000 contracts signed and agree• while factories found themselves fairs every year. Business people ments reached on about 3 billion without the rtiodern technologies from abroad will be invited to at• yuan worth of technology trans• they needed to update their equip• tend the next session, a bid to fers. ment and products. make it an event of worldwide importance, Guo said. The fair was co-sponsored by The March national science con• the State Science and Technology ference, at which research results Commission, the State Economic were defined as commodities, Commission, the State Scientific gave great impetus to the devel• Commission for National Defence opment of technical trade fairs Surly Sales Clerks and the Beijing municipal govern• and transfer centres all over the ment. Its participants included country, Guo said. Dis-serving People 3,000 corporations from through• "This national fair," he said, out the country. On sale were the •'will help make research results A university professor makes it results of about 15,000 technical commercially viable and serve the a rule to go to stores as little as possible. "Not only do I want to An official of the China Science and Technology University showing his clients save time," he says. "What's more his new products. The university has signed 99 technology transfer contracts important, I don't expect to be with 22 provinces. treated with disdain or even rebuk• ed by the sales clerks." A house• wife echoes his thought, then adds, "If you want to make your• self unhappy, go to a shop."

Their comments reflect the opin• ions of many shoppers in China, including some foreign residents, who have long been dissatisfied with the surly attitudes of as• sistants in department stores, re• staurants, hotels, railway ticket of• fices and other public places. The problem has been the target of several national courtesy drives. Local governments, which realized the seriousness of the situation somewhat earlier, have also launch-

lune 24, ]985 9 ed courtesy- campaigns of their cially where no incentives are of• own. In general, however, only a fered for better performance. China & the World little progress has been made. "A saleswoman may hold her "Whether you accept it or not, bad Li to see US, Canada temper because she's afraid of los• attitudes are still one of the big• ing income. But she loses nothing President Li Xiannian and gest and oldest social problems in if she ignores customers or uses his wife, Lin fiamei, will China," one young shopper said. harsh words to send them away," pay a state visit to North The subject has been a constant one shopper said. America next month, a topic for social critics writing in Foreign Ministry spokesman Chinese newspapers. This month, One of the least popular — but announced in Beijing on in fact, has seen a rash of reports most commonly heard — expres• lune 14. — perhaps more than ever before sions is "meiyou" (we don't have Li will be the first Chinese — discussing the attitude issue as any). That phrase, one foreign res• head of state to visit Canada an indicator of China's national ident of Beijing said only half in and the United States since dignity. "During the war, in the jest, was the first she learned after Beijing established diplomat• early 1940s, common people judg• coming to China. ic relations with the two ed the Communist Party on the be• While welcoming the exposure countries in 1970 and 1979. haviour of its Eighth Route Army." of particularly bad examples in the President Greets US Team explains Yi Jianxiang, a manager national media, many sales people President Li recently met at Beijing's Wangfujing Depart• believe there are two sides to the a visiting US baseball team ment Store, one of the largest in problem — and that not only their from C.W. Post University in China. "But now they judge so• side is to' blame. New York and Dr. Leonard cialism by its service trades. In "I often meet rough, impolite Milton, president of the peo• a socialist country, people are shoppers. They look down on my ple to . people sports com' equals and should be helpful to• job. They are condescending to mittee of America. wards one another. But can you say me, and treat me like a child. I During the meeting, C.W. it is socialism when you glower at can't put up with this. 1 treat Post Dean Dannis Payette customers, or even quarrel with people just the way they treat me." presented Li a gold medal them?" he asked. a young salesman said. lion and certificate naming Although his department store him a Grand Marshal of has been praised by some shoppers, Shop managers are working to Long Island. Yi added, it does not mean its staff change the situation, but many find He also forwar&d letters are doing perfect job. "Perhaps it an uphill fight. "All we can do from American President you happened to meet a model is settle one concrete problem at a Ronald Reagan and New saleswoman the other day," he said. time. We have no way of resolv• York Major Edward Kocfi. ing the issue completely. The prob• It's natural for people to be eager China Condemns SA Raid for good service. "When you meet lem is a social one, and can't be Lhiiia .-sit'ns;!) condemned a good salesgirl, you can't help resolved at a single stroke," says the invasion of Botswana by buying more goods, even if they Li Xianhe of the Dazhalan No. 1 South African troopt, the are expensive," a woman said. Department Store in Beijing. Foreign Minis-try said in Bei• The newspapers only see the According to a recent random jing on June \ obvious parts of the problem, he survey, only half of China's ten The Soudi Africans at• added, suggesting that they dig major department stores give their tacked JO targets in Gabor• deeper to find its roots. Li said customers courteous service. The one, capital of Botswana, on that his younger clerks make only honour list included the Wangfu• iune 14. killing 12 people jing Store in Beijing, the Nanfang 41 yuan a month. In addition, and wotmding many more. Department Store in Guangzhou many have headaches of their own Chinese statement said and Nanjing's Xinjiekou Depart• such as housing — some even have this was a brazen encroach• ment Store. to rent farmers' houses. All these ment upon the sovereignty factors influence their feelings, he and territory of an indepen• Quarrels with customers, once noted. "Our sales clerks are re• dent state by the South common, are now seen less often quired to serve the people cour• African authorities, and a because these can result in the loss teously. But, at the same time, flagrant provocation against of a monthly bonus. But cold at• society should be concerned with the African countries and titudes and insults are all too nor• their interests. After all, they are people. mal in many Chinese shops, espe• people too," Li said.

W Beijing Review, No. 2 5 INTERNATIONAL

minating the SALT II accord US-USSR would send the arms race out of control and have a grave impact SALT iVs Future in Doubt on the current Geneva disarma• ment talks and US-SOviet relations Although the Reagan administration has decided to con• as a whole. On June 5 the US' tinue to live up to its s&cond Strategic Arms Limitation Senate passed a resolution re• Treaty with the Soviet Union, many question whether the questing that the Reagan admin• pact will restrain the arms race. istration continue to abide by SALT II by 1986. Earlier this Washington says, the Soviet Union month, West European countries by ZHANG DEZHEN has also manufactured the new attending the NATO foreign SS-X-25. The US administration ministers' conference urged the PRESIDENT Ronald Rea• has also accused the Soviets of United States not to annul the gan on June 10 announced being 600 delivery vehicles over accord. Under pressure from that his administration would con• the limit of 2,250 stipulated in public opinion at home and tinue to live up to the second SALT II. In response, the Krem• abroad, the United States finally Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty lin pointed out that the United decided to abide by the treaty. (SALT II) with Moscow. But States has also been responsible Of course, Reagan's decision he required the Soviet Union to for violations of the treaty. has some conditions. If a Soviet correct its noncompliance with Washington has exceeded the violation of the treaty is discover• the treaty and reserved the right quota for multi-warhead missiles, ed, he said, the United States will to respond in kind to any Soviet Moscow says, while speeding up reserve the right to make "appro• violations. . His announcement deployment of sea-based cruise priate and proportionate res• thus ended the internal debate on missiles. The war of words ponses" to it. Furthermore, he whether to abide by the pace or seemed aimed at shifting responsi• ordered the Defence Department to annul it. bility for the violations to each give a report on the Soviet SALT II was signed by US and other. arsenal and its implementation of Soviet leaders in Vienna on June The most pressing problem, the treaty before November 15. 18, 1979. With the Soviet inva• however, is that SALT II will He will base his final decision on sion of Afghanistan, relations be• expire at the end of this year. SALT II on this report. tween the United States and the The Reagan administration must Although SALT II was signed Soviet Union have deteriorated. make a choice on whether six years ago, these years have Although the US Congress has to continue to abide by the treaty shown that the superpower arms not ratified the treaty, the two or abandon it. The question is race has not been restrained by a sides have expressed their will• complicated by the fact that a paper agreement. On the con• ingness to observe its terms. new Trident nuclear submarine trary, since the treaty only limits However, since the treaty was will start its sea trials in Septem• the number of their nuclear signed, neither has fulfilled its ber. If the United States is to weapons and does not curb their promises. Each side has attempt• keep its missile forces within the qualitative development, it has ed to exploit the treaty to get an limit set by the accord, it will actually left the door open for the edge in the arms race, resulting have to dismantle an old missile superpowers to study and manu• in numerous violations. submarine. facture more advanced weapons and speed up their programmes Recently the two sides again Within the US government, of replacing old arms with new. crossed verbal swords, accusing, there are two prevailing views on The US MX missile and the So• each other of violating the treaty. these issues. Pentagon officials viet SS-X-24 have both been de• The United States has blamed the state that since Moscow has re• veloped under the terms of SALT Soviet Union of contravening a peatedly violated the treaty, the 11's one-missile limit. If the Unit• provision under which each side Reagan administration should let ed States and the Soviet Union can only manufacture and deploy the military adopt corresponding lack sincerity on disarmament, no one new type of strategic missile. actions. At the same time, the treaty will halt the superpower Besides the SS-X-24 missile, State Department notes that ter• arms race.

June 24, 1985 11 Pakistan no military action over the attacks.

Protesting Afghan Border Raids Although Zia has severely con• The Afghan issue cannot be settled as long as the Kabul demned Kabul's actions, he in a authorities only pay lip service to finding a political solu• recent statement stressed his hopes tion and make military provocations instead. for peaceful solution of the Afghan issue. Pakistan-Afghan border. Over by SHI ZONGXING Kabul and its supporters, how• 100 people were killed and 71 ever, while saying they were will• ITH their wanton and in• others wounded in two of the ing to settle the issue peacefully, discriminate bombing of most serious attacks in January have withdrawn none of the Pakistan on May 31, the Afghan and September 1984. Other in• foreign troops stationed in Af• authorities have shown that they cidents have also taken place in ghanistan. Instead, they intensify and their supporters are not which Afghan troops crossed the the war and impose military pres• sincere in seeking a peaceful solu• border and fired at Pakistanis. sure upon Pakistan. This shows tion of the Afghanistan issue. For its part, Islamabad has filed they only pay lip service to the From May 25-31, Diego Cordo- 83 protests with the Afghan idea of a political solution to end vez, the speical United Nations authorities, but it has so far taken the five-and-a-half-year war. envoy and personal representative of Secretary-General Javier Perez Israel de Cuellar, shuttled between Islamabad and Kabul. As a re• Aim of Troop Pullout Delay sult, both Pakistan and Afghan• istan agreed to attend a fourth Israel has not yet withdrawn all its troops from Lebanon, round of indirect talks to be held and the pullout delay has now become a new obstacle in Geneva. to restoring the country's sovereignty. On the day Cordovez's visit ended, however, two MiG-19's by CHEN JICHANG wounded. In addition, the war also violated Pakistan's airspace .near and ZHOU GUOMING placed a heavy new burden of Drosli, in the Chitral district, US$1 million a day on the backs dropping 14 bombs and launching of the country's already hard- EBANON, already reeling 200 rockets. Thirteen Pakistani pressed taxpayers, bringing its from weeks of bloody fight• civilians were reported killed and L economy to the brink of collapse ing between Shiite Muslims and 35 wounded in the raid. and touching off new political and Palestinians battling for control of social crises in the process. In a strong protest lodged with refugee camps in Beirut, was the Kabul regime, the Pakistan stunned by yet another blow this The delay also apparently con• National Congress called on the month when Israel delayed its plan tradicted the programme announc• government to adopt all necessary to pull its troops out of the war- ed on January 14, wVien the gov• measures in order to safeguard weary country. ernment of Prime Minister Shimon the country's sovereignty and (he Peres gave up its demands for a lives and property of its people. The pullout was to have com• simultaneous Israeli-Syrian troop pleted on June — the third anni• President Zia u!-Haq on June withdrawal from Lebanon and de• versary of Israel's invasion of its S made a special trip to the bomb• clared its three-stage pullout. The splintered northern neighbour. But ed area, to meet and console first two stages of the plan were even though one Israeli army com• those who suffered losses. While completed on schedule by mid- mander said the withdrawal had there, he urged Kabul to halt its April; but then Israel insisted on been completed, on June 7 De• bombing of Pakistan. He also the establishment of a so-called fence Minister Yitzhak Rabin stat• warned that if the attacks do not "security zone" along its northern ed that Israel would maintain sev• cease, Pakistan will change its border." The zone, 8-20 kilometres eral hundred |roops along the attitude of restraint. deep, would be controlled by the Lebanon-Israel border. Afghan planes have violated pro-Israeli South Lebanon Army Pakistan's airspace more than 600 The move seemed certain to con• (SLA). And it was concern over times since Soviet Union troops tinue what has now become whether the SLA could maintain invaded Afghanistan in December Israel's most costly military adven• control of the area after the Israeli 1979. The raids have caused ture. The toll for the three years: pullout that finally prompted the great damage in villages near the 654 Israelis killed and 3,873 postponement.

12 Beijing Review, No. 25 Other events in Lebanon have south of Beirut, and continued nels between Khartoum and Addis also played a part in the Israeli de• launching new operations against Abada. For its part, the Sudan cision. The refugee camp con• Shiite villages and towns in' South made it clear that it would not flicts, which pit Shiite Amal mi• Lebanon. According to observers allow Ethiopians on its territory to litiamen against beleaguered Pales• in Damascus, the move was also engage in anti-Ethiopian govern• tinian fighters, have continued as aimed at keeping some countries ment activities, while the Ethio• peace negotiations between the from taking diplomatic action for pians promised to make efforts combatants remain in deadlock. Mideast peace negotiations. to guarantee the peace, unification and stability of the Sudan. An additional factor is the re• The Lebanese government, cent Syrian-Lebanese summit in meanwhile, called on Israel to A month later Sudanese De• Damascus, and its plan for Leb• withdraw all its troops under Unit• fence Minister Osman Abdallah anon, while the Lebanese govern• ed Nations Security Council reso• extended an olive branch to the ment army will expand its garri• lution 425. The Lebanese also op-, Soviet Union. "We have not so far son in the south of the country pose Israel's demands for a "secu• started a dialogue with the Soviet — an area already assigned by Is• rity zone" in South Lebanon, and Union," he said in a May 26 in• rael to its allies in the SLA. The the stationing of troops along the terview on Sudanese television, postponement, according to the border. "but we are keen on normalizing Lebanese press, was Israef's silent our relations with the Soviet Anti-Israeli forces in South Leb• vote against the summit plan. Union." Soviet leader Mikhail anon have declared that they Gorbachev twice wrote to the Su• As if to confirm this, then SLA will continue to fight until all Is• danese chairman, expressing his recently prevented government raeli troops are driven out of the hopes for friendly relations with troops from entering Jezzin area. country. the Sudan.

Since the military coup the Su• danese Military Council has re• Sudan peatedly stressed the strength of its links with Egypt. Khartoum's New Leader Forges New Ties joint defence pact with Cairo was still in effect, Osman Abdallah While continuing to maintain its traditional friendly re• said, denying reports that the lations with Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United States, agreement would be abrogated. Sudan's Transitional Military Council has energetically The Sudan has also pledged to improved its ties with Libya, Ethiopia and the Soviet continue to upgrade and develop Union. its relations with Egypt, while Cairo has promised in return to maintain its support for the new ment, or even outright hostility, by ZHAO ZHUXIU Sudanese government. from diplomats in Khartoum. The first concrete results of these over• ince coming to power in a mil• Relations with the United States tures were not long in coming. S itary coup on April 6, the have come in for a discreet Sudan's Transitional Military On April 11, a Sudanese delega• boost as well. At the end of May Council has begun readjusting tion visited Libya for contacts that US Assistant Secretary of State long-standing foreign policies im• led to an agreement on restoring Chester Crocker visited the Sudan plemented by the former govern• diplomatic relations between the to convey a message from Presi• ment, and is actively seeking better former adversaries. Soon after, top dent Reagan to Chairman Suwar relations with countries outside its Libyan official Abdel Salam fal- al T)ahab. In his letter Reagan traditional orbit. loud led a return trip to the Su- stressed that his administration daii to sign a joint communique on would keep up its aid for the Su• In its shift towards non-align• dan. ment, the government of Suwar al developing political, economic, so• cial and technical co-operation. Dahab has been maintaining friend• Somewhat closer to home, the ly relations with Egypt, Saudi Ara• In late April, another Sudanese Khartoum administration has sent bia and the United States. But delegation was dispatched to diplomats to 27 African and Arab it also has energetically courted Ethiopia, touching off reports that countries since coming to power. Libya, Ethiopia and the Soviet the two sides had solved a num• The response to this initiative has Union —'- countries which previous• ber of fostering disputes and so far been positive. Sudanese ly received cold-shoulder treat- agreed to open diplomatic chan• Premier Dafalla's mission to Saudi lu/w 24, 1985 73 Arabia, Kuwait and other Gulf icy, the Sudanese leader recently, high interest rates. The rate on countries won agreements on solemly declared that to develop Africa's debt was up to 10.1 per• US$1 billion in econoimc aid to the relations with any country cent in 1982, from 4.1 percent in help the Sudan overcome its pre• must be based on respect for its 1971. independence, national dignity and sent economic difficulties. Gn top of this, however, the freedom of making decisions by it• policies carried out by the Africain In view of the interference by self. The Sudan would never be• governments have contributed lit• some internal political forces and come a satellite or depedence of tle to improving the situation. In pressure abroad in its foreign pol- any superpower. the past decade, some African countries have launched hasty in• dustrialization drives in an effort Africa to limit or replace imports of com• petitive products. This has re• sulted in a weakening of Africa's Obstacles Block Economic Growth national industries.

Both internal and external factors contribute to the un• Worse, agricultural develop• derdevelopment of Africa's economy, and these are ment has been neglected as a re• further aggravated by natural calamities. But African sult of this stress on industrializa• governments are now settling down to solving their long• tion. In some countries, agricul• standing problems. ture gets less than 10 percent of the government's investments. by CHEN HEGAO for imports of food. Most de• Some countries have even limited pended on a single product to agricultural price rises and lower• prop up their economy. However, ed farm export prices to maintain HE year 1984 was the worst in the recent world economic re• urban living standards and in• for Africa's economy since T cession the developed countries crease government revenues. the great depression of the 1930s. cut their purchases of African Widespread drought has taken the commodities and lowered prices In spite of this, though, pro• lives of millions of people, and is of primary products and raw spects for an invigorated African continuing to threat#n 20 million materials. In 1982, the prices of economy have not been extin• more with hunger and death. many important African exports guished. In recent years, many African countries have given In that disastrous year, the out• fell to their lowest levels since more attention to agricultural de• put of Africa's manufacturing in• World War II. The mild rises velopment. Some have raised dustries fell by 1.2 percent, the that have since taken place still prices of farm products, intreased share of industry in its collective leave some products costing only investment in private sector and gross domestic product dropped half as much as they did in the reduced public spending. All below the levels of the 1970s, 1950s. The African countries these changes are aimed at read• and its foreign debt shot up to have lost an estimated US$2 bil• justing Africa's economic struc• US$150 billion. Debt servicing lion as a result. ture. alone drained 20 percent of the Huge foreign debts have also continent's export earnings. impeded Africa's economic re• However, natural calamity is covery. The continent's estimat• only one of several factors con• ed total medium- and long-term tributing to Africa's current dilem• debt at the end of 1982 was over ma. Also responsible for its col• US$48 billion, most of it on non- lapse are some internal and ex• concessional terms. Debt servic• ternal factors including an un• ing costs have been rising, and favourable global economic en• are scheduled to increase even vironment and dramatic increases further in the near future; debts in foreign debts, interest rates and that cost $4.1 billion in 1981 will debt servicing costs. soak up $11.6 billion a year in 1985-87. Under colonial rule, and even after their independence, the The factors bringing about the African countries sold raw ma• swelling debt include trade im• terials such as cotton, coffee, balances, the unreasonable world bananas, tea and tobacco to pay economic order, and, above all.

14 Beijing Review, No. 25 Second-Stage Rural Structural Reform

The second-step reform of the rural economic structure will result in a kind of open market and constitute a market-regulated economic mechanism formed under the guidance of the socialist planning system- by DU RUNSHENG operation, co-operation in the pro• quota purchases of more than 100 cess of direct production, in supply varieties of other farm and side• and marketing, processing, and line products. Also, cotton wadd• HE contract responsibility sys• technical service, co-operation be• ing and cotton cloth were rationed T tem was introduced universal• tween individuals and between col• for both urban and rural popula• ly as a first step in the reform of lectives, joint management between tions, as well as the supply of China's rural economic structure the collective, the state and the staple and non-staple foods for which began in 1979. A two-tier individual. These different types urban residents. Because of Chi• management system which in• of co-operative organizations were na's large population and limited tegrated peasant household with formed voluntarily by people arable land, agricultural products collective management was estab• themselves, and developed and have all along been in short lished. In these co-operative eco• grew strong by relying on their supply; as the urban population nomic organizations, peasant own economic gains. increases, the shortage becomes households are relatively indepen• more acute. City employees, dent commodity producers. Given whose wages are relatively low, decision-making • power in produc• Disadvantages of State find fluctuations in consumer tion, the peasants can, in the light Monopoly of Purchase goods prices hard to bear. And of their specialities and advantages, because of its weak industrial choose what to produce. As a In 1985 China has taken the sec• foundation, China has to derive a result, the output of farm produce ond step in the structural reform certain amount of funds from grew by a big margin and peasant of its rural ecoiiomy, i.e., reform agriculture for economic develop• incomes increased from year to of its farm produce circulation ment. This being the case, the year. Grain output went up from system. adoption of the system of monop• 304.77 million tons in 1978 to olized purchase and marketing ,407.12 million tons in 1984 —a Beginning in 1953 China main• of farm products played an im• 33.6 percent increase; cotton out• tained a state monopoly in the portant role in guaranteeing sup• put, from 2.17 million tons to 6.08 purchase of grain, cotton, oil-bear• plies for city people and obtaining million tons — up by 180.4 per• ing crops and timber and fixed- cent; oil-bearing crops from 5.22 million tons to 11.85 million tons — a 127.1 percent increase. Peas• Peasants working in a village vermicelli factory in Hubei's ant incomes went up from 133 Hanchuan County air their products. yuan per capita in 1978 to 355 yuan in 1984. But the p'er-capita annual income for nearly 100 mil• lion people remains below 150 yuan.

With the development of rural commodity production, the rural co-operative system has gradually improved and developed. New types of co-operation and organiza• tion keep emerging, such as region• al co-operation, specialized co-

The author is the director of the Rural Development Research Centre of the State Council.

June 24. 1985 15 a certain amount of accumulated absence of competition and Furthermore, because there was funds. elimination of shoddy goods, the a lack of competition, a bureau• quality of products could not im• cratic business style was engender• However, this system had many ed among state-owned commercial disadvantages. The most serious prove, production costs could not departments, giving rise to a com• one was that it cut agricuhural be reduced and technical progress plicated, multi-level management producers off from their market. was slow. Because the supply of system which resulted in a long This threw the rural economy into staple and non-staple foods for period of circulation, huge waste a slate of isolation over a long urban citizens was planned and and high costs. period. The commercial system of prices long remained unchanged, consumers' demands could not be monopolized and fixed-quota pur• In 1979 while purchasing prices chases left peasants no other reflected through market price for farm produce were raised, choice than to sell their farm prod• changes and the peasants could selling prices all along remained ucts exclusively to state-owned not gear their production to needs. unchanged. As a result, the state purchasing departments. Com• This phenomenon inevitably im• had to take up an increasingly modities were not tested by peded reasonable adjustment of heavy burden of financial subsi• market authorities, and in the the rural economic structure. dies as production developed. All this made it essential to reform the farm product circulation This Wuxi rice market reopened during the economic reform. system and the'price system.

Purchase Under Contract And in Market

This year the monopolized and fixed-quota purchase sys• tem is being changed. Except for certain specific products, the state will no longer fix quotas for pur• chase of farm products from the peasants. Instead, it will, according to different circumstances, adopt the methods of purchase under contracts signed with the peasants and purchase in the market.

The crux of the reform lies in the matter of prices. At present, the state pays 20 fen for the sale of every kg of grain and 1.6 yuan for each kg of edible oil. This in• volves a heavy financial burden. In addition, there are irrational price differentials between regions, farm products and their quality.

The approach to price reform will be through small, and not sweeping, measures, to minimize any market fluctuations that might arise. The state will first gradually decontrol purchasing and selling prices of fish, poultry, eggs, vegetables, meat and other perishable foods. The prices will be regulated by market forces. The state will subsidize the costs to urban consumers according to

16 Beijing Review, No. 25 particular local conditions. Prices will also be fixed for grain, edible oil and other major products as well as products purchased under state contracts. The purchasing and selling prices of these prod• ucts are the same in the rural areas, while the selling prices are lower for urban consumers. Grain and oil-bearing crops not included in the contracts can be sold at market prices, but the state sets minimum protective prices so that the peasants will not suffer un• acceptable economic losses due to price fluctuations. The second-step reform of the The preserved fruit processed bj a peasant-funded factory in Zhejiang rural economic structure will re• Province is marketed In Hongkong and overseas. sult in a kind of open market and of development, that is, low con• terprises reached 170 billion yuan. constitute a market-regulated eco• sumer purchasing power. Of Chi• They include agricultural enter• nomic mechanism formed under na's 1 billion people, 800 million prises (4 percent), industrial enter• the guidance of the socialist plan• are peasants; and of the total la• prises (71 percent), transport (4 ning system. By giving play to the bour force, about 70 percent work percent), construction (13 percent), role of market mechanism and in agriculture. This picture would commerce and service trades {8 adjusting the rural economic struc• indicate that the commodi• percent). The industries include ture, China will be able to quickly ties supplied by 800 million metallurgical (3 percent), coal (5 develop the commodities needed peasants are consumed mainly by percent), chemicals (7 percent), both at home and abroad wherever 200 million urban residents. The plastic processing (4 percent), the resources and capital are elasticity of farm product con• machinery (24 percent), food pro• available. sumption is small. A slight in• cessing (9 percent), textiles (11 In crop cultivation, China will, crease in farm products threatens percent) and building materials (20 by giving play to the role of prices, an oversupply in the city. But this percent). By the end of 1984 the increase the proportion of cash surplus emerges when the produc• number of employees had reached crops as well as of high-quality tion and consumption levels are 52.06 million (including privately cereals and soybeans. still very low, therefore the prob• run enterprises). The growth of lem should not be solved simply township enterprises has provided At present, animal and aquatic by restricting production; instead, fresh experience for China's eco• products are the weak links in it must be solved by adjusting the nomic and social development. agricultural production. With the economic structure, transferring These enterprises develop not by price reform in purchasing and surplus labour directly from relying on state investment but by selling and price decontrol, an agricultural production to non- relying on their own accumulation upward trend has emerged for a agricultural departments. This funds. This gives them a strong big development in aquaculture. would raise people's incomes and vitality — they are highly adapt• Agricultural production is now enlarge the scope of market needs able to the market and can flexibly governed by free market demands for agricultural products. We plan adjust their production orientation instead of by the former monopol• to fulfil the transfer of over 50 to suit changes in domestic and ized and fixed-quota purchase sys• percent of the surplus labour from world markets. tem. This change-over will def• agriculture to other departments initely attract better and more by the end of the century. varied farm products to the mar• Expanding Market Needs ket. However, owing to the re• Township industries which are The structural change in the strictions of China's current eco• mushrooming in China today are rural economy envisages a growing nomic structure and the limited playing a significant role in the market demand in China's rural consumption level of town and transfer of surplus rural labour areas: city residents, agricultural com• and the creation of new job op• — The transfer o'f surplus la- modity production will encounter portunities. In 1984 the total out• still another obstacle in the course put value of China's township en• (Continued on p. 22) lune 24, ]985 inventors Encouraged to Aid Economy

China has finally cast off its ignorance of scientific invention. The government en• courages inventors to aid the country's modernization programme, and awards ha>^ been established to reward scientific achievements.

time, with the same lack of re• ed in foreign academic journals. by WEI LIMING His work then caught the attei|- Our Correspondent sults. tion of many prominent researclVi Finally, in 1975, he learnt that U JIAXI, a middle school ers and success finally, seemed to the problem had been solved teacher in Baotou, an iron be coming his way when in 1983,. L abroad — but not until 1971, ten and steel production centre in he was invited to read a paper at,, years after his first submission. Inner Mongolia, died of heart fail• a national mathematics conference.' With grief, Lu wrote, "I solved ure in October 1983. The news, His address was well-received. , the problem in 1961. It has been which was made public by Ren- But a heart attack brought on by 18 years since then, which means tnin Ribao (People's Daily), Chi• years of overwork took his life the that my first child — my brain na's most influential newspaper, day he returned from the confer• child — is now 18 years old. It has given many food for thought. ence. is, however, an unfortunate child. Lu, who taught at the Baotou Eighteen years is not a short period Today, less than two years after No. 9 Middle School, was only 48 in one's life. In fact, it is an aw• Lu's tragic death, the inventors' years old when passed away. Even fully long time in terms of mod' lot is improving. In 1978 the State his friends never knew that the ern science. Shouldn't we learn Council again mandated a system middle-aged man was a highly ac• something from it?" of awards for achievements in the complished scientist. natural sciences. The awards were Lu's lesson is truly a bitter one extended to include inventions a In 1957, when he was still in for Chinese inventors. Although re• year later, with winners to be university, Lu began studying a wards were offered for innova• chosen by evaluation committees complex mathematical problem tions and research achievements in established by the State Science posed by a British mathematician. the 1950s and early 1960s to help and Technology Commission. Four years later, he sent his promote scientific development, The evaluations, made quarter• first paper on the subject to the this programme was suspended ly, are based on three major cri• Institute of Mathematics of the during the ten chaotic years of teria: The inventions submitted Chinese Academy of Sciences. Re• the "cultural revolution," leaving must be new, advanced and of ceiving no reply, he sent another amateur and professional scientists proven practical value. Once ex• paper in 1965, but again to no alike out in the cold. amined and approved by the eval• response. In 1967 he read a paper uation committee, the submissions by a foreigner who had partially After the "cultural revolution" are published in newspapers. Ob• solved the problem. He then sub• was brought to an end in 1976, jections may be raised within three mitted his solution for the third some of Lu's papers were publish- months after they are made

Yuan Longping (first from right) won a special award for developing a public. new strain of hybrid rice. In 1982, prizes were awarded to 428 inventions. One — a new va• riety of nonglutinous hybrid rice — was singled out for a special award.' Since its first successful tests in 1975, the new strain' was planted on 16.6 million hectares between 1976 and 1980, increasing their output by 13 million tons. The hybrid rice was sold in 1980 to growers in the United States. Among the other innovations cited in 1982, the top 12 projects have since brought in annual prof• its of 10 million yuan, thus prov• ing their economic value. In addition, 122 research proj• tation for Zhao Naigang, director ects also took awards for achieve• of the institute of aquatic sciences ments in the natural scientific re- in Chuxian County, Anhui Prov• searth — with a cash reward of ince. lOjOOO yuan for first-class win• ners. Among them, 40 were related The crabs, a favourite east Chi• to mathematics and physics; 25 na delicacy and a popular subject were in chemistry; 28 were in geo- for traditional Chinese painters, science; 15 were related to biology migrate down the Changjiang arfd 16 were in the technologi• (Yangtze) River each autumn to es sciences. Some of the prize- the sea to mate and spawn. After winning projects were urgently the eggs.i hatch, the young crabs needed by the country's economy. travel t^ack upriver the next For instance, the geological and spring. But dams built among the geophysical studies undertaken by river cut off the crabs' migration the Daqing Oilfield provided a routes, breaking their reproductive scientific basis for the develop• cycle. This, together with serious ment of China's oil industry. The water pollution, brought the successful solution of the theoreti• river crabs to the brink of extinc• cal problems related to physics, tion in the 1960s. Xu Jintang, an associate research mechanics and mathematics led to In 1959 Zhao Naigang graduat• fellow at the Institute of Medicinal the successful development of Chi• ed from the Nanjing Marine Prod• Plant Resources Development under na's first generation of nuclear the Chinese Academy of Medical ucts Institute and was assigned Sciences, picked a second-class prize weapons. Theories on how to fore• to work in an out-of-the-way town for 0 new method of growing cast the movements of the East "Gastrodia elato." Asian migratory locust — a seri• in rural Chuxian County. There he ous threat to crops — have enabl• saw the precarious situation of the ed China to basically eliminate river crabs, and made up his mind With Zhao's method, each kilo• locust plagues and turn formerly to save the delicacy for future gen• gramme of young crabs costs 100 disaster-ridden areas into lands of erations. yuan to produce — a sum equiva• abundance. lent to that formerly needed to Zhao began his first experiments catch and transport them. A kilo• In 1984 another 204 scientific in crab breeding in 1974, and fi• gramme of young crabs requires and technological research achieve• nally succeeded ten years later. 26 to 52 hectares of water surface ments were awarded state The brackish water he used suits and can bring an income of 2,000 prizes. Among them was the tech• the crabs' reproduction cycle so to 4,000 yuan. nology for mass breeding of river well, in fact, that their survival crabs in brackish water — a devel; rate in captivity now far exceeds Experts evaluating Zhao's work opment that reaped a first-class ci• their natural rate in the wild. say that his invention not only solves the problem of providing young crabs for China's 4 million Cheng Oian (right), an engineer at the Ministry of Machine-Building hectares of inland waterways, but Industry, won a second-class award for his work on radiation equipment. may also lead to the breeding of fish, shrimp and other migratory aquatic creatures. Since the state introduced the awards system in 1979, more than 900 inventions have been cited. The inventions have yielded a to• tal economic return of 25 billion yuan. It is no wonder, then, that prizes for such useful innovations have also risen — to 20,000 yuan for first-class inventions; 10,00,0 jtuan for second-class inventions; and 5,GOO yuan for third-class proj• ects and 2,000 yuan for fourth- Work for the Benefit of Handicapped

by DENG PUFANG the disabled, and has published exhibitions to reflect the handi- special books and periodicals for capped's enterprising spirit display• them. The disabled live peaceful ed under adverse circumstances. Deng Pufang is the director-in- lives and are respected and sup• chief of the China Welfare Fund The China Welfare Fund for the ported by society. for the Handicapped. In this arti• Handicapped has collected more than 39 million yuan both at home cle he briefs readers on the fund's To speed the development of and abroad through donations, accomplishments since its estab• welfare services for the handicapp• fund-raising efforts, benefit perfor• lishment in March 1984.—Ed ed in China by mobilizing all social mances and art exhibitions. At the forces to show concern for the CCORDING to estimates, there same time, it has established a disabled, we established the China A are at least 20 million handi• number of industrial and commer• Welfare Fund for the Handicapped capped people in China. Not long cial enterprises, including the Kang- with government help. ago, the government decided to hua Industrial Company, the Kang- carry out a comprehensive survey In the past year, we have done yi Photographic Company and the of their numbers, ages, sex and our utmost to actively publicize Kanghui Travel Service, that employment nationwide. socialist humanism through news• guarantee it a stable flow of China takes every care of the papers, radio, television and the revenue. handicapped. The Constitution foreign press. We did this to ex• The money will also be used to stipulates that the state and society plain the importance of our work, establish the China Handicapped help make arrangements for the in order to galvanize the social Rehabilitation Research Centre jn 'vork, livelihood and education of forces serving the disabled. To Beijing, which will be completed the blind, deaf-mute and other boost the morale of the handi• by the end of 1987, and to help handicapped citi7 There are ,ens. capped, the fund publishes a set up other centres including one now about 300 special schools for monthly magazine named The in Tangshan and another in Shaan- the blind and deaf-mute, and more March Wind which discusses the xi Province. These facilities will than 20,000 welfare undertakmgs lives, work and studies of disabled help end China's backwardness in and production units in the people. In addition, the fund has the rehabilitation of the handi• country. In addition, the state has produced a film, Challenging Des• capped. established a number of associa• tiny, and the TV play A Boy With• tions and other organizations for out Anns. It has also held photo The welfare fund is to set up a legal advisory committee. On the basis of its investigations, it has (middle) Wong Wencai of Zhangjiakou in Hebei Province troins tailofs. already put forward specific proposals on the enrolment of dis• abled students in universities and on exempting the handicapped from taxation on their private enterprise income. The fund has provided grants or low-interest loans to welfare facto• ries for the handicapped, and has organized vocational training cour• ses in subjects including computer languages, photography and the use of English-language typewriters to help give the handicappe'd more chances for jobs. It has also given 1,500 colour TV sets to welfare undertakings across the country, and held many get-togethers and forums. Over the past year, the fund has

Beijing Review. No. 25 20 established friendly relations with foreign individuals and associa• tions lor the handicapped through meetings both in China and over• seas. In our contacts with the people of other countries, we have learnt many useful things. We have also laid a solid foundation for friendly international relations and economic and technical co-opera• tion. In June 1984, the fund join• ed the International Association for the Handicapped. This is a new way for China to play its part in international efforts to benefit the rehabilitation of the disabled.

Although China's handicapped people have accomplished much, they still face many problems. Twc of the most serious are unemploy• A group wedding at the Wuhan Iron and Steel Company. ment and insufficient education.

Since the founding of the Peo• ple's Republic, especially since 1979, the Party and the state have taken a series of measures to re• solve the problem of employment. As a result, fundamental changes have taken place and great im• provements have been made. But the problems still exist. In some places, it is still hard for the disa• bled, even those with specialized skills, to find job. Many welfare factories are poorly equipped and have difficulty getting materials and selling their products.

Although special schools for the blind and deaf-mute have been set up in many cities and some cities also have established special schools for retarded children, spe• cial education is backward in the countryside.

There are also very few voca• tional schools for the handicapped in the country. This, too, causes difficulties for disabled people to get jobs.

Last year, 301 handicapped ap• plicants, more than ever before, were admitted to colleges and uni• versities thanks to efforts made by the Ministry of Education and lo- A set of special stamps. lune 24. 1985 21 cal governments. But some univer• 1985 the Ministry of Education, the tion of the handicapped, including sities and colleges are still reluctant Ministry of Labour and Personnel, higher education, vocational train• to enrol disabled students. the State Planning Commission and ing and special education. The the Ministry of Civil Affairs issued There are two reasons for the money also will be used to enddw a joint circular on school enrol• above-mentioned problems. First, scholarships for handicapped peo• ment and postgraduation job as• China is still economically back• ple who pursue knowledge through signments for the disabled. This ward and social welfare work has independent studies. ' means that more handicapped will a poor foundation. Second, the be enrolled in universities and col• To resolve these problems legal measures needed to guaran• leges. On March 15, 1985, a year thoroughly, we depend mainly on tee the handicapped their educa• after the fund's establishment, ^ the development of the China's tion, employment and livelihood set of special stamps was issued by economic and legal systems. At have not yet been perfected. the Ministry of Posts and Telecom• the same time, we must also work Our work has drawn the con• munications to help raise money hard to publicize our work, collect cern and support of the Party and for the welfare fund. We are plan• funds and set up more welfare the government. On February 25, ning to use the money for educa• undertakings. •

(Continued from p. 17) striking. The sales of TV sets, reorganization of various factors in hour has brought in the use of cassette recorders, refrigerators, production. Among them the most more machines by peasants in washing machines and electric fans important is large-scale funding. agricultural production. Today were 70 percent to 200 percent According to estimates, by the rural mechanization shows an ex• greater than in 1983. Even micro• year 2000, the development of pansion from 200 million hp in computers, telephones and pianos China's rural economy will require 1980 to 265 million hp in 1984. have found their way into the from 1,000 billion yuan to 1,500 — A huge quantity of equip• homes of some well-to-do peasant billion yuan. The state is able to ment will be required for farm- families. allocate part of the investment for produce processing industries, es• — Efforts must be made to open the construction of large infrastruc- pecially for setting up the food and up more foreign markets for tural facilities, but the overwhelm• fodder industries, and for the tech• China's farm products. In 1984 ing proportion of the funds will nological renovation of ordinary exports of farm products and pro• be obtained from the people. This processing industries. cessed farm products were valued calls for great efforts to develop rural credit, expand the scope of — The domestic market de• at US$10 billion. Farm products the circulation of funds and raise mands for farm jiroducts will ex• sold in large quantities include the efficiency of the use of funds. pand when large numbers of peas• maize, soybeans, edible oil, meat, As of now, the Agricultural Bank ants change their role from sup• vegetables, cotton, tea, fruit, rabbit of China has founded the commis• pliers to consumers of farm prod• hair, leather, flowers and handi• ucts as township enterprises de• crafts. There is great potential in sion, trust and investment business; velop. beef, pork, leather, fruit and tea rural credit co-operatives have be• production, but the goods do not come non-governmental financial — The increase in the peasants' always conform with export needs agencies. The rate of interest will cash incomes will considerably because of poor quality, and much be allowed to float within suitable boost social demands for indus• remains to be done to improve the limits to gain flexibility and speed trial goods of daily use, durables variety, processing, preservation, in the circulation of rural funds. and building materials. In 1984 storage, packaging and hygienic Many collective credit organiza• China's commodity retail sales to• standards. We plan to speed up tions and capital-circulation units talled 284.94 billion yuan, a 17.4 technical renovation and update have emerged in quite a number percent increase over 1983. Of this varieties. By reforming the rural of places. A certain form of "capi• total, rural retail sales accounted commodity export system, we can tal market" compatible with the for 70 percent (up by 19.5 per• adjust farm products better to in• socialist system will appear first cent), surpassing the nation's ternational market needs in both in the countryside. growth rate in this area. When quantity and quality. there was a relatively rapid growth While accumulating funds in• in the purchase of industrial con• dependently, China also needs to sumer goods in general, ^he in• Funding import foreign capital so as to crease in the purchase of durable The growth of China's rural speed development of the rural consumer goods was particularly commodity economy will spur the economy. •

22 Beijing Review, No. 25 Modern Literature Reflects Chinese Life

Contemporary Chinese literature is growing more vivid and varied as restrictions are removed and the freedom of writers to create and comment is guaranteed. ten-year "cultural devolution" is about a young woman who liad by XIE YONGWANG which broke out in 1966, most to leave her aged mother during writers fell victim to outright per• the "cultural revolution" and set• ONTEMPORARY Chinese lit• secution. By that time no real lit• tle in a remote village. Others in C erature — works written since erary works could be spoken of this category include The Blood• liberation in 1949 — has expe• reflecting the voice of the people. stained Magnolia by Cong Weixi rienced many of the same ups Chinese literature only began to about a Communist Party member and downs ,as the People's Re• revive with the end of those dark who is imprisoned on false charges public itself. It has prospered, as years in 1976. Veteran and middle- and later killed while climbing a it did in the early 1950s when aged authors such as Ba lin, Wang wall to pick a magnolia flower to writers poured their vitality into Meng and Liu Binyan took up their mourn the death of Premier Zhou creations limning the history of the pens again, together with a grow• Enlai; A Flower-Covered Wrong revolution and the follo^ying strug• ing number of gifted young writers. Road by Feng Jicai, about a girl gle to build a new country. In In the six or seven years that fol• student who regrets her participa• this, their works reflected the lowed, literature experienced a tion in beating a teacher; and The spirit of national unity which significant liberation in both form Class Teacher by Liu Xinwu on marked the early post-liberation and content. middle school life. years. In the late 1950s, however, literary creation was constrained This genre has been acclaimed by overly, harsh criticism and polit-, A Salient Feature by many readers. But at the same ical struggles. Then during the The works of this new period time, it also worried others who depict the real lives and attitudes thought it would hinder socialist of the Chinese people. construction. The debate went on The author is a literary critic, chief A new fictional form, the for several years,, only ending with editor of the journal Wen Yi Bao "wounds literature," developed in the consensus reached at last win• (Art and Literature Gazette) and a ter's Fourth National Congress of council member of the Chinese this time to express the national Writers' Association. agony so recently ended. The re• the Chinese Writers' Association. presentative work is Wounds, a After lengthy discussions, the dele• short story published in 1978. It gates agreed that the "wounds lit- Liu Binyan.

lune 24. 1985 23 erature" had taken the lead in tionwide, many areas reported ex• ferings and the seamy side of the negating the "cultural revolution," aggerated production figures and society, but never disseminates any and thus helped emancipate society other false gains. Peng Dehuai, destructive pessimism. Such gen• from the effects of that period. The then a member of the Political Bu• uine literature cautions people not form also benefits the development reau of the CPC Central Committee to repeat past tragedies and of literature itself by touching on and minister of defence, stood arouses sympathy, warmth and hu- society's shortcomings and thus re• out as the campaign's most prom• manitarianism among its readers. storing realism to literature. inent critic. For this, he was Gao Xiaosheng. dismissed from his posts and dis• A number of works have also ex• graced. The writers of that time tended this approach to expose could not reflect that reality with• mistakes committed before the out bringing trouble on themselves. start of the "cultural revolution." But that situation has now chang• During the 1957 campaign to op• ed. The Criminal Li Tongzhong, pose "bourgeois rightists," for in• a novelette by Zhang Yigong, de• stance, some people were wrongly scribes how a rural Communist criticized for pointing out the fail• Party member leads his starving ings of the bureaucracy. Many of villagers in borrowing food from a these people had to wait up to 20 state granary after a natural disas• years for rehabilitation. Then ter — only to be imprisoned as a came the Great Leap Forward thief. In praising the Party mem• which began in 1958. In the rush ber's boldness and devotion, the to establish rural communes na• work describes the people's .suf•

Magazines and periodicals publish• For Your Reference ed by the association and distributed nationwide include: Chinese Writers' Association • Wen Yi Bao (Art and Literature Gazette), a literary and artistic peri• odical, which carries comments, news The Chinese Writers' Association China has 56 nationalities, of which and articles on policies and expe• is a voluntary mass organization join• the Han is the largest. Of these na• riences. ing more than 10,000 professional tionalities, 40 have professional and writers, literary theoreticians and amateur writers working in more than • Renmin Wcuxue (People's Litera• critics as well as translators of all 30 languages. ture) publishes new novels, report• nationalities in the country. Ac• age, prose and poetry. cording to the new constitue The association's leading bodies • Xiaoshuo Xuiinkan (Selected tion adopted at its Fourth Na• are: Novels) carries the best liew medium- tional Congress held in lanuary 1985, • The council: Elected at the length and short stories. the association's aim is to carry for• Fourth National Congress, the new ward democracy, ensure freedom of council is composed of 236 mem• • Shi Kan (Poems) publishes new literary creation and develop socialist bers, including 22 women and 25 poems, translations and comments. literature in the Chinese way. Writ• minority members, and is responsible • Minzu Wenxue (Minority Litera• ers are encouraged to bring forth new for the implementation of the deci• ideas, create works in varying themes sions of the national congress. ture) carries literary works by mi• and styles, and compete with each nority peoples written in or translated other to raise their creative and ar• • The presidium: Giving leader• into the Han language. tistic levels. ship when the council is not in ses• sion, the 32-member presidium is • Xin Guan Cha (New Observer), The association puts itself under- headed by its chairman, novelist Ba an illustrated biweekly publishes arti• cles on life in China and overseas. the leadership of the Chinese Com• Jin, and 1) vice-chairmen. munist Party and orients its service • The secretariat: The secretariat • Zhongguo Zuojia (Chinese Writ• for building socialism. is composed of nine members chosen ers), a new bimonthly, carries full- by the presidium, and is responsible length novels, novelettes and report• The new constitution also empha• for the routine work of the associa• age. sizes respect for the literary traditions tion. of China's minority peoples, support • Zhong Guo (China), a new bi• for minority writers, and increasing • The advisory group; This group monthly, publishes novels, stories, literary exchanges among peoples of has 29 noted veteran writers who join poems, proses and other literary all nationalities. at the invitation of the presidium. works.

24 Beijing Review. No. 25 More recently, the sweeping These artists concentrate on the depict the rich irmer liyes of con• economic reforms introduced in meaning of life rather than histor• temporary people. Zhang Jie por• both rtiral and urban areas since ical pains and sorrows. One army trays profoundly the psychology of 1979 have naturally become a writer Li Cunbao published his modern Chinese women, depicting major focus of some contemporary novelette Nineteen Graves in the both their nobility and their selfish• writers. The rural author Gao Mountains in 1984. The book tells ness through illustrations of their Xiaosheng gained national prom• of 19 soldiers who are killed in loves, marriages and morality. Her inence for his Li Shunda Builds an incident caused by their com• 1981 novel Heavy Wings is the Houses, a novel exposing the mander's blind faith in higher first work to explain the targets problems peasants face in building leadership. The soldiers' needless of China's industrial reforms. An• new homes. His other works in• deaths are an indictment of the other book. Emerald, about a clude Debtors, about peasants' dif• absurd times they live in; but at female mathematician growing up ficulties in making ends meet, and the same time their tragedy also in New China, shows her skill at a series of novels — Chen Huan- arouses in readers a determination portraying and analysing her sheng's Adventure in Town, Ciien to make more of their own lives. characters' innermost feelings. The Huansheng Changing Trades A 1984 novelette. The Chess Mas• novelist Deng Youmei uses his ear and Chen Huansheng Con• ter by the young writer Ah Cheng for the local Beijing dialect to tracts jar Production — chronicl• illustrates how the talents of mil• clearly delineate the lives and cus• ing the great changes economic lions of educated youths were toms of people in that ancient cap• reform has brought to rural China. wasted after they were sent to set• ital city. Liu Binyan, on the other But these works do not merely re• tle in the countryside during the hand, uses forceful reportages to cord improvements and praise the "cultural revolution." It also de• expose the shortcomings of socie• Party's current poMcies, instead, picts the younger generation's ty, including bureaucratism, offic• they focus on delineating charac• desire for civilized lives with its ial conservatism and other trends. ters and their psychology, on the forceful writing and adept charac• These authors, with their wide historical changes manifested in terizations. These works were variety of styles, represent just a human relationships. They ex• named the best novelettes of the few of the many voices now being press the authors' keen observation past two years by the Chinese heard in contemporary China. of social progress while offering Writers' Association. readers rich and complex descrip• At a national conference of tions of vivid characters drawn writers and artists held in Novem• from real life. Varied Artistic Styles ber 1979, Deng Xiaoping pointed out that the government should not As various restrictions on art At the same time, some writers interfere in an author's choice of are removed, Chinese liierature have made the "cultural revolu• themes or methods of expression. has gradually expanded its hori• tion" their main theme — but in This guiding principle was em• zons to include a wide variety of a way quite different from the phasized again in a Party Central styles and points of view. With authors of "wounds literature." Committee message to the recent their freedom of literary creation Fourth National Congress of the now guaranteed, writers are able Chinese Writers' Association. The Li Cunbao. to express their different experi• Central Committee absolutely guar• ences, qualities and opinions in anteed the freedom to write and works richer than any seen before make comments on literary works. in the People's Republic. Some Freedom of creation means, as one contemporary writers specialize in depicting historical figures includ• writer said at the congress, that ing kings, emperors, imperial con• authors are free to express their cubines, generals, scholars and own feelings about life and adopt peasant leaders; other prefer to whatever artistic methods they deal with China's struggles against think best. Some people still held imperialism and feudalism in the different views on these issues. But first half of this century. Most, in general, contemporary Chinese however, concentrate on inodern literature is growing more vivid life. Wang Meng, who earned a and varied, and its writers are national reputation for his wide gaining more respect as they pur• range of subjects and style, sue their quest for the truth which was the first to use a "stream lies at the heart of modern Chi• of consciousness" narrative to nese life. •

June 24, 1985 .15 Economist On Socialist Commodity Economy

— An interview with Liu Guo- changing demands. These demands Q: Can state planning still con• guang, vice-president of the Chi• can only be met by developing the trol or guide the economy after the nese Academy of Social Sciences commodity economy. role of market regulation has been expanded? Question: Why is the socialist Currently, China's social produc• commodity economy considered tive forces are still relatively back• A: The commodity economy is an important theoretical foundation ward, and are developing uneven• subject to the law of value, and for China's current economic struc• ly. Given this, diverse forms of central planning must also obey tural reform? ownership including the collective this law. The two are not antago• and individual ownership and Chi• nistic, but complement each other. Answer: In the past people used nese-foreign joint ventures, will to link a commodity economy with coexist for a long time, under the Under China's socialist system, capitalism. In fact, commodities guidance of the state-owned econ• the publicly-ovyned sector is pre• came into existence with the advent omy. State-owned factories too dominant in the national econ• of the division of labour, the ap• must be separated from govern• omy. In 1983, 99 percent of pearance of different kinds of ment administration and given China's total industrial output ownership and the beginning of autonomy in management. This value came from state or collec• exchange activities. Commodity makes the commodity economy in• tively owned businesses, while only exchanges took place in primitive, evitable in China's current stage 1 percent came from Chinese- slave and feudal societies. Capital• of development. foreign joint ventures or privately ism emerged only when commodity owned businesses. economies developed to-a certain The commodity economy has an stage. Capitalism, in turn, has active role to play. It may help This being the case, the law of brought commodity economies to people respect the law of value and value cannot play a completely an unprecedented level of develop• urge businesses to pay attention to spontaneous regulating role, as it ment. Clearly, the commodity changes in market demand, im• does in a capitalist society. In• economy is not unique to cap• prove their management, services stead, its role as a regulator is italism. and products and upgrade their operating within a rather limited equipment and technology. scope. The state still uses manda• China's economy used to be tory plans to control those busi• highly centralized. Under this sys• Q: Will China's economic reform nesses, materials and construction tem, businesses lacked autonomy. lead to capitalism? projects vital to the state economy The state plan was ensured by ad• A: After several hundred years' and people's livelihood. The state ministrative means. All the indus• also uses economic levers such as trial materials were allocated by experience, the capitalist commod• ity economy has devised rather prices, taxes, loans and. interest the state. Different departments rates to provide guidance planning. and regions could not do business efficient ways to organize large- scale production and the circula• directly. This is proved by the successes tion of commodities. China should China has scored in the past six All these problems stemmed make use of these experiences. from the fact that the central plan• years in readjusting the seriously ners did not really pay attention However, exploitation is inher• disproportionate national economy. ent in the capitalist system; it turns to the commodity economy and the For instance, no mandatory quo• almost everything into a com• law of value. This fossilized way tas have been set for grain and of thinking had to be reformed, modity, and turns the relations be• cotton production in recent years, because it is not in line with Chi• tween people into mercenary rela• yet their output rose. One impor• na's circumstances and cannot mo• tions. China should reject this tant reason is that their purchase bilize the initiative of businesses decadent ideology and the cut• prices were raised. and their workers. throat competition which comes The aim of socialist develop• with capitalism. The planned com• In the final analysis, under so• ment is to satisfy the people's ever- modity economy practised today cialist public ownership there are increasing demands for material will enable China to,regulate its no fundamental conflicts of interest and cultural wellbeing. It is im• 'economy and help the country among the people. This enables possible for the government's over- avoid the cyclical economic reces• the government to implement a centralized plan to include every• sion and polarization brought planned economy to regulate the thing, and to satisfy their ever- about by the capitalist system. interests of various sectors. •

26 Beijing Review, No. 25 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

more to educate its women. Due Job Woes Waste Wanted Skills to some historical and social tutes, which further confirms that causes, Chinese women are con• from "ZHONGGUO FUNU women are capable of getting good fronted with more difficulties and BAO" grades. It is reported that in 1984, will have to mate more efforts to (Women of China Weekly) 18.78 percent of China's post• catch up with their male col• graduate students were women, up leagues. However, they are a IN the past few years, many from 14.47 percent only three fundamental force for the country's universities and colleges in years earlier. That figure is expect• present and future development, China have been confronted with ed to rise still further in years to and their treatment is an important problems in finding jobs for their come. issue in the government's policies female graduates — and the reason oh intellectuals. is that employers demand men to China also fares well in the Truly, the employers' rejection fill their available posts. college enrolbnent di women when of qualified college women not The Beijing Foreign Studies compared with countries overseas: only wastes valuable intellectual University (formerly translated as the United States ranked first in resources, but also harms the the Beijing Institute of Foreign the world with 51.7 percent in schools' enrollment policies. Some Languages), for example, graduat• 1981, while Federal Germany re• schools even complain that finding ed equal members of both sexes in corded a figure of 36.7 percent in job assignments is so difficult that 1983. But when university officials 1980, Japan had 22.3 percent in they have to enrol some men with began their annual job search, not 1982 and China had 28 percent in poor accademic records while re• one request came in for a qualified 1984. This proportion, too, is ex• jecting young women with far woman. The same held true at pected to grow in the future. higher grades. This situation must Shanghai's Fudan University, be eliminated as quickly as where 70 employers — one-third of Indeed, China could do much possible. those contracted — claimed that they would turn away any women assigned to them by the school. Even worse, it also has harmed female students enthusiasm for their studies and cast doubt on Eugenics Successes Recorded in China their future role in society. the Union Hospital in 1976, help• In fact, almost all schools and from "JIAN KANG BAO" ed turn a new page in the history work units acknowledge that Chi• (Health News) nese college women are as quali• of prenatal diagnosis. fied as men. A large number of C HINA'S first healthy birth fol• In recent years, the state clinical them have become leaders in their lowing artificial insemination department has been publicizing fields, and now work as scientists, with frozen sperm shows that the use of Type-B ultrasonic diag• university professors, managers and eugenics is improving the quality nostic equipment and breeding government officials. Their of the country's population. Since villus cells for early-stage in-utero scholastic performance also lends eugenics research began in 1979, pregnancy examinations to help convincing supporting to their case China has made headways in pro• prospective parents give birth to at Beijing's Qinghua University, to grammes stressing pre-marriage healthy children. name but one high-ranking institu• examinations, prenatal diagnosis, tion, top marks went to equal inheritance consulting and epidem• To further ensure this aim, many numbers of men and women in ic disease study. Chinese clinics have started special 1982, 83 and 84. pre-marital examination pro• The successful breeding of grammes for young couples. In the past few years, increasing amniotic fluid cells, done jointly numbers of women have enrolled by the Heredity Institute of the According to statistics collected as post-graduates in various insti• Chinese Academy of Sciences and during three years of research in June 24, 1985 27 Shanghai, 25,432 of 180,219 peo• to counsel people on eugenics ple examined, or 14.11 percent, problems. .According to surveys, New Wedding carried diseases that could effect China now has 256 inheritance the quality of their children. Last consulting agencies, up 2.16 times Ways in Tibet year, among the 90 precent of all over 1981. newlyweds who underwent pre• Sperm banks have also been set from^'GONGREN RIBAO" marital check-ups in Harbin, 20.09 (Workers' Daily) up in Shanghai, Hunan, and Qing- percent had abnormalities. These dao, leading to new gains in statistics imply that science is help• INCE Tibet's peaceful libera• studies on the freezing of human ing to ensure the happiness of S tion in 1951. the region's sperm and artificial insemination. Chinese families. formerly traditional polyandry and The country's first successful birth polygamy have been swept away In many big cities, pre-marital, by artificial insemination has in favour of more modern pre-gestation and inheritance con• brought glad tidings to infertile marriage customs. couples. sulting agencies have been set up Many young people in Lhasa today are ignorant of the city's "Marriage Introduction Office," and prefer not to choose their spouse:^ with the help of local Production Set-Up Key to Economy matchmakers. Instead, they like to meet the opposite sex through their friends, especially on picnics under 3 percent from 1985 to the in suburban parks. from "JINGJI YANJIU" end of the century. If no necessary Most Tibetan wedding ceremo• (Economic Research) measures are taken, the major nies are held in the home of either positive element in the country's the bride or the groom, with the HINA is getting down to the economic expansion will become final decision depending on which task of readjusting its produc• a negative factor. C is more comfortable and where the tion set-up in order to push its From now on, every year about new couple would like to live. In national economic development to 40 million peasants — and a large fact, some parents regard their a new stage, according to a re> amount of idle money — flood daughters even more highly than search report by the China from the countryside into cities, their sons. For instance, although Research Group Studying the Prob• towns and industrial departments. Lazhen is going to get married this lems in Rural Development. But this transfer, at present, is August, her parents still want her blocked by the unique situation to live at home — in spite of the In the past few years, China's of China's markets and processing fact that they also have a son. gross national output value has in• industries. The Chinese people After discussing the matter, Lazhen creased at an annual average of have passed through a jjhase of and her future husband agreed to 9 percent — 5 percent of which necessities consumption. They her parents' wishes, and decided actually came from the countryside. have even gone past buying bicy• they would have their wedding The sky-rocketing growth of agri• cles, watches, transistor radios party at her home. cultural production and peasant and sewing machines, and are now income has stimulated the expan• In Lhasa, young girls are opti• seeking colour TVs and other sion and prosperity of China's mistic, easy-mannered and not as high-quality consumer durables. domestic market, giving a major shy as the Han girls in dealing Meanwhile, as influenced by the boost to the country's imminent with hoys. They also show less mould of development. China's economic take-off. interest in the material side of manufacturing industry has sur• marriage, placing little stress on' But this momentum cannqt be passed that of many other coun• whether their potential husbands maintained. According to known tries with similar per-capita in• own luxury goods such as a tele• information, nationwide surpluses comes. vision set. cassette recorder or re• of grain and cotton were first seen frigerator. in 1983. By 1985, this situation Thus, China's current readjust• was producing a storage crisis in ment in production set-up is funda• According lo one Tibetan girl: these vital crops for the first time mental to meeting the new needs "A common language is good in Chinese history. in a changing economic situation, enough for both of us. Other and will have a profound effect things are unimportant, as long as China's grain production output on its long-term development and we can have a family of our growth should therefore be held social prosperity. own."

28 Beijing Review, No. 25 BUSINESS AND TRADE

welcome to have their prcpa:, Expanding Foreign Insurance Business insured with the PICC. "The People's Insurance Com• the interior of China. It has also To protect the interests of the pany of China (PICC) has paid set up branches or liaison offices insured, Li said, China has pro• about. 100,000 yuan in foreign in Hongkong and Macao, and in mulgated insurance regulations on exchange to the owners of the five Singapore and London. The PICC enterprises. foreign cars which were damaged has empowered its agencies in in a soccer match riot at Workers' over 100 countries to make on-the- The China Hotel- Stadium in Beijing on May 19. spot inspections of insured ships The cars, owned by embassies and and cargoes and pay off claims. A Rising Star other foreign organizations in Tbe PICC, China's sole The China Hotel, a Guangzhou Beijing, were all insured by the state-owned insurance company, tourist complex jointly financed by PICC. Representatives from the has expanded its business in recent local and Hongkong firms, cele• foreign organizations have ex• years. It now insures property brated its first anniversary on June pressed their satisfaction with the valued at USSlOO billion. 10. Two unusual things have mark• prompt and effective settlement of ed to its initial success: their claims." Li Qiang, deputy The company has joined the First, its !9-storey building general manager of the overseas Asian Reinsurance Corporation covering an area of 168.000 business department of the PICC, and the South Place Syndicate, square metres, which includes told Beijing Review on June 8. a member of the New York In• surance Exchange. The PICC and 1,200 hotel rooms, offices, apart• "According to the company's the US International Insurance ments and a shoppiMq arcadi-, motorcar insurance clauses, we Group jointly set up the Sino-US were completed in on!y 28 moiit!?b, are obliged to pay for damage Insurance Corporation in 1980. six months ahead of schedule, caused by a third party's malicious The PICC has now forged reinsu• thanks to the concerted efforts act," Li said. made by investors, buildcvo. oce.i- rance business ties with 1.200 tors and the local government. So far, about 100 embassies and insurance and reinsurance com• Second, it not only began earn• 310 Beijing-based foreign enter• panies worldwide. It takes in ing a profit in its first year of prises, banks and press offices premiums totalling US$100 million operation — & situation far from have bought insurance policies each year. common among large new hotels from the PICC. Li Qiang noted that foreign — but also paid US.$20 million i; The company opened 2,100 tourists, entrepreneurs and foreign capital and interest on its total in• branches and 800 sub-branches in organizations in China are vestment of about US$100 million. ple. This ensures that its staff are competent and offer services ac• cording to set standards. Although it was originally plan• ned as a four-star hostelry, many believe that the China Hotel may eventually achieve a five-star rank• ing. Joachim Burger, its general manager, and his colleagues hold that, "the grade of the hotel should be judged by the hotel guests. The criteria are: First, the main part of the building; second, the in• terior decorations; and third, the managerial level and service quality." "We place our hope on our own efforts. We shall encourage our A standard room. staff to provide the best service for our guests," he added.

China Buys More Foreign Planes

China signed its largest aircraft purchase contract of the year when it agreed to buy eight planes from the Boeing Company of the United States. The US$350 million deal will give the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) two Boeing 767s, one 747 jumbo jet and five 737s. The US company Food street. will also deliver six more planes purchased under an,earlier agree• More important, the China Hotel The hotel is also notable for its ment. has earned a high reputation success in integrating highly effi• abroad. "While staying at this cient Western management and tra• Early this year, the Chinese na• hotel, we can savour the flavour ditional Chinese courtesy. tional airline also purchased three of the Hongkong restaurants; see Airbus A310s from Airbus Indus• the top-notch service attitude and But officials say the key to its trie of Europe, eight Short Bro• enjoy modern hotel facilities. The operation is the recruiting and thers' Short 360 from Britain and China Hotel is almost the same training of talented people. Apart a number of TU-154s 160-seat as those in Hongkong and the from the 180 major managerial aircraft from the Soviet Union. United States," one guest said. personnel recruited from overseas CAAC signed an agreement on the and Hongkong, most of its 3,000 purchase of six BAE-146 passenger Foreign businessmen and tour• staff members are hired after aircraft with British Aerospace in ists can now reserve rooms in passing public examinations. Their May. advance by long-distance telephone average age Is 22 years. In the from more thari 100 booking agents past year, the hotel's training cen• CAAC has so far purchased 40 around the world. tre has run courses for 9,216 peo• aircraft from abroad this year. 30 Beijing Review. No. 25 CULTURE AND SCIENCE

Fossils Reveal 18 Million-Year-Old World

China's first county-level paleon• animal fossils show fine details, unearthed. China's earliest and tology museum has been establish• such as an insect's wings and feet, most complete duck fossil is also ed in Shanwang village in the a bat's thin wings and a rat's displayed in the museum. Scien• suburbs of Weifang City, Shan• whiskers. Others mark the con• tists conjecture from its shape that dong Province. Its thousand fossils, tents of an animal's stomach. it may have been related to the ancestor of today's duck. A tiny all collected in the vicinity, indicate The animal fossils include ver• that the locality was much warmer tebrates and invertebrates. About bird fossil in the museum is also and moist 18 to 20 million years 100 species of insects resemble in good condition and, most ago than it is today. Its climate those that survive today in south wonderfully, pebbles in its gizzard was almost the equivalent of south China and India, but they are can be seen very clearly. China's, which is in a subtropical bigger aiid appear more primitive, Mammal fossils are valuable for zone. In the Miocene epoch most evidence of evolution. studying the evolution of existing existing animals and plants or their mammals that came into being 25 nearest ancestors appeared there. Fish are the earliest vertebrates. million years ago. They include The fossils illustrate China's specif• flying squirrels that have ever• Plant fossils. Fossils of nearly ic fish families. Most are now growing front teeth and other 100 species (belonging to 15 extinct; a few are like carp that animals of the mouse family as genera) of one-celled algae have existed two or three million years well as bats. been discovered. Eighty-five per• ago. cent are existing species, the rest The fossils of amphibious Scientists find it interesting that extinct. After studying these fos• animals include a frog discovered all carnivorous-animal fossils dis• sils, scientists concluded that the in the 1930s and salamanders and covered in Shanwang belong to the vicinity used to be a freshwater toads found in the 60s and 70s, bear family. One of them has long, lake. One-celled algae lived in the along with a lot of tadpoles and thin limbs and a tail. Scientists shallow, dirty water near the shore, young frogs. These fossils are well regard it as a collateral branch of where the water was still and preserved and include many today's bear family and have nutritious. species. labeled it "ancestor of the oriental bear." Another animal resembles There are also fossils of spore Reptile fossils include all types a bear in frame but has a different pollen of algae and fern, of leaves, of existing reptiles: turtles, croco• tooth structure. seeds, fruit, flowers and spore pol• diles, Uzards and snakes. Snake len of ivy, pine and other trees, fossils are especially well pre• There are fossils of tapirs, wind-borne, according to scientists, served. rhinoceroses, pigs and deer. In from distant mountains. Shanwang's bird fossils are the 1978 scientists found China's first most numerous and intact in China. complete, standing rhinoceros Animal fossils. Most animal In 1976 China's first complete bird fossil — 4.2 metres long and 2.05, fossils are complete. Some show a fossil was discovered there. Four metres high. It is different from struggle before death. Fish were years later the fossils of a peacock- existing ones because it has no usually buried in groups. Some size bird with strong claws was horn. lune 24, 1985 31 The discovery of the fossils of The new system will help pro• Chinese scientists began studying four ancient deer, named "tri-antler tect agriculture, animal husbandry, the peaceful use of nuclear energy ancient deer," had special signific• fisheries, communications and off• in the 1950s. In agriculture, radia• ance because it • proved that an• shore pil prospecting against na• tion techniques have since been cient male deer had three antlers tural disasters. used to develop 150 superior seed whereas females had none. Deer strains. boosting grain yields It will include seven sections fossils found in Europe were not by 2,500,000 tons. The new governing global meteorological complete enough to indicate strains have been planted on data gathering and transmission, whether they had antlers or not. 6.600,000 hectares nationwide. global prediction models and high• The finding of fossils of lago- speed computer and telecom• meryx, a kind of ancient deer, (see munications networks. China Organ Swaps picture) which have life-long an• To speed up construction, the tlers was an even more splendid National Meteorological Center Tops in World discovery. More than 40 fossils of and three other research facilities Chinese doctors are among the lagomeryx have been unearthed in will establish a joint committee to world's most skilled at performing Shanwang, making Shanwang the supervise the project and tackle organ transplants, according to largest and best-preserved fossil related scientific problems. medjcal experts at an international site of its kind in the world. symposium on organ grafting held Although Chinese short-range In 1980 !he locality was desig• in Wuhan, Hubei Province, in weather forecasts are 80 percent nated by the government as a April. accurate, medium-range predictions major national nature reserve. No issued from three to ten days in The country's first kidney trans• one is allowed to dig inside a 1.2 advance are still not accurate plant was performed in the late square kilometre area without the enough and thus fall short of the 1960s. Surgeons later went on to State Council's permission. needs of various departtnents. successfully carry out over 1,500 The fossils come from a layer of operations involving lungs, spleens, rock made of piied-up shells of endocrine glands, adrenal glands ancient algae. A pit, the size of a More Nuclear and testes. basketball court, has been dug. The symposium, sponsored by The edges of pieces of grey rock Centres Go Up the Hubei branch of the Chinese arc turned up like pages of an old Medical Association, attracted 120 book because of exposure in the A dozen radiation centres using medical specialists and professors air. Since 1978 over 10,000 fossils cobalt 60 isotopes to disinfect from the United States, the Federal have been unearthed, representing medical equipment, process chem• Republic of Germany, Austria, more than 300 species, of which icals and keep food fresh will be japan and China. 100 are extinct. built in China over the next 18 .months. The 10,000 *Li' New Forecast China's largest nuclear radiation centre is scheduled to go into opera• Huanghe tion in iuly 1986 in Lanzhou, cap• For Good Weather The W,000 •'Li" Huanghe by ital of Gansu Province in north• Zhou Zhongfu, 158 metres long west China. The centre will steri• China will invest 98.8 million and 46 centimetres wide, depicts lize herbal medicines and furs, pre• yuan in a modern medium-range landscapes, customs and historic serve vegetables, fruits, meats and weather forecasting system to im• sites along the f-Iuanghe (Yellow) eggs, and develop superior strains prove the efficiency and accuracy River and extols the achievements of cotton and other crops. of its international and domestic of the Chinese people in harness• meteorological services. Other radiation centres will be ing this unruly river since 1949. The system, to be buili in the set up in large cities including Zhou. 70, was born and still norihwestern suburbs of Beijing, is Shanghai, Tianjin, Nanjing, Zheng- lives near the Huanghe River in scheduled for completion before zhou and Chongqing. These facili• Henan Province. To paint this 1990. Its forecast, issued four to ties will mainly be used for isotope scroll, he followed the river from six days in advance, will meet research, although they will also its source to the sea, making more current European standards for undertake commercial projects for than 10,000 sketches. He began medium-range predictions •— now local hospitals, chemical factories the painting in 1978 and finished the most accurate in the world. and agricultural units. in the late 1984.

32 Beijing Review. No. 25 SPORTS

against Cuba. But after watching Chinese Spikers Win in Beijing Tourney this tournament, experts believe that China's major task will be to World triple crown holders the Eighth World Cup in 1978. In increase the killing capacity of its China spiked their way to an im• their eight previous encounters serves and improve its defensive pressive victory in the Seagull In• with China in the 1982, they ran capabilities against taller rivals ternational Volleyball Tourna• up a record of two victories against such as Cuba and the United ment in Beijing May 27-29 — but six defeats. States. runners-up Cuba gave the cham• pions a clear warning of stiff com• The Chinese revealed a depth of Chief coach Deng Ruozeng sees petition for future titles. talent hidden in new, young the Beijing tournament as a warm- players. Seventeen-year-old, 1.77- up for the World Cup this Novem• The Chinese women, trying out metre-tall Wu Dan showed herself ber, in Japan. Players will need several new faces on their home a stand-out by reeling off point excellent stamina to make the cut court, showed much progress in after point in the crucial fifth set for that competition, he stressed. net blocking, often leaving iheir opponents with no reply to varia• tions on their proven point-win• School Trains New Football Stars ning tactics. The young Cubans, however, Only after China's national soc• m response to a newspaper were difficult to impress. Averag• cer team suffered major defeats in advertisement financed by its ing 19.5 years old and 1.82 me• several crucial international tour• sponsor, the Beijing Soccer Club, naments, did football experts here tres tall, they matched the more .^fter passing several tests, only begin to think seriously about experienced Chinese at the net one hundred of the 5-6 year olds pinning their hopes for the future with their excellent jumping abil• were admitted. ity. Their strong spiking, superior on training new stars. agility and sharp, heavy serves also The recent establishment of a The first two-hour class was forced their opponents into many soccer school for pre-school chil• held on )une !, International errors. And although they finally dren in Beijing's Shijingshan Children's Day. After some basic lost to the Chinese by a score of District reflects this decision — instruction in the classroom, the 2-3, the Cubans left even partisan and the country's love for sports. boys will concentrate on practical Beijing fans with no doubts about About 800 boys, their "parents in field techniques. Some of the their new status as a major threat tow, rushed to the school's first school's coaches are former soccer to China's crown. Cuba captured preliminery entrance examination players of national fame.

Near-perfect co-ordination for a quick strike. The entrance examination picks future world cuppers. BOOKS

Shapiro's Book About Chinese jews lews In Old China the Canadian Church of England; China's Han majority and perhaps Compiled and translated by: This is nothing new. her Jewish minority? Answers to Sidney Shapiro A special, perhaps unique con• these and other questions may be Published and distributed by: tribution of Sidney Shapiro's book inferred from Sidney Shapiro's Hippocrene Books, Inc., is that it makes available in Eng• book. 'New York. USA lish the researches of over a dozen Not all traditions are sacred, Price: US$15.95 Chinese scholars on the subject of however. They may be feudal, Jews in old China. Their work capitalist or socialist; patriarchal, "You've been living in China for from the end of the 19th century sexist or humane. This applies to over 30 years and your name is up to the present decade is im• both Jewish and Chinese traditions. Shapiro, so of course you know pressive, covering the religion, his• Preservation and development of all about the Chinese Jews. tory, economic, social and political positive traditions and customs en• What's the story?" For all his activity of the Jews and their even• riches a culture and promotes its qualifications (which, incidentally, tual assimilation in old China. progress. This assumption (as well include an exceptional command as socialist tolerance and socialist of spoken and written Chinese) The Jewish people had survived humanism) is presumably part of ^ Sidney Shapiro did not know. But dispersion and persecution in bi• the ideological basis of China's he does now and he tells us the blical times (by the Egyptians, As• policy to minority nationalities. It is it story in Jews In Old China, a syrians, Babylonians and Romans) conceivable that the Jewish people, ^ scholarly but unpretentious and as well as in medieval Europe, who elsewhere produced such fig- readable book, which should be 19th century Russia and Hitler's ures as Moses, Jesus, Marx, Freud ? of exceptional interest to many of 3rd Reich. So their assimilation in and Einstein, might, if they had -f- the pilgrims from the West now China is a thought-provoking phe• survived, have produced compar- ^ pouring into China. nomenon. A Jewish reader recently able figures in China. But China ^ wrote from the USA to. Beijing can hardly be,,blamed for their non- — Jews first settled in China cen• Review: "The point of the article emergence in this country where. ^ turies ago. Some sensational spec• (B.R. April's, 1985) is, ... 'China's by the way, as the author points JL ulations push their arrival back Jews found harmony.' But accord• out, anti-Semitism has to all in- J to biblical times. More sober es• ing to the article, the Chinese Jews tents and purposes, never existed, n timates start about the 7th century also found extinction. They lost On the contrary, the painstakitig - AD, when Jews, generally with their religious traditions and be• scientific research by Chinese schol- ^ Persians, Arabs and other Mus• came no different from the Chi• ars into the history of Jews in Old a lims, travelled to China "by two nese." The writer of the letter China indicates the existence of * main routes. One was by land finds this lamentable, stating: "One a current of respect for them among ^ along the Silk Road, the other by of the reasons (we) Jews are per• other minority nationalities. At the ^ sea from south India. Successive secuted. . .is for our insistence on same time, of course, there has waves of Jewish immigrants flow• retaining our distinctive customs. been a counter-current, exemplified "f ed in during the Tang, Song and- A happy story would be one in by the fascistic racism and xeno- "j" Yuan dynasties,, that is from the which the Chinese Jews preserved phobia nurtured by Chiang Kai- 7th to the 14th century. During their traditions and separate identi• shek, Jiang Qing and others. Tt 7 that time there appear to have been ty and nevertheless lived in har• is precisely this conflict of currents, Jewish communities not only in mony with their neighbours.. ." with its relevance for China's 50- ^ Kaifeng, the biggest and best- The letter-writer's point deserves odd nationalities, which gives Sid- known settlement, but also in Luo- consideration and debate. Why is ney Shapiro's book significance be- M yang, Xian, Dunhuang, Hangzhou, it that the Jews became extinct in yond the scope of its title Jews In ^ Guangzhou, Nanjing and Beijing. China but not in so many other Old China. Perhaps some day, as iz. Later Westerners who reported on countries? And why did so many an old Jew in New China he will ^ Jews in old China range from other nationalities in China survive, carry the story forward into the ^ 17th century Jesuit missionaries to despite being at a less advanced 19th and 20th centuries. ^ the 20th century Bishop White of level of social development than — David Crook ^ 54 Beijing Review, No. 25 ^1 ?

Portrait of a Woman. ART PACE

Sketches by Wang Zongzhou Born in 1 946 in Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, Wang Zongzhou teaches in the fine arts department of the Central Institute for Nationalities. These sketches are the result of many tours through China's ethnic minority areas.

A Youth and on Old Man.

Tibetan Women. Tibetan Women. . Traditional Chinese Medicine — * Acupuncture

Acupuncture is an important branch of traditional Chinese medicine, an organic part of this rich and varied field. According to historical records, it has been practised for at least 2,000 years. Today acupuncture is widely used in clinical treatment and is the subject of growing interest in medical circles around the world. We are pleased to recommend a number of books on acupuncture translated into English and other Western languages, books that are useful to both researchers and practitioners. The Story of Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion (in Spanish) Essentials of Chinese Acupuncture (in English, Spanish) . The Way to Locate Acu-Points (in English) National Symoposia on Acupunculure and Moxibustion and Acupuncture Anaesthesia (in English) Charts of Acupuncture Points and Meridians (in French, German, Spanish ) Anatomical Charts of the Acupuncture Points and 1 4 Meridians (in English) Anatomical Atlas of Chinese Acupuncture Points (in English, French) The Second National Symposium on Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Acupuncture Anaesthesia (Abstracts) (in English)

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