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What Borrowing Buys Us

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What Borrowing Buys Us WHAT BORROWING BUYS US A STUDY OF MANDARIN CHINESE LOANWORD PHONOLOGY Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Crane birds , variation on picture taken by Michael Winkels ISBN: 978-94-6093-087-4 NUR 616 Copyright © 2012: Xiaoli Dong. All rights reserved. WHAT BORROWING BUYS US A STUDY OF MANDARIN CHINESE LOANWORD PHONOLOGY CHINESE LEENWOORDFONOLOGIE : EEN STUDIE (MET EEN SAMENVATTING IN HET NEDERLANDS ) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. G. J. van der Zwaan ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 7 september 2012 des middags te 2.30 uur door Xiaoli Dong geboren op 29 december 1982 te Ruian, China Promotor: Prof. dr. W. Zonneveld FOR MY PARENTS 献给我的父亲母亲 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii CHAPTER 1 General introduction 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Goal 1: analyzing MC loanword phonology based on a corpus study 3 1.3 Goal 2: phonological vs. phonetic in loanword adaptation 4 1.4 The structure of the dissertation 5 CHAPTER 2 Previous loanword studies 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Phonological view – perception is irrelevant 9 2.3 Phonetic view – perception is relevant 11 2.3.1 Perception is relevant and it is all 11 2.3.2 Perception is relevant but it is not all 15 2.3.2.1 Loanword-specific rankings are needed 16 2.3.2.2 No loanword specific rankings 20 2.4 Conclusion 28 CHAPTER 3 Loanword adaptation scenarios 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Input and adapter types 33 3.2.1 Input types: not only acoustic input 33 3.2.2 Adapter types 37 3.2.3 Summary 39 3.3 Loanword adaptation scenarios 39 3.4 Adaptations based on purely orthographic input 41 3.4.1 Scenarios 1 and 2 41 3.4.2 Adaptation experiments of scenarios 1 and 2 42 3.4.3 Analysis of adaptation in scenarios 1 and 2 43 3.4.3.1 Adaptation in scenario 1 45 3.4.3.2 Adaptation in scenario 2 48 3.4.4 Discussion and summary 51 3.5 Adaptations based on purely acoustic input 52 3.5.1 Scenarios 3 and 4 52 3.5.2 Adaptation experiments of scenarios 3 and 4 53 3.5.3 Analysis of adaptation in scenarios 3 and 4 54 3.4.3.1 Adaptation in scenario 3 55 3.4.3.2 Adaptation in scenario 4 60 3.5.4 Discussion and summary 63 3.6 Adaptations based on both orthographic and acoustic input 64 3.6.1 Scenarios 5 and 6 64 3.6.2 Adaptation experiments of scenarios 5 and 6 65 3.6.3 Analysis of adaptation in scenarios 5 and 6 67 3.6.3.1 Adaptation in scenario 5 67 3.6.3.2 Adaptation in scenario 6 69 3.6.4 Discussion and summary 70 3.7 Adaptation by RL/SL proficient bilinguals 70 3.8 Conclusion 71 CHAPTER 4 Languages under investigation 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 MC tones 73 4.3 Consonants 74 4.3.1 Voicing 76 4.3.2 Aspiration 76 4.3.3 Place of articulation 76 4.4 Vowels 77 4.4.1 High vowels 79 4.4.2 Mid vowels 80 4.4.3 Low vowels 81 4.4.4 Diphthongs 82 4.5 MC and English syllable structure 83 4.6 Conclusion 85 CHAPTER 5 Loanwords in MC 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 The history of borrowing in Chinese 87 5.3 Loanword-types in Chinese 88 5.3.1 Phonemic loanwords 88 5.3.2 Semantic loanwords 90 5.3.3 Phono-semantic loanwords 90 5.3.4 Graphic loanwords 91 5.4 The current corpus data 92 5.4.1 The source of loanwords in the current corpus 92 5.4.2 The input of English loans in MC 94 5.4.3 The adapters of English loans in MC 94 5.4.4 Two important questions 97 5.5 Conclusion 97 viii CHAPTER 6 External factors and chaos filters 6.1 Introduction 99 6.2 The role of external factors in loanword phonology 100 6.2.1 Misinterpreted orthography 100 6.2.2 Semantic-association 101 6.3 The chaos filters in MC loanword phonology 103 6.3.1 Chaos filter 1: orthography-filter 103 6.3.2 Chaos filter 2: semantic-association-filter 104 6.4 Filtering orthography: the English onset [ R] adaptation in MC 105 6.4.1 Data 105 6.4.2 Analysis of English [ R] adaptation in MC 106 6.5 Filtering semantic-association: the English onset [z] adaptation in MC 108 6.5.1 Data 108 6.5.2 Analysis of English [z] adaptation in MC 110 6.6 Conclusion 114 CHAPTER 7 The bigger picture: from phoneme to CV(N) 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 Miao (2006) and Lin (2008) 116 7.3 Beyond phonemic analysis 122 7.3.1 σ-STR in Miao (2006) 123 7.3.2 OK-σ in Lin (2008) 124 7.3.3 CV(N) sequence analysis of Miao’s and Lin’s data 126 7.4 CV(N) sequence analysis: one-to-one correspondence 127 7.4.1 IDENT -LEX in Wu (2006) 127 7.4.2 USE -LISTED -SYLLABLE in Hsieh et al . (2009) 128 7.5 Conclusion 130 CHAPTER 8 Three case studies: English CV-sequence adaptation in MC 8.1 Introduction 133 8.2 Case study 1: English [Ci, C H] adaptation in MC 134 8.2.1 Data 134 8.2.2 Analysis of English [Ci, C H] adaptation in MC 138 8.2.2.1 Mapping 1: [Ci, C H] [Ci] 138 8.2.2.2 Mapping 2: [Ci, C H] [Cei] 148 8.3 Case study 2: English [C ?] adaptation in MC 151 8.3.1 Data 151 8.3.2 Analysis of English [C ?] adaptation in MC 155 8.3.2.1 Mapping 1: [C ?] [C 6] 156 8.3.2.2 Mapping 2: [C ?] [Cwo] 159 8.3.2.3 Mapping 3: [C ?] [Cu] 160 8.3.2.4 Mapping 4: [C ?] [Cj D] 162 ix 8.3.2.5 Summary 164 8.4 Case study 3: English [Ce H] adaptation in MC 164 8.4.1 Data 164 8.4.2 Analysis of English [Ce H] adaptation in MC 166 8.4.2.1 Mapping 1: [Ce H] [Cei] 167 8.4.2.2 Mapping 2: [Ce H] [Cai] 171 8.4.2.3 Mapping 3: [Ce H] [Cj D] 175 8.4.2.4 Summary 176 8.5 More about characters in MC 177 8.6 Conclusion 180 CHAPTER 9 Different input types, different adaptation outputs 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 English [Ce] adaptation in the corpus: scenario 2 184 9.2.1 Data: English [e] adaptation in the corpus 184 9.2.2 Analysis of English [Ce] adaptation in MC 187 9.2.2.1 Mapping 1: [Ce] [Cei] 187 9.2.2.2 Mapping 2: [Ce] [Cai] 189 9.2.2.3 Mapping 3: [Ce] [Cj D] 193 9.2.3 Summary 194 9.3 English [Ce] adaptation in an adaptation experiment: scenario 4 195 9.3.1 Participants 195 9.3.2 Materials 196 9.3.3 Procedure 196 9.3.4 Adaptation in the AdExp-[Ce] vs. corpus 197 9.3.4.1 Group 1: English [be, pe, fe, ve, we, me, ne] adaptation 197 9.3.4.2 Group 2: English [e, de, te, se, ke] adaptation 200 9.3.4.3 Group 3: English [Re] adaptation 203 9.3.4.4 Group 4: English [he, le, re] adaptation 204 9.3.5 Summary 207 9.4 The perception of English [Ce] in perception experiments 207 9.4.1 Participants 208 9.4.2 Materials 208 9.4.3 Procedure 208 9.4.4 Results of the PercExps 209 9.4.4.1 Group 1: English [be, pe, fe, ve, we, me, ne] perception 209 9.4.4.2 Group 2: English [e, de, te, se, ke] perception 211 9.4.4.3 Group 3: English [Re] perception 212 9.4.4.4 Group 4: English [he, le, re] perception 212 9.4.4.5 Perception asymmetry of English [Ce] 213 9.4.5 Summary 214 x 9.5 The adaptation processes of English [Ce]s in the AdExp-[Ce] 214 9.5.1 Group 1: the adaptation processes of [be, pe, fe, ve, we, me, ne] 215 9.5.1.1 The adaptation processes of English [be, pe, ve, we, me, ne] 215 9.5.1.2 The adaptation processes of English [fe] 219 9.5.2 Group 2: the adaptation processes of English [e, de, te, se, ke] 221 9.5.2.1 The adaptation processes of [e, de, te, se] 221 9.5.2.2 The adaptation processes of [ke] 223 9.5.3 Group 3: the adaptation process of English [Re] 224 9.5.4 Group 4: the adaptation process of English [he, le, re] 225 9.5.5 Final remarks 227 9.6 Conclusion 227 CHAPTER 10 Different adapter types, different adaptation outputs 10.1 Introduction 229 10.2 Method of the English [ve] adaptation experiment 230 10.2.1 Participants 230 10.2.2 Materials 231 10.2.3 Procedure 231 10.3 Adaptation results of the AdExp-[ve] by three adapter types 232 10.4 Analyses of the AdExp-[ve] by three adapter types 234 10.4.1 Adapter type 1: L1 MC adapters 234 10.4.2 Adapter type 2: L1 English adapters 235 10.4.3 Adapter type 3: L1 Dutch adapters 238 10.5 Conclusion 243 CHAPTER 11 Concluding summary 11.1 Introduction 245 11.1.1 Loanword adaptation scenarios 245 11.1.2 Analyzing MC loanword phonology based on a corpus study 247 11.1.3 Phonological view vs.
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