Index

1–9 BL Lac, 48 104α,vii BL Lac objects, 106 21-cm radio line, 90 “Black” disks, 72, 74 22-m radio telescope, xvii Borodzich, vii, 40 3C111, 150 Bracewell, xii 3C120, 165 Braude, vi, ix, 181 3C147, 43 Bremsstrahlung, 195 3C196, 43, 197 Brewster angle, 73 3C273, 57, 96, 103, 165, 166 Brightness temperatures, 106 3C48, 43, 165 Broadband Cross Radio Telescope, 36 3C84, 165 BSA, 46Ð48 6-m optical telescope, 109 Byurakan Astronomical Observatory, 43, 48 70-m radio telescope, xix, 39, 59, 78, 98, 107, Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, 99, 157 108, 214 C A California Institute of Technologyã 39 Absorption, 200 Callisto, 42, 149 Acousto-optical spectrometer, 147 Carbon, 200 Active galaxies, 53 Cas A, xi Alfven waves, 239 Cassiopeia A, 68, 84, 95, 158, 163, 165, 182, Alupka, 15 197 Alushta, 15 Cassiopeia A, Cygnus A, Taurus A, Virgo A, Ambartsumian, v, xi, 99, 157 79 Angular structure, 192, 194 Centaurus A, 80, 150, 164 Annihilation line, 54 CH, xi, 23 Aperture synthesis, 76, 213 CH line, 91 Aperture-frequency synthesis, 85 Chesalin, 42 Arc method, 153 Chikhachev, vi, 3, 13 Artificial moon, viii, 73 Chromosphere, 89 Artyukh, 43 Circular polarisation, xvii, 177 Astrometric research, 154 Clark, 39 Astronomical unit, 216 “Clean” map, 147 Closure phases, 154 B CN, 103 BAO, 157, 161 CO, 83 Barret, 40 Comet Kohoutek, 50 Bistatic radar, 222 Commission for Radio Astronomy, xix

S.Y. Braude et al. (eds.), A Brief History of Radio Astronomy in the USSR, 247 Astrophysics and Space Science Library 382, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2834-9, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 248 Index

Compton losses, 54, 202 Energy losses, 96 Confusion, 185 Ephemerides, 207, 210, 214 Convection, 55 Europa, 149 Corona, 89, 229 Excited hydrogen, 40, 42 Correlation radiometer, 96 Excited-hydrogen line, 131 Cosmic masers, 84 Extragalactic sources, 35 Cosmic microwave background, xi, 82, 128 Extraterrestrial civilisations, 98 Cosmic radio sources, 38, 178, 192 Extraterrestrial intelligence, viii Cosmic rays, 52, 54, 55, 91 Cosmogony, 93 F Cosmos-669, 58 Faraday, 68 Crab Nebula, xvii, 10, 18, 20, 39, 40, 43, 68, Faraday rotation, 21, 22, 47 71, 92, 94, 103, 196 FIAN, vi, 29 Crab supernova (Taurus A), 80 Formaldehyde, xviii, 147 Crimean Astrophysical, 42 Fourier interferometers, 59 Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, 83 Fraunhofer, 85 Crimean Station, 15 Fraunhofer zone, 79 Cross radio telescope, 43 Fresnel, 85 CTA 102, vii, xi, 96 Fresnel zone, 79 CTA 21, xi G Cyanacetylene, 51 Gabuzda, xii Cyanamide, 83 GAISH, x, 89, 93 Cygnus A, 96, 150, 163, 164, 182 Galactic Centre, 53 Cygnus X, 24 Galactic spur, 81 Galaxies, 194 D Gamma-ray radiation, 53 Dagkesamanskii, 43, 44 Ganymede, 149 Decametre wavelengths, 184 Geomagnetic phenomena, 48 Deep Space Communications Centre, xix, 26, GIFTI, 61 40 Ginzburg, v, x, 1, 3, 51, 89 Deuterium, xi, 90, 122, 131 Global VLBI, 107 Dielectric permeability, 211 Goldstone, 106 Diffractive scintillation, 57 Gorelik, 8 Diffusion, 55 Gorkii, vi, viii, 8, 13, 65 “Dirty” map, 147 Gorkii PhysicalÐTechnical Institute, 13 Discrete radio sources, 194 Gorkii State University, 61 Discrete sources, xviii, 79, 130 Gorozhankin, 9 Dispersion interferometry, 222 Gravitational energy, 53 Dispersion measure, 107 Green Bank, xii, 106 DKR-1000, xvii, 34, 42, 45, 51, 108, 165, 168 Gyrofrequency, 128 Doppler beaming, 109 Doppler effects, 97 H Doppler shift, 200 H56α radio line, 42 Doroshkevich, 103, 128 H2CO, 152 Double radio sources, 97 H2O, 106, 152 Dravskikh, vii, 131, 153 H 104 line, 41 Dynamical spectra, 79 H56α, xviii H90α,vii E Halo, 54 Eclipse, 43 HCN, 84 Effelsberg, 108 HI, xi, 151 Electron bolometer, 103 HI absorption, 200 Electron density, 199 High-frequency excesses, 41 Electron temperature, 199 H(II), 195 Index 249

H II regions, 91, 194, 199 L Hubble constant, 111 Large Pulkovo Radio Telescope, xvii, 121, Hydrogen, xviii, 122, 147, 171 137, 183 Hydrogen line, 23 Large Pulkovo Telescope, 236 Hydroxyl, xviii, 147 Lebedev Physical Institute, x, 15, 183 Hydroxyl line, 90 Leningrad State University, 243 LGU, 243 I Limb-darkening, 218 IKI, 42, 89 Linear polarisation, xvii, 21, 22, 47, 81 Infrared, 53 Litvinenko, ix Inhomogeneities, 55 log N − log S, 151 Interferometry, 84 Long-baseline interferometers, 47 Interkosmos, 220 Longair, xii, 111 International Geophysical Year, 23, 24, 231, Lovell, 213 237 Lozinskaya, 24 International Year of the Quiet Sun, 24, 237 LPRT, 121, 137 Interplanetary plasma, 46, 48, 168 Lunar occultation, 80 Interstellar medium, 47, 107 Lunar radio emission, 27, 70 Interstellar molecules, 90 Lunar “seas”, 38 Interstellar plasma, 45 Interstellar water-vapour, 161 M Io, 149, 198 M-6000 computer, 49 Ionised gas, 130 M87, xi, 95 Ionised hydrogen, 184, 199 Magnetic bremsstrahlung, xvii Ionosphere, 86, 185, 192 Mandel’shtam, xv, 1 IRFE, 181 Mariner-2, 130 Markarian, 166 J Markarian galaxies, 48, 166 Janovich Ikauineks, 238 Jets, 53 Mars, 83, 212, 214 Jodrell Bank, 46 Maser emission, 90 Jodrell Bank Observatory, 213 Matveenko, vi, 23, 26, 40Ð42, 106 Jupiter, 79, 83, 130, 198, 202, 212 Mercury, 83, 152, 212 Metagalaxy, 184 K Meudon Observatory, 102 Kalachev, 11, 13, 26, 50 Micropulses, 47 Karadag Radio Astronomy Station, 73, 75 Moiseev, 42, 172 Kardashev, v, vii, 14, 24, 92, 95, 101, 107 Molecular radio lines, 50 Katsiveli, 176 Moon, 32, 71, 78, 130, 205 Keldysh, 38, 44 Kepler supernova remnants, 80 N Khaikin, vi, x, xix, 4, 13, 15, 26, 61, 119, 226 Nancay telescope, 102 Kharkov, vi, ix, 79 Neutral hydrogen, 23, 162 Kislyakov, 82 Neutron Stars, 56 Knife beams, 126 NGC 3034, 103 Kogan, 42 NGC 7027, 103 Konovalenko, ix Nitrogen, 90, 200 Korol’kov, 154 Nodding, 66 Koshka, 9 Non-thermal, 52 Koshka Mountain, 15 Novikov, v, x, xi, 103, 128 Kostenko, 42 NRAO, 83 Kotel’nikov, vi, viii, xv, xix, 38, 205 Kraus-type radio telescope, 99 O KRT-10, 105 Occultation, 22, 71 Kuz’min, vi, xii, 22, 28, 38 OH, xi, 102, 152 250 Index

OH maser, 106 Radio spectrograph, 173 Omega Nebula, 40, 131 Radio stars, 52 Ootakamoond, 160 Radio-Physical Research Institute, vi Orion, 131 Radio-Relay-Linked Interferometer, 42 Orion A, 152 RadioAstron, ix Orion arm, 200 Radiospectrographs, 78 Orion Nebula, 116 RATAN-600, x, xii, xviii, 80, 100, 132, 134, Oxygen, 69 137, 167, 236, 244 Ozernoi, 53 Razin, 64, 68 Recombination lines, ix, xviii, 199, 200 P Refraction, 192 Pancakes, 111 Relativistic electrons, 52 Papaleksi, v, xv, 1 Relict radiation, 103, 109 Paramagnetic amplifiers, 178 Remote sounding, 220, 221 Parametric amplifier, 127, 147, 162 Rotation measures, 80 Pariiskii, v, vi, 27, 92, 134, 137 RT-22, 28, 37, 51 Penzias and Wilson, xi RT-70, 107 Perseus A, 164 RT-MGU, 99 Perseus arm, 200 Phased array, 45 S Pikel’ner, v, 90, 94 Sagittarius A, 165, 182 Planets, 194 Sagittarius B2, 152 Plasma, 56, 226 Salomonovich, 9, 11, 26, 38 Polarimeter, 124, 228 Salyut-6, 105 Polarisation, 19, 22, 45, 68 Sanamian, 157 Pravda, vii SAO, 134, 137, 153 Proton outbursts, 239 Sazonov, 53 Pulkovo, vi, x, 165 Scattering, 54 Pulkovo Observatory, 118 Scientific Council for Radio Astronomy, xv Pulsar, 197 Scientific Council of the USSR Academy of Pulsar profile, 47 Sciences on Radio Astronomy, xix Pulsars, xix, 44, 46, 56, 108, 194 Scintillation, 43, 44 Pushchino, vi, vii, x, 15, 26, 28, 30, 40, 42, 96, Scintillation index, 168 174, 175 Sea interferometer, 16 Sea radio interferometer, 10 Q Search for extraterrestrial civilisations, xviii Quasars, 48, 53, 95, 106, 109, 165, 166, 194 Seismic, 85 Self-absorption, 195 R SETI, xi Radar, 205 Severnii, 171 Radar astronomy, xviii Shain, 9 Radar mapping, 213 Shavkovskii, 38 Radial velocities, 214 Shklovskii, v, 3, 23, 89, 109, 158, 200 Radio astrometry, 85 Shmaonov, xi, 128 Radio Astronomy Laboratory of FIAN, 30 Shock fronts, 55 Radio Astronomy Station of FIAN, 30 Sholomitskii, vi, vii, 96 Radio galaxies, 95, 106, 166 Simeiz, 15, 106, 174 Radio granulation, 148 Slysh, v, x, 98, 101 Radio heliograph, 233 Soboleva, 92 Radio outbursts, 239 Solar atmosphere, 57 Radio Physical Research Institute, 71 Solar corona, 56, 68, 182 Radio recombination, vi, 95 Solar flares, 57 Radio recombination lines, vii, xviii Solar noise storms, 177 Radio spectra, 41 Solar plasma, 237 Index 251

Solar radio emission, 171 Tropospheric absorption, 85 Solar radio flares, 177 Tula Polytechnic Institute, 49 Solar Service, 72 Tycho Brahe, 80 Solar wind, 44, 48 Type I, Type II, and Type II civilisations, xii Sorochenko, vi, vii, 10, 18, 23, 24, 40, 42, 131 Space interferometers, 104 U Space radio telescope, 98 Udal’tsov, 22 Space Research Institute (IKI), x, 42, 47, 89, Ukrainian SSR, 181 101 URAN, 193 Special Astrophysical Observatory, 134, 137 Uranus, 42 Spectral index, 195 UTR-1, 188 Spectrograph, 228 UTR-2, 79, 185, 190 Sramek, 167 UTR-2 radio telescope, xviii Standard sources, 67 Star formation, 107 V Stark, vii VandeHulst,vii,90 Stark broadening, vii Variability, 53 Sternberg Astronomical Institute, v, vi, 89 Variable-profile antenna, 119 Submillimetre, 58 Venera, 223 Sun, xvii, 61, 171, 194 Venus, viii, xii, xvii, 38, 39, 42, 83, 130, 205 Sunyaev, v, x, 110Ð112, 116 Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), ix, Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect, 111 xviii, 42, 85, 137, 176, 193 Supercorona, 20, 31, 34, 43, 44 Virgo A, 182 Supergranules, 177 Vitkevich, vi, xvii, 9, 13, 15, 21, 23, 25, 43, 44, Supernova remnants, 46, 80, 91, 94, 95, 199 168, 226 Supernovae, 194 VLBI, 42, 44, 106, 137, 153, 159, 176, 179 Swenson, xii VPA, 119, 148 Synchrotron radiation, 21, 52, 91 Synchrotron reabsorption, 98 W Synchrotron self absorption, xi W49, 103 Syrovatskii, 51 W51, 103 Water maser sources, 48 T Water vapour, xviii, 69, 85, 147 Tata Institute, 169 Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, 167 Taurus A, 10 Tectonic, 85 X Tectonic activity, 224 X-ray astronomy, 109 Thermal radio, 42 Thermal radio emission, 220 Y Time variations, 96 Year of the Solar Maximum, 229 Tovmasian, 24, 167 TPA/I mini-computer, 50 Z Travelling wave tube, 70 Zel’dovich, v, x, xi, 110 Troitskii, vi, viii, 13, 62, 69, 73 Zimenki, 72 Tropheric turbulence, 154 Zimenki Station, 63