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Academic Reading in Science Copyright 2014 © Chris Elvin Copyright Notice
Academic Reading in Science Copyright 2014 © Chris Elvin Copyright Notice Academic Reading in Science contains adaptations of Wikipedia copyrighted material. All pages containing these adaptations can be identified by the logo below; This logo is visible at the foot of every page in which Wikipedia articles have been adapted. Furthermore, all adaptations of Wikipedia sources show a URL at the foot of the article which you may use to access the original article. Pages which do not show the logo above are the copyright of the author Chris Elvin, and may not be used without permission. Creative Commons Deed You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute and transmit the work, and to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work.) Share Alike—If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible license. With the understanding that: Waiver—Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Other Rights—In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: your fair dealing or fair use rights; the author’s moral rights; and rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. Notice—For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. -
A Massive Association Around the Obscured Open Cluster RSGC3 Tent of the Clusters Is Uncertain.Membershipin RSGC1 and Ste2 2
Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. 16102 c ESO 2018 October 31, 2018 A massive association around the obscured open cluster RSGC3,⋆ I. Negueruela1, C. Gonz´alez-Fern´andez1 , A. Marco1, and J. S. Clark2 1 Departamento de F´ısica, Ingenier´ıa de Sistemas y Teor´ıa de la Se˜nal, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E03080 Alicante, Spain e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK Preprint online version: October 31, 2018 ABSTRACT Context. Four clusters of red supergiants have been discovered in a region of the Milky Way close to base of the Scutum-Crux Arm and the tip of the Long Bar. Population synthesis models indicate that they must be very massive to harbour so many supergiants. If the clusters are physically connected, this Scutum Complex would be the largest and most massive star-forming region ever identified in the Milky Way. Aims. The spatial extent of one of these clusters, RSGC3, has not been investigated. In this paper we explore the possibility that a population of red supergiants could be located in its vicinity. Methods. We utilised 2MASS JHKS photometry to identify candidate obscured luminous red stars in the vicinity of RSGC3. We observed a sample of candidates with the TWIN spectrograph on the 3.5-m telescope at Calar Alto, obtaining intermediate-resolution spectroscopy in the 8000–9000Å range. We re-evaluated a number of classification criteria proposed in the literature for this spectral range and found that we could use our spectra to derive spectral types and luminosity classes. -
Wynyard Planetarium & Observatory a Autumn Observing Notes
Wynyard Planetarium & Observatory A Autumn Observing Notes Wynyard Planetarium & Observatory PUBLIC OBSERVING – Autumn Tour of the Sky with the Naked Eye CASSIOPEIA Look for the ‘W’ 4 shape 3 Polaris URSA MINOR Notice how the constellations swing around Polaris during the night Pherkad Kochab Is Kochab orange compared 2 to Polaris? Pointers Is Dubhe Dubhe yellowish compared to Merak? 1 Merak THE PLOUGH Figure 1: Sketch of the northern sky in autumn. © Rob Peeling, CaDAS, 2007 version 1.2 Wynyard Planetarium & Observatory PUBLIC OBSERVING – Autumn North 1. On leaving the planetarium, turn around and look northwards over the roof of the building. Close to the horizon is a group of stars like the outline of a saucepan with the handle stretching to your left. This is the Plough (also called the Big Dipper) and is part of the constellation Ursa Major, the Great Bear. The two right-hand stars are called the Pointers. Can you tell that the higher of the two, Dubhe is slightly yellowish compared to the lower, Merak? Check with binoculars. Not all stars are white. The colour shows that Dubhe is cooler than Merak in the same way that red-hot is cooler than white- hot. 2. Use the Pointers to guide you upwards to the next bright star. This is Polaris, the Pole (or North) Star. Note that it is not the brightest star in the sky, a common misconception. Below and to the left are two prominent but fainter stars. These are Kochab and Pherkad, the Guardians of the Pole. Look carefully and you will notice that Kochab is slightly orange when compared to Polaris. -
16 Aug 2012 E Uegat Rudteosue Pncutrstephenso Cluster Open Obscured the Around Supergiants Red L Am,Spain) Palma, (La Ouain Ohrors Ayrg Eg,Dve Ta.2007 Ages Typical Al
Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. wyffos c ESO 2012 August 17, 2012 Red supergiants around the obscured open cluster Stephenson2,⋆ I. Negueruela1, A. Marco1, C. Gonz´alez-Fern´andez1 , F. Jim´enez-Esteban2,3,4, J. S. Clark5, M. Garcia6,7, and E. Solano2,3 1 Departamento de F´ısica, Ingenier´ıa de Sistemas y Teor´ıa de la Se˜nal, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain e-mail: [email protected] 2 Centro de Astrobiolog´ıa (INTA-CSIC), Departamento de Astrof´ısica, PO Box 78, E-28691, Villanueva de la Ca˜nada, Madrid, Spain 3 Spanish Virtual Observatory, Spain 4 Saint Louis University, Madrid Campus, Division of Science and Engineering, Avda. del Valle 34, E-28003 Madrid, Spain 5 Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK 6 Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain 7 Departamento de Astrof´ısica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Preprint online version: August 17, 2012 ABSTRACT Context. Several clusters of red supergiants have been discovered in a small region of the Milky Way close to the base of the Scutum- Crux Arm and the tip of the Long Bar. Population synthesis models indicate that they must be very massive to harbour so many supergiants. Amongst these clusters, Stephenson 2, with a core grouping of 26 red supergiants, is a strong candidate to be the most massive cluster in the Galaxy. Aims. Stephenson 2 is located close to a region where a strong over-density of red supergiants had been found. -
The Very Reddened Open Clusters Pismis 23 (Lyngå 10) and Stephenson 2?,??
A&A 390, 931–935 (2002) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020716 & c ESO 2002 Astrophysics The very reddened open clusters Pismis 23 (Lyngå 10) and Stephenson 2?;?? S. Ortolani1,E.Bica2,B.Barbuy3,andY.Momany1 1 Universit`a di Padova, Dept. di Astronomia, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 2, 35122 Padova, Italy e-mail: [email protected] 2 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Dept. de Astronomia, CP 15051, Porto Alegre 91500-970, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] 3 Universidade de S˜ao Paulo, CP 3386, S˜ao Paulo 01060-970, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] Received 15 March 2002 / Accepted 7 May 2002 Abstract. Pismis 23 and Stephenson 2 are two very reddened open clusters, projected close to the Galactic plane. We present VI and JH photometry for Pismis 23 and I and Gunn z for Stephenson 2. We derive a relatively old age of ∼700 Myr for Pismis 23, with a reddening value of E(B−V) = 1:73 and a distance d ≈ 2:6 kpc from the Sun. Stephenson 2 has a clump of red supergiants, indicating a young age of about 20 Myr, somewhat younger and more distant (d ≈ 6 kpc) than recently reported in the literature. The age estimate for such a young object is crucial for the distance estimate. The high reddening of these two clusters relative to predictions from the diffuse interstellar medium at their distances is due to discrete intervening clouds. Key words. open clusters and associations: individual: Pismis 23, Stephenson 2 – stars: Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) and C-M diagrams 1. -
134, December 2007
British Astronomical Association VARIABLE STAR SECTION CIRCULAR No 134, December 2007 Contents AB Andromedae Primary Minima ......................................... inside front cover From the Director ............................................................................................. 1 Recurrent Objects Programme and Long Term Polar Programme News............4 Eclipsing Binary News ..................................................................................... 5 Chart News ...................................................................................................... 7 CE Lyncis ......................................................................................................... 9 New Chart for CE and SV Lyncis ........................................................ 10 SV Lyncis Light Curves 1971-2007 ............................................................... 11 An Introduction to Measuring Variable Stars using a CCD Camera..............13 Cataclysmic Variables-Some Recent Experiences ........................................... 16 The UK Virtual Observatory ......................................................................... 18 A New Infrared Variable in Scutum ................................................................ 22 The Life and Times of Charles Frederick Butterworth, FRAS........................24 A Hard Day’s Night: Day-to-Day Photometry of Vega and Beta Lyrae.........28 Delta Cephei, 2007 ......................................................................................... 33 -
Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium
Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium Ralf S. Klessen and Simon C. O. Glover Abstract Interstellar space is filled with a dilute mixture of charged particles, atoms, molecules and dust grains, called the interstellar medium (ISM). Understand- ing its physical properties and dynamical behavior is of pivotal importance to many areas of astronomy and astrophysics. Galaxy formation and evolu- tion, the formation of stars, cosmic nucleosynthesis, the origin of large com- plex, prebiotic molecules and the abundance, structure and growth of dust grains which constitute the fundamental building blocks of planets, all these processes are intimately coupled to the physics of the interstellar medium. However, despite its importance, its structure and evolution is still not fully understood. Observations reveal that the interstellar medium is highly tur- bulent, consists of different chemical phases, and is characterized by complex structure on all resolvable spatial and temporal scales. Our current numerical and theoretical models describe it as a strongly coupled system that is far from equilibrium and where the different components are intricately linked to- gether by complex feedback loops. Describing the interstellar medium is truly a multi-scale and multi-physics problem. In these lecture notes we introduce the microphysics necessary to better understand the interstellar medium. We review the relations between large-scale and small-scale dynamics, we con- sider turbulence as one of the key drivers of galactic evolution, and we review the physical processes that lead to the formation of dense molecular clouds and that govern stellar birth in their interior. Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Albert-Ueberle-Straße 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 1 Contents Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium ............... -
Sio and H2O Maser Observations of Red Supergiants in Star Clusters
PASJ: Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan , 1–??, c 2018. Astronomical Society of Japan. SiO and H2O Maser Observations of Red Supergiants in Star Clusters Embedded in the Galactic Disk Shuji Deguchi1, Jun-ichi Nakashima2 Yong Zhang2, Selina S. N. Chong2, Kazutaka Koike1 and Sun Kwok2 1Nobeyama Radio Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory, and Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Minamimaki, Minamisaku, Nagano 384-1305 2Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong, China (PASJ 62, No. 2, the April 25 2010 issue in press) (Received 2009 October 9; accepted 2010 February 1) Abstract We present the result of radio observations of red supergiants in the star cluster, Stephenson’s #2, and candidates for red supergiants in the star clusters, Mercer et al. (2005)’s #4, #8, and #13, in the SiO and H2O maser lines. The Stephenson’s #2 cluster and nearby aggregation at the South-West contain more than 15 red supergiants. We detected one at the center of Stephenson’s #2 and three in the south-west aggregation in the SiO maser line, and three of these 4 were also detected in the H2O maser line. The average radial velocity of the 4 detected objects is 96 km s−1, giving a kinematic distance of 5.5 kpc, which locates this cluster near the base of the Scutum-Crux spiral arm. We also detected 6 SiO emitting objects associated with the other star clusters. In addition, mapping observations in the CO J = 1–0 line toward these clusters revealed that an appreciable amount of molecular gas still remains around Stephenson’s #2 cluster in contrast to the prototypical red-supergiant cluster, Bica et al.’s #122. -
The British Astronomical Association
` ISSN 2631-4843 The British Astronomical Association Variable Star Section Circular No. 184 June 2020 Office: Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0DU Contents From the Director ....................................................................................................... 3 Summer Miras............................................................................................................ 3 Missing data from 1980-1995 – John Toone .............................................................. 6 Pulsating Star Programme – Shaun Albrighton .......................................................... 7 Report on the Long Period Variable Z Ursae Majoris using BAAVSS Archival Data – John Greaves .................................................................................... 9 Betelgeuse: the expected recovery happens – Mark Kidger ....................................... 14 Betelgeuse – A Century and more of Variation – Christopher Lloyd ........................... 22 CV & E News – Gary Poyner ..................................................................................... 28 Supernova 2020ue in NGC 4636 – Guy Hurst............................................................ 31 Spectrum of SN 2020hvf – David Boyd ...................................................................... 32 Eclipsing Binary News – Des Loughney ..................................................................... 33 Algol type eclipsing binary TX UMa. Can all sources have the correct period? – James Screech .............................................................................. -
On the Possible Generation of the Young Massive Open Clusters
Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. W100˙AA˙V2 c ESO 2018 November 3, 2018 On the possible generation of the young massive open clusters Stephenson 2 and BDSB 122 by ω Centauri G.M. Salerno1, E. Bica1, C. Bonatto1, and I. Rodrigues2 1 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Astronomia CP 15051, RS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 IP&D - Universidade do Vale do Para´ıba - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911 - Urbanova, S˜ao Jos´edos Campos 12244-000, SP, Brazil Received –; accepted – ABSTRACT Context. A massive objects such as a globular cluster passing through the disk of a galaxy can trigger star formation. Aims. We test the hypothesis that the most massive globular cluster in the Galaxy, ω Centauri, which crossed the disk approximately 24 ± 2 Myr ago, may have triggered the formation of the open clusters Stephenson 2 and BDSB 122. Methods. The orbits of ω Centauri, Stephenson 2 and BDSB 122 are computed for the three-component model of Johnston, Hernquist & Bolte, which considers the disk, spheroidal and halo gravitational potentials. Results. With the re-constructed orbit of ω Centauri, we show that the latest impact site is consistent, within important uncertainties, with the birth-site of the young massive open clusters BDSB 122 and Stephenson 2. Within uncertainties, this scenario is consistent with the time-scale of their backwards motion in the disk, shock wave propagation and delay for star formation. Conclusions. Together with open cluster formation associated to density waves in spiral arms, the present results are consistent with the idea that massive globular clusters as additional progenitors of open clusters, the massive ones in particular. -
Modern Astronomy: Lives of the Stars
Modern Astronomy: Lives of the Stars Presented by Dr Helen Johnston School of Physics Spring 2016 The University of Sydney Page There is a course web site, at http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~helenj/LivesoftheStars.html where I will put • PDF copies of the lectures as I give them • lecture recordings • copies of animations • links to useful sites Please let me know of any problems! The University of Sydney Page 2 This course is a deeper look at how stars work. 1. Introduction: A tour of the stars 2. Atoms and quantum mechanics 3. What makes a Star? 4. The Sun – a typical Star 5. Star Birth and Protostars 6. Stellar Evolution 7. Supernovae 8. Stellar Graveyards 9. Binaries 10. Late Breaking News The University of Sydney Page 3 There will be an evening of star viewing in the Blue Mountains, run by A/Prof John O’Byrne on Saturday 29 October Details of where to go and how to get there are in a separate handout. John has also offered to show some of the night-sky using our telescope on the roof of this building, during one of the lectures in November (date to be determined). If the weather is good, I will do a short lecture that evening, and we’ll go to the roof around 7:30 pm. The University of Sydney Page 4 Lecture 1: Stars: a guided tour Prologue: Where we are and The nature of science you are here When we look at the night sky, we see a vista dominated by stars. -
Academic Reading in Science Teacher's Answer Book
Academic Reading in Science Teacher’s Answer Book Copyright 2011 © Chris Elvin Published by EFL Club Press ISBN1451575238 Website http://www.eflclub.com Contact: [email protected] EFL Club Press Shimosakunobe 7-12-11 Takatsu-ku Kawasaki-shi 213-0033 Japan You may purchase Academic Reading in Science Teacher’s Answer Book from major bookstores online or offline. The accompanying students’ bookAcademic Reading in Science (ISBN1451566085) is also available at the same or similar locations. Acknowledgements The publisher would like to thank all contributors to Wikipedia for their excellent and accurate articles on science. About Chris Elvin Chris Elvin has an honors degree in organic chemistry from Liverpool University and a masters degree in TESOL from Temple University Japan. He is also the author of The Sixties: Activities for Students of English as a Second or Foreign Language, and Now You’re Talking. He has over twenty years experience of teaching English as a foreign language and has been a contributor to Wikipedia since 2006. Copyright Notice Academic Reading in Science contains adaptations of Wikipedia copyrighted material. All pages containing these adaptations can be identified by the logo below; This logo is visible at the foot of every page in which Wikipedia articles have been adapted. Furthermore, all adaptations of Wikipedia sources show a URL at the foot of the article which you may use to access the original article. Pages which do not show the logo above are the copyright of the author Chris Elvin, and may not be used without permission. Creative Commons Deed You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute and transmit the work, and to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work.) Share Alike—If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same, similar or a compatible license.