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VIAGGIO NELLO SPAZIO 1 VIAGGIO NELLO SPAZIO • Il Sistema Solare XX secolo • Il Sistema Solare moderno • La nostra Galassia • L’universo ALDAI 17.10.2019 2 3 5 Con una riduzione di 1 a 58 milioni 12.746 km diametro 22 cm diametro 6 1.390.000 km / 58 milioni =24 m 7 8 9 10 11 12 Le stelle più grandi Raggio Nome stella Galassia Note (sole=1) UY Scuti 1 708[1] Via Lattea Attualmente la più grande stella nella Via Lattea e nell'Universo. Se posta al centro del nostro sistema solare, la superficie della stella avrebbe inghiottito Saturno. Distanza 9.454 anni luce WOH G64 1 540 Grande Nube Magellano Una delle più grandi della Grande Nube di Magellano, circondata da una nebulosità di materiale espulso, come Eta Carinae. Dista 163.000 yl Westerlund 1-26 1 530[2]- 2 544[3] Via Lattea Stella insolita con forti emissioni radio; il suo spettro è variabile, tuttavia non lo è la sua luminosità. VX Sagittarii A 1 520[4] Via Lattea Stella pulsante, le cui dimensioni variano notevolmente. V354 Cephei A 1 520[5] Via Lattea KW Sagittarii 1 460[6] Via Lattea Distanza 9.800 anni luce VY Canis Majoris 1 420 Via Lattea Le prime stime (2 200 volte Sole) contraddicevano le teorie ; poi nuovi studi hanno ridotto dimensioni. KY Cygni 1 420[8] Via Lattea Mu Cephei 1 420[9] Via Lattea VV Cephei A ~1,400 Via Lattea Probabilmente la stella più grande visibile a occhio nudo. VV Cephei A è una stella molto distorta che (1 050[10]-1 900[11]) fa parte di un sistema binario stretto, con perdita di massa verso la secondaria. V766 Centauri A 1 315[12] Via Lattea AH Scorpii 1 287 Via Lattea RW Cephei 1 260 Via Lattea BI Cygni 1 240[13] S Persei 1 230[14] Via Lattea PZ Cassiopeiae 1 190 [15] Via Lattea [16] [17] NML Cygni 1 183 - 2 775 Via Lattea Ha una massa di 50 M⊙, e uno dei tassi di perdita di massa più alti conosciuti. BC Cygni 1 140 [18] Via Lattea RT Carinae 1 090[19] Via Lattea CK Carinae 1 060[20] Via Lattea Betelgeuse 887- 1180 Via Lattea Alfa ORIONE distanza 642 yl Massa = 20 volte massaSole M⊙ . …… Rigel 80 Via Lattea Distanzanza 860 yl 20 M⊙ . …… Arturo 25,5 Via Lattea Distanza 37 yl massa 1 M⊙ (come il sole nel futuro) . Sirio 1,7 Via Lattea Distanza 8,6 yl massa 2 M⊙ Quasi tutte le stelle elencate appartengono alla Via Lattea perchè con gli strumenti disponibili attualmente si possono scoprire e misurare solo una parte delle più grandi stelle della nostra galassia e una parte infinitesima di quelle presenti nelle galassie vicine. 13 14 940 milioni km/anno Orbita LUNA 384.000 km TERRA 12.746 km SOLE 1,4 Mkm 15 Misure espresse in Km : diametro Terra = 12.742 diametro Sole = 1.391.000 distanza media Terra – Sole = 149.597.887 In astronomia si usa come unità di misura la distanza Terra – Sole U.A. (unità astronomica) = 149,6 milioni Km Oltre il Sistema Solare si usa la distanza percorsa dalla luce in un anno 300.000 km/sec (velocità della luce) x 31.536.000 (secondi in un anno) al (anno-luce) = 63.243 U.A. = 9.459 miliardi km Aereo = 1.000 km/h (270 mt/sec) terra-luna = 17 giorni terra-sole = 17 anni Apollo11 = 5.000 km/h (1,3 km/sec) terra-luna = 80 ore terra-sole = 3,3 anni Voyager1 = 61.000 km/h (17 km/sec) terra-sole = 102 giorni Terra = 107.000 km/h (29,8 km/sec) 940 milioni km/anno Sole = 780.000 km/h (217 km/sec) anno galattico = 250 milioni anni VIAGGIO NELLO SPAZIO • Il Sistema Solare XX secolo • Il Sistema Solare moderno • La nostra Galassia • L’universo ALDAI 17.10.2019 18 1 U.A. = Terra-Sole (150 milioni km) MARTE 1,5 U.A. FASCIA ASTEROIDI 2 – 3U.A. GIOVE 5 U.A. Giove Fascia 5 3,3 2 1,5 asteroidi Terra Marte Orbita Periodo Velocità Diametro Massa Lune (U.A.) (anni) (km/sec) (d/Terra) (m/Terra) MERCURIO 0,5 – 0,7 0,25 47 0,4 0,055 VENERE 0,7 0,62 35 0,95 0,8 2asteroidi (100-200m) TERRA 1 1 30 12.746 km 1=6x10²⁴kg 1 MARTE 1,4 – 1,7 2,1 24 0,53 0,1 2 Fascia Cerere = 1.000km 200> 100km 2,06 – 3,27 principale Pallade, Vesta, Hygiea = 500km 1milione>1km GIOVE 5,2 12 13 10 300 65 Nettuno 30 10 Giove5 20 Saturno Urano Orbita Periodo Velocità Diametro Massa Lune (U.A.) (anni) (km/sec) (d/Terra) (m/Terra) GIOVE 5,2 12 13 10 300 79 SATURNO 9,5 30 10 9 95 62 URANO 1781 19,6 84 7 4 14 27 NETTUNO 1846 30 165 5,5 4 17 13 Cometa Halley 0,5 - 35 76 Inclinazione 160° 835 d.C.= 5 Mkm Terra Modello del Sistema Solare in scala 1 : 15 miliardi distanza diametro Terra - 1 mm Sole 10 m 10 cm Giove 50 m 1 cm Nettuno 300 m 4 mm Plutone 500 m 0,2 mm Stella 2.800 α-centauri km Un granello di sale in una macchina ferma ad un semaforo, rappresenta la Terra la luce del semaforo con due macchine davanti è il Sole nel giro di due semafori tagliamo le orbite di Giove, Nettuno, Plutone poi per arrivare alla stella più vicina Alfa-centauri si deve viaggiare fino a Mosca 23 VIAGGIO NELLO SPAZIO • Il Sistema Solare XX secolo • Il Sistema Solare moderno • La nostra Galassia • L’universo ALDAI 17.10.2019 24 25 Fascia di Kuiper Urano Plutone Nettuno 30 10 5 20 50 Giove 55 Saturno 26 Diametro Distanza Data Numero Nome equatoriale media della Scopritore (km) dal Sole (UA) scoperta Clyde 134340 Plutone 2306 ± 20 39,4 1930 Tombaugh 134340 Pluto I Caronte 1207 ± 3 39,4 1978 James Christy 136472 Makemake 1800 ± 200 45,7 2005 136108 Haumea ~1500 43,3 2005 C. Trujillo, M. Brown, D. 90482 Orcus ~1500 39,4 2004 Rabinowitz 50000 Quaoar 1260 ± 190 43,25 2002 Deep Ecliptic 28978 39,39 2001 Issione 1065 ± 165 Survey 55636 2002 TX300 ~965 43,19 2002 NEAT 55637 2002 UX25 ~910 42,71 2002 Spacewatch 20000 Varuna 600 ± 150 43,23 2000 R. S. McMillan Brown, E. Helin, 55565 2002 AW197 700 ± 50 47,52 2002 S.Pravdo, K.Lawrence 27 Si estende dall'orbita di Nettuno (30 U.A.) fino a 55 U.A. Nella fascia sono stati scoperti oltre 1.000 oggetti e si pensa che ne esistano oltre 100.000 con diametro superiore ai 100 km Istogramma del numero degli oggetti della f ascia di Kuiper in relazione al loro semiasse maggiore. 28 29 76 38 30 55 98 Eris Sedna 1 : 3 Fascia di Kuiper Urano Plutone Nettuno 50 30 10 5 20 55 Saturno 30 1977 il lancio Voyager1 il 5.9 Voyager2 il 20.8 1979 Giove marzo Voyager1 luglio Voyager2 1980 -1981 Saturno Nov. Voyager1 agosto Voyager2 1986 – 1989 Voyager2 sfiora Urano e Nettuno 14.2.1990 Pale Blue dot (Sagan) 6 miliardi km = 40 U.A. 31 A pale blue dot 32 La sonda spaziale Voyager 1 è una delle prime esploratrici del sistema solare esterno Velocità massima: 62.140 km/h 17 km/sec Costo: 250 milioni USD Potenza: 420 W Peso: 825 kg Sistema di comunicazione Il sistema di comunicazione radio di Voyager 1 è stato progettato per essere usato oltre il limite del sistema solare. Ha un'antenna parabolica di 3.7 metri di diametro per mandare e ricevere onde radio. Tempo ricezione 20 ore. Quando Voyager 1 non comunica direttamente con la Terra, il suo nastro digitale può registrare circa 64 kilobytes di dati per trasmetterli in un secondo momento. Potenza Voyager 1 ha tre generatori termoelettrici a radioisotopi (RTGs). Ogni MHW-RTG contiene 24 sfere di ossido di plutonio-238, gli RTGs della navicella continueranno a renderla operativa fino al 2025. 33 Il messaggio per gli alieni 34 Contenuti del disco per alieni La posizione della Terra e una collezione di saluti in 55 lingue diverse e suoni e immagini che parlano di noi (furono scelti da una commissione presieduta da Carl Sagan): • immagini che raffigurano la fecondazione, la doppia elica del dna, • la radiografia di una mano, • immagini dei pianeti, della deriva dei continenti • uno spartito musicale, • foto di vita quotidiana in diverse parti del mondo, • musiche: dalla classica alla musica etnica, • suoni naturali: dal canto delle balene ai richiami degli uccelli. 35 Il vento solare è un flusso di particelle cariche emesso dall’alta atmosfera del Sole che viaggia ad una velocità che oscilla tra 300 e 700 km/sec (1 - 2,5 milioni di km/h) Si osserva il suo effetto sulla coda delle comete Forma una eliosfera nel movimento del Sole attraverso il mezzo intergalattico 36 16.12.2004 Voyager 1 a circa 94 U.A. passa il TERMINATION SHOCK dove il vento solare diventa subsonico (Voyager2 nell’agosto 2007) 25.8.2012 Voyager 1 a 121 U.A. passa l’ ELIOPAUSA dove la pressione del vento solare equilibra quella del mezzo interstellare (limite dell’ELIOSFERA) : da allora Voyager 1 VIAGGIA NELLO SPAZIO INTERSTELLARE 37 Dal sito della NASA 10.10.2019 https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mission Status Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Mon, 05 Sept 1977 Sat, 20 Aug 1977 Launch Date 12:56:00 UTC 14:29:00 UTC 42yrs 01mos 05days 42yrs 01mos 20days 04hrs 01mins 05secs 02hrs 28mins 05secs 13,715,168,954 mi 11,332,815,414 mi 147.54509266 AU 121.91620140 AU 13,676,776,414 mi 11,337,670,420 mi Distance from Sun 147.13207326 AU 121.96843059 AU Velocity with respect to the 38,026.77 mph 34,390.98 mph Sun (estimated) 20:27:05 16:53:56 (hh:mm:ss) (hh:mm:ss) 39 Termination Eliosfera Sedna shock Fascia di Kuiper Eliopausa 100 147 40 30 55 oggi 94 76 94 121 Eris Voyager 1 ERIS 40 - 100 300 heliosheat 94 - 121 U.A.
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  • Symposium on Telescope Science

    Symposium on Telescope Science

    Proceedings for the 26th Annual Conference of the Society for Astronomical Sciences Symposium on Telescope Science Editors: Brian D. Warner Jerry Foote David A. Kenyon Dale Mais May 22-24, 2007 Northwoods Resort, Big Bear Lake, CA Reprints of Papers Distribution of reprints of papers by any author of a given paper, either before or after the publication of the proceedings is allowed under the following guidelines. 1. The copyright remains with the author(s). 2. Under no circumstances may anyone other than the author(s) of a paper distribute a reprint without the express written permission of all author(s) of the paper. 3. Limited excerpts may be used in a review of the reprint as long as the inclusion of the excerpts is NOT used to make or imply an endorsement by the Society for Astronomical Sciences of any product or service. Notice The preceding “Reprint of Papers” supersedes the one that appeared in the original print version Disclaimer The acceptance of a paper for the SAS proceedings can not be used to imply or infer an endorsement by the Society for Astronomical Sciences of any product, service, or method mentioned in the paper. Published by the Society for Astronomical Sciences, Inc. First printed: May 2007 ISBN: 0-9714693-6-9 Table of Contents Table of Contents PREFACE 7 CONFERENCE SPONSORS 9 Submitted Papers THE OLIN EGGEN PROJECT ARNE HENDEN 13 AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL ASTRONOMER COLLABORATION EXOPLANET RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND TECHNIQUES RON BISSINGER 17 EXOPLANET OBSERVING TIPS BRUCE L. GARY 23 STUDY OF CEPHEID VARIABLES AS A JOINT SPECTROSCOPY PROJECT THOMAS C.