6. Johann Georg Says,“ It’s Time to Leave !”

German Generations Vital Statistics Georg Troester 1603-1689 Johann Georg Troester Johannes Troester 1640- NG B. 01-19-1759, in Owen, Teck Stephan Troester 1670-1755 M. 02-17-1784, Johanna Katharina Attiger,O. T. Johann Stephan Troester 1709- NG His Son, Our Direct Ancestor: Johann Jakob. O. T. Johann Georg Troester 1759-1820 D. of Johann Georg: 11-20-1820, Hoffnungstal. (1) Outline aa. Factors for Leaving aaa. A Timeline bbb. Narrative Summary bb. Earlier Migrations aaa. First Wave bbb. Manifest of 1804 ccc. Second Wave cc. Organizing to Leave aaa. Introduction bbb. “Scouting Expedition” Arms ccc. Harmonies & Permits Arms Wuerttemberg dd. Johann Georg’s Family Imperial (2) (3)

aa. Factors for Leaving aaa. Timeline: Religious, Economic, & Political Events Impacting Troester Family History Prior to the Turn of the Century (1) Notice how events come to a head by 1816.

R = Religion E = Economy P = Political 1740 R Mystic J. Bengel says Christ will return in 1836. 1758 Our Russian Patriarch Johann Georg is born. 1760s R Pietist Movement takes hold in Weurttemberg. 1762 P Catharine the Great’s issues first Manifesto. 1763 P Catharine the Great’s issues second Manifesto. 1763-1767 Non-Wuerttenberger Migration to the Volga River frontier. Timeline: Turn-of-the-Century Events Leading to the Troester Exodus (2) 1791 R: Griesinger publishes new rationalistic hymnal. 1795 R: Pietist Johann Georg Rapp begins preaching. 1796 P: French occupy duchy of Wuerttemberg. 2

E Citizens suffer from financial demands of French army. 1803 Czar Alexander I issues 3 ukases, enticing “” to New Russia. First wave of emigrants to New Russia (1/2 from Wuerttemberg) arrive. P Napoleon sells the Louisiana Territory to the to finance wars. 1804 R: Rapp and 400 followers migrate to America. R/E/P: Czar Alexander I issues Manifesto of 1804 to entice “Germans”. First wave of emigrants continues to New Russia (6,775 arrive at ). R Napoleon crowns himself emperor. 1805 P Duke Friedrich sides with Napoleon; emigration almost ended by war. 1806 P Duke Friedrich becomes a king of W.; emigration almost ended by war P Swabians fight for Napoleon against Prussia. P/R The Holy Roman Empire dissolves. 1807 P Swabians continue to fight Prussia; king halts emigration until 1815. 1809 P Swabian troops fight for Napoleon against Austria. E Wuerttemberg experiences poor crop production. R New Lutheran liturgy waters down Scriptural teaching on sacraments. 1810 E Wuerttemberg experiences poor crop production. 1811 R/P Some see Great Comet of 1811-12 as a signs of the defeat of Napoleon (the Anti-Christ), the coming signs of the plagues of St. John’s Revelation, the End Times, and a time for believers to flee for safety & prepare to meet Christ at Mt. Ararat when He will begin His 1000 Reign in the year 1836. 1812 R Great Comet of 1811-12 continues. E Wuerttemberg experiences poor crop production. P Swabians fighting Russia for Napoleon. P After battles of & Borodino, 1% of Swabian soldiers survive; Napoleon’s flees from , Czar Alexander, & the Russian winter. 1813 P King Friedrich turns against Napoleon during the War of Liberation. E Wuerttemberg experiences poor crop production. 1814 E Wuerttemberg experiences poor crop production. 1815 E Wuerttemberg experiences poor crop production. P Czar Alexander I of Imperial Russsia defeats Napoleon. March 15: King Friedrich reopens borders for emigration! R Baroness von Kruedener urges Swabian Separatists to go to Russia. 1816 P King Friedrich dies; his son Wilhelm I assumes the throne. E Wuerttemberg experiences Great Crop Failure: farmers slaughter cattle for lack of feed; people face starvation. Second Wave of emigration from Wuerttemberg to New Russia begins. First Swabian Harmony leaves in late summer,1817. 1817 Our Russia Patriarch, Jakob Georg Troester decides to migrate. Jakob Georg Troester move his family to New Russia in the spring. 3

bbb. Narrative Summary: Why the Troesters Left The current political situation in Wuerttemberg was a pressing reason for leaving the fatherland. The citizens the Kingdom of Wuerttemberg had suffered through many a conflict, often right in their own backyard. The most devastating war in the 1600s was the Thirty Years’ War. The most recent to create unbearable hardships were the Napoleonic Wars, which drove the nation to its knees. King Friedrich conscripted into military service many a Swabian youth, never to be seen again. Many a wife found herself quartering soldiers, while still trying to care Napoleon (1) for her own family. The Napoleonic wars had just ended in 1815. Johann Georg’s five sons somehow managed to survive all this, but what would the next war bring? (2) Economics was also a driving factor for leaving the country. War had destroyed the nation’s economy. It disrupted planting and harvesting. It destroyed fields of grain. Traveling armies exacted payment as they passed through your lands. The king levied crushing taxes upon his subjects to pay for these wars. After the Napoleonic wars, a series of poor harvests, unseasonably wet weather, and a total crop (3) failure in 1816 completely devastated the land. Peasants slaughtered two-thirds of the cattle for lack of feed. People were reduced to eating bran and bark. (4) Adding to this severe economic depression were crowded living conditions and an overabundance of craftsmen. It couldn’t get much worse. (5) Religious factors especially came into play. Rationalism was rampant in the state sponsored churches. Worshippers especially notice this with the new hymnal, which replaced solid doctrinal hymns with watered down musical selections. The new liturgy down (6) 4 played the sacraments of the Lord’s Supper and Baptism. Many saw the state sponsored Lutheran schools misleading their children with the spirit of rationalism and replacing some of their religious instruction time with additional secular subjects. The reaction of many peasants was pietism and Separatism. Authorities saw this reaction as a threat to social order, especially when Separatists promoted equality among all peoples. This led to persecution and even imprisonment of these “radical” Separatists. When false prophets urged them to leave for New Russia to be near Mt. Ararat when the Lord should reappear in 1836, the suggestion was very tempting. When the Great Comet of 1811-12 streaked across the sky, they saw it as a sign that plagues of Revelation were coming to Wuerttemberg. It was time to leave. (7) (8) bb. Earlier Migrations aaa. First Wave As the new century dawned, a call went out from Czar Alexander I of Imperial Russia. He encouraged industrious Germanic peoples to colonize New Russia. The call come out in the form of three ukases [you- CAY-ses] or edicts in 1803 and his Manifesto of 1804. Already in 1803, the first responders Alexander I of Russia (1) were on their way to settle on the Duc Armand de Richelieu (2) Nogai Steppe between the Dneister and Bug Rivers. Preparing to receive them was the governor of the Odessa , a French émigré, Duc Armand de Richelieu, who distinguished himself in the service of Russia at the siege of the Islamic fortress at Izmail. (3) We’ll hear more about him later. From 1803-1804, about 6,800 emigrants arrived at the city of Odessa; half of them from Wuerttemberg. However, Napoleon’s war with Austria and Russia slowed the migration to a trickle. King Friedrich of Wuerttemberg banned further migration in 1805. He needed mens for Napoleon’s wars. (4) 5

Note how Alexander’s manifesto meet the concerns of our ancestors. bbb. The Manifesto 1804 Separatist Needs/Concerns The Manifesto of 1804 (1) 01. As Separatists we left the gov’t- I grant you complete religious sponsored Lutheran church freedom. because of its heresy; can we Color Key worship according to our Religious Concerns consciences without persecution? Economic Concerns Would our children be taught the Political Concerns pure Word of God at school? 02. Our taxes have been You will not have to pay any overwhelming to support taxes for the first 10 years. Napoleonic Wars. 03. We’ve been forced to quarter After 10 years you’re considered troops during to Napoleonic Wars citizens, but you won’t have quarter troops unless they’re en route to battle. 04. The king drafted our sons for Your sons will never be drafted Napoleon’s wars. Many died. to fight Russian’s wars. 05. How will we be able to start I grant each family an advanced over? 10-year loan not payable for 20 years from the time you settle. 06. Do we have to leave everything Each family can bring movable behind? property duty-free plus commodities for sale not exceeding 300 rubles. 07. You have encouraged our Craftsmen can join guilds and craftsmen to migrate. Will it be trade throughout empire. profitable for them? 08. We are serfs here? What would You would be exempt from our status be in New Russia? Russian serfdom. 09. What are the land usage Each family gets 30-60 dessiatin arrangements & when do we of productive land. After the pay taxes and pay off loans? first 10 years, police dues & annual land tax (15-20 kopecks/ dissiatin) are payable. 10. What if we don’t like it in New You may return after paying Russia? your Crown debts & 3 years of land tax. 6

ccc. Second Wave The Rhine-Franconian migration between 1808-1809 was the second large Germanic migration to New Russia. Because of King Friedrich’s ban on emigration, it contained relatively few from Wuerttemberg. Most came from the Rhineland plains of Baden, Alsace, and Palatinate. (1) Over 6,000 emigrants strong, they arrived in wagon trains at Ulm, continued by boat to Vienna, and traversed again by wagon train, heading northward to Bohemia, eastward to Galatia, and finally southward until they reached the quarantines station on the northern border of New Russia. This 485 mile detour was necessary because hostile Turks, still in possession of Bessarabia, blocked the direct western Danube water route to New Russia. (2) (3) This group eventually established colonies in the Beresan and Glueckstal districts. (4)

cc. Organizing the Third Wave to Leave aaa. Introduction A considerably larger third wave began when king lifted the emigration band in 1816. These travelers were primarily from Wuerttemberg, a smaller portion from the Russian part of Poland. They came in greater numbers in 1817. Our Troesters were among the 10,298 to leave. At least 9,000 planned to settle in the region of New Russia near Mt. Ararat, where they thought Christ would return to begin his 1000 year reign from Israel. (1) (2) bbb. The “Scouting Expedition” of 1816 The first to seize this opportunity was Friedrich Fuchs, leader of the Separatists at . No sooner had authorities released him from imprisonment at the fortress of Hohenasperg, then he organized an “emigration harmony”, obtained immigration permits from the Russian embassy at , and on September 12 led 40 families to Ulm, Fortress of Hohenasperg (1) Wuerttemberg’s port city on the Danube. From here they caught an Ulmer Schachtel boat and later a flat-bottomed barge called a Zille down the Danuabe to New Rusia. After 30 days, they were transported by Moldavian wagons to winter at Grossliebental, New Russia. In spring, they trekked to the east end of New Russia to Tiflis in 7

Grusinia (modern nation of ) between the Black and Caspian Seas. (2) The full journey? 74 days. (3)

ccc. Organizing to Leave aaaa. Harmonies When news of the successful Schwaikheim migration reached the Swabian Chiliasts, leaders immediately began to organize “fraternal emigration harmonies of the children of God.” (1)

The harmonies of 1816-1817 had an interesting feature about them: “Believers in the Last Days” belonging to both confessions (Lutheran and Catholic) assembled themselves into migratory contingents known as “Harmonien,” the largest group (14 contingents) leaving from Ulm (spring 1817) to float down the Danube River.” (2)

Two noteworthy leaders were the Koch brother’s, who had hung on the words of the false prophet Countess Kruedener. She had encouraged them to migrate just two years before. And where are the Troesters? They joined a fair number of citizens from various villages from the districts of , Bachnang Marbach, Kirchheim, Esslingen, and others to form two main groups:

1. The (Unter)weissach contingent, led by Johann Leibbrandt of Unterweissach; 2. The Oetlinger group led by Johann Georg Bidlingsmaier and Jakob Lutz of Plochingen. (3) (4)

I’m personally convinced that our Russian Patriarch was part of the Oetlingen Harmony. Two Weissachs are found in Wuerttemberg. One is locate eight miles northwest of the capital of Stuttgart, much too far for Separatist emigrants from Owen, Teck. Weissach im Tal lies 21 miles northeast of Stuttgart. Of which Weissach was the Weissach Harmony a part? The answer is academic; it doesn’t matter at this point because both are a greater distance from Owen, Teck, than Oetlingen, from which the Oetlingen Harmony is named. Oetlingen is a mere seven miles from Owen, Teck, and Plochingen, the homes of its two leaders, is only 12 miles north of Owen, Teck. Weissach im Tall is 29. Consequently, Johann George participated in the Oetlingen Harmony. By mid-May of 1817 the Oetlingen Harmony was first stepping onto boats on the blue Danube. (5) The 8

Troesters left in company with the Bamesbergers, Wagners, Georges, Walls, Hildebrands, Bindewalds and others. (6) (7)

It’s interesting to compare Dr. Otto Troester’s compilation of oral history with the Hoffnungstal census taken upon our Russian Patriarch’s arrival to hisr new colony of Hoffnungstal. The census not only substantiates oral history but reveals names of other family heads who traveled with them and other surnames closely connected with the future lives of the Troesters in Hoffnungstal and America. (8) (9) They are noted in the chart below:

bbbb Make Up of the Early Settlers Closely Connected to the Troesters

Traveled w/Troesters from Owen in 1817, according to Dr. Troester. (10) Additional settlers from Owen, according to Dr. Height. (11) Troester marriage into families while still in Owen, according to Ehrman. (12) Troester marriage into families once in Hoffnungstal, according to Ehrman. (13) In this chart, note 3 are from Owen, 5 from Bachnang, & 4 from Ludwigsburg near Stuttgart. * Original settler names, according Germans from Russia Heritage Society. (14) Last name First Town District Nation Connection Troester* Joh. Owen Kirchheim Wrtt. Our Georg Teck Russian (Oetlingen Patriarch H.) Bamesberger* Gottlieb Gndelbach Maulbroon Wrtt. Marriage (Hoffn.) Wagner* Joh. Höpfighelm Ludwigsburg Wrtt. Marriage Georg (Hoffn.) Wagner* Mathias Grossbottwar Ludwigsburg Wrtt. Marriage (Hoffn.) Georg* Christian Scheina Meiningen Hamilton Co. Wall* Johann Owen Kirchheim Wrtt. Hamilton Co Leonhard Teck (O. Harm.) Attinger Friedrich Owen Kirchheim Wrtt. Marriage (Maiden name Teck (O. Harm.) (Owen) of Russian Patriarch’s wife, Johanna) Ensinger Joh. Brucken Nurtingen Wrtt. Marriage 9

Konrad (Owen) Zweigardt* Wm. Jux Bachnang Wrtt. Marriage Ludw. (Weissach (Owen) Harmony) Fischer* Hiob Erbstetten Bachnang Wrtt. Marriage Jakob (W. Harmony) (Owen) Kienzle* Christoph Maurbach Bachnang Wrtt. Marriage (W. Harmony) (Hoffn.) Klotz* Johann Bruch Bachnang Wrtt. Marriage (W. Harmony) (Hoffn.) Leibbrandt* Imm. Jak. Unterweissach Wrtt. Surviving (W. Harmony) child of Weissach Harmony leader, J.L. Murschel* Bernhausen Stuttgart Wrtt. Marriage (Hoffn.) Schaffert* Joh. Waldbach Ohringen Wrtt. Marriage Christ. (Hampton) Fiechtner* Christ. Kamerhof Oberweissach Wrtt. Marriage Fr. (Hoffn.) Rueb* Johannes Ehrstädt Sinsheim Baden Marriage Andress (Hoffn.) Fritz Adam Messtetten Balingen Wrtt. Marriage (Hoffn.) Fritz David Unterschlechtbach Waiblingen Wrtt. Marriage (Hoffn.) Dobler Anna Betzingen Ruetlingen Wrtt. Marriage Maria (Hoffn.) Knöll Jak. Neckartallfingen Nurtingen Wrtt. Marriage Friedrich (Hoffn.) Bauer Adam Besigheim Ludwigsburg Wrtt. Marriage Friedr. (Hoffn.) Bauer Luther Grossbottwar Ludwigsburg Wrtt. Marriage (Hoffn.) Harsh Heinrich Nagold Calw Wrtt. Marriage (Nagold- (Hoffn.) Fruedenstadt Harmon) 10

cccc. Permits From Czar Alexander I of the Imperial Russia However, before the Troesters could leave with their group, they had to make arrangements with Russian and local authorities. “From our group, several family heads approached Baron von Stackelberg who was then residing in Stuttgart, with a petition to the czar that they may settle in New Russia. Through this man’s mediating efforts, His Most Gracious Majesty Czar Alexander sent the Russian ambassador a ukase, granting them the free exercise of religion.” (1)

Beyond the general Manifesto of 1804, there was some “fine print” that each emigrant family had to become familiar with--further stipulations from the czar.

1. You must apply to the Russian embassy in Stuttgart for immigration passes. (1) (2) 2 This is a selective solicitation for colonists. Applicants must be experienced, capable farmers, craftsmen, and wine-growers. (3) 3 Each immigrant must have testimonials of good citizenship and moral character. (4) 4 Men must accompany a family. They can not come alone--no independent bachelors. (5) 5 Each family must have 300 florins in cash or goods. Failure on this point meant being sent back home. (7) 6 Passenger fare on the Ulmer Schachtel boat from Ulm to Vienna was florins (adults), 5 florins (8-16 years old), 4 fl. for the rest. H, 15 (8) Payment must be available. 7. Immigrants must supply their own food and bedding. (9) 8. Finally, you must obtain permission to migrate from your king. Russian embassy (10)

There was not hesitation from the czar. He promptly granted them immigration papers. However, they had to satisfy the czar’s last request: obtain permission from the king to migrate from the country. 11

King Wilhelm I of Wuerttemberg

From the King of the Kingdom of Wuerttemberg 1. To obtain emigration permits, your leaders must apply to the ministry, i. e., to the new King of Wuerttemberg Wilhelm I. (1) 2. Before leaving, you must pay a 10% emigration tax. (The harmony of our Russian Patriarch Jakob Georg sought a general exemption to this stipulation, but the king turned them down.) (2) 3. Authorities published the list of emigrants in the newspapers. I’m not sure why but possibly for some of these reasons: (3) a. If they had outstanding debts, their creditors could press them for payment as a stipulation for leaving. b. Readers would be aware of lands now available for purchase. c. It might encourage other religious trouble makers to leave with these “radical” Separatists. 4. The king offered no resistance to their emigrant applications. Not only would the exodus relieve the pressures of overpopulation, but the king was hoping to rid himself of some of the unwanted elements among his constituents. ( 4 ) (5 )

dd. Johann Georg Troester’s Family (1) We know the groups Johann Georg Troester was part of, and who the leaders were. We know from what communities many of his fellow travelers haled; however, at this point, the writer doesn’t have enough evidence to determine for certain just how many of his sons and their families participated in this migration in the spring of 1817. Nevertheless, I lay before you the evidence:

Johann Georg Troester and Johanna Katharina Attinger married in 1784. They had six children in all, five boys and one girl. Their little girl, Anna Maria, died in infancy. Her name was carried on through the Hoffnungstal 12 generations as and you will later see. Her five brothers’ ages ranged from 20 to 32 when her father led his family to New Russia. Although they all eventually headed for the “Promise Land”, it’s unclear how many delayed their coming and how many left immediately with their father.

Before we discuss this question, it’s interesting to note how Johann Georg and Johanna Katarina named their boys. Since both shared similar names, they decided to continue the pattern with the boys. Note this as we progress.

As the harmonies left for Ulm, Wuerttemberg, these were the facts about each of Johann Georg’s sons.

1. Johann Georg (Jr.), now 32, married Anna Maria Loew in Owen, Teck. By 1817 they had four children. The first three were girls; the oldest, Maria Dorothea, died six years earlier, at 10 months of age. Their third daughter, Anna Maria, died four years later at the age of a year and a half, leaving them with their second daughter Anna Catherina (age five) and their youngest, Georg Adam (age two). Documentation reveals that they followed our Russian Patriarch to New Russia, leaving behind them the graves of two of their children.

2. Johann Michael, now 30, married Christine Barbara Ensingen in Owen, Teck. By 1817 they had had two children: Johann Georg (named after father and grandfather) and Johann Jakob. Johann Georg died two years earlier at the age of two. Johann Jakob was not yet a year and a half at the migration. Johann didn’t leave with our Russian Patriarch. We know this because little Johann Georg died in Owen, Teck in August of 1817, after Johann Georg Troester, Sr. had already left. Their baby may have been sick at the time of his family’s exodus, thus delaying Johann Michael and Christine Troester’s departure. They may have left right after the funeral, but arriving during cold weather was not ideal. My guess is that they waited until spring to meet up with our Russian Patriarch. Whenever they left, they also left behind the graves of two children. Since our Russian Patriarch left at the end of in May, 1817, Johann and Christine definitely didn’t leave with him. With Johann Michael Troester leaving Owen, Teck, at a later date, it would have given him more time to get a good price for his property or even for his father’s if his father hadn’t yet disposed of it before his departure. 13

3. Johann Jakob, now 27, married Anna Maria Weber sometime before 1822; their oldest child, our American Patriarch, was not born yet until 1822. However it’s unclear according to the Ehrman Record if their vows took place in Owen, Teck, or Hoffnungstal. In any case, he had no children at this time so the Ehrman Record can not be used to determined if he left with his father or not. We know of no family reasons that would keep him in Owen, Teck, like with his brother Johann Michael, but at this point we can not say for sure. Consequently, we are uncertain if he can at this time. 4. Johann Stephan, now 23, was unmarried. Documentation places him with our Russian Patriarch at Ismail, New Russia, in 1817, so it is clear that he was part of the 1817 migration. 5. Johann Friedrich, now 21, married Margaret Hofer; their first child wasn’t born until 1820. The Ehrman Record is unclear as to when the couple was married so we don’t know at this point if he they migrated as a married couple. In any case, he brought no children with him. Like Johann Jakob, there doesn’t seem to be a reason why he wouldn’t have migrated with his father, but at this point, we don’t possess documentation to verify that he did. Consequently, we are uncertain if he came at this time. In summary, we know for certain that Johann Georg, our Russian Patriarch, left with Johann Georg (Jr.) and Johann Stephan. We know for certain that Johann Michael did not migrate with his father. We are uncertain about Johann Jakob and Johann Friedrich. So, our Russian Patriarch may have left with four of his five sons; however, we as yet do not have evidence yet to confirm this. According to what we can figure out from the Ehrman Record, our Russian’s family party consisted of seven to eleven people from three generations. (2) We are pretty certain that Russian Patriarch Johann Georg was part of the Oetlingen Harmony (led by Johann Georg Bidlingmaier and Jakok Ulm, Wuerttemberg (3) Lutz of Plochingen). These harmonies helped make up the first ontingency of 900 immigrants, divided into 14 columns, making their 14 departures at brief intervals. Their first destination? Ulm, Wuerttemberg, a port city on the Danube River, which served as a boundary between the Kingdoms of Wuerttemberg and Bavaria. We know that after a 40 mile journey, the Oetlingen Harmony arrived in Ulm by June 2 and progressed westward down the Danube (4)

Our Russian Patriarch Johann Georg Troester and his wife Joanna Katharina Attiger not only left behind the grave of their little girl Anna Maria and relatives with the same last names. Today Troesters still live near Owen, Teck, and Attigers (maiden name of our Russian Patriarch’s wife) are residing within the Owen, Teck. (5)

The next section of this family history will describe the story of their exodus to the “Promised Land”, which was 1000 miles in length and for many, including the Troesters, a heart breaking and tragic experience.

End Notes and Credits Introduction 1. Descendants of Johann Georg Troester http://www.ehrman.net/hoffnung/hoffnungfam/troester/troester.html Ehrman Record 06-28-12 2. William I of Wuerttemberg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg 06-28-12 3. of Russia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_coat_of_arms 06-28-12 aa. Factors for Leaving aaa. The Timeline 1. Compiled from portions of this website prior to Section 6 . 2. Ibid. bbb. Narrative Summary 1. Napoleon’s Blog, Dedicated to the Greatest Leader, Napoleon Bonaparte http://serieamania.net/napoleon/ 06-21-12 2. Summarized from Section 5d. 3. Pine Bark http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pine_bark.jpg 06-28-12 4. Summarized from Section 5d. 5. 1948 Hoffnungstal History by Dr. George Leibbrandt, 1848 (assumed), translated by Paul Reeb, No date, p. 1. 15

6. H-Pietism http://www.h-net.org/~pietism/ 06-21-12 7. KRIM-GR Research website, Separatists http://www.icehouse,net/debbie/html/separatists.html 06-21-12 8. Australian Aboriginal Astronomy http://aboriginalastronomy.blogspot.com/2011/05/comets-comets- comets.html 06-21-12

dd. Earlier Migrations aaa. First Wave 1. Three Tzars – Three Alexnders http://general-history.com/three-tsars- three-alexanders/ 06-28-12 2. Duc Armand de Richelieu http://www.larousse.fr/archives/grande-encyclopedie/page/11863 06-28-12 3. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 2 4. Ibid., 24 bbb. Manifest of 1804 Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 3

ccc. Second Wave 1. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 13 2. Ibid., p. 15-16. 3. Ibid., p. 23. cc. Organizing to Leave aaa. Introduction 1. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 24. 2. Ibid. p. 77, 90.

bbb. “Scouting Expedition” 1. Fortress of Hohenasperg http://www.wenner.net/?artikelid=G2355 06-28-12 2. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p.27-28. 3. Ibid., p. 5. ccc. Harmonies & Permits Harmonies 16

1. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 28. 2. Addenda to the 1848 Hoffnungstal History by Dr. Georg Leibbrandt, translated by Paul Reeb, No date, http://www.grhs.org/vr/vhistory/hoffnungstal_od.htm 06-28-12 3. Hoffnungstal Odessa – 1884 Village History http://www.grhs.org/vr/vhistory/hoffnungstal_od.htm 06-28-12 4. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 28. 5. Hoffnungstal, Odessa – 1884 Village History http://www.grhs.org/vr/vhistory/hoffnungstal_od.htm 06-28-12 6. Dr. Otto Troester, compiler, Record of Troester Oral history, p. 2 06-28-12 7. Ibid., p. 2 8. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 90-91. 9. Troester, Dr. Otto, compiler, Record of Troester Oral History, p. 2, 9-20-58. 10. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 90-91. 11. Ibid. 12. Descendants of Johann Georg Troester http://www.ehrman.net/hoffnung/hoffnungfam/troester/troester.html Ehrman Record 06-28-12 14. Ibid. 15. Germans from Russia Heritage Society http://www.grhs.org/chapters/hop/founding_families.html 07-04-12

Permits From Czar Alexander I of the Imperial Russia 1. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 3 2. Hoffnungstal Odessa – 1884 Village History http://www.grhs.org/vr/vhistory/hoffnungstal_od.htm 06-28-12 3. Homesteaders on the Steppe: N. D. Historical Society of Germans from Russia; Bismark, N.D., 1979, Dr. Joseph S. Height, p. 3 4. Ibid., p. 30 5. Ibid., p. 16 6. Ibid., p. 28-29 7. Ibid., p. 50 17

8. Ibid., p. 15 9. Ibid., p. 15 10.Ibid., p. 23, 30

From the King of the Kingdom of Wuerttemberg 1. Height, p. 28 2. p. 29-30 3. p. 30 4. p. 47 5. GRHS: Crimean Religion http://www.grhs.org/chapters/krim/religion.htm 07-06-12

dd. Johann Georg Troester’s Family 1. Ehrman Record: Descendants of Johann Georg Troester http://www.ehrman.net/hoffnung/hoffnungfam/troester/troester.html 06-28-12 2. Ebid. 3. Map and Maps http://www.mapandmaps.com/1077-3571-thickbox/ulm-baden- wurttemberg-danube-river--old-antique-print-1840.jpg 07- 08-12 3. Google Maps http://maps.google.com 07-05-12 3. Das Telefonbuch (for Troester and Attiger) http://www3.dastelefonbuch.de/ 04-04-12

Initial posting: 06-08-12 Updates: