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Profit and Commitment Lorenzo Dolfin and the Commercial Family in Venetian Long -Distance Trade, c.1399-1475 Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Historisches Seminar/ Transkulturelle Studien vorgelegt von Franz-Julius Morche Erster Gutachter: Dr. Georg Christ Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Kurt Weissen Druckfassung, August 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS DANKSAGUNG 5 SYNOPSIS 7 TECHNICALITIES 9 CHAPTER I: REASSESSING THE VENETIAN COMMERCIAL PATRICIATE – A MICRO-HISTORICAL APPROACH 11 A. STATE OF RESEARCH 13 B. RESEARCH AGENDA: THE COMMERCIAL FAMILY 21 C. SOURCES 22 I. THE COMMISSARIE LORENZO DOLFIN AND BIAGIO DOLFIN 22 II. OTHER ARCHIVAL AND MANUSCRIPT SOURCES 26 III. KNOWLEDGE-SHARING: THE “MEDIEVAL MEDITERRANEAN DIASPORAS DATABASE” 27 D. METHODOLOGY 28 E. STRUCTURE 29 CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND – INCENTIVES AND DYNAMICS OF LONG-DISTANCE TRADE 31 A. VENICE, ITALY, AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 32 I. POLITICS OF CONSOLIDATION 32 II. COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE 35 B. GEOGRAPHICAL EXPANSION AND THE END OF THE COMMENDA ECONOMY 37 I. WAS EUROPE’S TRADE HUB IMMUNE TO ECONOMIC DECLINE? 39 II. THE CLOTH TRADE – A SOURCE OF WEALTH 41 C. VENETIAN ASCENT IN TIMES OF CRISIS 44 I. SEDENTARY TRADE AGENCY 46 II. THE FAMILY AS A COMMERCIAL UNIT? 48 CHAPTER III: AN APPRENTICESHIP IN COMMERCE AND POWER – ALEXANDRIA, VENICE, LONDON (1418-1424) 52 A. BIAGIO DOLFIN QUONDAM LORENZO 52 I. GEM TRADER AND CONSUL: THE USE OF RELATIVES AS TRADE PROXIES 53 II. AGENT AND PRINCIPAL: BUSINESS SKILLS IN THE SERVICE OF FELLOW TRADERS 56 B. LORENZO DOLFIN QD. ANTONIO 58 I. LORENZO’S FAMILY BACKGROUND: THE GABRIEL SIDE 58 2 II. APPRENTICE BETWEEN VENICE AND ALEXANDRIA 62 III. LORENZO DOLFIN AS A FAMILY REPRESENTATIVE 65 C. CROSS-GENERATIONAL PATTERN: THE STRATEGIC TRANSMISSION OF BUSINESS SKILLS 68 CHAPTER IV: MASTER OF AFFAIRS – FAMILY, POLITICS, BUSINESS ORGANISATION: VICENZA AND VENICE (1424-1427) 72 A. THE TRANSFORMATION OF A BUSINESS NETWORK: BIAGIO’S DEATH AND LORENZO’S COMING-OF-AGE 73 I. NICOLÒ BERNARDO QD. FRANCESCO: A CROSS-GENERATIONAL BUSINESS CONTACT 76 II. GIACOMO DOLFIN QD. FRANCESCO: A NEW COMPONENT OF AN INHERITED NETWORK 81 III. RISE OF THE FAMILY 84 B. CREATING A FAMILY NETWORK 85 I. COGNATIC-MATRILINEAR ALLIANCE: THE GABRIEL CONNECTION 85 C. FAMILY AND POLITICS 90 I. CONSANGUINEOUS, AGNATIC FAMILY: DOLFIN 96 II. AFFINAL FAMILY: MOROSINI 100 D. FAMILY AND BUSINESS: EXPLOITING FAMILY LOYALTIES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES 105 CHAPTER V: LONG-DISTANCE TRADE – LONDON, FLANDERS, CONSTANTINOPLE, TANA (1427-1443; 1474) 110 A. LONDON AND FLANDERS 110 I. THE RENIER NETWORK: A COMMISSION AGENCY MODEL 111 II. GIROLAMO BRAGADIN QD. ANDREA: AN INTERMEDIARY SOLUTION 115 III. MICHELE MOROSINI QD. MARINO: A COALITION AGENCY MODEL 117 B. ROMANIA 120 I. THE COMPAGNIA DOLFIN: A CONTRACTUAL, FAMILY-BASED COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE 120 II. THE DOLFIN-MOROSINI TRADE COALITION: A NON-CONTRACTUAL, FAMILY-BASED COMMERCIAL VENTURE 126 C. SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT AND SENIOR YEARS 134 D. WEALTH AND DEATH 137 E. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION: THE PATRICIAN FAMILY IN THE ECONOMIC SPHERE 140 CHAPTER VI: THE PATRICIAN FAMILY AS AN ECONOMIC INSTITUTION 142 A. PRIVATE-ORDER INSTITUTIONS 142 I. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMPAGNIA 144 II. THE COMPAGNIA IN THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE 146 3 III. THE INSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF THE FAMILY 148 B. WHICH MODEL OF THE FAMILY? 149 IV. SOCIAL FUNCTIONS: THE PERSONAL AND THE PUBLIC 150 V. A NEW MODEL: THE COMPREHENSIVE FAMILY 151 C. ANALYSIS: COMMISSION AGENCY VS. FAMILY REPRESENTATION 156 I. THE ROLE OF INCENTIVES 156 II. MONETARY AND NON-MONETARY PAYOFFS 157 III. INCENTIVES IN LORENZO DOLFIN’S NETWORK 159 D. TWO REFERENTIAL CASES: MALIPIERO AND SORANZO 161 I. DONATO SORANZO: A FRATERNA MERCHANT 161 II. AMBROGIO MALIPIERO: A DIASPORA MERCHANT 168 CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK – TOWARDS A PROSOPOGRAPHY OF LONG-DISTANCE TRADE? 175 A. HISTORICAL NARRATIVE: ANOTHER MERCHANT OF VENICE 176 B. EVALUATION: A FAMILY COALITION AS BUSINESS FRAMEWORK 178 C. FURTHER HYPOTHESES 179 D. OUTLOOK: PROSOPOGRAPHY AS A COMPLEMENTARY METHOD 181 APPENDIX 184 A. CHRONOLOGY 184 B. SELECTED DOCUMENTS 185 I. LETTER, BIAGIO DOLFIN QD. LORENZO, VENETIAN CONSUL IN ALEXANDRIA, TO LORENZO DOLFIN QD. ANTONIO IN VENICE 185 II. LETTER, NICOLÒ DOLFIN QD. BENEDETTO, PODESTÀ OF SACILE, TO LORENZO DOLFIN QD. ANTONIO, CAMERARIO OF VICENZA 186 III. LETTER, GIACOMO DOLFIN QD. FRANCESCO, VICE-BAILO OF CONSTANTINOPLE, TO LORENZO DOLFIN QD. ANTONIO 186 IV. CONTRACT CONCERNING THE PURCHASE OF A SHIP IN CONSTANTINOPLE, ISSUED BY GIORGIO DOLFIN QD. FRANCESCO 189 C. LIST OF CORRESPONDENCE, BIAGIO AND LORENZO DOLFIN 189 D. LETTERS TO AMBROGIO MALIPIERO 190 E. NETWORK AND COALITION STRUCTURE: A FORMAL APPROACH 197 BIBLIOGRAPHY 200 A. ARCHIVAL SOURCES 200 B. EDITED SOURCES 201 C. WORKS OF REFERENCE 201 D. LITERATURE 201 4 DANKSAGUNG Die vorliegende Arbeit ist eine geringfügig geänderte und gekürzte Fassung meiner Disserta- tionsschrift, die am 23. April 2013 von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Heidel- berg angenommen wurde. Sie entstand während meiner Teilnahme am Forschungsprojekt „Kaufmannsdiasporas im östlichen Mittelmeerraum 1250-1450“ (2008-2012) im For- schungsbereich „Transkulturelle Studien“ der Universität Heidelberg. Für die großartige Un- terstützung, die ich seitens meiner akademischen Lehrer, aber auch von vielen Kollegen, Freunden und Verwandten erfahren habe, möchte ich von Herzen Dank sagen. Alle verblei- benden Unzulänglichkeiten sind nur mir selbst anzulasten. Mein erster Dank gilt meinem Betreuer, Herrn Dr. Georg Christ, der unsere Forschungsgrup- pe mit großem persönlichem Einsatz leitete und sich für die Belange der Doktoranden weit mehr Zeit nahm als gemeinhin üblich. Ohne die engagierte Weitergabe seines reichen Wis- sens zur venezianischen Handelsgeschichte sowie seiner sprachlichen und paläographischen Kompetenz im Umgang mit venezianischen Quellen hätte ich diese Arbeit nicht angehen können. Weiter gilt mein Dank Herrn Prof. Dr. Bernd Schneidmüller, der den Forschungsbe- reich „Transkulturelle Studien“ initiierte und so meine Tätigkeit in Heidelberg erst ermög- lichte, sowie Herrn Prof. Dr. Thomas Maissen, der den Vorsitz der Prüfungskommission übernahm. Meinem Zweitgutachter, Herrn Prof. Dr. Kurt Weissen, danke ich für nützliche Hinweise und Anregungen, die er mir in zahlreichen Gesprächen und Seminardiskussionen zukommen ließ. Herrn Prof. Dr. Benjamin Arbel (Tel Aviv) und Herrn Prof. Dr. David Jaco- by (Jerusalem, †) verdanke ich viele Quellen- und Literaturhinweise sowie das Lesen und Kommentieren von Kapitelentwürfen und Exposés. Weiter danke ich Herrn Prof. Dr. Reinhold C. Mueller (Venedig), der mir im persönlichen Gespräch und sehr umfangreich schriftlich wichtige Hinweise gab. Auch stellte er mir Ko- pien venezianischer Kaufmannsbriefe zur Verfügung, die ihm in den 1980er-Jahren Zwecks einer Expertise übergeben worden waren – darunter auch einige Briefe an Lorenzo Dolfin. Die Originaldokumente waren offensichtlich einst aus dem venezianischen Staatsarchiv ent- wendet, schließlich aber trotz des Einspruchs von Prof. Mueller und anderen verkauft wor- den. Diese Kopien sind nun die einzigen der Forschung zur Verfügung stehenden Exemplare. Die vollständige Transkription eines der Briefe befindet sich im Anhang dieser Arbeit. Dem Deutschen Studienzentrum in Venedig und der Graduiertenakademie der Universität Heidelberg danke ich für die gewährten Unterstützungen. Mein Dank gilt Herrn Prof. Dr. Uwe Israel, der das Studienzentrum in der Zeit meines Stipendiums leitete und den Stipendia- 5 ten stets ein guter Ratgeber war, sowie seiner Nachfolgerin, Frau Prof. Dr. Sabine Meine, die mir nach dem Ende meiner Stipendiatenzeit u.a. die Durchführung zweier Paläographiesemi- nare in ihrem Haus ermöglichte. Frau Petra Schaefer, M.A., danke ich für ihre Hilfsbereit- schaft im venezianischen Forschungs- und Lebensalltag. Während meiner Arbeit in Heidelberg und der Forschungsaufenthalte in Venedig habe ich von vielen Kollegen Unterstützung und Hilfe erfahren. Sie sind zu zahlreich, um hier im Ein- zelnen genannt zu werden; ihnen allen sei herzlich gedankt. Dankbar bin ich auch für Anregungen von Teilnehmern der Kongressveranstaltungen: „International Trade“ (European Social Science History Conference in Gent, April 2010); „Business and Merchant Networks in Historical Perspective: Towards a Formal Approach“ (14th Annual Conference der Euro- pean Business History Association in Glasgow, August 2010); „Trade Networks in the Later Middle Ages“ (Union in Separation International Conference in Heidelberg, Februar 2011); „Business and Merchant Networks in the Past: Theories and Methods“ (Venedig, Juni 2010). Das Engagement von Herrn Prof. Dr. Giovanni Favero (Venedig) und Herrn Dr. Andrea Ca- racausi (Padua), den Organisatoren der Sitzungen in Glasgow und Venedig, sowie von Herrn Prof. Dr. Lars Börner (Berlin/ London), dem Mitorganisator des Heidelberger Panels, nenne ich in dankbarer Anerkennung. London, im Dezember 2019 Franz-Julius Morche 6 SYNOPSIS Frederic LANE’S classic study “Andrea Barbarigo – Merchant of Venice, 1418-1449” (1944)1 must be credited with introducing a new approach to Venetian economic historiography, making use of Venice’s richness of mercantile sources to retrace the life of a patrician mer- chant. Unfortunately, and despite the abundance of comparable source material, this poignant methodology has thus far generated little following, as Benjamin ARBEL rightly pointed out in a recent
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    Quaderni del Civico Museo Storico Della Città di Palmanova Elenco dei Provveditori Generali nella Patria del Friuli. Città di Palmanova - 2001 I Provveditori Generali nella Patria del Friuli. Il presente elenco, integrato con notizie ricavate da svariate fonti, è tratto essenzialmente, con alcune correzioni e precisizioni, da quelli di A. Tagliaferri e P. Damiani. L'anno indicato all'inizio è quello d'entrata in carica del Provveditore di Palma. Ben 8 Provveditori sono diventati successivamente Dogi della Serenissima. Il Provveditore di Palma Francesco Loredan Doge di Venezia 1752 - 1762 2 ELENCO 1593 - Marc'Antonio Barbaro - (1518 + 1595) Nominato dal Senato primo Provveditore il 19 ottobre 1593 mentre era sul luogo dell'erigenda fortezza. Fu Ambasciatore alla Corte di Francia (1561) e Inghilterra; Bailo a Costantinopoli (1571); Commissario ai confini del Friuli e Procuratore di San Marco (1572); designato Procuratore per ricevere a Venezia Enrico III di Francia e Polonia (1576); Savio Grande (1586); Provveditore alla costruzione del Ponte di Rialto e Riformatore allo Studio di Padova (1587); Sindaco Inquisitore al forte di Brescia (1588); Provveditore all'Artiglieria (1589); Savio di Terraferma (1590); Provveditore alle Acque (1593); Riformatore degli Studio di Padova e Savio Grande (1594) 1594 - Zuane Mocenigo - (1531 + 1598) Nominato Provveditore il 17 settembre 1594 e inviato al cantiere di Palma il 4 ottobre 1594. Fu Provveditore a Marano (1570); Presente alla Battaglia di Lepanto (1571); Capitano di Candia; Provveditore di Peschiera (1591); prima di Palma era Provveditore Generale in Dalmazia; Podestà e Capitano di Crema (1596) 1596 - Zuane Bembo - (1543 + 1618) Giunse a Palma il 9 aprile 1596 e se ne andò ammalato il 4 novembre 1596.
  • CHAPTER ONE: a HISTORICAL BACKGROUND the Venetian State

    CHAPTER ONE: a HISTORICAL BACKGROUND the Venetian State

    On the Knowledge of Persia in the Republic of Venice 7 CHAPTER ONE: A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Venetian state developed first as an overseas colonial empire and only later became a continental power, maintaining a strong vocation for international trade virtually until the last days of the Serenissima. Trade and shipping were openly acknowledged as the pillars of Venice’s might and wealth, and trade included Persia as well as lands which were connected to Persia, to a various degree and extent, by a number of historical, political, economic, cultural and linguistic ties. The Venetian merchants residing in Persia at any given time must have been always less numerous than those living in Byzantine Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire, or the Black Sea basin and the Crimea at the heyday of Venetian power, but their presence was not a negligible one. Thus, it is not surprising that a steady flow of information on Persia arrived to Venice, and that much of this information was produced or at least conveyed by traders. At an iconographic level, the inhabitants of Persia and of the lands surrounding it were (and still are) represented in the very political, ceremonial and symbolic heart of Venice, the Palazzo Ducale (which was the seat of the nominal head of the State, the Doge, as well as that of many government bodies, including those which were the expression of the paramount role of Venetian nobility and through which the nobility actually ruled the Republic, namely, the Maggior Consi- glio and the Senato) and the adjacent Basilica di S. Marco (which was the private chapel of the Doge).