SOME RESEARCHES on HAKIM TIRMIDHI in the USA and CANADA Nodir Karimov Rakhmonkulovich, Phd Student, Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan

American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 9-10, September-October 2018 [email protected]

SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES

Manuscript info: Received September 16, 2018., Accepted October 17, 2018., Published October 30, 2018.

SOME RESEARCHES ON HAKIM TIRMIDHI IN THE USA AND CANADA Nodir Karimov Rakhmonkulovich, PhD student, Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies, Uzbekistan. [email protected]

http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2573-5616-2018-10-2-1

Abstract: Hakim Tirmidhi is well-known Sunni jurist (faqih), traditionist (muhaddith) and Sufi master in the world. When discussing the problems associated with sufism, Hakim Tirmidhi had written various opinions that have been argued upon by numerous researchers while elaborating on their various thoughts over time until this present day. These various opinions and views found in the heritages of Hakim Tirmidhi were compiled to discuss the problems associated with "sainthood", "gnoseology", "awliya", "ukama" (sages), "ulama" (scholars), aql (intellect), "Hikmah", "qalb"(heart), "Stations of the Heart" and etc. Thus, there is a need among researchers to examine and understand the methods used by the Hakim Tirmidhi in explaining these words in opinion. This research intends to analyze dissertations that published in the USA and Canada. It will be an attempt to analyze and compare theses how they explained Hakim Tirmidhi and his opinions. Eight dissertations of the USA and Canada that discussed to show the research levels of Hakim Tirmidhi. The qualitative study used the literature review framework and obtained research data through document analysis. In general, Hakim Timidhi's scientific legacy can be proven as the most vital sources to learn and explain Sufism in the USA and Canada. Keywords: Tirmiz, al-hakim, sainthood, gnoseology, awliya, ukama (sages), ulama (scholars)

Recommended citation: Nodir Karimov Rakhmonkulovich. SOME RESEARCHES ON HAKIM TIRMIDHI IN THE USA AND CANADA. 9-10 American Journal of Research P. 4-10 (2018).

1. Introduction Muhammad bin Ali bin Hasan bin Asian scholar Hakim Tirmidhi Bashir (in some sources it is Bishr) played an important role in the Al Hakim At-Termizi. He was born development of religious and secular in approximately 132-142/750-760 sciences in the medieval world. His years and died in 255/869 in Tirmiz full name is Abu Abdullah - an ancient city in Uzbekistan.

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Hakim Tirmidhi remained Foundations of Sufi Social Praxis by invaluable scientific heritage. The list Aiyub Palmer, "Autobiography in of his books, thesis and papers classical Arabic literature: An counts more than 150-400 pieces. ignored literary genre" by al-Ghamdi The total amount of Hakim Saleh Mued, "The Concept of Tirmidhi's works makes eighty Hikmah in Early Islamic Thought" volumes which kept in the form of by Hikmet Yaman, "Where Two manuscripts, published books Seas Meet": The Quranic Story of related him in the libraries of the Khidr and Moses in Sufi world [6, p.15]. The range of Commentaries as a Model for Tirmidhi's education did include the Spiritual Guidance by Hugh Talat sciences, such as Greek natural Halman, "Sufi Theory and Language science and philosophy. His in the Writings of Abu Sa'id Ahmad subsequent reference to learning the ibn Isa al-Kharraz (d. 286/899)" by use of the astrolabe, implying Nada A.Saab, "The role of al-Aql in knowledge of astronomy and early Islamic Wisdom with reference mathematics, has been given to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq" by different interpretations. "There is no Douglass S.Crow, "An Early Sufi trace of influence from "natural Concept of Qalb: Hakim al- science" in his writings." But being a Tirmidhi's Map of the Heart" Sufi Master is enough to accept that Natalie A. Pavlis, "A Study of he did. However, his general pursuit Sainthood Medieval Islamic Egypt: of knowledge gained him the name Muhammad and Ali Wafa" by of "al-hakim" (the title which means Richard Ja.McGregor are used as he had mastered the five sciences- main sources. Mathematics-Logic-Music- 3. Research Methodology Medicine and Astronomy). As above This is a qualitative research using mentioned facts, his scientific works the content analysis approach. About have been studying in all over the eight scientific works are used to world as reliable sources. In this explain how Hakim Tirmidhi's books article, it will be an attempt to are being studied in the USA and analyze the dissertations have been Canada. Besides that, the researcher done in the USA and Canada. had used journals and articles to According to our information, more collect data related to the research. than ten theses can be found about 4. Findings and Discussion Hakim Tirmidhi in the USA and According to our opinion, first Canada. known work of the USA is 2. Literature Review "Autobiography in classical Arabic In this research, "The Social and literature: An ignored literary genre" Theoretical Dimensions of by al-Ghamdi Saleh Mued. This Sainthood in Early Islam: Al- thesis was defended in Indiana Tirmidhi's Gnoseology and the University in 1989. Saleh Mued says

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5 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 9-10, September-October 2018 [email protected] that the genre of autobiography is Khidr who offers to teach him daily fruitful and interesting areas of so that he would "soon outstrip research. Thus, the main purpose of them [his companions who went to his thesis is an historical and the madrasa]." It can be found this analytical study of the genre of kind of opinions about Khidr in autobiography in classical Arabic Hakim Tirmidhi's works. Hugh Talat literature. The term "classical" here Halman exploits them wisely to refers to the period between the explain his ideas about Khidr [4, third/ninth and ninth/sixteenth p.234]. centuries [2, p.2]. This dissertation Sufi Theory and Language in the comprises five chapters. Author Writings of Abu Sa'id Ahmad ibn Isa divides classical Arabic al-Kharraz (d. 286/899) by Nada autobiographies into three categories A.Saab was published in Yale according to their main subject University in 2003. Differences and matter, namely, spiritual, political, similarities in the works of Isa al- and academic. Hakim Tirmidhi with Kharraz and Hakim Tirmidhi were his "Risalat Buduww Sha'n Abu Abd discussed in this thesis. For instance, Allah" was the first scholar in the degree of walayah is related to spiritual autobiography chapter. In the Sufi's degree of illumination and fact, he was the first to produce this gnosis. This opinion was also shared kind of autobiography. In this by contemporary Sufis such as al- section, Saleh Mued gives full Tirmidhi and Sahl al-Tustari. Al- information about scholar's life, Samarra argues in his introduction family, heritages and etc. to the Epistles of al-Kharraz that In 2000, PhD dissertation called Kitab al-Kashfwa al-Bayan was "Where Two Seas Meet": The written in refutation of al-Tirmidhi's Quranic Story of Khidr and Moses Khatm al- Awliya [5, p.105]. in Sufi Commentaries as a Model In 2008, Hikmet Yaman for Spiritual Guidance was defended published his thesis called "The by Hugh Talat Halman in Duke Concept of Hikmah in Early Islamic University. As we mentioned earlier, Thought" in Harvard University. This Hakim Tirmidhi is also known as a dissertation is well-known with Sufi master. So the author uses discussing "Hikmah" very deeply. Hakim Tirmidhi's thoughts about This dissertation will investigate the Khidr. As Hakim Tirmidhi's concept of hikmah in the cross- biographical narrative, Al-Tirmidhi's disciplinary context of early Muslim decides to remain with his mother scholarly works, mainly in the to care for her and her affairs, literatures of Arabic lexicography, rather than go off to the madrasa Qur'anic exegesis, Sufism, and for education, as his friends did. For Islamic philosophy. While the this virtuous choice, al-Tirmidhi is dissertation will center on the rewarded by the appearance of notion of hikmah, it will also shed

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6 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 9-10, September-October 2018 [email protected] light on other key epistemological doctrine of sainthood and concepts found in the Qur'an, such gnoseology that are not apparent in as "ilm" (knowledge), "ma'rifah" his more studied works such as Sirat (gnosis), "aql" (intellect), "qalb" al Awliya [1, p.24]. (heart), and "fiqh" In 1996, Hakim Tirmidhi's (comprehension), to which heritages were used widely by "hikmah" is intrinsically related [3, Douglas S.Crow in his PhD p.2]. The dissertation will, therefore, dissertation called "The role of al- contextualize "hikmah" in a more Aql in early Islamic wisdom with nuanced fashion in the collective reference to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq". usage of early Muslim authors such This dissertation was defended in as Hakim Tirmidhi. In this work, Institute of Islamic Studies McGill Hakim Tirmidhi's beliefs compared University - in a Canadian University. with other Muslim authors in an Douglas S.Crow's work consists of accurate way. six chapters. Douglas S.Crow says: "The Social and Theoretical "Since we concentrate on the Dimensions of Sainthood in Early transformations within one main Islam: Al-Tirmidhi's Gnoseology trajectory of traditions in early and the Foundations of ?ufi Social Islamic thought, namely the Praxis" by Aiyub Palmer was approximately thirty hadith about defended in University of Michigan the creation of al- "aql" herein in 2015. Aiyub Palmer discussed Sufi termed the "Aqbill report", these words such as "sainthood", traditions are numbered "gnoseology", "awliya", "?ukama" consecutively throughout the six (sages), "ulama" (scholars). The two chapters" [7, p.VIII]. Interestingly, most studied works of al-Tirmidhi an assessment is given of the in this area of walaya (sainthood) are repercussions of al-Sidiq's Sirat al Awliya? (also known as contribution for continuing Shi'i and Khatm al-Awliya) and ?Ilm al- Sufi enrichments of the "aql" Awliya, however, there are other creation narratives (eg. with al- important works such as Nawadir Haklm al-Tirmidhi). As it is known al-Usul and Ma?rifat al-Asrar that that Hakim Tirmidhi is famous with also deal with topics related to his ideas about "aql". For instance, sainthood. These last two texts have Al-Hakim al- Tirmidhi employed not been studied extensively enough the phrase "al-'aql al-awwal" which to be used as a major contribution is depicted as impervious to Satanic to our understanding of al- depredations [7, p.135]. This glance Tirmidhi's doctrine of sainthood and at al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi is his gnoseology. In this dissertation important treatment of aql does not he focused in particular on Nawadir pretend to be adequate. More than al-Usul to provide clarification on ten books of Hakim Tirmidhi were several aspects of al-Tirmidhi's used in this thesis.

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In 2001, Canadian researcher light and knowledge (nur and Natalia Pavlis published her ma'rifat) [8, p.3]. Natalia Pavlis dissertation named "An Early Sufi explains why she chose this theme: Concept of Qalb: Hakim al- "Sufis have been concerned with the Tirmidhi's Map of the Heart" in notion of the "heart" as a Institute of Islamic Studies McGill metaphysical entity since their University. As it is known that the inception. Sufism has been allied Spiritual Journey is of pivotal with "tasfiyat al-qulub (purification importance to Sufis. Various mystics of hearts). Masters of Sufism have have conceived of this journey in been referred to as "masters of the different ways. For one early Sufi, heart". It is obvious then, that the al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, this journey heart is not just a piece of flesh in is conceived as an inward one the chest, but that it has a through the concentric circles of the metaphysical property to it. What are Heart. The focus of this thesis is on its properties? When Sufis refer to Tirmidhi's maqamat al-qalb, the the Heart (qalb), what do they mean "Stations of the Heart" as described by this? Although he was not the in his work the Bayan al-Farq Bayn first to discuss this concept, Hakim al-Sadr wa al-Qalb wa al-Fu'ad wa al-Tirmidhi was one of the first Sufis al- Lubb ( The Elucidation of the to explicitly outline a Map of the Differences Between the Chest, the Heart and discuss its levels Heart, the Inner Heart, and the (maqamat). Although he makes Intellect). To appraise Tirmidhi's reference to the Heart in more than elucidation, the discussion begins one of his books, his Bayan al-Farq with a mentioning of the concept of Bayn al-Sadr wa al-Qalb wa al-Fu'ad the Heart in the Near East before wa al-Lubb? (The Elucidation o f the Islam (in the Ancient Egyptian, Difference between the Breast, the Hindu, and Jewish traditions) and Heart, the Inner Heart, and the Tirmidhi's Muslim precursors and Intellect) most explicitly deals with contemporaries who also dealt with this concept of Qalb" [8, p.4]. In her this topic. Explication of the Bayan work she answered these questions: al-Farq itself is centered on the text What are the original meanings of itself, which follows an initial these terms? How are they used in discussion of the usage of the terms the Qur'an] How does Tirmidhi use sadr, qalb, fu'ad, and lubb in the these terms? In my opinion she Arabic language as well as a explained all above mentioned ideas discussion of how the terms are used in detail. in the Qur'an. Central to the subject In 2001, PhD dissertation called matter of the Bayan al-Farq is not "A Study of Sainthood Medieval only Tirmidhis elucidation of the Islamic Egypt: Muhammad and Ali differences between these layers of Wafa" was defended by Richard the Heart, but also his concepts of McGregor in Institute of Islamic

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Studies McGill University. This sayings by sufi masters on the study explores the concept of subject, or thematic collections of sainthood in the medieval Islamic ahadith or perhaps something more tradition. A close reading of the discursive. Since these sources may unexplored writings of two 14th C. never be recovered, we might never mystical thinkers, Muhammad and be fully able to assess the originality Ali Wafa, shows the presence of at of Tirmidhi's contribution to this least three distinct currents of field [9, p.14] ". Nevertheless, in thought regarding sainthood. One has his Kitab khatm al-awliva. (or Kitab been adopted from the Sufi order sirat al-awliya) Tirmidhi presents of the Shadhiliyya, one from the us with the earliest coherent writings of a 9th C. central Asian doctrine of walaya. In light of what mystic al-Tirmidhi, and one from we do know was being written at the controversial 13th C. thinker Ibn the same time on the subject, and Arabi. His study analyses how even later, this book is truly Egyptian writers, Muhammad and impressive in its detail and creativity. Ali Wafa, synthesized and Tirmidhi was probably the most elaborated upon these currents to prolific writer on mystical topics develop a distinct doctrine of of his time. Beyond the Kitab khatm sainthood. Although writers are to al-awliya. there are a number of be located firmly within the Sunni works pertaining to walaya which tradition, it is significant that they await analysis. In spite of his felt free to draw on Shi'ite ideas for contribution to Islamic mysticism, the construction of their own theory Tirmidhi has always been somewhat of the final great saint. Richard on the periphery of the tradition. McGregor says: "The earliest 5. Concluding Remarks thinker to systematically address the In fact, Hakim Tirmidhi gained subject of sanctity was al-Hakim al- the name of "al-hakim" in his Tirmidhi . Of course he was not the lifetime which means he had only thinker to discuss saints and mastered the five sciences- sainthood, two Iraqi Mathematics-Logic-Music- contemporaries, al-Kharraz (d. 286/ Medicine and Astronomy). 899) and Ibn Abi al-Dunya (d. 281/ Interestingly, only opinions on 894), also reflected on the subject. Sufism of Hakim Tirmidhi are Their work however, did not analyzed in the above discussed approach that of Tirmidhi in theses as early sources. Most coherence or sophistication. One American researchers who studied eleventh-century writer tells us that Hakim Tirmidhi and his books are there were even earlier books Muslims or Muslim countries. It can written on sainthood, but that these be seen that usually scholar's works have been lost. These books may are considered as early reliable have been simple compilations of sources. It is hoped that this research

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9 American Journal of Research www.journalofresearch.us ¹ 9-10, September-October 2018 [email protected] would help society to understand scholars works. Besides that, it is the Hakim Tirmidhi is an ocean in intention of the researcher to create science. In the USA and Canada, awareness there are a range of works researchers tried to explain his Sufi on Hakim Tirmidhi waiting for opinions with comparing other being analyzed.

References

1. Aiyub Palmer. The Social and Theoretical Dimensions of Sainthood in Early Islam: Al-Tirmidhi's Gnoseology and the Foundations of Sufi Social Praxis. Ph.D.diss. University of Michigan, USA. 2015. - P.374 2. al-Ghamdi Saleh Mued. Autobiography in classical Arabic literature: An ignored literary genre. Ph.D.diss. Indiana University, USA. 1989. - P.271 3. Hikmet Yaman. The Concept of Hikmah in Early Islamic Thought. Ph.D.diss. Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.2008. - P.358 4. Hugh Talat Halman. "Where Two Seas Meet": The Quranic Story of Khidr and Moses in Sufi Commentaries as a Model for Spiritual Guidance. Ph.D.diss. Duke University, USA.2000. - P.336 5. Nada A.Saab. Sufi Theory and Language in the Writings of Abu Sa'id Ahmad ibn Isa al-Kharraz (d. 286/899). Ph.D.diss. Yale University, USA.2003. - P.236 6. Èñòîðèêî-êóëüòóðíûå òðàäèöèè ýïîõè Õàêèìà Òèðìèçè è åå çíà÷åíèå â ìèðîâîé öèâèëèçàöèè (íà ðóñ., àíãë. ÿç.). - Äóøàíáå, 2016. Èçäàòåëüñòâî: "Äîíèø". - ñ. 588. (Historical and cultural traditions of the Hakim Tirmizi's Epoch and its importance in the World Civilization (in the Russian and English languages). - Dushanbe, 2016 - p. 588). 7. Douglass S.Crow. The role of al-Aql in early Islamic Wisdom with reference to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. Ph.D.diss. Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, Montreal, Canada. 1996. - P.406 8. Natalie A. Pavlis. An Early Sufi Concept of Qalb: Hakim al-Tirmidhi's Map of the Heart. Ph.D.diss.Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, Montreal PQ June, 2001. - P.98 9. Richard Ja.McGregor. A Study of Sainthood Medieval Islamic Egypt: Muhammad and Ali Wafa. Ph.D.diss.Institute of Islamic Studies McGill University, Montreal. Canada. 2001. - P.406.

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