International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation
ISSN: 0975 — 6272
XI (SP2): 145 — 154 www.essence-journal.com Review Article
Nature’s gift natural mineral water springs: A review
Khole, Anil M.
Department of Zoology, B. Raghunath College, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India Corresponding Author: [email protected]
A R T I C L E I N F O Received: 12 July 2020 | Accepted: 15 August 2020 | Published Online: 30 September 2020 EOI: 10.11208/essence.20.11.SP2.140 Article is an Open Access Publication. This work is licensed under Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ©The Authors (2020). Publishing Rights @ MANU—ICMANU and ESSENCE—IJERC.
A B S T R A C T Algae play an important role in maintaining aquatic ecosystem and form the base of food chain or food web. Algae classification pertains to rhodophyta, phaeophyta and chlorophyta i.e. red, brown and green algae based on their colour pigments. Algae have recently reemerged as promising organisms in the effort to develop sustainable options for production of food and fuel. Algae are divided into two categories: Microalgae and Macrolagae. Himalayan hillock – Himachal Pradesh situated in North West of Himalayas is a rich pocket of diverged algal species due to its favourable climatic conditions. In the present review, an attempt has been made to have a comprehensive documentation of the diversity of algal species that are present in Himachal Pradesh and explore cultivation techniques of these potential species as a rich feed stock mainly for 3rd generation biofuels. Natural hot and mineral water springs have specific role in health and wellness on this earth. As a result of population growth, fresh water will become increasingly scarce and is expected to be the primary constraint for increased food production. Water resource development has taken place all over the world. There is a tremendous amount of pressure in protecting and conserving the natural water resources available in various countries. Protecting the natural freshwater resources in the form of rivers, lakes, streams and springs is important task for human being. This paper reviews the methods that investigate the hydrological systems of springs.
K E Y W O R D S Natural | Springs | Conservation | Mineral water
C I T A T I O N Khole, Anil M. (2020): Nature’s Gift Natural Mineral Water Springs: A Review of Worldwide Research. ESSENCE Int. J. Env. Rehab. Conserv. XI (SP2): 145 — 154. https://eoi.citefactor.org/10.11208/essence.20.11.SP2.140
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Introduction drinking and domestic purposes (Aniqa Water is critical to life, but it is also a limited Batool et al., 2018). resource and several interrelated factors are Natural water springs decreasing its availability (WHO). Springs are the main source of water for millions of Springs are defined as places where people and their livestock. Throughout world groundwater flows naturally from a rock peoples living in the hilly areas depend on sediment or soil onto the land surface of into springs for their livestock and for the a body of surface water. The diversity of drinking, domestic and agricultural needs. springs is indicative of the wide array of The qualities of spring water sources vary geologic and hydrologic conditions which widely area wise, depending on location and lead to their occurrence. Springs are dynamic environmental factors. The factors and flow in response to changes in determining the qualities of natural waters, climatological, topographical, geological, and are chemical composition of the underlying geomorphological conditions. Scientifically, rocks, soil formations and length of time that most fascinating aspect related to spring flow the water body has been trapped underground is the mechanism that create the spring: type (DWAF, 1997). Cold water springs contain a of source rock, the character of adjacent of highly diverse invertebrate fauna, including beds, dynamic face, gravity, permeability, species from both surface and groundwater geomorphologic process, and geologic ecosystems, and also species that appear to be structure all-important of spring discharge. restricted to spring habitats. The biodiversity Spring water is the common source of the pattern of springs are strongly influenced by public water supply in most rural flow permanence, disturbance history, communities of developing countries (Van elevation, catchment land use and riparian Wijk-Sibesma). vegetation structure. Now, springs and their Characteristics of springs biota face significant threats from Some important characteristics of springs are: unsustainable use of groundwaters and the destruction of spring habitats (Mike et al., Water discharge from spring may be 2007). In India springs are the major source of constant or shows variable. freshwater in many small mountainous The springs can be perennial or seasonal watersheds within the Himalayan region. In It is difficult to access springs. recent years their flow rates have diminished, There is variation in discharge of a spring. but the reasons for this rate not self-evident Variation in spring water temperature to (Pennan and Sanmugam, 2016). Moreover, lower or higher. shortage of water freshwater shortage of water History of spring water exploitation throughout the world can be directly attributed to human misuse in the form of Naturally occurring hot springs were pollution. Among surface waters, springs’ particularly valued in colder climates, for water is usually considered as safe for example the springs developed by the ancient Romans in Europe. In North America, native
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Americans believed in curative effects of hot people quite visit this place. A trend towards springs. The thermal baths in Budapest were natural looking environments or setting is also developed during the Ottaman rule of evident in the marketing of many health Hungary, the inspiration was the Islamic resorts and spas, where swimming pools and tradition of cleanliness. Drinkers of mineral geothermal bathing facilities are designed and spring waters believed that the water had built to look as natural as possible, with rock therapeutic properties and that bathing in or pools the most typical and widespread design drinking the water could help to treat many (David, 2010). Studies by Parish and Lotti common ailments. According to historical (1996) support the claim that skin conditions documents, Chinese knew about mineral such as dermatitis and psoriasis can be water, especially hot springs. Li Daoyuan effectively treated by bathing in mineral who lived in the Beiwei Dynasty (A.D. 386- spring water. Recent research to assess the 543), described 41 hot springs from North and effectiveness of balneotherapy for rheumatic South China. The use of spring as a source of diseases in Turkey included nearly 4000 water depends in large part on their flow patients. This study of Karagulle and characteristics, both the quantity and Karagulle (2009) concluded that most forms constancy of flow. In India, hot springs is a of balneotherapy are effective in the treatment celebrated pilgrimage for the people of Hindu of rheumatic diseases. The study presents and Sikh belief systems. convincing evidence for the role of natural hot and mineral springs for health purposes from Uses of mineral spring water during rehabilitation perspective. Pharmacy ancient period historical work examines the impact of the use The most popular use of mineral water in of mineral waters and its health benefits such ancient time was for medical treatment. as – However, there were also records of Boost Blood Circulation. The water found in employing hot springs for the cooking and natural hot springs contains a variety of agriculture. different minerals, including calcium and Medical Use: The exploitation of mineral sodium bicarbonate and Sulphur. springs with curative properties has long and Reduces Stress and Promote Sleep. The physical properties which can be exploited for mineral water in hot springs can also help to reduce stress by relaxing tense muscles. medicinal purposes. In France health tourism Relieve Pain. is emphatically medicalized with spa therapy Heal Skin Problems (Dermal problems). or thermalisme (Weiz, 2001). A situation which is partly mirrored in several other Agriculture Use. In the book, History of Han European countries (e.g. Germany). Mineral Dynasty, written by Sima Biao in the period spring water belongs to the oldest medical of Jin Dynasty (A.D. 265-420), it is recorded therapies. Hot springs are therapeutic in that there is hot spring 3 km to the south of nature, as it is Sulphur rich that consist of all Cunzhou City, Hunan Province, China. healing properties which cure skin diseases Several hectares of ricefield downstream from and rheumatism among other ailments. So, the spring, irrigated by warm water. In Chilly
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Hokkaaido, Japan farmer uses hot spring to spirituality that is associated with holy springs grow mangoes. and the religious conflicts that surround them.
Arsenic -Arsenic in minute amounts may assist Origin of springs the body with plasma and tissue growth. The complete set of origin, occurrence and - Foot bathing in mineral waters with a concept related to the hydrologic cycle, high content of arsenic is used to groundwater and the occurrence of springs is address fungal conditions of the feet contained in the book of History or Hydrology Bicarbonate -Balneotherapists utilize bicarbonate (Biswas 1970). Biswas research based on waters for bathing to address discussions on concepts of water on earth by hypertension and mild atherosclerosis Plato, Tartarus, Aristotle and in early biblical -Boron builds muscle mass, increases Boron documents. Plato believed that there were brain activity and strengthens bones numerous interconnected perforations and -Chlorides amount 5-3% are Chlorides passages, broad and narrow in the interior of considered by some researchers beneficial for rheumatic conditions, the earth. The water retires with a rush into the arthritis, central nervous system inner parts of the earth, it flows through the conditions earth into those regions, and fills them up like
water raised by a pump. When it leaves those Magnesium -Magnesium converts blood sugars into energy and promotes healthy skin regions and rushes back hither, it again flows
into the nearby hollows, and when these are Potassium -Potassium assists in the normalization of heart rhythms, helps to eliminate filled, it flows through subterranean channels body toxins and promotes healthy skin and finds its way to several places, forming
seas, lakes, rivers and springs. Sodium -Sodium and natural salts assist with the alleviation of arthritic symptoms Religion and springs and stimulates the lymphatic system
Water is considered a purifier in most Sulphur -Hot springs rich in Sulphur are used to and address a wide variety of conditions, religions. Its centrality to life is recognized by Sulphates including skin infections, respiratory the many religions of humanity which treat problems, and skin inflammation. water as holy in their rituals, in the location of Table. 1: Therapeutic value of mineral content of their places of worship (Ganesh et al., 2006). natural hot and mineral springs (Eyton’s Earth, 2010) Some faiths use water especially prepared for Mythology about natural springs religious purposes. Many religious also consider particular sources or bodies of water Springs archetypal symbols of life, fertility to be sacred or at least auspicious. Faiths that and vitality. The underground sources of the incorporate ritual washing (ablution) include life-giving waters have naturally attracted a Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam etc. religious significance for those living around According to Rigveda, all life on this planet is them. Cultures from various countries of the evolved from apah (water). Water is usually world including India, in broad sense do share acknowledged as the basic need of all living a belief in a special relationship with nature. creatures upon the face of this earth. In Vedic The ancient roots of thee mythology and literatures, there are copious references about 148
ESSENCE—IJERC | Khole (2020) | XI (SP2): 145 — 154 the medicinal properties of water, uses of critical and vulnerable source (Hertig and water, last but not least the importance of Gleeson, 2012). Springs are defined as places conservation and preservation of water (Sonal where groundwater flows naturally from a Patil, 2015). Clark (1999) provides details of rock sediment or soil onto the land surface of religious use of water in his book ‘Japan, A into a body of surface water. Springs are an View From The Bath’ by giving the example important link in the hydrogen cycle. of misogi, an ancient form of purification with Precipitation is the starting point of the vast water, which features prominently in unending circulation of the water on the Earth, Shintoism to this day. Arvigo and Epstein known as the hydrogen cycle. This system (2003) have contributed to knowledge on the operates chiefly from the energy of the sun. religious use of spring water with the book Water is evaporated from the oceans, the land, ‘Spiritual Bathing: Healing Rituals and vegetation, and from smaller bodies of water Traditions from around the world’, in which such as streams, lakes and ponds. The water they argue that water, combined with prayers, moves as vapor through the atmosphere has been used for centuries to find a spiritual where it accumulates as clouds and eventually connection with the Divine. returns as precipitation both on the land and sea. Springs are a natural part of the Classification of springs hydrologic cycle defined in the Glossary of Springs form headwater streams as an Geology (AGI 1997). “The constant integrative part of headwater regions and their circulation of water from the sea, through the water network systems. Classifications of atmosphere, to the land, and its eventual spring habitats vary according to their specific return to the atmosphere by way of features and environmental characteristics. transpiration evaporation from the sea and Springs are typified by high water clarity, land surfaces.” The hydrologic cycle in which water temperature and chemical conditions. a spring occurs. According to ACWADAM, the springs are Springs Precipitation classified as: Source of all water issuing from springs is Depression springs (formed at topographic lows) precipitation. Spring discharge would vary Contact springs (formed where relatively with temperature and rainfall. Barometric permeable rocks) pressure also affects spring flow. The water in Fault springs (formed when faulting springs, seeps, and wells generally originates conditions) as rainfall that has soaked into the soil and Joint/Fracture springs (formed where percolated into underlying rocks. Permeable permeable fracture zones in low permeability rocks, such as limestone and sandstone, store rocks) and transmit water and are called aquifers. In Karst springs (formed in limestone terrains) the hilly regions when snow melts during Hydrologic cycle summer precipitation is high and the water table is also high. The geothermal resources Groundwater, an active component of the which are generally associated with varying hydrologic cycle, is widely recognized as a
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ESSENCE—IJERC | Khole (2020) | XI (SP2): 145 — 154 degrees of therapeutic benefits or curative Springs Discharge value due to their mineral content. Naturally Springs are favoured water sources as they occurring minerals are considered to have often produce high quality water, are beneficial effects for the human body, inexpensive to protect and do not require a because they can assist in the healing process pump to bring the water to the surface. of a variety of health conditions. These However, spring water may be rapidly minerals are trace elements which are brought contaminated when it emerges (Bruce and to the surface from groundwater reservoirs James, 2016). The physical forces responsible where the water is heated at depth by various for bringing groundwater to the surface processes such as pressure, friction, time (Meinzer 1923) who considered that springs and/or volcanic activities (Stanwell Smith, result from (1) gravity flow and, (2) artesian 2002) are the most sought-after elements by flow. Also, some springs flow due to the visitors to health resorts and spas. Apart from buoyant effect of gases dissolved in the water. individual concentrations of minerals and a Spring discharge is influenced by spatial broad temperature range, natural hot and variation in topography and geology as well mineral springs additional factors like varying as temporal variation in hydrology and pH levels, low level radioactive as well as climate. Studies indicated that discharge of gases in solution. springs are affected by variations in rainfall Springs Recharge and anthropogenic activities occurring in the recharge area (Rawat 2015). Peak rainfall Natural springs are recharged by precipitation coincided with peak discharge. or another surface water source by percolation through the soil and rock. The recharge period Past civilization occurs during the fall. Recharge is the primary Springs have provided a source of drinking method through which water enters an water for peoples and civilization all over the aquifer. Groundwater recharge, also world. Towns would develop near water encompasses water moving away from water resources such as rivers, lakes and springs. In table into the saturated zone. Recharge of ancient times, some rivers like the Nile and groundwater may occur naturally from Euphrates became the birth places of a precipitation, surface streams and lakes. civilization. Springs have remained important Springs Storage for all civilization when the flow of rivers ceased during certain times of the year or All rocks have at least some capacity for droughts. The Romans and Italians were storing water. In the rocks below the water is attracted by the curative properties of thermal stored in fractures, joints, and along bedding- springs and often settled in their vicinity. plane partings. Storage is significant with regard to the flow of springs; some poor Thermal springs storability may show wide variability of flow. Thermal springs hold a special fascination for Generally, storage potential of all rocks many people. If their temperature of spring decreases with depth. water is tolerable, “taking the waters” can
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ESSENCE—IJERC | Khole (2020) | XI (SP2): 145 — 154 provide relaxation, comfort, and alleged springs found in other parts of the world too. health benefits. Many scientists take the Here are some 20 of the best one’s thermal natural hot and mineral springs as a serious springs in the world. topic and have analyzed their properties and According to India waterportal there are five categorized them according to mineral million springs across India, based on current contents. These terrestrial hydrothermal estimates. From the Nilgiris in the Western systems are of major importance in many Ghats to the Eastern Ghats and Himalayas, disciplines. Springs serve as models for springs are the sage source of drinking water understanding the processes in the shallowest for rural and urban communities. For many part of the geothermal systems that produce people, springs are the sole source of water. In epithermal mineral deposits. Commonly the recent years, their flow rates have diminished, surface manifestation of large subsurface but the reasons for this are not self-evident. It geothermal systems that may be tapped for has been found that most Himalayan villages geothermal energy. Thermal spring deposits in the state of Uttarakhand and particularly are composed mainly of calcium carbonate Kumaun region are dependent on spring and silica. Hot and mineral springs are water. commonly located in a natural environment and have become popular places for relaxation; a leisurely bath in natural hot spring water generally creates a feeling of rejuvenation and invigoration (Levy, 1995).While some of these springs contain water that is a safe temperature for bathing, others are so hot that immersion can result in an injury or death. Heat is created by decay of naturally radioactive elements escaping from the Earth. The rate of thermal spring temperature increases with depth known as the geothermal gradient. Deeply percolated water will be heated when it comes in contact Fig.1: Online of India showing the distribution of with hot rocks (magma). major groups of warm and hot springs. Temperatures of the hot spring waters are indicated using symbols. Some Best Hot Spring Destinations in the World Nearly 8000 villages were facing acute water shortages due to the drying up of springs in The naturally occurring phenomena that are as Himalayan region of India (Mahamuni and relaxing and rejuvenation as a hot spring. Kulkarni, 2012). Indian states that boast of Geothermal features are a bit like nature’s some of the famous hot springs in India own hot tubs, beautiful locations. United located at attractive tourist places. These states have more than its fair share of amazing natural springs of India contain dissolved hot springs. But there are plenty of geothermal chemicals and minerals which are found to be 151
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beneficial to the human body and are believed 16. Hot springs Located at Twang and Diwang, Arunachal to possess great medicinal values. Some of the Pradesh, India 16. Aravali hot springs Located at Ratnagiri, most popular hot springs in India are: Maharashtra, India 17. Akoli hot springs Located at Vajreshwari, S. No. Spring Location Maharshtra, India 1. Takaragawa Onsen Located at Japan 18. Unakeshwar hot springs Located at Nanded, Maharashtra, India 2. Challis hot springs Located at Idaho Table 3. Some famous hot springs having medicinal importance 3. The Blue Lagoon Located at Iceland located in IndiaSource: traveltriangle.com 4. The Boiling River Located at Yellowstone Conclusion National Park, US 5. The Springs in Pagosa Located at Colorado Springs The awareness of geophysical aspects related 6. Chena hot springs Located at Alaska to natural hot and mineral springs is greater. 7. Olympic hot springs Located at Washington Hot springs are used as visual attractions 8. Hot Springs National Located at Arkansas Park within their natural environment. Throughout 9. Yangapachen hot Located at Tibet springs world many aspects related to the use of 10. The Omni Homestead Located at Virginia spring and groundwater. Springs need to be 11. Terme di Saturnia Located at Italy considered as an integral part of our 12. Ojo Caliente Mineral Located at New Mexico Springs ecosystem as it helps in the maintenance of 13. Uunartoq Island Located at Greenland spring shed in natural setting and human 14. Hot Springs Resort and Located at North Spa Carolina manipulated situation. The environmental 15. Chico Hot Springs Located at Montana context of springs should be carefully 16. Reykjadalur valley Located at Iceland considered when determining management 17. Termas de Puritama Located at Chile actions to protect, enhance or store ecological 18. Deception Island Located at Southern Ocean integrity.
Table 2: Some world-famous geothermal springs Threats to spring ecosystems and their throughout the world, Source: tripsavvy conservation
S. No. Spring Location The reduced spring flow include 1. Chumathang hot springs Located at Ladakh, India 2. Panamik hot springs Located at Leh, India anthropogenic (deforestation) and natural 3. Manikaran hot springs Located at Parvati of (reduction in rainfall) variation. Springs are Kullu Dist., India 4. Kheerganga hot springs Located at Kullu Dist., among the most threatened ecosystems in the India 5. Tattapani hot springs Located at Shimla, India world. Primary anthropogenic impacts 6. Kasol hot springs Located at Himachal include groundwater depletion and pollution, Pradesh, India 7. Vashisht hot springs Located at Kullu, alteration of source area geomorphology, and Himachal Pradesh, India 8. Tapovan hot springs Located at Uttara Khand, diversion of runout flow. The increased India human intervention, drying of springs is 9. Gaurikund hot springs Located at Kedarnath, Uttara Khand, India becoming widespread across the Himalayan 10. Rishikund hot springs Located at Uttarkashi, Uttara Khand, India region in India (Shivanna, 2008). It is 11. Suryakund hot springs Located at Yamunotri, Uttara Khand, India important to have a management strategy that 12. Dhuni Pani hot springs Located at Madhya often results in the capping of springs and Pradesh, India 13. Reshi hot springs Located at Sikkim, India obliteration of the source area. If springs and 14. Yumthang hot springs Located at Gantok, India 15. Atri hot springs Located at Odisha, India small seepage canals are managed properly 152
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