E845 Volume 2

REHABILITATION of Ndola - Mufulira - Mwambashi (M4), Public Disclosure Authorized Mufiulira and Border with DRC (M5) and Kafulafuta-Luanshya (M6) Roads

I~~~~~~~~ f ' Y. Public Disclosure Authorized

hL '~N-uweoslansLd I ~~~~ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT BRIEF Public Disclosure Authorized

Preparedfor: .,Setmbr 2003 Roughton International I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~By: Dr Muyoba Macwani Njuwe Consultants Ltd. Box 32128 Lusaka. Public Disclosure Authorized

1 ~~~~~~~~~~September, 2003 I~~~~~~~~~~F.. n.D Executive Summarv

In order to fulfill Zambia's environmental law obligations, Roughton International has conducted consultations in the project area for the purpose of identifying impacts due to the proposed rehabilitation project and for planning mitigation measures. A checklist for Road Development and Improvement Projects was used in consultation meetings held at district administrative centers while some grassroots people were subjected to open question and answer sessions.

Based on the identified impacts listed below, Roughton International has recommended to the Environmental Council of Zambia that the proposed rehabilitation of the Ndola - Mufulira - Mwambashi (M4), Mufulira and Border with DRC (M5) and Kafulafuta-Luanshya (M6) Roads should proceed without conducting a full-scale Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). This recommendation is based on the facts that the rehabilitation project will not alter the existing road alignment, that the extension to the width of the carriageway will be minimal and that the identified potential impacts could be mitigated at low cost.

The potential impacts identified through the consultations mentioned in paragraph one above include:

* Surface and groundwater contamination, * Increased soil erosion and water siltation, Loss of Air Quality and increase in ambient Noise Levels, Increase in STDs, HFV/AIDS and other diseases, * Income generation and opportunities and * Physical Risks.

In order to ensure the implementation of mitigation measures recommended in this report, a monitoring plan is included where applicable statutes together with names of responsible implementing agencies have been highlighted. Rehabilitation ofNdola-Mufulira-Mwambashi (M4), Mufulira and Border with DRC (M5) and Kafulafuta-Luanshya (M6) Roads

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Title Page

Executive Summary

List of Tables ii List of Maps iii List of Photos iii Acronyms and Abbreviations iv

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 5

3.0 METHODOLOGY 5

4.0 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 5

5.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 10

6.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, SIGNIFICANCE RATING AND MITIGATION MEASURES 18

7.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 27

8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 30

APPENDICES

I Checklist for Road Development and Improvement Projects 32 2. Consultation Meetings 33 3. Technical and Operational Guidelines for Road Works 37 4. List of People Contacted during the Study 43

List of Tables

4.1 a Estimation of Rock Requirements: Base Course 7 4.1 b Estimation of Rock Requirements: Surfacing 8 4.1c Estimation of Rock Requirements: Masonry, Concrete, Gabions and Other 8 5.1 List of Rivers and Streams 10 5.2 Population Size and Average Growth Rates of Copperbelt Province By District and Census Years 14 5.3 Narnes of Big Villages and Institutions in the Project Area 15 6.1 Diarrhoea bloody (suspected dysentery) By Total Incidence 21 6.2 AIDS (Suspected and confirmed cases) By Total Incidence 22 6.3 Imnpact Prediction 25 7.1 Compliance Monitoring 28

Cover Photo: M4 Junction near Kansenshi in Ndola.

I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii Rehabilitation of Ndola-Mufulira-Mwambashi (M4), Mufulira and Border with DRC (M5) and Kafulafuta-Luanshya (M6) Roads

List of Maps

I. Map of Zambia No. 1228C showing location of M4, M5 and M6 roads in Copperbelt Province 12

List of Photos

1. Mine Waste Dump in Luanshya 26 2. Bwana Mkubwa Quarry 26 3. Pot Hole on M6 26 4. Traffic Black Spot near Mukolwe Village on M6 26 5. Disengaged Kansenshi Culvert 26 6. 7h Street in Mufulira Town Center 26 7. Borrow Pit at 48 km on M4 26 8. Twapia Dumping Site 26 Rehabilitation of Ndola-Mufulira-Mwam bashi (M4), Mufulira and Border with DRC (M5) and Kafulafuta-Luanshya (M6) Roads

Acronyms and Abbreviations

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CSO Central Statistical Office % Percentage 0C Degree Centigrade DOF Department of Fisheries DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DWA Department of Water Affairs EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPB Environmental Project Brief EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act HIV Human Immune Deficiency Virus KCM Konkola Copper Mines MEWD Ministry of Energy and Water Development MDHMB Mufulira District Health Management Board MOH Ministry of Health MOL Ministry of Labour NEDP National Economic Diversification Programme NGOs Non Governmental Organisations NRB National Roads Board RAMCOZ Roan Antelope Mine Corporation of Zambia RI Roughton hInternational ROADSIP Road Sector Investment Programme STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases te Tonne Equivalent ZCCM Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines

iv 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Zambia had enjoyed relative economic boom during the decade following achievement of independence in 1964 primarily due to high metal prices on the intemational market and the fact that Zambia's population was comparatively small. Most of the existing infrastructure outside the Copperbelt Province was indeed established during that period in order to meet Zambians' expectations associated with the newly found political freedom. However, the declining copper prices and sharp increases in the price of oil in mid-70s caused an economic slow down which in tum impacted negatively on the country's infrastructure.

The country's road network (which covers roughly 37,000 km of which 6,316 km is tarred, 8,478 km is gravel while the remainder are earth roads) has not been spared from the ravages of infrastructure neglect. For instance, the Ndola - Mufulira - Mwambashi (M4), Mufulira and Border with DRC (M5) and Kafulafuta-Luanshya (M6) roads that are part of the rehabilitation of the copper mining industry, have developed potholes, are uneven and would require complete resurfacing in some sections. The state of these roads is not helpful to Zambia's economic advancement given their dual role that include being the shortest link to Northem and Luapula Provinces and are the gateway to the DRC, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi.

Coupled with problems that have arisen following privatisation of core assests of ZCCM in March, 2000 and especially the failure to successfully privatise RAMCOZ in Luanshya and the disengagement of Anglo-American from KCM in Chingola, the Copperbelt Province is currently experiencing the worst socio-economic hardships.

Besides the proposed rehabilitation of the Ndola - Mufulira - Mwarnbashi (M4), Mufulira and Border with DRC (M5) and Kafulafuta-Luanshya (M6) roads, Govemment has also launched the Integrated Economic Diversification Plan for Copperbelt Province and Game Park Areas within Livingstone with the view to accelerate development and thus improve further the living standard of people on the Copperbelt.

1.2 Legal and Policy Requirements

The rehabilitation of M4, M5 and M6 roads will be conducted for the primary purpose of improving the transportation system around the Copperbelt as well as enhancing trade links between Zambia and its northern neighbours.

In order to conform with relevant environmental laws of Zambia, the following legislation was reviewed. These are:

(a) The Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA) of 1990; followed by Statutory Instrument No. 28 of 1997 (EIA Regulations) which states:

"A developer shall not implement a project for which a project brief or an environmental impact assessment is required under these regulations, unless the project brief or an environmental impact assessment has been concluded in accordance with these regulations and the Council has issued a decision letter."

Furthermore:

"to ensure that public views are taken into account during scoping, the developer shall organise a public consultation process involving Government agencies, local authorities, Non-governmental and Community based organisations and interested 2

and affected parties, to help determine the scope of the work to be done in the conduct of the environmental impact assessment and in the preparation of the environmental impact statement."

(b) The Water Act of 1949.

The Act provides for the control, ownership and use of water excluding that of the Zambezi, Luapula and Luangwa rivers that form boundaries with other countries. The Act established the Water Board and regulates the use of public water including protection against pollution.

(c) The Fisheries Act of 1998.

This Act provides for the development of commercial fishing in the Republic, to control fishing and provide for the registration of fishermen and their boats.

(d) The Zambia Wildlife Act of 1998.

This Act deals with the establishment of the Zambia Wildlife Authority and defines its functions. Two provisions of the law restricts the entry as well as the prohibition of hunting game, fish, bird or removal of stone, vegetation or other objects of archaeological, pre-historic or cultural value in a National Park or protected ecosystem.

(e) The Local Government Act of 1991.

This Act provides for an integrated three-tier local administration system, to define functions of local authorities and under Part VIII, the Act empowers Councils to make by-laws for the good rule and government of its area.

(f) The Forest Act of 1999.

This Act deals with the establishment of the Zambia Forestry Commission, National and Local Forests and Forest Management Areas. It also provides for the participation of local communities, traditional institutions, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders in sustainable forest management including conservation and use of forests and trees for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems and biological diversity, to provide for the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, the Convention on Wetlands of Intemational Importance especially as Water Fowl Habitat, the Convention of Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification.

(g) The Public Health Act of (1930).

This Act empowers a Council to prevent diseases and pollution, dangerous to human health and to any water supply for domestic use.

Others include:

(h) National Heritage Conservation Commission Act of 1989.

This Act provides for the establishment of the National Heritage Conservation Commission together with its functions and powers. In particular the law provides 3

for the conservation of ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and other objects of aesthetic, historical, pre-historical, archaeological and scientific interest.

(i) Noxious Weeds Act of 1953.

This Act provides for eradication of noxious weeds and to provide for matters incidental thereto 3(j) Roads and Road Traffic Act, CAP 464

The Roads and Traffic Control Act provides for the control of traffic and for the regulation of storm water disposal structures.

(k) The Lands Act (1995) and Land (Acquisition) Act (1995)

This Act provides for among other things, the continuation of leaseholds and leasehold tenure, for the continued vesting of land in the President and alienation of land by the President of the Republic of Zambia and for the statutory recognition and continuation of customary tenure. The terrn "land" is defined in Part I of the Act to mean "any interest in land whether the land is virgin, bare or has improvements, but does not include any mining rights as defined in the Mines and Mineral Act in respect of any land".

(l) Petroleum Act, Cap. 424

This Act among other things regulates the conveyance and storage of petroleum, inflammable oils and liquids (e.g. paraffin).

(m) The Town and Country Planning Act (1995)

The Act provides for the appointment of planning authorities whose main responsibilities are the preparation, approval and revocation of development plans.

(n) Energy Regulation Act CAP 436

The Act provides for the establishment of procedures for the transportation, handling and storage of fuels to minimize negative environmental impacts.

Zambia is also signatory to a number of intemational and regional conventions and protocols aimed at addressing environmental concerns.

Some of these are:

(n) Convention on Biological Diversity

This Convention was adopted in 1992 and aims to encourage and enable all countries to conserve biodiversity and use its components sustainably in support of National Development.

(o) UN Convention to Combat Desertification

Established in 1994, this convention emphasizes desertification and mitigation of drought but also aims to encourage long-term integrated strategies for:- * Improved production of land and 4

T Rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources. The above laws and conventions are applicable to the aforesaid roads and together will provi'de the environmental framework, which the developer shall follow. 5

1.3 Purnose of the Environmental Proiect Brief

The purpose of the Environmental Project Brief is to form a basis from which the Environmental Management Unit of the Roads Department can begin its approval processes. To the extent possible, preliminary predictions of potential impacts of the proposed road rehabilitation project are presented, as well as tentative mitigation measures to address them.

2.0 JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

The M4, M5 and M6 form part of the core network of high priority roads in the Copperbelt Province whose rehabilitation will go a long way in achieving sustainable growth. 3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Data Collection Strate2ies

3.1.1 Literature Review

The first step in the preparation of the EPB involved the review of relevant documents at Central Statistical Office, Geological Survey Department, District Offices in the project area, the Project Proposal document submitted by RI and Terms of Reference for the (EIA) study in particular.

3.1.2 Public Consultation

During consultation meetings, environmental concems and expectations were collected through interviews and discussions involving stakeholders in the affected areas primarily for screening purposes and for planning mitigation of potential impacts that may result from the proposed actions. Moreover, the environmentalist undertook an inspection tour of the road alignments where he took note of all sensitive areas that could experience significant impacts.

At the district administrative centers, the participants were presented with a checklist for road construction and improvement projects, which they in turn filled in before being guided into discussion by the environmentalist (Appendix 1). At the village level, the stakeholders' input was recorded through interviews and open discussions. The identified impacts and mitigation measures prescribed by the stakeholders are presented in Appendix 2. A list of people consulted during the study is shown in Appendix 3.

4.0 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 4.1 Project Description

The specific assignment under the terms of reference is to carry out required engineering, as well as related economic and environmental studies, to restore/rehabilitate and improve the roads to optimal, cost-effective and economically justified standards. The anticipated works would comprise:

(i) Providing adequate pavement structure and road cross section needed to drain the road surface, (ii) Correction of drainage ditch and cross culvert deficiencies; provision of adequate shoulders and/or facilities for separation of pedestrian traffic, as well as improved safety; and improved road marking and traffic signs.

The roads are gazetted and have the following key dimensions: 6

Road Name Carniage Width (m) Shoulder Width (m)

M4 (section 1) 5.9 to 6.9 0.55 to 0.80 M4 (section 2) 6.7 2.65

M5 7.0 1,65

M6 6.2to6.4 0.8

Due to extensive defects, the existing carriageway and shoulders in many locations are not of the required geometric standard. Additionally, the pavement needs strengthening to accommodate the design traffic anticipated in future and additional layers will be required to provide the necessary strength. For improvement of the drainage, new culverts will be introduced at several locations while damaged ones will be replaced. 4.2 Raw Materials

The major elements of natural resource utilization will be as follows: a) Rock for Base and Surface Dressing

There are (04) identified sources of mine waste rock for potential use for the rehabilitation of the Copperbelt Roads M4, M5 & M6. This waste rock has been excavated from the underground galleries to give access to the ore bearing rock. On removal, the waste material is brought to the surface and dumped. Luanshya:

Roan Antelope Mining Company (RAMCOZ) now in receivership and not currently working, own the dumps located from 3 km west of Luanshya Township and 5 km from start of M6 (Photo No.1).

There are at least 22 dumps of various waste materials from this mine. Three (03) of these dumps, at Shaft 14N, Shaft 14S and Shafl 28 have been investigated. These dumps contain good quality granite and gneiss sized from about 0. I m3 down. Volumes of rock in each of these dumps have been estimated by RAMCOZ at 3.6, 5.6 and 4.9 million tonnes respectively. When Shaft 28 was in full production it was estimated to produce 500,000 tonnes of waste rock every day.

There is an old crusher located at Shaft 14S, abandoned by Hume from an earlier commercial operation which provided crushed aggregates for block making and local commercial sales. There is also a crusher at Shaft 28 but this, together with electricity substation, was vandalized by disenchanted miners. Both crusher and substation could be repaired and made operational.

This source can supply all of the construction needs for M6 from Kafulafuta to Luanshya. Bwana Mkubwa:

First Quantum Mines operate this mine. The dumps that have been inspected contain good quality granite and gneiss from about 0.1m3 down. Known reserves of waste rock are substantial but no figures available. There is a privately run crusher that supplies road construction aggregates for Ministry of Works (Photo No.2). 7

The quarry is located at 10 km south-east of Ndola and 25 km north of Kafulafuta and the start of M6. This source can supply the first 5 km of the M6 and the first 10 km of the M4.

Mufulira:

This mine is operated by Mopani Copper Mine. A suitable dump - Rock Dump 17 at Mufulira - that contains granite and gneiss and some quartzite has been identified. Estimated size is 8.6 million tonnes. There is no pyrites in this dump but it is said that the stone contains some sulphates. It is favourably located to supply the M4 Ndola to Mufulira, M4 Mufulira to Mwambashi and M5 Mufulira to Mokambo, a total length of road of 97 km, although Bwana Mkubwa could also supply aggregates to parts of these roads where they are slightly closer.

Rock Requirements:

The three roads M4, M5 and M6 have a combined total length of 145 km, but some 7 km in the urban areas of Luanshya and Mufulira will not be resurfaced. This leaves 138 km of road to rehabilitate. Details of rehabilitated pavement construction are still under consideration but the most likely construction will be an average of 150 mm of graded crushed rock base course with a 40 mm layer of asphalt. The proposed road width is 6.8 m with 1.5 m hard shoulders. In addition some large rock pieces will be needed for masonry and/or gabion work and graded aggregates for concrete. Estimates of rock requirements are summarised in Tables 4.1 a to 4. l c below:

Table 4.1a Estimates of Rock Requirements: Base Course

Road Section Length Volume Weight Notes (km) -(m3) (te) M4 Section 1 59.60 89,400 134,100 M4 Section 2 5.20 0 0 Urban secfion. No rehabilitation M4 Section 3 21.60 32,400 48,600 M5 Section 1 2.60 0 0 Urban section. No rehabilitation M5 Section 2 15.40 23,100 34,650 M6 Section 1 32.70 49,050 73,575 M6 Section 2 8.10 12,150 18,225 M6 Section 3 2.00 0 0 Urban section. No rehabilitation M6 Section 4 2.10 3,150 4,725 TOTALS 149.30 209,250 313,875

N.B. 150 mm Base Course, say 10m wide and 0.150 m thick = l.5m3 /m of road length. I m3 = approximately 1.5 tonne. 8

Table 4.1b Estimates of Rock Requirements: Surfacing

Road Section Length Volume Weight Notes (km) (m3) __ (te) M4 Section 1 59.60 12,516 18,774 M4 Section 2 5.20 0 0 Urban section. No rehabilitation M4 Section 3 21.60 4,536 6,804 M5 Section 1 2.60 0 0 Urban section. No rehabilitation M5 Section 2 15.40 3,234 4,851 M6 Section 1 32.70 6,867 10,300 M6 Section 2 8.10 1,701 2,551 M6 Section 3 2.00 0 0 Urban section. No rehabilitation M6 Section 4 2.10 441 662 TOTALS 149.30 29,295 43,942 40 mm asphalt surfacing, 6.80 m wide and 1.5 m shoulders with surface dressing. Assumed equivalent to 7.0 m wide and 30 mm of aggregate thickness = 0.21 m3 /m of road length.

Table 4.1c Estimates of Rock Requirements: Masonry, Concrete, Gabions and Other

Note that the following figures are nominal at 100 m3 /km of road

Road Section Length Volume Weight Notes (km) (m3) (te) M4 Section 1 59.60 5,960 8,940 M4 Section 2 5.20 0 0 Urban section. No rehabilitation M4 Section 3 21.60 2,160 3,240 M5 Section 1 2.60 0 0 Urban section. No rehabilitation M5 Section 2 15.40 1,540 2,310 M6 Section 1 32.70 3,270 4,905 M6 Section 2 8.10 810 1,215 M6 Section 3 2.00 0 0 Urban section. No rehabilitation M6 Section 4 2.10 210 315 TOTALS 149.30 13,950 20,925

Total Weight of Stone Required:

M4 182,700 + 25,578 + 12,180 = 220,458 te M5 34,650 +4,851 + 2,310 = 41,811 te M6 96,525 + 13,513 + 6,435 = 116,473 te

Totals = 378,742 te b) Sand

There are three locations for sand. These are:

* Sakania borrow pit at 48 km from the M4 junction * Kawama East borrow pit close to M5 Section 2 * Niliyashi borrow pit close to Luanshya-Masaiti Road Junction/ M6 Section I 9

Of the three borrow pits, Sakania is closest to the road but again all are at a kilometer or more from the nearest sensitive ecosystem. Sakania is fairly recent while Kawana and Niliyashi are old but quite stable. c) Fuels/Oils

Diesel and gasoline fuels will be used to power construction machinery. Petroleum-based lubricants will be present on site during construction and operation for equipment maintenance purposes.

4.3 Bituminous and Other Materials

Whereas cement will be mixed with water, sand and stones to produce concrete for sub-base strengthening, bituminous emulsions will be used as top dressing in the resurfacing exercise.

4.4 Products and by-products

Excess construction material around stockpile areas, domestic refuse and sewage waste, abandoned structures, drainage systems, petroleum and chemical spillage would be the products of environmental concem in this project. 10

5.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

5.1 Biophysical

The biophysical environment of the project area traversed by the roads has to a large extent been modified by anthropogenic activities.

5.1.1 Location

The location of the project area is illustrated on Map 1 below.

5.1.2 Climate

The climate of the Copperbelt Province is subtropical and ranges between 6 °C to 37 °C with an annual mean of 21°C. It has three distinct seasons; the cool dry season, which starts in April and ends in mid-August, the hot and dry season, which falls between mid-August and about early November, and the wet season for the remaining months up to March the following year. The annual rainfall ranges from 900 mm to 1,400 mm with an average of 1,170 mm.

5.1.3 Hvdrolouv

Several streams and rivers drain the project area as shown in Table 5.1 below.

Table 5.1 List of Rivers and Streams

M4 Ndola-Muulira-Mwambashi: Road Section Chainaee Name of River/Stream Waterway Size/Notes M4S1 0.60 Kansenshi Medium (Large box) (0.0-59.6) 3.05 Chibolele Small 6.46 Misishi Small 12.43 Watershed to Baluba Small (Headwaters) 13.81 Watershed to Baluba Small (Headwaters) 15.84 Kamfinsa Small 21.34 Mwekera Small (Headwaters) 25.59 Mwekera Small (Headwaters) 30.34 Nakolwe Small 35.36 Matupa Small 38.27 Tributary to Mafupa Small (2x0.9) 42.24 Tributary to Mafupa Small 44.70 Kasaria Medium (Bridge) 50.64 Mutundu Medium (Bridge) 54.79 Kalindini Small

M4S2A NONE (59.6-62.0)

M4S2B 62.81 Chibolya Small (62.0-64.8) 63.81 Kawana Medium (Bridge)

M4S3 65.91 Kansuswa Medium (Box) (64.8-86.4) 68.69 Little Kansuswa Medium (Box) 76.94 Kafue Very large (Multispan Bridge) 1 78.09 Tributary to Kafue Small (1.2) 84.23____ _ Lwela Small Table 5.1 (continued)

M5 Mufulira - Mokambo: Road Section Chainage River/Stream Waterway Size/ Notes M5SI NONE (0.0-2.6)

M5S2 7.39 Mupambe Medium (Multiple pipes) (2.6-18.0) 12.93 Tributary to Mufulira Medium (Multiple pipes)

M6 Kafulafuta - Luanshva: Road Section Chainage River/ Stream Waterway Size/ Notes I M6S1 3.47 Katuba Small (0.0-32.7) 4.83 Tributary to Katuba Small 11.94 Nsala Small 14.51 Kafubu Medium (Bridge) 14.55 Kafubu Medium (Bridge) 25.26 Chifwe Small 29.78 Kasenga Small

M6S2 36.63 Kasenga Small! Source of Chifwe R (32.7-41.8) 39.21 Kanilendo Small 41.34 Tributary to Luanshya Small

M6S3 42.69 Masasa Small (41.8-43.7)

Fishing is practiced downstream of the Kafue Bridge on M4 Section 3 but on a limited scale along Mwekera and Mutundu Rivers (M4 Section 1) and Kafubu River (M6).

5.1.4 Topography

Mufulira lies at an average altitude of 1288 m while Ndola's altitude ranges from 1290 m to 1310 m above sea level. Much of the areas in Luanshya have an altitude range between 1120 m to 1300 m.

5.1.5 Geolozv and Soils

Crystalline rocks and metasediments of varying lithologies and degrees of metamorphism underlie Ndola In the Mufulira to Kitwe area one finds geology that is characterised by limestone, granite and basement schists. Metamorphic rocks that include gneisses, foliated granites and metasediments with minor quartzites underlie the entire area of Luanshya.

Regarding soils, Mufulira's can best be described in accordance with the geology that underlies them. For instance the thickest soils (approximately 7 m) are underlain by the Kakontwe limestone while soils of medium thickness about 5 m (gritty, silty and of clayey texture) are found over granite. The thinnest soils of about 4 m are over the basement schists and Muva rocks. Much of the area in Ndola is covered by light-textured silty or sandy clayey. Luanshya's soils are of residual plateau type and are sandy clay. f3O6 embq f I69 X

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5.1.7 Veeetation TvDes and Protected Ecosystems

The physiognomy of flora in the project area is characteristic of high rainfall vegetation comprising Miombo woodland, Lake Basin Chipya, Riparian forests and Parinari forests.

The M4 Road:

The M4 (Section 1) road that links Mufulira and Ndola traverses through or near forest reserves such as Ndola National Forest No. 38, Mwekera East National Forest No. 84, Mwekera Protected Forest No.6, Kasaria National Forest No. 14, Mufulira Local Forest No. 42 and Monkey Fountain National Forest No. 4.

Major vegetation types in this area include Miombo woodland on plateau as well as rocky soils; and Riparian forests near Mwekera, Nakolwe and Mutundu streams.

The floristic composition for Miombo comprises tree species like Brachystegia taxifolia, Brachystegia utilis, Brachystegia bussei, Julbernardiaglobiflora, Julbernadiapaniculata as well as Isoberfiria angolensis. Reparian species include Maytenus cymonia, Bridelia micrantha,Acacia sieberana and Syzygium cordatum.

The road passes through some sections of plantation forests with pure stands of Pinus sp and Eucalyptus spp

The M4 ((Section 3) road is generally scarcely vegetated except at Kasunswa near Kafironda in Mufulira where mature Miombo trees are conspicuous. It however, traverses near Luano National Forest No. 12, Chisenga National Forest No. 9 and FitandaNational Forest No. 435.

Just before Chambishi, the road passes through Terminaria type of vegetation much of which is herbaceous.

The M5 Road:

The M5 road from Mufulira to Mokarnbo border traverses through stretches of shrubs with the original forest having been cleared. The physiognomy of the existing vegetation however, confirms that the original forest was in three categories namely Miombo woodland, Parinari forests and Lake Basin Chipya near Mokarnbo. The floristic composition comprises remnants of species like Bracystegia spp, Julbernardia spp and Isoberlicia sp etc (Miombo woodland), Parinariexcelsa, Syzygium guineense, and Marquesis sp etc (Parinari forests) as well as Parinari Curatellifolia, Pterocarps anglonsis, Burkea afiicana etc (Lake Basin Chipya).

The M6 Road:

The M6 road between Kafulafuta junction and Luanshya turn-off passes near protected forests like Roan Local Forest No. 2 which is essentially a plantation forest predominantly vegetated with Pinus spp with remnants of indigenous Miombo species apparent as associate taxa; Chichere National Forest No. 39 and Ndola West Local Forest No. 54. Vegetation in this area is that of variants of Miombo woodland on plateau, hills and rocky outcrops and Valley soils; Riparian forests and Lake Basin Chipya

Tree species maintain the integrity of the ecosystems sustaining biological diversity as well as providing social and economic benefits to the people. Some of the significant economic benefits of these forest resources include timber for fumiture, mining timber, boat making, railway sleepers and parquet flooring; firewood and charcoal as fuelwood; honey extraction and beehive making, edible caterpillar and agro-forestry. 14

According to the Zambia Forestry Action Plan, the standing stock in Zambia's indigenous woodlands, plantations and open forests is estimated at 73 m3 /ha, 150 m3/ha and 5 m3 /ha respectively (MOENR, 1998). However, tree cover near Mufulira on the M4 is being lost at an alarming rate primarily due to agricultural practices and charcoal production. The reconnaissance survey of the roads in April and May, 2003 showed that charcoal production is prevalent along M6 Section I and M4 Section 1.

5.1.8 Fauna and Protected Ecosystems

There is no big game in the vicinity of the project area because of its openness. However, monkeys, rabbits and snakes are present in the aforesaid forest reserves. Big aquatic mammals in the Kafue River include Hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius) and Crocodile (Crocodilusnilotica).

Common fish species include commercial ones like Oreochromis macrochir, Tilapia rendalli and Barbel (Clarisgariepinus).

Except for Vultures, Egrets and Kites and Wild geese and Ducks along big rivers, Birdlife is scarce in the project area Bees species include honey bees (Apis mellifera), sweet bees and mopane bees.

5.2 Socio-economic

5.2.1 Population

Copperbelt Province had a population of 1,657,646 in 2000 (CSO, 2001). Ndola has the highest population in the Province with 23.8% closely followed by Kitwe with 23.4%. However, the annual growth rates for Mufulira and Luanshya during the 1990-2000 intercensal period were less than 1% perhaps owing to migration to rural areas following privisatisation of the mines. Lufwanyama and Mpongwe had the smnallest population estimated at 4.0% and 4.1% of the provincial total respectively. Table 5.2 below shows the population distribution of the Province by sex during the Population and Housing Census of 2000.

Table 5.2 Population Size and Average Growth Rates of Copperbelt Province By District and Census Years.

1990 Population 2000 Population Average Annual Growth Rate (s) District Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Chililabombwe 33,202 32,016 62,218 42,813 42,053 84,866 2.6 2.8 2.7 Chingola 85,642 83,357 168,999 88,925 88,520 177,445 0.4 0.6 0.5 Kalulushi 35,622 33,975 69,597 36,791 35,974 72,765 0.3 0.6 0.5 Kitwe 175,812 171,212 347,024 192,287 196,359 388,646 0.9 1.4 1.1 Luanshya 74,166 70,649 144,815 78,202 77,777 155,979 0.5 1.0 0.8 Lufwanyama 26,725 25,020 51,745 33,244 32,560 65,804 2.2 2.7 2.4 Masaiti 42,309 42,522 84,831 49,247 48,465 97,712 1.5 1.3 1.4 Mufulira 77,067 75,668 152,735 76,552 76,112 152,664 -0.1 0.1 0.0 Mpongwe 19,578 19,140 38,718 32,914 35,058 67,972 5.3 6.2 5.8 Ndola 169,396 165,381 334,777 193,937 199,856 393,793 1.4 1.9 1.6 Total 739,519 718,940 1,458,459 824,912 832,734 1,657,646 1.1 1.5 1.3 CSO: 2000 Census of Population and Housing. 15

5.2.2 Settlements

Major tribes in Copperbelt Province include Bemba, Ushi, Lamba and Lala. The Bemba are predominant in villages along the M4 while the Ushi and Lamba occupy villages along M5. A mixture of Lamba, Lala and Bemba tribes are found in villages along M6. These tribes are predominantly matrilineal whose villages consist of walled houses made of pole + dagga, mud brick, burnt brick, concrete brick with either grass thatch or zinc roofing. Some big villages and institutions in the project area are listed in Table 5.3 below:

Table 5.3 Names of Big Villages and Institutions in the Project Area

Road Name Village/ or Institution Approximate Location M4 Corner Bar 5 km from M4 Junction 14 Miles Mutundu Kasania Kisambo Kasunswa 6.2 km on the M4 (section 3) Mufulira Teacher Training College Kaniki Bible School Pima 27.6 km from M4 Junction

M5 Murundu 9.0 km from Railway Crossing Minambe 15.5 km from Railway Crossing

M6 Mushili 3.6 km from Kafulafuta Junction Mukolwe 15 km from Kafulafuta Junction

Some of these villages, schools/colleges and churches in the project area are close to the roads and will experience impacts resulting from the rehabilitation exercise.

5.2.2.1 Settlement Patterns and Traditional Authority

As noted earlier, human settlements in the project area are organised in form of villages, which, are headed by village headmen who report to the chief. Location of housing units is done in consultation with family members and the village headman. Residents in the village are therefore in close proximity with relatives such that in times of need, for example, childcare, food shortage or caring for the sick, kinsmen are readily available to extend a helping hand.

Family disputes that cannot be resolved by the headman are referred to the chief for ruling. At the household level, the man is the head of the family even though a few female-headed households do exist.

5.2.2.2 Land Tenure

In Zambia, there are several Acts goveming the administration of land, viz. CAP 292, 288 and 289 for the allocation and alienation of land, The Land Acquisition Act (1995) provides for the compulsory acquisition of land while the local Govemment Act (No. 22 of 1991) provides for the control of land by local authorities. Under the Land Act (1995), land has been divided 16 into the following categories: state, local authority and tradition land. In the project area, land is abundant; most of which is in the custody of the chiefs.

The inhabitants in the project area are matrilineal so that through one's maternal kinsmen, title to land can be secured. Men inherit authority both over their household and female relatives. Though a woman can have access to land through marriage or in her own recognition, she cannot make independent decisions without authority of husband or male relatives.

Land cannot be sold. Both locals and outsiders who have acquired land can only transact in the crops produced on the land whilst the land itself reverts to the village headman on behalf of the chief of the area.

A provision exists to have title deeds to traditional land. The procedure is to obtain a written consent of the chief, which, is then endorsed by the District Council before submission to the Ministry of Lands in Lusaka. Such land could eventually be sold.

5.2.3 Agriculture

The main crops grown are maize (the staple food), sorghum, cassava, groundnuts, vegetables, finger millet and sweet potatoes. Chitemene cultivation, which involves cutting and burning of trees and shifting of cultivation every 4-5 years, is common among the Bemba speaking tribes.

As for livestock, goats, pigs and chicken are the major source of protein. Fishing is mainly practised in waters downstream of the Kafue Bridge along M4 Section 3.

5.2.4 Emplovment

The copper mining industry has since inception provided employment to people living in the project area At the village level, subsistence farming, tree felling for timber and pine logging are prevalent. Trading in saleable commodities like mealie meal, sugar, toiletries etc is commonplace within villages close to the road.

5.2.5 Infrastructure

The most noticeable infrastructure in the project area are Copper Mines, the Kafue Bridge, Government buildings (e.g. schools, hospitals, offices etc), the Ndola International Airport, trunk and feeder roads.

5.2.6 Tourism

The Dag Hammarskjold Memorial Site off the Ndola-Kitwe double carriageway attracts tourists annually. Dag Hammarskjold was the lUN Secretary General during the Katanga crisis, which led to the death of Patrice Lumumba the first democratically elected president of the Congo in 1961. The then Secretary General's plane crashed near Ndola while on a mission to resolve the crisis.

A revival of the Old Lamba traditional ceremony at Mushili Palace off the M6 is being contemplated and may become an annual event once properly advertised. Tourism based on eco, cultural and heritage sites will also be promoted through the Integrated Economic Diversification Implementation Plan for the Copperbelt Province and the Livingstone Game Park Areas in order to empower locals economically. 17

5.2.7 Archaeolo2,r

Of the four Middle Stone Age sites in the Copperbelt Province, the one of interest to this study lies along Specks Brick Field near the M4 Junction on the Ndola to Luanshya road. These sites, which are known for their micro leaf tools, are assumed to have been settled by pre-bushman inhabitants. With good marketing strategies, these sites can attract tourists and hence raise incomes for the local community involved in heritage tourism.

5.2.8 Minin2

Revenue from copper and cobalt mining has been Zambia's economic backbone for years. Other minerals present in the Copperbelt Province include Zinc, Gold, Manganese, Uranium, Kyantie and Iron. The Province also boasts of having large deposits of gemstones that are being promoted for increased exploitation under the recently launched Integrated Economic Diversification Implementation Plan for the Province. 18

6.0 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, SIGNIFICANCE RATING1 AND MITIGATION MEASURES

In the discussion of impacts due to the expected project activities below, attention is drawn to existing ones too, as is normal practice for a rehabilitation project. The activities and associated potential impacts identified during consultation meetings include:

6.1 Road Transport

Impact identified: 6.1.1 Physical Risks

Impact description

Except on the M4 Section 3, the remaining roads in this study exhibit traffic black spots (e.g. at Mukolwe village on the M6 where the road is narrow (3.4 m wide), uneven and gently undulating (Photo No. 3 & 4). Secondly, lack of traffic warning signs on all roads due to vandalism pose physical danger to motorists and the public. This omission is apparent at Kapepa and Sakania railway crossings on the M6 Section 1 and M4 Section 1 respectively. Thirdly, physical danger is apparent at Kansenshi and Musishi culverts on the M4 Section 1 unless quick action is taken to avert the possible collapse due to illegal quarrying and blockage respectively (Photo No.5). Fourthly, children or churchgoers who cross the roads frequently (e.g. at Mushili school on M6, Kaniki Bible College and Mufulira Training College on M4) may face physical danger from increased traffic. The Mushili Middle Basic School, which is typical, has in excess of 800 pupils, who attend in 2 shifts. The juniors attend from 07 to 12 hours and the seniors from 12 to 17 hours. Age range 7-18 (Grades I to 9). There are 42 Grade 8 pupils and 57 Grade 9. Some pupils walk up to 2 hours each way to get to school. Around Mushili School, there are at least 7 churches of various denominations, including the American Baptist Church, currently under construction with American funding.

Finally, rock and stone that may fall off haulage trucks could pose a danger to motorists as well.

That said, the observed physical danger on the roads did not tally with traffic records obtained from police stations in the area. Only two fatal accidents have so far been recorded along M4, none at all along M6 and only one along M5 in the last three years. Overloading and negligence on part of the drivers as opposed to the poor state of roads per se are said to be the major causes of accidents said the Police.

The urban sections of the roads are wide, strong and well maintained save for the drainage systems that will require attention. The seventh Street in Mufulira records more traffic accidents compared to urban roads in Ndola and Luanshya (Photo No. 6). Significance Rating

Low to Medium

IThis is based on Impact Prediction as shown in Table 6.3 at page 25 below. 19

Mitigation

The road contractor shall completely resurface the road in sections similar to Mukolwe as well as widening the carriage and shoulder width to say 7.0 m and 1.5 m respectively. The section immediately after the M4 junction and up to 15 kilometers will require complete resurfacing too. The road contractor shall clearly install vandalism free road traffic signs in traffic black spots especially at railway crossings as mentioned above in order to minimise potential accidents. Further reduction in potential road accidents will be achieved through appropriate road design practices that include construction of footpaths for pupils, parking areas at bus stops and lay-byes at selected points along the highways as Roughton International will recommend.

Regarding the poor state of culverts on M4 (section 1) especially, the road contractor shall employ remedial measures in order to keep the roads safe.

6.2 Site Installation and Stockpile Area Preparation, Construction of Round- about/Minor Diversion and Formation of shoulders Impact identified: 6.2.1 Vegetation Loss

Impact description

Vegetation clearing leading to loss of large trees could occur during establishment of labour camps, garages and possibly administration offices. Around 46.6 km and slightly beyond from the M4 junction, cutting of tree branches to provide for the formation of shoulders will be inevitable. A few trees will be lost too during construction of a roundabout near the Police Post at Luanshya Road Junction and a minor road diversion near the railway crossing along M5. Part of this road diversion will pass through empty land close to a football playing field devoid of vegetation.

Whereas the siting of labour camps and stockpile areas are matters that are decided upon by the road contractor based on the economies of scale etc, Technical and Operational Guidelines of the National Roads Board are enclosed for the benefit of the road contractor in his/her quest to better address environmental concerns.

Significance Rating

Low

Mitigation

Planning shall take existing trees into consideration and no removal for temporary activities shall be allowed. Tree removal shall be limited to as confined a space as possible too. Most importantly, the road contractor shall site labour camps and stockpile areas in open land which there are quite a number to choose from in the project area. The road contractor shall not site stockpile or labour camps in watershed areas (e.g. at 48 km from the M4 junction) where tree removal could affect underground water recharge etc. Moreover, the road contractor shall be encouraged to deliver rock and stone from mine waste dumps or Bwana Mkubwa Mine and sand from the three identified sources directly to the road section of interest. This makes environmental sense for it eliminates the need to stockpile. 20

6.3 Quarrying, Material Mobilisation and Handling, Solid Waste Disposal

Impact identified: 6.3.1 Loss of Air Quality and increase in ambient Noise Levels

Impact description

Rocks and stones will be sourced from the identified mine waste dumps in Mufulira and Luanshya and / or Bwana Mkubwa Mine. Based on the estimate for rock requirements vis-a- vis the available volume in the said mine dumps, distabilisation of the latter is not contemplated. Sand too will be sourced from existing borrow pits as mentioned in section 4.0 above (Photo No.7). Therefore, as no new quarries or borrow pits will be opened up in the rehabilitation of M4, M5 and M6 roads and whereas the operation of the existing facilities falls outside the control of the road contractor, it is safe to assume that air pollution from quarrying or borrowing activities will be negligible. However, the transportation of stone aggregates, gravel sand and petroleum products through human habitations (both urban and rural in this case) will cause air pollution. This is particularly so for materials that will be transported from dump sites in Luanshya and Ndola. Moreover, use of detour particularly on the 15 kilometer stretch from the M4 junction will create air pollution. Dumping of Solid Waste in unauthorized areas is a source of air pollution as well and it is worsened by the lack of monitoring mechanisms and / or law enforcement by ECZ and Municipalities (Photo No.8). The stench from this waste has for instance become a problem to Twapia compound residents in Ndola. Human waste too will pollute the air around labour camps unless it is managed properly and through the use of pit laterines. The movement of haulage trucks and use of machine tools by the road contractor will increase noise in residential areas close to the roads. The noise impact will become a nuisance if the road contractor's work schedule extends into the night.

Significance Rating

Medium to High

Mitigation

Regular spraying of water on road diversions and speed limit enforcement will ensure that dust pollution is kept to a minimum. The Environmental Council of Zambia working in conjunction with Municipalities in the project area shall minimize air pollution arising from odors of decaying solid waste through policy enforcement action. Pit latrines shall be reclaimed following cessation of construction activities. Increase in noise above ambient levels due to movement of haulage trucks, personnel, machine and power tools shall be minimised by keeping all mechanised vehicles and plant in good working condition and noise muffler fitted to all vehicles if necessary. Furthermore, the road contractor shall avoid working at night in populated areas.

Impact identified: 6.3.2 Surface and groundwater contamination

Impact description

Potential spills of fuels and oil lubricants at maintenance bay, storage depots and during transportation can find their way into surface or groundwater bodies. The resulting health effect on humans and animals dependent on these water bodies is significant particularly if Kafue River were to be polluted. Moreover, 21 pollution of water bodies could also lead to an increase in the prevalence of diseases like diarrhoea and coughing that are common in the project area. This is true for villagers who use river water as opposed to wells in meeting their domestic demand. Solid waste' disposal from labour camps can contaminate underground water too if the disposal site is located in an environmentally sensitive area as alluded to above. It is for this reason therefore that disposal sites are usually sited in areas having basement rock and where the water table is high and leachate flow is low. Statistics collected from the Central Board of Health on the disease burden in the districts and some Rural Health Centers in the project area is shown in Table 6.1 below. It is obvious from these statistics that, reliability aside, the incidence of dysentery is higher in children than adults and more so in rural areas (cf. 11.6/1000 and 2.0/1000 in under fives and adults for Kansunswa Clinic (Mufulira), 16.6/1 000 and 10.7/1000 in Kaniki (Ndola Rural)).

Significance Rating

Medium

Mitigation

The road contractor shall construct concrete bunds for oil storage at stockpiles area in order to minimize leakages. Wash and maintenance bays shall also be provided with drainage channels leading into settling ponds to allow for neutralization of fuel and oil pollutants. Once again, the road contractor shall follow the Technical and Operational Guidelines for Road Works whilst siting for both liquid and solid waste disposal sites as referred to in activity 6.2 above. Needless to state that areas that are underlain with hard rock and stable soils are potential sites as proven by the use of Twapia and Koloko in Ndola Urban.

Table 6.1 Diarrhoea: bloody (suspected dysentery) By Total Incidence

Total Diagnoses and Outpatient rstAttendance Inpatient Deaths Incidence (cases/1000) Inpatient Discharges CRF (/1000Admissions) Under 5 Over 5 Total Under 5 Over 5 Total Under 5 Over 5 Total MUFULIRA 193 228 421 183 204 387 6.3 1.9 2.8 10 24 34 Kansuswa 22 15 37 22 15 37 11.6 2.0 3.9 Mutundu RHC 1 4 5 1.0 1.0 1.0

LUANSHYAZ 71 104 175 71 101 172 2.2 0.8 1.1 3.0 3.0 Mpatamantu Clinic 20 12 32 20 12 32 8.3 1.2 2.6 Fisenge

NDOLA 1,352 1,617 2,969 1,324 1,435 2,759 3 3 16.1 5.1 7.4 28 179 207 6.5 14.3 Ndeke Clinic 36 163 199 36 163 199 11.3 13.8 13.1 Kaniki 25 61 86 25 61 86 Kaniki ~~~~~16.610.7 12.0 Source: CBOH

'Solid waste include plastics, paper, human waste, sanitary towels, kitchen implements etc. Plastics contain acids which may gradually seep into the soil and reach groundwater. 2 Up to 3rd Quarter of 2002 3 All Quarters 2001 22

|6.4 Employment Creation and Opportunities/Spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS virus

Impacts identified: 6.4.1 Income generation 6.4.2 Spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS

Impacts description

The downsizing of labour in the mining sector following privatisation of the mines has left many people without jobs and has resulted into reverse migration to rural areas in some cases. Those who have remained in townships and compounds are struggling to make ends meet. However, the roads rehabilitation project will offer employment to some for a wage, which, they in turn could utilise to improve their living standards. Additionally, projects under the socio-economic diversification programme mentioned earlier will catalyse some opportunities, which could additionally empower those involved.

Associated with increased incomes is the HIV/AIDS scourge to which some project workers, the local community and foreign travelers will fall prey.

The incidence of HIV/AIDS virus in Zambia as a whole is serious. Even though statistics for rural areas are in most cases unreliable, Table 6.2 shows that mother to child transmission is lower in general but that the infection rate is higher in urban adults as shown by data from Railway Clinic and Kaniki in Ndola respectively.

Table 6.2 AIDS (Suspected and Confirmed Cases) By Total Incidence

Total Diagnoses and Out paient FirstAttendance Inpatient Deaths Incidence (cases/l OOJ) Inpatent Discharges CRF (/1000 Admissions) Under 5 Over 5 Total Under 5 Over S Total Under 5 Over 5 Total 4 MUFULIRA 81 670 751 35 216 251 10 51 61 2.7 5.5 4.9 36 403 439 271 112 122 Kansuswa 5 5 5 5

______0 .7 0 .5 ______

Mutundu RHC _ _ _

5 LUANSHYA 11 105 116 9 51 60 16 16 0.3 0.8 0.7 2 38 40 296.3 285.7 Mikofwa Clinic 7 16 23 7 16 23 1.9 1.1 1.3 Fisenge __ __

NDOLA' 452 2,495 2,947 438 1,953 2,391 179 179 5.4 7.9 7.4 14 363 377 330.3 321.9 Railway Surgery 80 177 257 80 177 257 100 18.8 11.1 12.7

______0.2 0.1 Source: CBOH

It means therefore that once the roads are commissioned hard-core sex workers from nearby towns and cities will filter into villages and promote their trade with the consequence of spreading diseases like STDs and HIV/AIDS virus.

4Up to 3 Quarter 2002 5 Up to 3d Quarter 2002 6 All Quarters 2001 23

Notwithstanding efforts achieved by the District Health Boards through implementation of disease intervention programmes using Government Grants, morbidity and mortality figures remain high due to limited financial resources and lack of transport.

Significance Rating

High

Mitigation

Employment of local unskilled labour as opposed to outsiders will help to empower those in most need of basic requirements. In order to reduce STDs and HIV/AIDS cases, the road contractor shall among other things provide free condoms to all his/her workers and sensitise them on how to avoid contraction / and or spreading the diseases. The road contractor shall additionally involve traditional leaders or representatives of the local community in regular STD and HIV/AIDS virus sensitization meetings. If contract funds pernit, an allocation towards HIV/AIDS prevention in three satellite centers will be welcome in order to supplement efforts of the District Health Boards.

| 6.5 Drainage Excavations Impact Identified: 6.5.1 Increased soil erosion and water siltation

Impact description

The digging of water discharge channels that could include storm drains, side drains, miter drains, spoon drains and culverts invariably leads to soil erosion and water siltation as the result of vegetation clearing, land shaping and soil compaction. The magnitude of the impact is high in areas having loose soils especially in the Mufulira district, which nearly became cut-off from the rest of the Copperbelt during heavy rains in 1997/8.

Significance Rating

Low to Medium

Mitigation

The road contractor shall ensure that clearing for drainage is limited to drainage width and that excavated soils shall be used for other road works such as cement mixing or shoulder building. Moreover, the road contractor and the Department of Roads shall sensitise people in the project area to desist from engaging in illegal activities that are inimical to the roads' well being. 24

A summary of Impact Prediction: a) Physical and Health Risks

From Table 6.3 below it is shown that in terms of physical risks the road contractor shall pay more attention to M6, M5 and M4 (section 1) in order to minimise road accidents. The absence of traffic signs at road curves (12 along M6, 16 along M4 (section 1), 05 along M4 (section 02) and 02 along M5) may appear dangerous at first sight yet traffic accident records paint a different picture. The magnitude of the impact is thus medium near Mukolwe village on the M6 and at the railway crossing on the M5 but would reduce as the project winds up. The M4 (section 3) experiences little or no accidents. Health risks in form of diarrhoea, dysentery, coughing, STDs and HIV/AIDS are prevalent in the project area and are likely to increase during the life of the proposed project. b) Loss of Air Quality and increase in Noise Level

Material mobilsation etc would result into Loss of Air Quality and increase in Noise Level around human habitations close to the roads. Except in Mufulira where the route from the dump site avoids residential areas, that in Luanshya is different and will as such cause pollution in populated areas. The magnitude and significance of the impact is medium and high but of temporary duration. c) Surface and groundwater contamination

Surface and groundwater contamination will become a concem when pollutant spillage or seepage takes place in eco-sensitive areas (e.g. rivers, streams or aquifers in limestone areas). Though the impact of water contamination could be of short duration depending on the causative factor, its significance is high because it could be life threatening. It is for this reason that Municipal Councils in the project area have cited stone quarries and solid waste disposal sites in areas covered by basement rock (e.g. Twapia and Kaloko Solid Waste Sites in Ndola). d) Income Generation and Opportunities/ Spread of HIV/AIDS Virus

Employment opportunities would be created throughout the project area during pre- construction and construction phases. However, the most opportunities will be created along the M4 because of the long distance factor. A lone infection of HIV/AIDS virus can lead to pandemic propositions. Therefore the magnitude and duration of this impact is high.

(e) Increased soil erosion and water siltation

Given that both the M4 and M6 cross a number of streams and rivers and the obtaining soils of the area are predominantly clay, the magnitude, significance and duration of the above mentioned impact are in the medium range.

(f) Vegetation Loss

Tree felling and vegetation loss in general will be insignificant for reasons advanced already. Therefore the magnitude of the impact will be low and of short duration. 25

Table 6.3 Impact Prediction

Road Criterion .0 c I 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Na Magnitude 1 1 2 1 1 3

M4 Duration I 1 3 2 1 I

Significance 2 2 2 2 1 3

Magnitude I 1 2 1 1 3

M Duation 1 3 1 1

SignificanceMagnitude 2I 2 1 2 2 1 1 32

Magnitude I I 1 2 I 2

M6 Duration 1 1 2 2 1 1

Significance 2 2 1 2 1 3

Key: 3 = Large magnitude, high significance, long duration, no potential for mitigation. 2 = Medium magnitude, medium significance, medium duration, mitigation possible but costly. 1 = Small magnitude, low significance, once-off duration and high potential for mitigation. 26

PHOTOS:

i-_,,p

i iS ~~~~~~~i

No. 1 Rock Waste fmm Mining Operations No. 2 Bwana Mkubwa Quarry

I ~ ~~~~~No.3 Pot Hole on M6 No. 4 Traffic Black Spot near Mukoiwe on M6

,j ,, , *<*,s W _ _~~~~~~~~44;

H~. No. 5 Disengaged Kansensbi_ Culvert on M4 No. 6 r~ Street in Mufuilira

I ~~~~~~~No.7Boro Pitenatged KansnhCuvr on M4 No.8 7twaihDmSitreeinMflr

I~__ No.7 row*4 Pitat U l on M4 r- o. T - S

I~ ~ ~ ~ '''-- 27

7.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Conclusions

It was shown in the previous section that the majority of environmental impacts identified during consultations could be mitigated at low cost.

Notwithstanding, and given that the existing alignment for each of the roads would be maintained with minimal extension, stakeholders were unanimous that adoption of the prescribed mitigation measures and implementation of the monitoring plan discussed in section 7.2 below could reduce or eliminate adverse impacts identified during consultation meetings. In other words the proposed project will not impact adversely on the environment as to warrant a full-scale EIA.

7.2 Recommendations

Mitigation measures contained in this EPB report require a monitoring plan in order to ensure their implementation. Compliance monitoring involving periodic inspection would be conducted in order to determine that regulatory conditions and /or standards of good practice are met. Compliance monitoring would provide the following services:

* Roads Department would want to confirm that the road contractor's choice of camp sites, material storage and construction activities are satisfactory and conform to laid down specifications. Secondly, Roads Department would need to ensure that health and sanitary standards are observed during construction. Moreover, it would be essential to confirm that the road contractor is in possession of relevant permits as authorization for the tasks contained in the contract documents.

* Upon completion of construction Roads Department would want to satisfy itself that the road contractor would restore all the excavation sites and revegetate needy areas.

On the road contractor's part it would be sufficient to implement the following measures as a means of complying with specific clauses pertaining to the above compliance monitoring program. These measures are:

7.2.1 Health, Safety and Environmental Standards

The first step would be the submission of location and drawings of construction facilities for approval before site mobilization. These drawings would be submitted to all District Councils in the area. The road contractor would draw a health plan that emphasizes workers' safety detailing emergency procedures to be followed. The road contractor would, also draw waste management and industrial hazard plans that, conform to applicable laws. The handling of toxic waste (e.g. oil and diesel spills) deserve attention and would not be allowed to contaminate water resources. This could be achieved by disposing these wastes in a pre- determined location for incineration. Moreover, containers of toxic waste would need to be clearly labeled in both English and Bemba languages to avoid accidental poisoning.

7.2.2 Reports

The road contractor would prepare environmental reports for submission to Roads Department and other stakeholders as would be advised. These reports would address compliance issues as well as any difficulties encountered and hence solutions prescribed. Emergency situations involving accidental oil spills, worker injury would be reported within the day in which they would occur. Table 7.1 below summarises steps to be taken for achieving regulatory monitoring m m m m ------m m m m m m 28

Table 7.1 Compliance Monitoring

Project Activity Identified Legal and other Permit or Site or Area Comments: (Impact No.) Impact Requirements and Schedule Standard or of Implementing Responsibility Regulatory Source Action Application Organisation Compliant? Required Yes No

6.3 Loss of Air Quality Air Pollution Control Construction License to Laterite and Project Roads (6.3.1) and increase in (Licensing and Emission phase emit air Stone Coordinator/ / Department/!N LL Ambient Noise Standards) Regulations pollutants Quarries, Field EMU, Levels Mine Waste Supervisors Source: ECZ, GRZ Dumps in Printers project area

6.3 Surface and I) EPPCA Regulations: Construction License to Sensitive Contractor, Roads a a (6.3.2) Groundwater - Waste Management and Post- own or eco-systems Project Department/ Contamination Regulations construction operate a and Solid Coordinator, EMU, - Toxic Substances Phases Waste Waste Storage Site Regulations Disposal Site Dumping Supervisors - The Water Act Sites - Public Health Act - Petroleum Act And

Source: ECZ, GRZ Wherever Printers fuel or oil spillage could occur

6.4 Income Generation The Public Health Act, Construction Employ more Throughout Project MOL, MOH (6.4.1 & 6.4.2) and Opportunities/ and post- locals than the project co-ordinator, Spread of STDs and construction outsiders, area contractor HIV/AIDS virus, phases promote diarrhoea and sensirtisation dysentery on disease prevention 29

Table 7.1 (continued)

Project Activity Identified Legal and other Permit or Site or Area of Comments: (Impact No.) Impact Requirements and Schedule Standard or Application Implementing Responsibility Regulatory Sources Action Organisation Compliant? Required Yes

6.2 Vegetation Loss Forest Act Construction Notify At Project Depart of (6.2.1) phase Provincial approximately Coordinator. Roads /EMU D- [] Source: ECZ, GRZ Forestry 46.6 km from Field /DOF Printers Officer and M4 Junction, Supervisors ZAFFICO Luanshya about intention junction and to fell trees Railway Crossing on M5 6.5 Increased soil erosion The Natural Construction Prevent Soil At sites where Project DR/EMU/ [] D (6.5.1) and water siltation Resources and post- erosion and new drainage Coordinator, DWA Conservation Act construction Water discharge Field phase pollution channels etc are Supervisors The Water Act constructed

Source: ECZ, GRZ Printers

6.1 Physical Risks 1) Factories Act: Pre & Licence to Throughout the Project Roads (6.1.1) 2) Roads and Construction drive an project area Coordinator, Department/ Traffic Phases industrial Road Safetv Control Act. vehicle Departnent,

Source: ECZ, GRZ Printers 30

8.0 Bibliography:

1. DIWI Botswana (Pty) Ltd, 1999: Construction of Lephephe - Shoshong Road (TB 9/5/84/97-98) Volume IV, Special Provisions& Bill of Quantities, pp 4-5. Report prepared for Ministry of Works, Transport & Communications - Roads Department.

2. ECZ, 1999: Report on the (EM) Review Workshop, pp 6. Report prepared for the ECZ.

3. Harza in collaboration with Njuwe Consultants Limited, 2000: Feasibility Study of the Development of Hydroelectric Power in Luapula and Northern Areas of Zambia, pp 109- 112. Report prepared for ZESCO.

4. MoFED, 2000: Economic Report 1999, pp 55-56. Report prepared for the Government of the Republic of Zambia.

5. MENR, 1998: Zambia ForestryAction Plan, Volume II - Challenges and Opportunities; pages 38-39.

6. National Planning Commission, HMG Nepal in collaboration with IUCN, 1992: National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, pps 14 - 16. Report prepared for Government of Nepal.

7. National Roads Board, 1997: Environmental Guidelinesfor Road Rehabilitationand Maintenance Works - Technical and Operational Guidelines.

8. NHCC, 1980: NationalMonuments of Zambia, pages 10-19. An illustrated Guide by Phillipson DW; assisted by Katanekwa NM.

9. NEDT, 2003: Executive Summary of the IntegratedEconomic Diversification Implementation Plan/fbr the CopperbeltProvince and Livingstone Game ParkAreas. Report prepared for the Ministry of Finance and National Planning.

10. Njuwe Consultants Limited, 2001: PreliminaryEnvironmental Impact Assessmentfor Luangwa Bridge to Mwami Border Post Road, pp 14-28. Report prepared for Rankin Engineering Consultants.

11. Private Communication. The Vision on the Future of the Mining Industry in Zambia.

12. The Water Act 1948

13. The Forest Act 1999

14. The Natural Resources Conservation Act 1970

15. The Public Health Act CAP 295 (1930)

16. The Road Traffic and Control Act CAP 464 (1958)

17. The EPPCA No. 12 of 1990

18. The EPPCA No. 12 of 1990; (EIA) Regulations (1997). 31

19. The EPPCA No. 12 of 1990; The Air Pollution Control (Licensing and Emission Standards) Regulations, 1996 SI No. 141 of 1996 (Including Amendment of 1997).

20. The EPPCA No. 12 of 1990; The Waste Management (Licensing of Transporters of Wastes and Waste Disposal Sites) Regulations, 1993 SI No.71 of 1993.

21. The Water Pollution Control (Effluent and Waste Water) Regulations, 1993. Third Schedule (Regulation 4) Table of Standards (Limits) for Effluents and Waste Water.

22. World Bank Technical Paper No. 376. Roads and the Environment, pps 4 -7 and 61- 66. 32

APPENDIX I CHECKLIST FOR ROAD DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS Aspects of EIA Checklist Questions Yes No Additional Data Needs Will the project:

Sources of Impacts 1. Require large volumes of construction materials to be taken from local sources (e.g. gravel, rock, water by dredging, [] 0 0 quarrying, tapping etc.)?

2. Result in significant quantities of wastes or eroded material (dependent upon waste types, season of heavy rainfall)? g g F 3. Require significant levels of accommodation or service amenities to support the workforce during construction (e.g.> D lI L 100 manual workers?

Receptors of 4. Be routed such that population resettlement or compensation Impacts is required? 2 R 2 5. Be routed through areas that support conservation-worthy ecosystems, flora or fauna (e.g. protected areas, wilderness areas, wetlands, tropical forests, critical habitats, endangered [] [] [] species), or sites of historical or cultural importance?

6. Be routed across major drainage channels (rivers, canals) or surface water bodies (lakes, lagoons)? L ] II Environmental Impacts 7. During construction lead to reductions in the quality of potable water supplies or cause harm to fish and other aquatic residents due to siltation of water bodies?

8. Present a danger to local population due to a significant scale of traffic (e.g. heavy lorries, high frequency, transport at night)? [ ] D 9. Create barriers to the movement of conservation-worthy wildlife or birds? LI E ] 0 10. Lead to a significant increase in congestion and related smog D ] L and noise? F - - 11. Present a pollution risk to potable water supplies, or to surface water bodies that support conservation-worthy or commercially significant fish, due to accidents during the transport of I hazardous materials? LI Li LI 12. Lead to unplanned settlement or access to conservation- worthy ecosystems or natural resources (e.g. agricultural land, timber, mineral, squatter settlements)? LI LI I] Mitigation Measures 13. Be likely to require mitigation measures that result in the project being socially or fmancially unacceptable? LJ Lj L

Comments Will the project have significant environmental impacts? Recommended for Full EIA: . OI O . 33

APPENDIX 2

Consultation Meetings

The first consultation meeting was conducted in Luanshya in the District Administrator's Office where discussion with Government officials centered on the rehabilitation of the M6 Luanshya - to- Kafulafuta junction. Further discussion of impacts along the M6 was held at Mukolwe and Kapepa villages. Discussion of the M4 (section 1) was conducted in Ndola in the Provincial Conference Room, Misambo Primary School whilst that for M4 (section 2 & 3) and M5 took place in the District Administrator's Office in Mufulira. The list of people consulted during scoping, which includes those that might be affected by the proposed project, is shown in Appendix 4.

Discussion of Potential Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The environmental impacts identified were categorised as follows:

* Inpacts on Ecosystems, * Physical Risks * Impacts on Surface and Groundwater Quality * Impacts on Socio-economic Characteristics * Impacts on Land-use, * Impacts on Air Quality, ambient Noise Levels and * Impacts due to Other Planned Developments.

L Impacts on Ecosystems

The relevant ecosystems identified in the study area include the forest reserves and the lirnology of rivers that are crossed by M4, M5 and M6 roads. a) The Forest Reserves

The M6 traverses through the Roan Local Forest No.2, which is predominantly pine interspaced with indigenous Miombo woodlands. Stakeholders observed that the anticipated rehabilitation of M6 road would result into unplanned setflements especially on commercial farms in the aforesaid forest immediately after Kapepa railway crossing. Illegal settlers would engage into income generation activities like farming and charcoaling.

The forest reserves traversed by M4 (section 1) include Kasania, Mwekera etc which were established by the former ZCCM stakeholders noted. Besides ZCCM Farms near Mufulira, stakeholders were of the opinion that none of the forest reserves crossed by M4 would experience unplanned settlements.

Mitigation against these impacts would demand Government's intervention by way of promoting awareness on Resettlement Policy and Land Act among would be illegal settlers. b) Limnology of Rivers

Spillage of liquid chemicals like petroleum fuels and oils during the construction phase especially could be injurious both to human and animal health. The potential is high around Katuba, 34

Kafubu, Mwekera, and Kafue Rivers. Stakeholders implored the road contractor to take all remedial measures to minimise the effect of petroleum or oil spillage on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

II. Physical Risks

Stakeholders observed that the stretch around Mukolwe village near Kafubu River on M6 is an accident black spot owing to the road being narrow (3.4m wide), uneven and gently undulating. The road is pot-holed in several places like it is the case for other roads inspected in this study. Stakeholders observed too that the improved road would attract more traffic as many motorists travelling to Kitwe would use the Kafulafuta-Luanshya by-pass. Therefore lack of warning road signs and speed limits probably due to vandalism would compound the physical danger if nothing were done.

Potential road accidents may result further if culverts failed to accommodate water inflows during heavy rains. This condition can lead to carriageway destruction and there is potential for it at Kapepa culvert on M6 where 02 out of 05 culverts are blocked by silt.

Most of the 10 or so culverts along the M4 (Section 1) are in a state of disrepair and are therefore a danger to the travelling public. Stakeholders noted that owing to illegal quarring around the Kansenshi culvert (0.2 km from the M4 junction), the culvert has partially disengaged. The next culvert is broken due to a landslide whilst the third could be washed away during a rainstonn as noted earlier. Culverts at Mushishi (6.6 km) and Pima (27.6 km) are blocked and broken too stakeholders observed.

The M4 (section 2) crosses seven culverts namely Chibolya, Kawama, Kasunswa, Kafue, Chikulainutima and Kalwela, which are located at 0.5 kni, 3.2 km, 6.2 km, 14.8 km, 17.6 km and 22.6 km from the City center respectively. All are in good mechanical state except for a cracked pier in one of the supports of the Kafue River Bridge.

Besides the cracked tar around the railway crossing, the M5 appears to be in a relatively sound condition, stakeholders said.

It would be incumbent on the road contractor to replace all the removed traffic signs with ones that are vandalism free as well as strengthening and unblocking culverts that are in a state of disrepair stakeholders recommended. m. Impacts on Surface and Groundwater Quality

Stakeholders observed that presently Municipal Councils use approved solid waste disposal sites (e.g. Twapia (that has ECZ approval) and Kaloko in Ndola. These dumping sites are located in Ndola West where basement rock is predominant unlike limestone geology obtaining in Ndola East. Given a water table that is estimated at between lO m and l5 m below groundlevel, stakeholders did not antincipate groundwater contamination to occur as the result of solid waste disposal.

However, regular monitoring of these sites is required if accidental contamination would be avoided. Moreover, the road contractor shall ensure that waste disposal sites are so configured as to have a base lined with cement and lime to minimise seepage and provide for acid neutralisation respectively. 35

IV. Impacts on Socio-economic Characteristics

Stakeholders noted that one or two villages might have relocated without due compensation being paid during construction of M6 road in 1966. However, the affected communities could not seek protection of the existing environmental law because they remained within their traditional land boundaries.

While the proposed project would create employment, stakeholders observed that improved roads would indirectly increase the spread of HIV/AIDS and STDs. In order to check the spread of HIV/AIDS and STDs among the affected communities, stakeholders recommended for awareness promotion and that construction labourers shall be availed with condoms at all times. Distribution of antiretroviral drugs to those in need was recommended too.

V. Impacts on Land-use.

The area between the Luanshya road junction and township boundary is heavily deforested due to uncontrolled tree felling of indigenous Miombo woodlands for charcoal production. Consequently, charcoal production centers have moved further into Masaiti hinterland stakeholders observed.

The rehabilitation works would cause vegetation loss at 46.6 km on M4 (section 1) where clearing of a few indigenous trees for shoulder formation is inevitable stakeholders observed. In order to minimise this impact, the road contractor shall restrict cutting of branches/trees to areas that are unavoidable.

Materials like stones and gravel would be required during construction activities. Stakeholders mentioned that there were two sites for laterite sand at 40 kms (near 14 Miles village) and 48 kms from the M4 junction. As for stones, road contractors within Ndola and Luanshya, source them from Bwana Mkubwa Mine on the outskirts of Ndola. Notwithstanding, there is potential to use rock waste from mining operations as aggregates it was observed. The stakeholders observed too that existing borrow pits and stone quarries are close to roads and human habitations thereby affecting the scenic beauty of surrounding areas. These quarries should be reclaimed when they become redundant stakeholders concluded.

VI. Impacts on Air Quality and Ambient Noise Levels

Stakeholders observed that road rehabilitation in general would impair air quality especially where access roads and detours are made and traffic is near residential areas. Air pollution as the result of decaying waste is a problem at Twapia Dumping Site owing to its closeness to the compound.

Finally, villages close to construction sites will experience increased noise levels caused by movement of haulage trucks and use of machine tools. The road contractor shall lessen this impact by adopting suitable working hours as well as operating well serviced machines and tools stakeholders recommended. 36

VII. Impacts due to Other Planned Developments

The Economic Diversification Programme for the Copperbelt Province that was launched on 5th May, 2003 will in the main supplement benefits that will accrue from the proposed road rehabilitation project.

Some of these wills include:

* Increased usage of the improved roads in order to save time and reduce operation cost, * Increased employment opportunities as the result of hightened donor/investor confidence, * Influx of job seekers and the attendant alien cultures, * Easy access to outside markets and * Improved incomes and food security. 37

APPENDIX 3 TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR ROAD WORKS

The following are measures, which the road contractor shall apply in order to ameliorate adverse environmental impacts associated with the proposed rehabilitation works.

These measures are:

Site Installation

(a) Location

o Work sites shall be located no less than 5 km from any surface water sources; o The location of work sites within the boundaries of local authorities shall be done with permission from the authority and/or the local communities; o Work sites shall not be located in cultural heritage sites. The NHCC Act of 1989 shall be observed;

(b) Drainage

o Work sites shall have perimeter drains. The perimeter drains shall be excavated outside the site fence; o All drainage channels inside the site shall discharge the effluent into oil interceptors; o All buildings shall be surrounded by spoon drains; o All sheds shall have spoon drains.

(c) Buildings

o Buildings shall be architectured and constructed in a manner that could facilitate conversion to social service facilities such as schools, clinics, etc. at the end of road works; o All Buildings in work sites shall be approved by the Buildings Department; o All sheds shall have concrete floors

(d) Labour Camp Facilities

o Labour camps shall have rubbish bays approved by the Environmental Council of Zambia; o Labour camps shall have toilet facilities approved by the Local Council's Health Authorities; o Labour camps shall have one toilet for every 10 - 15 persons; o Pit Latrines shall be located away from any wetland or water source by no less than 250m in clay soils and 500 m in loam soils and no less than 1000 m in sandy soils.

(e) Community Education

o In consultation with the Ministry of Health, the road contractor shall provide awareness education on Diarrhoea, Coughing, STDs and HIV/AIDS to local communities in the project area. 38

o The road contractor shall provide information about his activities to local communities;

Petroleum Products Handling

(a) Transportation

o Fuels shall be delivered to the sites by certified petroleum tankers; o All petroleum tankers shall observe the Petroleum Act, Cap 424.

(b) Storage

o Petrol shall only be stored in underground tanks. Tanks should be jacketed; o Diesel may be stored in skid tanks positioned in a bund wall; o Underground tanks shall undergo regular pressure checks; o Oils shall be stored in oil sheds with concrete floors.

(c) Dispensing and Disposal

o Petroleum sites shall be located on concrete platforms and surrounded by spoon o drains; o Approved dispensing equipment shall be used for dispensing petroleum products; o Used oil shall be reused, recycled or incinerated; o Sludge from petroleum storage tanks shall be incinerated.

Material Mobilisation

(a) Haulage

o Haulage trucks carrying laterite or stone aggregate shall not exceed the speed limit of 60 km per hour on paved roads and 40 km per hour on gravel roads; o The height of loaded laterite or stone aggregate shall not exceed haulage truck sides; o Haulage trucks carrying cement or lime shall be covered.

(b) Storage

o The distance from any stockpile to the nearest community shall not be less than 5 km; o Stockpiles shall be located no less than 5 km from any surface water sources. The distance from the stockpile to the nearest wetland shall not be less than 5 km; o Stockpiles shall not be located on cultural heritage sites; o The distance from the stockpile to the nearest cultural heritage site shall not be less than 5 km; o Stockpiles shall have perimneter drains and buffer vegetation; o Cement and lime shall be stored in enclosed sheds; o Bitumen in excess of 2000 litres shall be stored in appropriate storage tanks. 39

(c) Material Handling

o Appropriate equipment shall be used in handling materials; o The road contractor shall provide appropriate protective clothing to the workers handling hazardous and corrosive materials; o Safety techniques and accident emergency measures shall be outlined to all workers.

Plant/Equipment Operations

(a) Noise Control

o Noise from plant and equipment operations shall be limited to no more than 90 decibels in human settlements; o Stationary Plant (e.g. generator) shall be noise masked; o Plant and equipment shall not be operated near human settlements after 18.00 hours; o Plant and equipment shall not operate without exhaust silencers; o Plant and equipment speeds shall be limited to 60 km per hour.

(b) Emission Control

o Plant and equipment exhaust pipes shall be fitted with catalytic conventors; o Plant and equipment shall meet ECZ emission standards.

(c) Safety Control

o Carrying of abnonnal loads of plant and equipment shall be done in accordance with Road Traffic Regulations; o All abnormal load-carrying regulations shall be observed (Road Traffic Regulations).

Drainage Excavations and Constructions

o Drainage excavations shall not be done in the rainy season; o No excavations shall be done in gazetted cultural heritage sites; o The provisions of the NHCC Act of 1989 shall be observed; o Side drains in low water table areas shall be stone pitched; o Mitre shaped mitre drains shall be used in wildlife areas; o Mitre drains shall be discharged into settlement basins.

Borrow Pits

o Borrow pits shall not be located near wetlands. The distance from the borrow pit to the nearest wetland shall not be less than 5 hm; o The location of borrow pits shall be subject to approval by relevant government departments and local communities in the areas in which they are located. o Borrow pits shall preferably be located in less vegetated areas; o Borrow pits shall be surrounded by perimeter drains; o Borrow pit restoration plans shall be provided and approved by relevant government departments and local communities affected. 40

Energy Acquisition

o Firewood will be collected from dead wood; o Permits for large quantities of firewood shall be obtained from the Forestry Department.

Asphalt Plant

(a) Location

o The location of an asphalt plant shall be approved by the local authorities;

(b) Operation

o Road contractors shall obtain licences to operate asphalt plants; o The asphalt plant shall be operated by qualified personnel; o The asphalt plant shall meet ECZ emission standards; o The asphalt plant shall meet ECZ effluent standards.

(c) Measures

o The asphalt plant shall be positioned in a bund wall; o Preventive maintenance measures shall be observed and logged; o Flushings from asphalt plants shall be incinerated.

Detours

(a) Width

o Detours shall have width of existing carriageway or 6 m, whichever is the lesser; o Detours shall be cleared and maintained for a width of at least 1.5 m beyond the edge of the carriageway; o Throughout the existence of the detour, traffic shall be maintained over a reasonably smooth traveled way, which shall be marked, by all appropriate legal signs, delineators, guiding devices and other methods in accordance with government regulations.

(b) Restoration

o Unserviceable detours shall be re-vegetated at the end of the road works in accordance with government regulations.

Quarry Pits

(a) Quarrying

o Quarrying shall not be done near surface water sources. The distance from the quarnying site to the nearest water source shall not be less than 5 km; a Quanying shall not be done near human settlements. The distance from the quarry site to the nearest settlement shall not be less than 10 lum; o There shall be no quarrying in National Parks; 41

o There shall be no quarrying on or near gazetted cultural heritage sites; o The provisions of the NHCC Act of 1989 shall be observed; o Road contractors shall obtain mining licences for quarrying; o Quarrying shall be done in conformity with the Mine and Minerals Act, No. 31 of 1995; and o Quarry sites shall be surrounded by a boundary perimeter drain.

(b) Restorations

o Top soil shall be stockpiled in such a manner so as to be of benefit to local demand; o Sides of quarries shall be trimmed with a slope of 1:3 and shall be planted with grass and fast growing trees; o Where quarry depths are low, the quarry shall be fenced; o Where quarries may not be used for other purposes after the road works, they shall be back-filled; o Back-filled quarry sites shall be re-vegetated.

Excess Materials

o Excess materials of laterite, stone aggregate, concrete blocks, etc shall be removed from the work sites no longer than 2 weeks after completion of rehabilitation; o The excess materials, if not for subsequent works, shall be used in back-filling local trenches; o By-laws for disposal of any material shall be observed.

Drainage Systems

o Drainage ditches shall be planted with grass or stone pitched; o Drainage systems shall have silt traps installed at regular intervals; o Mitre-drains shall discharge into settlement basins; o Wide moth drainage systems shall be constructed in wildlife areas; o Drainage systems shall have scour checks and gabions, as appropriate; o Drainage systems shall not discharge into settled and cultivated areas;

De-vegetated Areas

o All de-vegetated areas shall be replanted by the road contractor on completion of road works; o There shall be no vegetation clearing near surface water resources, catchment areas, wildlife habitats, cultural heritage and scenic sites. All relevant legislation to this effect shall be observed.

Improved Roads

o Improved roads shall have all the necessary road sign billboard, pedestrian crossing facilities and wildlife by-passers in wildlife areas; o Raised roads in wetlands shall have water communication channels; o Where possible, irnproved roads shall not pass in wildlife areas; 42

o Billboards indicating speed limits of 40km/hour in wildlife areas shall be put on improved roads; o Billboards indicating speed limits of 40km/hour in settled areas shall be out on inproved roads; o Information road signs showing cultural heritage and scenic sites shall be put on improved roads.

Post Excavation Works

o Quarries and borrow pits shall be restored at the end of rehabilitation and maintenance works; o Permanent quarries and borrow pits shall have embankments turfed; o Park sites detours, and stock pile areas shall be replanted with fast growing indigenous vegetation; o Restoration of quarries and borrow pits in settled areas shall be done only after consultations with local communities; o Quarries and borrow pits left as community water reservoirs shall be drainable; o Excavated and graded areas in cultural heritage and scenic sites shall be stores at the end of the road works. The restoration shall be done with the provisions of the NHCC Act of 1989.

Abandoned Structures

o Permanent road works buildings in settled areas shall be handed over to local communities for conversion into social service facilities such as schools, clinics, etc;

Waste o ECZ approved waste disposal methods for roadwork wastes shall be used; o Waste dumping sites shall not be located in wetlands, settled areas, cultural heritage and scenic sites; o Waste in abandoned mobile camps shall be buried or incinerated.. 43

APPENDIX 4

List of People Consulted durinm the Study

Luanshva:

Name Position Address

Mr A ChilambweEl District Administrator Council Offices Mr J M Sinkonde Distric Foresty Officer Box 90204 Mr M Mbambara District Administrative Officer Council Offices Mr J K Musonda District Planning Officer Mr Mwakanandi Deputy Director of Engineering Services Box 90261 Mr F.M.Siwale Head Teacher of Mushili M/Basic School Mr M.Mbewe Deputy Head Teacher Mushili M/Basic School Mr Francis Selemani Diesel trader Mukolwe Village Mr H.M.Mukolwe Headman Mukolwe Village Mr P.Bwacha Secretary to His Royal Highness Mushili Palace Mr T.Mukola Driver Mukolwe Village Mr B.Salati Farmer Mukolwe Village Mrs E.Chishiba Shopkeeper Mukolwe Village Mr L Bwalya Farmer Kapepa Village Mr W Macaliwa Charcoal Burner Kapepa Village

Ndola:

Mr NA Susiku Permanent Secretary Box 70153 Mr J Mulombwa Provincial Foresty Officer Box 70228 Dr P Mijere Provincial Health Director Box 70032 Mr A Walker Road Contractor Box 71542 Mr D K Chimbu Provincial Road Engineer Box 71517 Dr F M Mulenga Provincial Agricultural Officer Box 70232 Mr M C Chaila Senior Water Engineer Mr S Siyanga Chief Health Inspector Box 70197 Mr L Chibombe Guard Bwana Mkumbwa Quany Mrs E Sibanda Teacher Misambo Village Mr D Sibanda Retiree Misambo Village

Mufulira:

Mr Mwape Kasanda District Administration Officer Box 40098 Mr Lawrence Chibesa Bank manager Box 41010 W/C/lnspector Bwalya District Traffic Officer Box 40598 Mr Brian Mulenga Act/Human Resources Management Officer Box 40463 Mr Frank Tembo District Forestry Officer Box 40876 Mr Gilbert Sedama Act/District Executive Secretary Mufulira Council Mr Kelvin Tembo Civil Engineer Mufulira Municipal Council Mr Mate Mulonda D/Director of Health MDHMB I 44 Mr P Kabanda Bricklayer Murundu Village Mrs E Zulu Vice Principal Mufulira Teacher I Training College

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