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Home , Arthur Rimbaud, Georges Izambard, Isabelle Rimbaud, Le Bateau ivre, Paterne Berrichon, Paul Verlaine

Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (/ræmˈboʊ/[2] or las Frédéric (“Frédéric”), arrived nine months later on 2 /ˈræmboʊ/; French pronunciation: [aʁtyʁ ʁɛ̃bo] ; 20 Oc- November.[3] The next year, on 20 October 1854, Jean tober 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet Nicolas Arthur (“Arthur”) was born.[3] Three more chil- born in Charleville, .[3] He influenced modern dren followed: Victorine-Pauline-Vitalie on 4 June 1857 literature and arts, and prefigured . He started (who died a few weeks later), Jeanne-Rosalie-Vitalie writing poems at a very young age, while still in primary (“Vitalie”) on 15 June 1858 and, finally, Frédérique school, and stopped completely before he turned 21. He Marie Isabelle (“Isabelle”) on 1 June 1860.[17] was mostly creative in his teens (17–20). The critic Ce- Though the marriage lasted seven years, Captain Rim- cil Arthur Hackett wrote that his “genius, its flowering, [4] baud lived continuously in the matrimonial home for less explosion and sudden extinction, still astonishes”. than three months, from February to May 1853.[18] The Rimbaud was known to have been a libertine and for be- rest of the time his military postings – including active ing a restless soul. He traveled extensively on three con- service in the and the Sardinian Campaign tinents before his death from cancer just after his thirty- (with medals earned in both)[19] – meant he returned seventh birthday.[5] home to Charleville only when on leave.[18] He was not at home for his children’s births, nor their baptisms.[18] Isabelle’s birth in 1860 must have been the last straw, as 1 Life after this Captain Rimbaud stopped returning home on leave entirely.[20] Though they never divorced, the sepa- ration was complete; thereafter Mme Rimbaud let herself 1.1 Family and childhood (1854–1861) be known as “Widow Rimbaud” [20] and Captain Rim- baud would describe himself as a widower.[21] Neither Arthur Rimbaud was born in the provincial town of the captain nor his children showed the slightest interest Charleville (now part of Charleville-Mézières) in the in re-establishing contact.[21] Ardennes département in northeastern . He was the second child of Frédéric Rimbaud (7 October 1814 – 16 November 1878)[6] and Marie Catherine Vitalie Cuif 1.2 Schooling and teen years (1861–1871) [7] (10 March 1825 – 16 November 1907).[8] Fearing her children were being over-influenced by the Rimbaud’s father, a Burgundian of Provençal extraction, neighbouring children of the poor, Mme. Rimbaud was an infantry captain risen from the ranks; he had [22] [9] moved her family to the Cours d'Orléans in 1862. spent much of his army career abroad. From 1844 to This was a better neighbourhood, and the boys, now aged 1850, he participated in the conquest of Algeria, and in [9] nine and eight, who had been taught at home by their 1854 was awarded the Légion d'honneur “by Imperial mother, were now sent to the Pension Rossat. Through- decree”.[10] Captain Rimbaud was described as “good- [11] out the five years that they attended the school, however, tempered, easy-going and generous”. with the long their formidable mother still imposed her will upon them, moustaches and goatee of a Chasseur officer.[12] pushing them for scholastic success. She would punish In October 1852, Captain Rimbaud, then aged 38, was her sons by making them learn a hundred lines of Latin transferred to Mézières where he met Vitalie Cuif, 11 verse by heart, and further punish any mistakes by de- years his junior, while on a Sunday stroll.[13] She came priving them of meals.[23] When Rimbaud was nine, he from a “solidly established Ardennais family”,[14] but one wrote a 700-word essay objecting to his having to learn with its share of bohemians; two of her brothers were Latin in school. Vigorously condemning a classical ed- alcoholics.[14] Her personality was the “exact opposite” of ucation as a mere gateway to a salaried position, Rim- Captain Rimbaud’s; she was narrowminded, “stingy and baud wrote repeatedly, “I will be a rentier".[23] Rimbaud ... completely lacking in a sense of humour”.[11] When disliked schoolwork and resented his mother’s constant Charles Houin, an early biographer, interviewed her, he supervision; the children were not allowed out of their found her “withdrawn, stubborn and taciturn”.[15] Arthur mother’s sight, and until they were fifteen and sixteen re- Rimbaud’s private name for her was “Mouth of Dark- spectively, she would walk them home from school.[24] [16] ness” (bouche d'ombre). As a boy, Rimbaud was small and pale with brown hair, Nevertheless, on 8 February 1853, Captain Rimbaud and eyes that a childhood friend described as “pale blue ir- and Vitalie Cuif married; their first-born, Jean Nico- radiated with dark blue—the loveliest eyes I've seen”.[26]

1 2 1 LIFE

and student, with Rimbaud for a while seeing Izambard as a kind of older brother.[35] At the age of 15, Rim- baud was showing maturity as a poet; the first poem he showed Izambard, “Ophélie”, would later be included in anthologies, and is regarded as one of Rimbaud’s three or four best poems.[36] On 4 May 1870, Rimbaud’s mother wrote to Izambard to complain that he had given Rim- baud 's Les Misérables to read.[37] On 19 July 1870, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, between Napoleon III's and the .[38] A week later, on 24 July, Izam- bard left Charleville for the summer to stay with his three aunts – the Misses Gindre – in Douai.[38] In the meantime, preparations for war continued and the Col- lège de Charleville became a military hospital.[39] By the end of August, with the countryside in turmoil, Rimbaud was bored and restless.[39] In search of adventure he ran away by train to without funds for his ticket.[40] On arrival at the Gare du Nord, he was arrested and locked up in Mazas Prison to await trial for fare eva- sion and vagrancy.[40] On about 6 September, Rimbaud wrote a desperate letter to Izambard, who arranged with the prison governor that Rimbaud be released into his care.[41] As hostilities were continuing, he stayed with the Misses Gindre in Douai until he could be returned to Charleville.[41] Izambard finally handed Rimbaud over Rimbaud on the day of his First Communion.[25] to Mme Rimbaud on 27 September 1870, but he was at home for only ten days before running away again.[42] From late October 1870, Rimbaud’s behaviour became An ardent Catholic like his mother, Rimbaud had his openly provocative; he drank alcohol, spoke rudely, com- First Communion when he was eleven. His piety earned posed scatological poems, stole books from local shops, him the schoolyard nickname “sale petit Cagot".[27] That and abandoned his characteristically neat appearance by same year, he and his brother were sent to the Collège allowing his hair to grow long.[43] on 13 and 15 May 1871, de Charleville. Up to then, his reading had been largely he wrote letters (the lettres du voyant),[44] to Izambard confined to the Bible,[28] though he had also enjoyed fairy and to Demeny respectively, about his method for attain- tales and adventure stories, such as the novels of James ing poetical transcendence or visionary power through a Fenimore Cooper and Gustave Aimard.[29] At the Collège “long, intimidating, immense and rational derangement he became a highly successful student, heading his class of all the senses. The sufferings are enormous, but one in all subjects except mathematics and the sciences; his must be strong, be born a poet, and I have recognized schoolmasters remarked upon his ability to absorb great myself as a poet.”[45] quantities of material. In 1869 he won eight school first prizes, including the prize for Religious Education, and in 1870 he won seven first prizes.[30] 1.3 Life with Verlaine (1871–1875)

Hoping for a brilliant academic career for her second son, Rimbaud wrote to several poets but received no replies, so Mme Rimbaud hired a private tutor for Rimbaud when he [31] his friend, office employee Charles Auguste Bretagne, ad- reached the third grade. Father Ariste Lhéritier suc- vised him to write to , an eminent Symbolist ceeded in sparking in the young scholar a love of Greek, poet.[46] Rimbaud sent Verlaine two letters with several of Latin and French classical literature, and was the first to his poems, including the hypnotic, finally shocking “Le encourage the boy to write original verse, in both French [32] Dormeur du Val” (The Sleeper in the Valley), in which and Latin. Rimbaud’s first poem to appear in print was Nature is called upon to comfort an apparently sleeping “Les Étrennes des orphelins” (“The Orphans’ New Year’s soldier. Verlaine was intrigued by Rimbaud, and replied, Gifts”), which was published in the 2 January 1870 issue [33] “Come, dear great soul. We await you; we desire you,” of La Revue pour tous. sending him a one-way ticket to Paris.[47] Rimbaud ar- Two weeks later, a new teacher of rhetoric, the 22- rived in late September 1871 and resided briefly in Ver- year-old , started at the Collège de laine’s home.[48] Verlaine’s wife, Mathilde Mauté, was Charleville.[34] Izambard became Rimbaud’s literary seventeen years old and pregnant, and Verlaine had re- mentor, and soon a close accord formed between teacher cently left his job and started drinking. In later pub- 1.4 Travels (1875–1880) 3

station.[53] On the way, by Rimbaud’s account, Verlaine “behaved as if he were insane”. Fearing that Verlaine “might give himself over to new excesses”, Rimbaud “ran off” and “begged a policeman to arrest him”.[54] Verlaine was charged with attempted murder, then subjected to a humiliating medico-legal examination.[55] He was also interrogated about his correspondence with Rimbaud and the nature of their relationship.[55] The bullet was eventu- ally removed on 17 July and Rimbaud withdrew his com- plaint. The charges were reduced to wounding with a firearm, and on 8 August 1873 Verlaine was sentenced to two years in prison.[55] Rimbaud returned home to Charleville and completed his prose work Une Saison en Enfer (“A Season in Hell”)— still widely regarded as a pioneering example of modern Symbolist writing. In the work he referred to Verlaine Plaque erected on the centenary of Rimbaud’s death at the place as his “pitiful brother” (frère pitoyable) and the “mad vir- where he was shot by Verlaine in gin” (vierge folle), and to himself as the “hellish husband” (l'époux infernal). He described their life together as a “domestic farce” (drôle de ménage). lished recollections of his first sight of Rimbaud at the In 1874 he returned to London with the poet Germain age of seventeen, Verlaine described him as having “the Nouveau.[56] They lived together for three months while real head of a child, chubby and fresh, on a big, bony, he put together his groundbreaking Illuminations. rather clumsy body of a still-growing adolescent”, with a “very strong Ardennes accent that was almost a dialect”. [49] His voice had “highs and lows as if it were breaking.” 1.4 Travels (1875–1880) Rimbaud and Verlaine began a short and torrid affair. They led a wild, vagabond-like life spiced by and Rimbaud and Verlaine met for the last time in March hashish.[50] The Parisian literary coterie was scandalized 1875, in , after Verlaine’s release from prison by Rimbaud, whose behaviour was that of the archety- and his conversion to Catholicism.[58] By then Rimbaud pal enfant terrible, yet throughout this period he contin- had given up writing in favour of a steady, working life. ued to write poems. Their stormy relationship eventu- Some speculate he was fed up with his former wild living, ally brought them to London in September 1872,[51] a or that the recklessness itself had been the source of his period over which Rimbaud would later express regret. creativity. He continued to travel extensively in Europe, During this time, Verlaine abandoned his wife and in- mostly on foot. fant son (both of whom he had abused in his alcoholic In May 1876 he enlisted as a soldier in the Dutch Colonial rages). In England they lived in considerable poverty Army[59] to get free passage to in the Dutch East in and in Camden Town, scraping a living Indies (now Indonesia). Four months later he deserted mostly from teaching, as well as an allowance from Ver- and fled into the jungle. He managed to return incognito laine’s mother.[52] Rimbaud spent his days in the Reading to France by ship; as a deserter he would have faced a Room of the where “heating, lighting, Dutch firing squad had he been caught.[60] pens and ink were free”.[52] The relationship between the two poets grew increasingly bitter. In December 1878, Rimbaud journeyed to Larnaca, , where he worked for a construction company as In late June 1873, Verlaine returned to Paris alone, a stone quarry foreman.[61] In May of the following year but quickly began to mourn Rimbaud’s absence. On 8 he had to leave Cyprus because of a fever, which on his July he telegraphed Rimbaud, asking him to come to return to France was diagnosed as typhoid. the Hotel Liège in Brussels.[53] The reunion went badly, they argued continuously, and Verlaine took refuge in [53] heavy drinking. On the morning of 10 July, Verlaine 1.5 Abyssinia (1880–1891) bought a revolver and ammunition.[53] About 16:00, “in a drunken rage”, he fired two shots at Rimbaud, one of [53] In 1880 Rimbaud finally settled in , , as a them wounding the 18-year-old in the left wrist. main employee in the Bardey agency,[62] going on to run Rimbaud initially dismissed the wound as superficial but the firm’s agency in , Ethiopia. In 1884 his “Re- had it dressed at the St-Jean hospital nevertheless.[53] port on the Ogaden” was presented and published by the He did not immediately file charges, but decided to Société de Géographie in Paris.[63] In the same year he leave Brussels.[53] About 20:00, Verlaine and his mother left his job at Bardey’s to become a merchant on his accompanied Rimbaud to the Gare du Midi railway own account in Harar, where his commercial dealings in- 4 2

cluded coffee and (generally outdated) arms. His fulfil- 2 Poetry ment of an order from the Negus of Shewa (Menelik II, the future King of Kings of Ethiopia, “Conquering Lion of In May 1871, aged 16, Rimbaud wrote two letters ex- the Tribe of Judah”) enabled the latter to establish him- plaining his poetic philosophy. The first was written 13 self the conqueror of the region as an Empire under his May to Izambard, in which Rimbaud explained: imperial rule and counter the moves of the Italian army. Several years were necessary to drive the camels caravan (lonely at the end of the trip ; with troubles later to be I'm now making myself as scummy as I paid ...). can. Why? I want to be a poet, and I'm working at turning myself into a seer. You won't under- At the same time he also engaged in exploring. Dur- stand any of this, and I'm almost incapable of ing this period he also struck up a close friendship with explaining it to you. The idea is to reach the the Governor of Harar, Ras Makonnen, father of future unknown by the derangement of all the senses. [64] Ethiopian emperor . (He maintained It involves enormous suffering, but one must friendly relationships with the official tutor of the young be strong and be a born poet. It’s really not my heir.) Rimbaud worked in the coffee trade. “He was, in fault.[72][73] fact, a pioneer in the business, the first European to over- see the export of the celebrated coffee of Harar from the Rimbaud said much the same in his second letter, com- country where coffee was born. He was only the third monly called the Lettre du voyant (“Letter of the Seer”). European ever to set foot in the city, and the first to do Written 15 May—before his first trip to Paris—to his business there”.[65] friend Paul Demeny, the letter expounded his revolution- ary theories about poetry and life, while also denouncing most poets that preceded him. Wishing for new poetic 1.6 Sickness and death (1891) forms and ideas, he wrote:

In February 1891, in Aden, Rimbaud developed what I say that one must be a seer, make one- he initially thought was arthritis in his right knee.[66] It self a seer. The poet makes himself a seer by failed to respond to treatment, and by March had be- a long, prodigious, and rational disordering of come so painful that he prepared to return to France all the senses. Every form of love, of suffering, for treatment.[66] Before leaving, Rimbaud consulted of madness; he searches himself, he consumes a British doctor who mistakenly diagnosed tubercular all the poisons in him, and keeps only their synovitis, and recommended immediate amputation.[67] quintessences. This is an unspeakable torture Rimbaud remained in Aden until 7 May to set his finan- during which he needs all his faith and super- cial affairs in order, then caught a steamer, L'Amazone, human strength, and during which he becomes back to France for the 13-day voyage.[67] On arrival in the great patient, the great criminal, the great , he was admitted to the Hôpital de la Concep- accursed – and the great learned one! – among tion where, a week later on 27 May, his right leg was men. – For he arrives at the unknown! Because amputated.[68] The post-operative diagnosis was bone he has cultivated his own soul – which was rich cancer—probably osteosarcoma.[67] to begin with – more than any other man! He reaches the unknown; and even if, crazed, he After a short stay at the family farm in Roche, from ends up by losing the understanding of his vi- 23 July to 23 August,[69] he attempted to travel back to sions, at least he has seen them! Let him die , but on the way his health deteriorated, and he was charging through those unutterable, unname- re-admitted to the Hôpital de la Conception in Marseille. able things: other horrible workers will come; He spent some time there in great pain, attended by his they will begin from the horizons where he has sister Isabelle. He received the Last rites from a priest succumbed![74][75] before dying on 10 November 1891 at the age of 37. The remains were sent across France to his home town and he was buried in Charleville-Mézières.[70] Rimbaud expounded the same ideas in his poem “” ("The Drunken Boat"). This hundred-line , on the 100th anniversary of Rim- [71] poem tells the tale of a boat that breaks free of hu- baud’s birth, related: man society when its handlers are killed by “Redskins” “On November 10, at two o’clock in the afternoon, he was (Peaux-Rouges). At first thinking that it is drifting where dead”, noted his sister Isabelle. The priest, shaken by so it pleases, the boat soon realizes that it is being guided much reverence for God, administered the last rites. “I by and to the “poem of the sea”. It sees visions both have never seen such strong faith”, he said. Thanks to magnificent (“the awakening blue and yellow of singing Isabelle, Rimbaud was brought to Charleville and buried phosphorescence”, “l'éveil jaune et bleu des phosphores in its cemetery with great pomp. There he lies still, next chanteurs”) and disgusting (“nets where in the reeds an to his sister Vitalie, beneath a simple marble monument. entire Leviathan was rotting” “nasses / Où pourrit dans 5

les joncs tout un Léviathan). It ends floating and washed • Les Déserts de l'amour (c. 1871-1872) – (Deserts of clean, wishing only to sink and become one with the sea. Love) prose published in 1906 Archibald MacLeish has commented on this poem: • Proses "évangeliques” (1872-1873) – prose pub- “Anyone who doubts that poetry can say what prose can- lished in 1897 and 1948 (no title is given by Arthur not has only to read the so-called Lettres du Voyant and Rimbaud) Bateau Ivre together. What is pretentious and adolescent in the Lettres is true in the poem—unanswerably true.”[76] • Une Saison en Enfer (1873) – published by Rimbaud himself as a small booklet in Brussels. French poet Paul Valéry stated that “all known litera- ture is written in the language of common sense—except Although “a few copies were distributed to Rimbaud’s”.[77] His poetry influenced the Symbolists, friends in Paris... Rimbaud almost immedi- Dadaists, and Surrealists, and later adopted not ately lost interest in the work.”[79] only some of his themes, but also his inventive use of form and language. • Illuminations (1874) – published in 1886 • Rapport sur l'Ogadine (1883) – published in 1884 3 Letters • Reliquaire - Poésies – published by Rodolphe Darzens in 1891 Rimbaud was a prolific correspondent and his letters pro- vide vivid accounts of his life and relationships. “Rim- • Poésies complètes (c. 1869–1873) – published in baud’s letters concerning his literary life were first pub- 1895 lished by various periodicals. In 1931 they were collected • and published by Jean-Marie Carré. Many errors were Lettres de Jean-Arthur Rimbaud – Égypte, Arabie, corrected in the [1946] Pléiade edition. The letters writ- Éthiopie (1880–1891) – published by Paterne Berri- ten in Africa were first published by , chon in 1899 the poet’s brother-in-law, who took the liberty of making many changes in the texts.”[78] 5 Cultural legacy

4 Works Rimbaud’s poetry, as well as his life, influenced many 20th-century writers, musicians and artists, including • Prologue. Le Soleil était encore chaud... (c. 1864- , , , Henri 1865) – prose published by Paterne Berrichon in Cartier-Bresson, Allen Ginsberg, , Jack Ker- 1897 ouac, Vladimir Nabokov, , , , La Liga del Sueño, Giannina • Les Étrennes des orphelins (1869) – published by Braschi, Léo Ferré,[80] , , Rimbaud in 1870 Penny Rimbaud, Jim Morrison,[77] Richey Edwards and Roberto Vecchioni. His life has been portrayed in sev- • Lettre de Charles d'Orléans à Louis XI (1870) – eral films. Italian filmmaker 's 1970 film Una prose published in 1891 stagione all'inferno (“A Season in Hell”) starred Terence • Un Coeur sous une soutane (1870) – prose published Stamp as Rimbaud and Jean Claude Brialy as Paul Ver- in 1924 laine. Rimbaud is mentioned in the 1982 movie Eddie and the Cruisers, along with the story line that the group’s • Comédie en trois baisers (1870) – published by Rim- second album was entitled “A Season in Hell”. In baud in 1870 1995 Polish filmmaker directed Total Eclipse, which was based on a play by Christopher Hamp- • Le Dormeur du val (1870) – (The Sleeper in the ton who also wrote the screenplay. The film starred Valley) published in Anthologie des poètes français Leonardo DiCaprio as Rimbaud and as (1888) Paul Verlaine. He is also the protagonist of the opera • (1870) – poem published in 1895 Rimbaud, ou le fils du soleil (1978) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero. In 2012 composer released • Album Zutique (1870) – parodies a CD titled “Rimbaud”, featuring 4 compositions in- spired by Rimbaud’s work — “Bateau Ivre” (a chamber • Lettres du Voyant (1871) octet), “A Season in Hell” (electronic music), “Illumina- • (1871) – published in 1883 tions” (piano, bass and drums), and Conneries (featur- ing Mathieu Amalric reading from Rimbaud’s work). He • Le Bateau ivre (1871) – published by Paul Verlaine is also mentioned in the CocoRosie song “Terrible An- in Les Poètes maudits (1884) gels,” from their 2004 album La maison de mon rêve. In 6 7 REFERENCES his 1939 composition Les Illuminations British composer [24] Starkie 1973, p. 36. set selections of Rimbaud’s work of the same name to music for soprano or tenor soloist and string [25] Jeancolas 1998, p. 26. orchestra. [26] Ivry 1998, p. 12.

In a scene in “I'm Not There,” a young Bob Dylan is por- [27] Delahaye 1974, p. 273. Trans. “dirty hypocrite” (Starkie trayed identifying himself as Arthur Rimbaud by spelling 1973, p. 38) or “sanctimonious little so and so” (Robb Rimbaud’s name and giving October 20 as his bithday. 2000, p. 35)

[28] Rickword 1971, p. 9.

6 See also [29] Starkie 1973, p. 37.

[30] Robb 2000, p. 32. • Rimbaud and Verlaine Foundation [31] Starkie 1973, p. 39.

[32] Rimbaud’s Ver erat, which he wrote at age 14, at the Latin 7 References Library, with an English translation. Archived 16 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine

7.1 Notes [33] Robb 2000, p. 30.

[1] Robb 2000, p. 140. [34] Robb 2000, pp. 33–34; Lefrère 2001, pp. 104 & 109.

[2] “Rimbaud”. Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictio- [35] Steinmetz 2001, p. 29. nary. [36] Robb 2000, pp. 33–34. [3] Lefrère 2001, pp. 27–28; Starkie 1973, p. 30. [37] Starkie 1973, pp. 48–49; Robb 2000, p. 40. [4] Hackett 2010, p. 1. [38] Robb 2000, pp. 41–42. [5] Robb 2000, pp. 422–426. [39] Robb 2000, p. 44. [6] Lefrère 2001, pp. 11 & 35. [40] Robb 2000, pp. 46–50. [7] “Wiktionary”. [41] Robb 2000, pp. 46–50; Starkie 1973, pp. 60–61. [8] Lefrère 2001, pp. 18 & 1193. [42] Robb 2000, p. 51; Starkie 1974, pp. 54–65. [9] Starkie 1973, pp. 25–26. [43] Ivry 1998, p. 22. [10] Lefrère 2001, pp. 27–28. [44] Leuwers 1998, pp. 7–10. [11] Starkie 1973, p. 31. [45] Ivry 1998, p. 24. [12] Robb 2000, p. 7. [46] Ivry 1998, p. 29. [13] Lefrère 2001, pp. 16–18 & 1193. [47] Robb 2000, p. 102. [14] Starkie 1973, pp. 27–28. [48] Robb 2000, p. 109. [15] Lefrère 2001, p. 15: “renfermée, têtue et taciturne”. [49] Ivry 1998, p. 34. [16] Nicholl 1999, p. 94; Robb 2000, p. 50: Refers to Victor [50] Bernard & Guyaux 1991. Hugo's poem “Ce que dit la bouche d'ombre”, from Con- templations, 1856. [51] Robb 2000, p. 184.

[17] Lefrère 2001, pp. 31–32; Starkie 1973, p. 30. [52] Robb 2000, pp. 196–197.

[18] Lefrère 2001, pp. 27–29. [53] Robb 2000, pp. 218–221; Jeancolas 1998, pp. 112–113.

[19] Lefrère 2001, p. 31. [54] Harding 2004, p. 160.

[20] Robb 2000, p. 12. [55] Robb 2000, pp. 223–224.

[21] Lefrère 2001, p. 35. [56] Robb 2000, p. 241.

[22] Starkie 1973, p. 33. [57] Jeancolas 1998, p. 164.

[23] Rickword 1971, p. 4. [58] Robb 2000, p. 264. 7.2 Sources 7

[59] Robb 2000, p. 278. • Delahaye, Ernest (1974) [1919], Delahaye, témoin de Rimbaud (in French), Geneva: La Baconnière, [60] Robb 2000, pp. 282–285. ISBN 978-2825200711 [61] Robb 2000, p. 299. • Fowlie, Wallace; Whidden, Seth (2005), Rimbaud, [62] Robb 2000, p. 313. Complete Works, Selected Letters (Revised and up- dated ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, [63] Nicholl 1999, pp. 159–165. ISBN 0-226-71977-4 [64] Nicholl 1999, p. 231. • Goodman, Richard (2001), “Arthur Rimbaud, Cof- [65] Goodman 2001, pp. 8-15. fee Trader”, Saudi Aramco World (September 2001) 52 (5), retrieved 23 August 2015 [66] Robb 2000, pp. 418–419. • [67] Robb 2000, pp. 422–424. Guyaux, André, ed. (2009), Rimbaud Œuvres com- plètes (in French) (New revised ed.), Paris: Gal- [68] Robb 2000, pp. 425–426. limard / Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, ISBN 978- 2070116010 [69] Nicholl 1999, pp. 298–302. • [70] Robb 2000, pp. 440–441. Hackett, Cecil Arthur (2010) [1981], Rimbaud: A critical introduction (Digital ed.), Cambridge: Cam- [71] http://www.thebaffler.com/ancestors/ bridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521297561 jean-arthur-rimbaud • Harding, Jeremy; Sturrock, John (2004), Arthur [72] Robb 2000, pp. 79–80. Rimbaud: Selected Poems and Letters, Penguin, [73] "Lettre à Georges Izambard du 13 mai 1871". ISBN 0-14-044802-0 Abelard.free.fr. Retrieved on May 12, 2011. • Ivry, Benjamin (1998), Arthur Rimbaud, Bath, [74] Kwasny 2004, p. 147. Somerset: Absolute Press, ISBN 1-899791-55-8

[75] "A Paul Demeny, 15 mai 1871". Abelard.free.fr. Re- • Jeancolas, Claude (1998), Passion Rimbaud: trieved on May 12, 2011. L'Album d'une vie (in French), Paris: Textuel, ISBN [76] MacLeish 1960, p. 147. 978-2-909317-66-3

[77] Robb 2000, pp. xiv. • Kwasny, Melissa (2004), Toward the Open Field: Poets on the Art of Poetry, Middletown, Conn: Wes- [78] Fowlie 1966, p. 4. leyan University Press, ISBN 0-8195-6606-3 [79] Fowlie & Whidden 2005, p. xxxii. • Lefrère, Jean-Jacques (2001), Arthur Rimbaud (in [80] Ferré set to music and recorded ten poems of Rimbaud French), Paris: Fayard, ISBN 978-2-213-60691-0 in his 1964 . He would also set to music Le Bateau ivre later in his triple 1982 LP, • Lefrère, Jean-Jacques (2007), Correspondance de and Roman in On n'est pas sérieux quand on a dix-sept ans Rimbaud (in French), Paris: Fayard, ISBN 978-2- (1987). 213-63391-6

• Lefrère, Jean-Jacques (2014), Arthur Rimbaud: 7.2 Sources Correspondance posthume (1912-1920) (in French), Paris: Fayard, ISBN 978-2213662749 • Adam, Antoine, ed. (1999) [1972], Rimbaud: Œu- vres complètes (in French), Paris: Pléiade (Éditions • Leuwers, Daniel (1998), Rimbaud: Les Lettres du Gallimard), ISBN 978-2070104765 voyant, Textes Fondateurs (in French), Paris: Édi- tions Ellipses, ISBN 978-2729867980 • Bernard, Suzanne; Guyaux, André (1991), Œuvres de Rimbaud (in French), Paris: Classiques Garnier, • MacLeish, Archibald (1965), Poetry and Experi- ISBN 2-04-017399-4 ence, Baltimore: Penguin, ISBN 978-0140550443 • Bousmanne, Bernard (2006), Reviens, reviens, cher • Mason, Wyatt (2003), Poetry and prose, Rimbaud ami. Rimbaud – Verlaine. L'Affaire de Bruxelles (in Complete 1, New York: Modern Library, ISBN French), Paris: Éditions Calmann-Lévy, ISBN 978- 978-0-375-7577-09 2702137215 • Mason, Wyatt (2004), I Promise to Be Good: The • Brunel, Pierre, ed. (2004), Rimbaud: Œuvres com- Letters of Arthur Rimbaud, Rimbaud Complete 2, plètes (in French), Paris: Le Livre de Poche, ISBN New York: Modern Library, ISBN 978-0-679- 978-2253131212 64301-2 8 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Miller, Henry, The Time of the Assassins, A Study of • Ross, Kristin (2008), The Emergence of Social Rimbaud, New York 1962. Space: Rimbaud and the , Rad- ical thinkers 31, London: Verso, ISBN 978- • Nicholl, Charles (1999), Somebody Else: Arthur 1844672066 Rimbaud in Africa 1880–91, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-58029-6 • Peyre, Henri (1974), A Season in Hell and The Il- 8 External links luminations, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-501760-9 • Works by Arthur Rimbaud at Project Gutenberg

• Rickword, Edgell (1971) [1924], Rimbaud: The Boy • Works by or about Arthur Rimbaud at Internet and the Poet, New York: Haskell House Publishers, Archive ISBN 0-8383-1309-4 • Works by Arthur Rimbaud at LibriVox (public do- • Robb, Graham (2000), Rimbaud, New York: W.W. main audiobooks) Norton & Co, ISBN 978-0330482820 • Arthur Rimbaud Poetry list • Schmidt, Paul (2000) [1976], Rimbaud: Complete Works, New York: Perennial (HarperCollins), ISBN • “Arthur Rimbaud”. Find a Grave. Retrieved 10 Au- 978-0-06-095550-2 gust 2010. • Spitzer, Mark (2002), From Absinthe to Abyssinia, • Arthur Rimbaud – Poets.org Berkeley: Creative Arts, ISBN 978-0887392931 • Arthur Rimbaud’s Life and Poetry – French and En- • Starkie, Enid (1973), Arthur Rimbaud, London: glish Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-10440-1 • (French) Rimbaud Illuminations – from the original • Steinmetz, Jean-Luc (2001), Arthur Rimbaud: Pres- Publications de la Vogue, 1886 ence of an Enigma, Jon Graham (trans), New York: Welcome Rain Publishers, ISBN 1-56649-106-1 • (French) The poem Ophélie • Underwood, Vernon (2005) [1976], Rimbaud et • (French) “Rimbaud’s holes in space” project l'Angleterre (in French), Paris: A G Nizet, ISBN launched for the 150th anniversary (Charleville- 978-2707804082 Mézières) • White, Edmund (2008), Rimbaud: The Double Life • (French) Website for the 150th anniversary of a Rebel, London: Grove, ISBN 978-1-84354- (Charleville-Mézières) 971-0 • (French) Arthur Rimbaud, his work in audio version

7.3 Other reading

• Capetanakis, J. Lehmann, ed. (1947), “Rimbaud”, Demetrios Capetanakis: A Greek Poet In England, pp. 53–71, ASIN B0007J07Q6 • Godchot, Colonel [Simon] (1936), Arthur Rimbaud ne varietur I: 1854–1871 (in French), Nice: Chez l'auteur • Godchot, Colonel [Simon] (1937), Arthur Rimbaud ne varietur II: 1871–1873 (in French), Nice: Chez l'auteur • James, Jamie (2011), Rimbaud in Java: The Lost Voyage, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-4260-82-4 • Magedera, Ian H. (2014), Outsider Biographies; Sav- age, de Sade, Wainewright, Ned Kelly, Billy the Kid, Rimbaud and Genet: Base Crime and High Art in Bi- ography and Bio-Fiction, 1744–2000., Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, ISBN 978-90-420-3875-2 9

Verlaine (far left) and Rimbaud (second to left) in an 1872 paint- ing by Henri Fantin-Latour

Rimbaud (self-portrait) in Harar in 1883.[57]

Caricature of Rimbaud drawn by Verlaine in 1872. 10 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

Rimbaud’s grave in Charleville. The inscription reads Priez pour Bust of Rimbaud. Musée Arthur Rimbaud, Charleville-Mézières lui (“Pray for him”).

The poem Le bateau ivre on a wall in Paris

Reginald Gray's portrait (2011) 11

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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9.2 Images • File:Arthur_Rimbaud_plaque.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Arthur_Rimbaud_plaque.JPG Li- cense: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Tim Lambrechts (Quasium) • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Henri_Fantin-Latour_005.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Henri_Fantin-Latour_005.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Dis- tributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Henri Fantin-Latour • File:P1110482_Paris_VI_rue_Ferou_le_bateau_ivre_rwk.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/ P1110482_Paris_VI_rue_Ferou_le_bateau_ivre_rwk.JPG License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mbzt • File:P_vip.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/P_vip.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Quill_and_ink.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Ebrenc at Catalan Wikipedia • File:Rimbaud.PNG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Rimbaud.PNG License: Public domain Contributors: Close-up from Arthur Rimbaud [1872 - foto de Étienne Carjat] Original artist: Étienne Carjat • File:RimbaudCommunion1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/RimbaudCommunion1.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: John Tranter site Original artist: Unknownwikidata:Q4233718 • File:Rimbaud_-_tombe_à_Charleville.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Rimbaud_-_tombe_ %C3%A0_Charleville.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. PRA assumed (based on copyright claims). 12 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Rimbaud_2_by_Reginald_Gray.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Rimbaud_2_by_Reginald_ Gray.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Reginald gray • File:Rimbaud_in_Harar.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Rimbaud_in_Harar.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.africantrain.org/le-double-rimbaud Original artist: Unknownwikidata:Q4233718 • File:Rimbaud_in_Museum.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Rimbaud_in_Museum.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from nl.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Sidsmeets at Dutch Wikipedia • File:Rimbaud_par_Verlaine1.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Rimbaud_par_Verlaine1.JPG Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Personal scan from Alain Borer, Rimbaud, l'heure de la fuite, Gallimard Original artist: User:Skylie (scan) • File:Speaker_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Mobius assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Wikidata-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: User:Planemad • File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau

9.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0