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Estudio De Modelos De Dispersión Y Su Aplicación Al Control Industrial

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Estudio De Modelos De Dispersión Y Su Aplicación Al Control Industrial Universidad de Alcalá Escuela Politécnica Superior INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA Trabajo Fin de Carrera ESTUDIO DE MODELOS DE DISPERSIÓN Y SU APLICACIÓN AL CONTROL INDUSTRIAL Autor: Germán Villar Lagos Tutor: D. Luciano Boquete Vázquez Año 2017 UNIVERSIDAD DE ALCALÁ Escuela Politécnica Superior INGENIERÍA ELECTRÓNICA TRABAJO FIN DE CARRERA ESTUDIO DE MODELOS DE DISPERSIÓN Y SU APLICACIÓN AL CONTROL INDUSTRIAL Autor: GERMÁN VILLAR LAGOS Director: D. LUCIANO BOQUETE VÁZQUEZ TRIBUNAL: Presidente: D. ALEJANDRO MARTÍNEZ ARRIBAS Vocal 1º: D. FELIPE ESPINOSA ZAPATA Vocal 2º: D. LUCIANO BOQUETE VÁZQUEZ FECHA:....................................................... 2 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera mencionar y agradecer en este punto a algunas personas que considero muy importantes en la realización del presente trabajo. A mi esposa Cristina por su apoyo constante y enorme generosidad, facilitando siempre la disponibilidad del tiempo requerido para elaborar el trabajo y junto con mis hijos Germán y Úrsula por su infinita paciencia. A Luciano Boquete Vázquez, director del proyecto, por sus sabios consejos, indicaciones y correcciones que han sido de claves para llevar el trabajo a buen término. 4 5 ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................................................. 4 ÍNDICE ............................................................................................................................................ 6 TABLA DE FIGURAS ................................................................................................................... 9 RESUMEN .................................................................................................................................... 14 ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... 15 PALABRAS CLAVE .................................................................................................................... 16 GLOSARIO DE ACRÓNIMOS Y ABREVIATURAS.............................................................. 17 MEMORIA RESUMIDA ............................................................................................................. 18 INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................ 19 1 LA ATMÓSFERA ................................................................................................................... 21 1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................. 21 1.2 VISIÓN GENERAL DE LA ATMÓSFERA ................................................................................. 21 1.2.1 La troposfera ............................................................................................................ 23 1.2.1.1 El viento ........................................................................................................................ 23 1.2.1.2 La lluvia ......................................................................................................................... 24 1.2.2 La Estratosfera ......................................................................................................... 26 1.2.3 La Mesosfera ............................................................................................................ 26 1.2.4 La Exosfera .............................................................................................................. 27 1.3 ESTABILIDAD ATMOSFÉRICA ............................................................................................. 27 1.4 DIFUSIÓN DE GASES EN LA ATMÓSFERA E INVERSIÓN TÉRMICA ........................................ 29 1.5 DISPERSIÓN DE CONTAMINANTES EN LA ATMÓSFERA ........................................................ 30 1.6 INSTRUMENTACIÓN METEOROLÓGICA ............................................................................... 32 1.6.1 Dirección y velocidad del viento .............................................................................. 32 1.6.2 Pluviometría ............................................................................................................. 35 1.6.3 Temperatura ............................................................................................................. 36 1.6.4 Radiación solar ........................................................................................................ 36 1.6.5 Presión atmosférica .................................................................................................. 37 1.6.6 Humedad ambiental ................................................................................................. 38 1.6.7 Emisión de partículas ............................................................................................... 38 1.6.8 Emisión de gases ...................................................................................................... 40 1.6.9 Volumen / Caudal de emisión .................................................................................. 40 1.7 DEFINICIONES METEOROLÓGICAS O ATMOSFÉRICAS .......................................................... 41 1.7.1 Relación o razón de Bowen ...................................................................................... 41 1.7.2 El Albedo .................................................................................................................. 41 1.7.3 Longitud de Monin-Obukhov .................................................................................... 42 1.7.4 Gradiente adiabático ................................................................................................ 43 1.7.5 Convección atmosférica ........................................................................................... 44 2 INTRODUCCIÓN A LOS MODELOS DE DISPERSIÓN ................................................. 46 2.1 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................................. 46 2.2 MODELOS DE CAJA ............................................................................................................ 46 6 2.3 MODELOS GAUSSIANOS ..................................................................................................... 48 2.4 MODELOS LAGRANGIANOS................................................................................................ 49 2.5 MODELOS EULERIANOS ..................................................................................................... 50 2.6 MODELOS DE GAS DENSO .................................................................................................. 51 2.7 CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS MODELOS DE DISPERSIÓN ATENDIENDO A SU NATURALEZA .......... 52 3 PRINCIPALES MODELOS DE DISPERSIÓN ................................................................... 53 3.1 ADMS ............................................................................................................................... 53 3.2 AERMOD ......................................................................................................................... 54 3.3 ATSTEP............................................................................................................................ 54 3.4 CALPUFF ......................................................................................................................... 57 3.5 CMAQ .............................................................................................................................. 57 3.6 DISPERSION21 ............................................................................................................... 58 3.7 FLACS .............................................................................................................................. 60 3.8 FLEXPART ...................................................................................................................... 61 3.9 HYSPLIT .......................................................................................................................... 61 3.10 HYPACT .......................................................................................................................... 62 3.11 ISC3 .................................................................................................................................. 64 3.12 NAME .............................................................................................................................. 67 3.13 MERCURE ....................................................................................................................... 68 3.14 OSPM ............................................................................................................................... 71 3.15 FLUIDYN-PANACHE ..................................................................................................... 73 3.16 RIMPUFF ......................................................................................................................... 75 3.17 SAFE AIR ......................................................................................................................... 76 3.18 PUFF-PLUME .................................................................................................................. 78 3.19 LILLPELLO ....................................................................................................................
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