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Testing Hybridity in Early Iron Age Iberia Using Ceramics and Theory to Explain the Significance of Phoenician ‘Colonialism’

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Testing Hybridity in Early Iron Age Iberia Using Ceramics and Theory to Explain the Significance of Phoenician ‘Colonialism’ Cover photo: Site and locations of Orientalizing features in the landscape between Medellín and Cerro Manzanillo (photo by: A. Gil Romero in Rodríguez Díaz et al. (eds) 2009, 211). Testing Hybridity in Early Iron Age Iberia Using ceramics and theory to explain the significance of Phoenician ‘colonialism’ Beatrijs de Groot Course: Research Master Research and Thesis Course code: 1046WTY Student number: s0525677 Supervisor: Professor dr. John L. Bintliff Specialization: Town and Country: Mediterranean Region and the Near East University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, December 2011 Beatrijs de Groot [email protected] Beatrijs de Groot Zijlstroom 119 2353NN Leiderdorp The Netherlands (+31)610605791 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 3 I.1 THEORETIC FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................ 6 I.1.1 The response to a colonial situation ....................................................................................... 6 I.1.2 Hybridity ................................................................................................................................. 8 I.1.3 Hybridity in practice ............................................................................................................... 9 I.2 HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................ 13 I.2.1 The Phoenicians .................................................................................................................... 13 I.2.2 The Phoenician colonization of the Iberian Peninsula; history of research ......................... 17 I.2.3 The Phoenician colonization of the Iberian Peninsula; archaeological remains ................. 20 I.2.4 Orientalizing material culture .............................................................................................. 23 I.2.5 Political, social and material characteristics of Late Bronze Age Iberian societies ............ 26 I.2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER II: MATERIAL CULTURE ........................................................................................... 33 II.1 MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE PHOENICIANS WITH A FOCUS ON CERAMIC STYLE EVOLUTION ........ 33 II.2 CERAMICS IN IBERIAN ARCHAEOLOGY ........................................................................................ 36 II.2.1 The production process ....................................................................................................... 36 II.2.2 Ceramics in Late Bronze Age Iberia ................................................................................... 38 II.2.3 Ceramics in the Phoenician colonies .................................................................................. 44 II.2.4 Orientalizing ceramics in the indigenous settlements of Early Iron Age Iberia .................. 48 II.3 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER III: GREY-WARE ........................................................................................................... 55 III.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 55 III.1.1 Grey-ware studies; history of research .............................................................................. 57 III.1.2 Grey-ware typologies ......................................................................................................... 60 III.2 TOWARDS A PROCESS OF HYBRIDIZATION ................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER IV: CASE STUDY MEDELLÍN REGION ................................................................... 66 IV.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 66 IV.1.1 Geographic context; Medellín and its surroundings .......................................................... 66 IV.1.2 The geographical characteristics of the region .................................................................. 69 IV.1.3 Late Bronze Age Extremadura ........................................................................................... 70 IV.1.4 Settlement history of the Vegas Altas del Guadiana ........................................................... 72 IV.2 CERRO MANZANILLO ................................................................................................................. 76 IV.2.1 Grey-ware typology ............................................................................................................ 77 IV.2.2 Collection of the present knowledge of grey-ware in this region ....................................... 81 IV.2.3 The relation between the Cerro Manzanillo ceramics to the pottery assemblages from Peña Negra and Tyre .................................................................................................................... 88 IV.2.4 General observations ......................................................................................................... 93 IV.3 STUDY OF A SAMPLE OF CERAMICS FROM A SMALL TRANSECT NEAR MEDELLÍN ........................ 97 IV.3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 97 IV.3.2 Method ................................................................................................................................ 98 IV.3.3 Analysis of the rim profiles of the surface survey ceramics ............................................... 98 IV.3.4 Observations ..................................................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER V. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 101 V.1 THEORETIC DISCUSSION............................................................................................................. 101 V.I.1 Form related to function in ceramic studies ....................................................................... 102 V.1.2 Hybridization of ceramics .................................................................................................. 105 V.1.3 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 106 V.1.4 The problem with typologies .............................................................................................. 108 V.1.5 The meaning of hybridity in Early Iron Age Iberia ........................................................... 109 V.2 HOW TO INTERPRET HYBRIDIZATION IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA ............................................. 110 V.2.1 Models for the interpretation of hybridization in the Phoenician sphere .......................... 110 V.2.2 Models for the interpretation of hybridization in the Iberian sphere ................................ 113 V.2.3 The success of oriental culture, an unconscious process? ................................................. 114 V.2.4 The position of Medellín within the context of Early Iron Age Iberia ............................... 116 V.2.5 (Post) Colonial encounters ................................................................................................ 118 V.2.6 Orientalism ........................................................................................................................ 119 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH ........................................................................ 121 VI.1 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................... 121 VI.1.1 The relation between the indigenous population and the Phoenicians the Early Iron Age Iberia ........................................................................................................................................... 121 VI.1.2 The distinction between the use of grey-ware in indigenous and Phoenician contexts .... 122 VI.1.3 The Iberian Iron Age within the framework of the larger Mediterranean region ............ 124 VI.2 FUTURE RESEARCH ................................................................................................................... 125 ABSTRACT SUMARIO BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES APPENDIX: PROFILE DRAWINGS OF MEDELLĹN SURFACE SURVEY CERAMICS PREFACE My interest in the grey-ware of Iron Age Spain and in particular the typologies from the region around Medellín in Extremadura evolved because I was interested in hybridity in archaeology. I wanted to investigate what this phenomenon can tell us about ancient civilizations. In my bachelor I developed an interest in Phoenician archaeology. Phoenician archaeology seemed to me a way to underscore the complexity of the theory of hybridity because Phoenician material culture has been defined as eclectic and of mixed origin. To see how a culture that is hybrid mixes with another culture seemed to me a way to test theories around stylistic change. Because of the long tradition of interest that has been
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