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Ein Ostwind Wird Dich Mitten Auf Dem Meer Zerbrechen«

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Ein Ostwind Wird Dich Mitten Auf Dem Meer Zerbrechen« »Ein Ostwind wird Dich mitten auf dem Meer zerbrechen«. Phönizische Schiffswracks vom 8. bis 6. Jh. v. Chr. Magisterarbeit am Seminar für Klassische Archäologie des Instituts für Altertumswissenschaften der Universität Heidelberg vorgelegt von Selma Abdelhamid Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. M. Maaß Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. D. Panagiotopoulos Heidelberg 2009 Für meine Eltern A. Einleitung: »Ein Ostwind wird Dich mitten auf dem Meer zerbrechen« ........................... 7 I. Die Entwicklung der phönizischen Seefahrt .................................................................. 7 II. Das Bild der Phönizier in der Antike ............................................................................. 8 III. Traditionelle Quellen der phönizischen Schiffsarchäologie .................................. 8 1) Zeugnisse der Bronzezeit ....................................................................................... 8 2) Zeugnisse der Eisenzeit.......................................................................................... 9 a. Schiffsabbildungen aus dem phönizischen Kulturbereich ..................................... 9 b. Schiffsabbildungen außerhalb der phönizischen Kultur ...................................... 10 i. Abbildungen aus dem 9. Jh. v. Chr. ............................................................. 10 ii. Abbildungen aus dem 8. Jh. v. Chr. ............................................................. 11 iii. Abbildungen aus dem 7. Jh. v. Chr. ............................................................. 13 IV. Neue Chancen der phönizischen Schiffsarchäologie ........................................... 16 V. Probleme und Möglichkeiten der Schiffsarchäologie .................................................. 17 B. Die Wracks in Ashkelon und der phönizische Handel im östlichen Mittelmeerraum ..... 20 I. Forschungsgeschichte................................................................................................... 20 1) Entdeckung und Arbeiten an der Tanit ................................................................ 21 2) Entdeckung und Arbeiten an der Elissa ............................................................... 23 II. Befund .......................................................................................................................... 23 1) Tanit ..................................................................................................................... 23 a. Evolution des archäologischen Befunds .............................................................. 24 b. Detailbetrachtung der Fotografie ......................................................................... 24 c. Untersuchung der Höhenverhältnisse mit Hilfe der bathymetrischen Karte........ 25 d. Die Anordnung der Amphoren: Versuch einer 3D-Rekonstruktion .................... 26 2) Elissa .................................................................................................................... 27 a. Evolution des archäologischen Befunds .............................................................. 27 b. Detailbetrachtung der Fotografie ......................................................................... 27 c. Untersuchung der Höhenverhältnisse mit Hilfe der bathymetrischen Karte........ 28 III. Schiffsbau............................................................................................................. 30 1) Maße und Ladekapazität ...................................................................................... 30 2) Sichtbare Überreste des Schiffs............................................................................ 30 3) Der Schiffstyp ...................................................................................................... 31 a. Das Frachtschiff von der Bronzezeit in die Eisenzeit .......................................... 31 b. Gab es einen abgeschlossenen Frachtraum? ........................................................ 32 IV. Ergebnisse der Materialanalysen.......................................................................... 33 V. Funde............................................................................................................................ 34 1) Tanit ..................................................................................................................... 34 2) Elissa .................................................................................................................... 35 3) Die Konservierung der Artefakte ......................................................................... 36 VI. Interpretation der Funde: Herkunft und Datierung .............................................. 37 1) Vorkommen und Datierung.................................................................................. 41 2) Einsatzbereich ...................................................................................................... 42 3) Herstellungszentren.............................................................................................. 42 VII. Phönizischer Handel im östlichen Mittelmeer im 8. Jh. v. Chr. .......................... 43 1) Der Bericht des Wenamun ................................................................................... 43 2) Der tyrische Handel laut Hesekiel........................................................................ 43 3) Phönizische Seefahrer in Ägypten ....................................................................... 45 VIII. Fazit...................................................................................................................... 48 1) Waren Tanit und Elissa Bestandteile einer Flotte? .............................................. 48 2) ‚Persönliche Gegenstände’ und die Mannschaft .................................................. 49 3 3) Folgten die Schiffe derselben Route?................................................................... 49 C. Funde phönizischer Wracks in Spanien ........................................................................... 52 I. Beschreibung der ostspanischen Küste bei Murcia...................................................... 53 1) Topographie und Klima ....................................................................................... 53 2) Metallvorkommen und weitere Ressourcen......................................................... 54 3) Spuren phönizischer Präsenz................................................................................ 55 II. Das Wrack Mazarrón-1................................................................................................ 57 1) Erforschung .......................................................................................................... 58 2) Der archäologische Befund .................................................................................. 59 a. Das Schiffswrack.................................................................................................. 59 b. Die räumlichen Grenzen des Befunds – eine verstreute Ladung? ....................... 59 3) Prinzipien des Schiffsbaus ................................................................................... 60 a. Schalenbau und Nut-Feder-Technik..................................................................... 60 b. Kiel....................................................................................................................... 61 c. Längsplanken ....................................................................................................... 61 d. Spanten................................................................................................................. 63 e. Oberflächenbehandlung ....................................................................................... 63 4) Ergebnisse der Materialanalysen.......................................................................... 64 5) Funde im Wrack und in der Bucht ....................................................................... 67 a. Organische Materialien ........................................................................................ 67 b. Stein...................................................................................................................... 68 i. Mahlstein...................................................................................................... 68 ii. Anker............................................................................................................ 68 c. Keramik................................................................................................................ 68 i. Mörser .......................................................................................................... 69 ii. Schüsseln...................................................................................................... 69 iii. Teller ............................................................................................................ 70 iv. Amphoren..................................................................................................... 71 v. Pithoi ............................................................................................................ 72 vi. Urnen............................................................................................................ 72 d. Metall und sonstige Materialien........................................................................... 73 i. Bronzene Lanzenspitze ................................................................................ 73 ii. Bleibarren....................................................................................................
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