Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution Else Marie Friis, Peter R

Home , Eubotrys, Eurya, Lyonia (plant), Saururus, Symplocos coronata, Visnea

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59283-3 - Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane and Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen Index More information

Index

‘Aquilapollenites’quadricretaceus, 315 Alabama, fossil localities, 78–9 early phases, 475–6 ‘Aralia’, 491 Alangium, 364 Late Cretaceous, 476–7 ‘Aralia’ kolymensis, 92 Alaticolpites, 108 mid-Cretaceous, 476 ‘Awned seeds’, 191 Alatospermum, 355 tempo, 477 ‘Eucalyptus’ geinitzii, 241 Albertarum pueri, 260, 262, 264 angiosperms, age ‘Ficus’ neurocarpa, 229, 413 Aldrovanda, 316 estimates, 156, 157 ‘Laurus’ macrocarpa, 201 Alexander Island, 98 fossil evidence, 156–8 ‘Liliacidites’ minutus, 212 Alismacites primaevus, 217 fossil record, 17–19 ‘Magnolia’ palaeopetala, 413 Alismaphyllum victor-masonii, 217 angiosperms, diversification, 19–20 ‘Populus’ potomacensis, 308 Alismataceae, 262–3 angiosperms, phylogeny, 1–3, 3–5, 165 ‘Retitricolpites’ geranioides, 279 Alismatales angiospermy, 8–10 ‘Sparganium’ aspensis, 297 fossils of uncertain relationships, Anisophyllea disticha, 328 ‘Williamsonia’ recentior, 201, 390 256–7 ANITA grade, 5 Aachen, 67 Allericarpus early diversification, 475 Acaciaephyllum, 217, 251, 267 A. clausenispermus, 366, 372 fossils of uncertain relationship, 169–71 A. spatulatum, 251 A. pentaphylacoides, 366, 367, 372 phylogeny, 164, 169 Acaena anserinifolia, 190 Allicospermum retimirum, 115 pollination, 441, 442 Acanthopanax Alloephedra, 111 Annona, 225 A. friedrichii, 386 A. xingxuei, 112 Annonaceae, 224–6 A. gigantocarpus, 386 Allon Quarry, 78 Anonaspermum, 225 A. mansfeldensis, 386 Allonia decandra, 317, 322–3 Antarctic Peninsula, 98 A. obliquocostatus, 386 Alphonsea, 225 Antarctica, fossil localities, 98–9 Accuratipollis, 314 Altingiaceae, 320–1 Antevsia, 138 Acoraceae, 255–6 Amarjolia, 432 Anthocorm Theory, 143 Acorites heeri, 256 Amarjolia dactylota, 129 anthophytes, 146, 147 Acorus brachystachys, 256 Amaryllidaceae, 268 phylogeny, 1–3, 4, 144–5, 146, 147–8 Actinidia, 375 amber, preservation, 34–6 Anthostrobilus Theory, 141 Actinidiaceae, 374–5 Amborella, 171 Antiquacupula, 390, 392, 400, 410 Actinocalyx, 400, 412 Amesoneuron, 251 A. sulcata, 337, 338 A. bohrii, 366–7, 368, 378, 439, 442 Anacardiaceae, 357 Antiquocarya, 341, 342–5, 392 Ademanthemum iteoides, 324 Anacostia, 205–7, 212, 252, 410 A. nuda, 345, 346 Adoxaceae, 386 A. marylandensis, 205, 206 A. verruculosa, 345, 346 Aegianthus sibiricus, 117 A. portugallica, 206 Aphananthe cretacea, 334 Aerophyllites intertrappea, 251 A. teixeirae, 206 Apiaceae, 385 Aerorhizos harrissii, 251 A. virginiensis, 205, 206, 252 Aponogeton, 265 Africa, fossil localities, 85–7, 96 Anamirta, 291 Appomattoxia, 214, 246, 290, 410, 458 Afropollis, 83, 85, 87, 96, 208–10, 437 A. pfeifferi, 291 A. ancistrophora, 246, 247 A. aff. jardinus, 208 Androdecidua endressii, 317, 323 Aptian Greensand, 69 A. jardinus, 208 androecium, 12–13 Aptiana radiata, 27 A. operculatus, 208 Cretaceous flowers, 400–4 Aquia brookensis, 295, 297, 298, 389, 392, A. zonatus, 208 origin, 151–2 490 Agapitocarpus emisxus, 287, 288 Androglandula tennessensis, 237 Aquifoliaceae, 385 Aguacarpus, 392, 409 Androvettia, 78 Aquilapollenites, 314–15, 472 A. hirsutus, 303, 306, 307 anemophily, 418 A. delicates, 315 Ailanthoxylon, 358 anemophily, see pollination, by wind Aquilapollenites Province, 472 Ajatipollis, 312 angiosperm diversification Araceae, 59, 257–62

573

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-59283-3 - Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane and Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen Index More information

574 Index

Araceae (cont.) Atriaecarpum, 291 birds phylogeny, 487 Australia, fossil localities, 97–8 dispersal by, 449 Aralia antiqua, 386 Austria, fossil localities, 66–7 fossil history, 427 Araliaceae, 385–6 Austrobaileyaceae, 177 pollination by, 426–7 Araliaecarpum kolymensis, 285, 286 Austrodiospyros cryptostoma, 376, 377 Blankenburg, 68 Araliopsoides, 293 Autunia, 137 Bleasdalea bleasdalei, 302 Araripe Basin, 88 Axelrodia burgeri, 159 Bluffopollis scabratus, 357 Araripia florifera, 220, 389 Boehmeria, 335 Arcellites, 463 Baikalophyllum, 91 Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, 65 Archaeamphora longiservia, 374 Baisia hirsuta, 91 Boraginaceae, 380 Archaeanthus, 79, 227, 390, 392, 409, 410, Baisianthus ramosus, 113 Bougainvillea, 316 413, 437, 442 Banisteriophyllum, 332 Bowerbankella, 291 A. linnenbergeri, 227, 228 Bank near Brooke, 75 Brachyphyllum, 65, 83, 96, 467 Archaefagacea futabensis, 338, 339 Banksia archaecarpa, 301 Brasenia, 175 Archaefructus, 25, 94, 95, 162, 172, 193–5, Banksieaephyllum, 301 Braseniella, 175 388, 391, 408, 410, 413, 437 Barclayopsis urceolata, 175 Braseniopsis, 173 A. eoflora, 193 Bayeritheca hughesii, 116, 117 B. venulosa, 176, 479 A. liaoningensis, 193 Beaupreaidites, 301 Brassicaceae, 359 A. sinensis, 193 Beckettia, 365 Brassicales, 358–9 Archaeozostera, 265 Bedellia, 352, 392 Bratzevaea, 315 Archaepetala B. pusilla, 346 Braun Ranch, 80 A. beekeri, 229 bees, see Hymenoptera Brazil, fossil localities, 87–8 A. obscura, 229, 413 beetles, see Coleoptera Brenneripollis, 83, 211, 257 Archamamelis bivalvis, 317–18 BEG group, 104–5, 119–24, 147 B. pellitus, 212 Archaranthus, 390 Cretaceous vegetation, 465 Brnı´k, 65 A. krassilovii, 300 fossil seeds, 119, 121 Brukkaros, 96 Arecaceae, 268–70 phylogeny, 103 Buarcos, 62 Arecoideostrobus moorei, 270 unassigned fossils, 119–24 Buarcospermum, 465 Argentina, fossil localities, 100 Beipiao, 95 B. tetragonium, 119, 121 Aristia dichotoma, 210 Beipiaoa Bu¨ckeburg, 67 Aristolochia, 247 B. parva, 190, 191 Bucklandia Aristolochiaceae, 246–7 B. rotunda, 191 B. indica, 129 Aristolochioxylon prakashii, 247 B. spinosa, 190, 191 Budurone, 72 Aristolochites kamchaticus, 247 Bennetticarpus Budvaricarpus, 337, 346, 347, 354, 390, 392, Arjona tuberose, 314 B. antoinetteae, 430, 431 410, 412 Arthur’s Bluff, 80 B. crossospermus, 127 B. serialis, 346 Artocarpus dicksonii, 28, 335 B. wettsteinii, 126, 130 Bull Mountain, 77 Arundel Formation, 73 Bennettitales, 46 Burseraceae, 357 Ascarina-like plants, 481 compressions, 129–30 Butomaceae, 264–5 A˚ sen, 30, 70–2 Cretaceous vegetation, 464–5 Butomus, 265 Ashdown Beds, 69 habit, 124, 125 butterflies, see Lepidoptera Asimina, 225 leaves, 124 Buxaceae, 307–8 Asparagaceae, 268 permineralised, 128–9 Buxales Asparagales phylogeny, 124 fossils of uncertain relationship, 303–7 fossils of uncertain relationships, 268 reproductive organs, 124–8 Buxapollis, 308 Asteraceae, 385 Bennettitales, see also anthophytes and BEG Buxus glomerata, 308 asterids Bennettites fossils of uncertain relationship, 36 B. litchi, 128 Carl Nielsen A/S, 72 phylogeny, 361 B. tylosus, 127 Cabomba, 175 Asterocarpinus, 352 Berberidaceae, 289 Cabombaceae, 172–6 Asteropollis, 85, 91, 93, 180, 181–2, 210, Betulaceae, 352 diversification patterns, 478–80 434, 435 diversity patterns, 492–3 Calathiocarpus calyciferus, 345, 347 A. asteroides, 181 Bevhalstia, 69 Callicrypta chlamydea, 286 Atane Formation, 82 B. pebja, 70, 189–90 Caloda delevoryana, 198, 199, 390, 392 Atherospermataceae, 233 Bicameria, 342 Calycanthaceae, 233–5 Atlantopollis, 340 Bifariala intermittens, 137 Calycocarpum, 291 atmospheric carbon dioxide, 50 biostratigraphy, 55 Campanulaceae, 385

Index 575

campanulids Ceratophyllaceae, 185 Coleoptera fossils of uncertain relationship, 383 Ceratophyllum, 185, 191 fossil history, 421 phylogeny, 383 phylogeny, 164 pollination by, 421 Canada, fossil localities, 81 Ceratostratiotes cretaceus, 186 Colorado, fossil localities, 80–1 Canellaceae, 244 Cercal, 59, 60 Combretaceae, 355 Canellales Cercidiphyllaceae, 321 Commelinaceae, 272 diversification patterns, 484 Cercidiphyllum japonicum, 8 Commelinales, 272 Cannabaceae, 334–5 Cercidiphyllum-like fossils, 321 compression fossils, preservation, Canrightia resinifera, 221, 222 Ceriops cantiensis, 332 32–4 cantharophily, 421 Chaneya, 382 Congo, fossil localities, 87 Cantia arborescence, 27 Chaoyangia liangi, 111 conifers Cantisolanum daturoides, 382 charcoal, 29–30, 33, 49, 387, 413, Cretaceous vegetation, 467 Caprifoliaceae, 386 466, 468, 469 dispersal, 446–7 Capsulocarpus dakotensis, 201 Cheirolepidiaceae, 46, 80 phylogeny, 103 Cardstonia tolmanii, 263, 265 Cretaceous vegetation, 465–7 pollination, 416 Caricopsis, 217 habit, 465 Conospermites hakeaefolius, 114 Carnoconites, 130 palaeoecology, 465 Convolvulaceae, 382 C. compactum, 131 Cheiropleuria bicuspis, 9 coprolites, 429, 433 C. cranwelli, 131 Chengzihe Formation, 93 core eudicots carpels, 13–15 China, fossil localities, 89, 93–5 diversfication patterns, 489 Cretaceous, 394, 408–10 chiropterophily, 427–8 Cornaceae, 364–5 origin, 154 Chloranthaceae, 59, 180–5, 208, 417 Cornales Carpestella, 170, 392, 409 diversification patterns, 480–3 diversity patterns, 488 C. lacunata, 170, 171 phylogeny, 164 fossils of uncertain relationship, Carpolithus conjugatus, 199, 200 Chloranthistemon, 181, 183–5, 187, 390, 392 362–4 Caryanthus, 337, 341, 347, 354, C. alatus, 184, 185 Corystospermales, 131–4 390, 412 C. crossmanensis, 185, 186 leaves, 132 C. elongatus, 347 C. endressii, 184, 185 Costacarpus, 342 C. knoblochii, 345, 347 Chontrocarpus, 288 Couperites, 207, 410 Caryophylloflora paleogenica, 315 C. pachytoichus, 289 C. mauldinensis, 198, 207, 211 Caspiocarpus paniculiger, 90, 195, 196, Chulym-Yenisei area, 91 Craigia, 360 389 Cinder Beds, 69 Cranea, 352 Casuarina covilli, 114 Cinnamomum Cranwellia, 314 Casuarinaceae, 352 C. felixii, 237 Cranwellipollis, 301 Catefica, 59, 60 C. prototypum, 237, 242 Crassidenticulum, 181 Cathiaria, 91, 286 Circaeasteraceae, 290 Crassulaeceophyllum, 324 C. zhilinii, 285, 286 Cissites, 289 Crato Formation, 88 Caytonanthus, 135, 136 Citadel Bastion, 98 Cratonia cotyledon, 110 C. arberi, 135 CLAMP, 46 Credneria, 68, 291, 293, 491 Caytonia, 134 Clarno Nut Beds, 497 C. integerrima, 28 C. nathorstii, 135 Classopollis, 47, 48, 52, 64, 80, 89, 429 C. zenkeri, 294 Caytoniales, 134–7 Cretaceous vegetation, 465, 466 Cretacaeisporites scabratus, 180, 292 dispersal, 451 pollination, 429 Cretotrigona prisca, 423 leaves, 134 Clavatipollenites, 93, 100, 177, 180, 181, Cretovarium japonicum, 34, 202, 253, 267 pollination, 429 207, 210–11, 404, 407, 434, 435 Crinopollis group, 160 reproductive organs, 134–7 C. hughesii, 70, 210, 211 Cronquistiflora, 226, 231, 410 Cedrelospermum, 335 Clethra cimbrica, 374 C. sayrevillensis, 220–3 Celastrales, 329–30 Clethraceae, 374 Crossosomatales, 357 Celtidophyllum Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Cunoniaceae, 330 C. cretaceum, 334 Program, 46 Cunonioxylon, 330 C. praeaustrale, 334 Clockhouse Brickworks, 70 Cupania, 358 Celtoidanthus pseudorobustus, 334 Clusiaceae, 331 Cupressinocladus valdensis, 466 Cephalanthus, 381 Coahuilanthus belinda, 335 Curcubitales, 336 Ceratopetalum Cobbania, 259 Curvitinospora, 291 C. gummiferum, 328 Cocculophyllum, 291 Cycadeoidea, 124, 125, 432, 464, 466 C. priscum, 330 Cocobeach Sequence, 86–7 C. dacotensis, 129 C. wilkinsonii, 330 co-evolution, 20–1 C. fisherae, 129

576 Index

Cycadeoidea (cont.) D. odontopteroides, 133 D. antarctica, 246 C. gibsoniana, 129 D. odontopteroides subsp. obiculoides, D. patagonica, 246 C. maccafferyi, 129 132 Droseraceae, 316 C. morierei, 127, 128, 129 Dictyopteridium feistmanteli, 139 Drybalanoxylon, 360 C. reichenbachiana, 129 Dictyozamites, 124 Dryophyllum, 350 C. saxbyana, 129 Dioscorea hemsleyi, 8 Durlston Beds, 69 C. wielandii, 129 Dioscoreaceae, 266 Dusembaya, 175 Cycadeoideaceae Dioscorites cretaceus, 266 Dutch Gap, 75 pollination, 432 Dipelta, 386 Cycadeoidella japonica, 129 Diploclisia, 291 Ebenaceae, 375–6 Cycadolepis wettsteinii, 126, 130 Diplodipelta, 386 Echimonocolpites, 269 cycads, 103 Diplycosiopsis walbeckensis, 366, 367, 374 Edmonton Group, 81 dispersal, 445–6 Diptera Egypt, fossil localities, 83, 84–5 phylogeny, 102–3 fossil history, 424–5 Eichhornia, 272 pollination, 415–16, 428 pollination by, 423–5 Eisleben, 68 Cyclanthaceae, 266–7 Dipterocarpaceae, 360 Elaeagnaceae, 336 Cyclanthodendron sahnii, 274 Dipterocarpoxylon, 360 Elaeagnacites, 336 Cyclanthus, 270 Dirhopalostachys rostrata, 195 Elaeocarpaceae, 330 C. messelensis, 266 Disanthus Elaterates, 108–9 Cymodoceaceae, 265 D. austriacus, 322 Cretaceous vegetation, 465 Cyperacites sp., 111 D. hercynicus, 322 pollination, 429 cyperoids, 270 Discoclethra stratigraphic range, 466 Cyrillaceae, 373 D. maxima, 366, 374 Elaterocolpites, 108 Czech Republic, fossil localities, 66 D. polysperma, 366, 374 Elateroplicites, 108 Czekanowskia, 139 D. valvata, 366, 367, 374 E. africaensis, 109 Czekanowskiales, 139 dispersal Elateropollenites, 108 Cretaceous vegetation, 467 coevolution hypothesis, 458 E. jardinei, 109 conifers, 446–7 Elaterosporites, 108, 429 Dabeigou Formation, 94 cycads, 445–6 E. klaszii, 109 Dahlgrenianthus, 341, 347 Early Cretaceous, 451–3, 455 E. protensus, 109 D. suecicus, 347 Ginkgo, 446 E. verrucatus, 109 Dakota Formation, 79 Gnetales, 447 Elatides, 467 Dalbergites, 192 Late Cretaceous, 455–6 Elatinaceae, 332 Davisicarpum, 291 mid-Cretaceous, 453–5 Elatine, 332 Dawangzhangzi, 95 pre-angiosperm vegetation, 450–1 Elchaxylon, 132 Debregiasia, 335 temporal trends, 452 Eliseevskoye, 92 Deccan Intertrappean Beds, 97 dispersal systems, 448 Elsemaria, 95, 413 fossil monocots, 253, 270 dispersal, by E. kokubunii, 34, 36, 313 Deccan Traps, 43, 97 birds, 449 Emmenopterys, 381 Deccananthus, 472 fish, 449 endozoochory, 458 Deccananthus savitrii, 255 insects, 449 Endressianthus, 342, 347–9, 352, 390, 392, Decodon, 355 reptiles, 449 410, 412 Degeneriaceae, 231 vertebrates, 449–50 E. foveolatus, 347 Denkania indica, 137 disperser hypothesis, 458 E. miraensis, 347, 348 Densinervum, 181 Divisestylus, 318, 412 Endressinia, 231, 392, 409, 413, 436, 442 Denver Formation, 81 D. brevistamineus, 318, 319 E. brasiliana, 223, 226, 390 depositional environment, 24, 25 D. longistamineus, 318, 319, 438 entomophily, 419–26 Desmiophyllum, 139 diversity patterns Eoantha zherikhinii, 91, 113 Detrusandra, 226, 231, 410 Cretaceous, 49, 463 Eocaltha zoophilia, 292 D. mystagoga, 220, 221 Donlesia dakotensis, 185, 190, 191 Eoceltis dilcheri, 334 Diapensiaceae, 378 double fertilisation, 16 Eoeuryale, 175 Dichastopollenites, 199, 211 Dragot Formation, 83 Eoglandulosa, 442 Dicheiropollis, 466 Dressiantha, 359, 412 E. warmanensis, 332, 441 Dicksoniaceae, 462 D. bicarpellata, 359 Eohypserpa, 291 Dicotylophyllum, 277 Drewria potomacensis, 108, 109–10 Eomastixia, 365 Dicrinopollis, 160 Drewry’s Bluff, 75 Eomimosoidea plumosa, 440 Dicroidium, 132 Drimys Epacridicarpum, 373

Index 577

E. cannelatum, 366, 367 Eubotrys, 374 flowers, 16 E. cretaceum, 366, 367 Eucommia, 381 diversity, 11 E. rugulatum, 366 Eucommiaceae, 381 origin, 5–6, 150–1 Ephedra, 105–6 Eucommiidites, 114–15, 381, 465 size, fossils, 413 E. americana, 106 Eucommiitheca Fort Union Formation, 81 E. archaeorhytidosperma, 111 E. hirsuta, 116, 117 Fossil Bluff Group, 98 E. drewriensis, 110, 119 eudicots, 404–6 Foveomorphomonocolpites humbertoides, 225 E. foliata, 107 early diversification, 476 Frenelopsis, 46, 65, 84 E. intermedia, 106 fossils of uncertain relationship, 283–9 F. oligostomata, 64 E. portugallica, 110 phylogeny, 276, 311 Freyantha, 91 Ephedripites, 85, 107 eumagnoliids F. sibirica, 286 Ephedrispermum lusitanicum, 110, 119 early diversification, 476 Friisicarpus, 91, 297–8, 390, 392, 399, 409, Ephedrites, 258, 465 fossils of uncertain relationship, 220–3 410 E. antiquus, 112 phylogeny, 164–6, 219 F. brookensis, 295, 297, 298, 389, 392, E. guozhongiana, 112 pollination, 441 490 E. johnianus, 314 Euphorbiaceae, 332 F. carolinensis, 297 ephedroid pollen, 108 Eupomatiaceae, 226 F. elkneckensis, 298, 392, 436 ephedroids Eupteleaceae, 290 F. marylandensis, 297, 298, 392 Cretaceous vegetation, 465 Eurya Fritonia, 291 epigyny, 394–5, 397 E. carpatica, 366, 373 fruits, 16 epizoochory, 453, 458 E. crassitesta, 366, 373 fleshy, Cenozoic, 456 Equisetites lyelli, 462 E. holyi, 366, 373 fleshy, Cretaceous, 453 Equisetosporites, 107 Euryale, 175 Furcula granulifer, 161 Equisetum, 83 evaporites, 49 Futabanthus, 391, 410 Cretaceous vegetation, 462 extinctions, 477 F. asamigawaensis, 202, 225 Eragrosites changii, 111, 189 K-T boundary, 496 Erdtmanipollis, 307 Gabon, 86 E. cretacea, 308 Fabaceae, 333 Galeacornea, 108, 429 E. procumbentiformis, 308 Fabales, 333–4 Gamba Sequence, 86 Erdtmanispermum Fagaceae, 350 gametophytes, 16 E. balticum, 115, 119 Fagales, 63, 336–54 Gangamopteris, 138 E. juncalense, 115 core, 336 Ganitroceras, 365 Erdtmanitheca diversification patterns, 491–5 Garryaceae, 381 E. portucalensis, 116 fossils of uncertain relationship, 337–8 Gay Head, 77 E. texensis, 115, 116, 117 phylogeny, 337 geological timescale, 40 Erdtmanithecales, 114–19 stratigraphic occurrence, 494 Geonomites, 252 Cretaceous vegetation, 465 Fairlight Clay, 69 Georgia, fossil localities, 78 Erdtmanithecales, see also anthophytes Famalica˜o, 61 Geraniaceae, 354 and BEG ferns Geraniales, 354 Erenia stenoptera, 111, 114 Cretaceous vegetation, 462 Gereilatia picnoclada, 199 Eretmonia, 138, 139 Ferrignocarpus bivalvis, 352 Germany, fossil localities, 66, 67–8 Ericaceae, 373, 374 Figueira da Foz Formation, 62 Gerocladus Ericales fish, dispersal by, 449 G. foliosus, 199 diversity patterns, 489 fleshy fruits, 454 G. selaginelloides, 199 fossils of uncertain relationship, flies, see Diptera Gerofit, 83 366–72 floral architecture, 12 Gerofitia lochii, 199 phylogeny, 366 floral features Gigantonoclea lagrelii, 9 Eriospermocormus indicus, 268 temporal trends, 420 Ginkgo Erlingdorfia, 293 floral merism Cretaceous vegetation, 467 E. montana, 296 Cretaceous flowers, 394 dispersal, 446 Esgueira, 64 floral organisation, 396 phylogeny, 103 Esgueiria, 355–7 floral organs pollination, 415–16, 428 E. adenocarpa, 64, 355, 356 numbers, 11 Ginkgoales E. futabensis, 355, 356 position, 394–5 Cretaceous vegetation, 467 E. miraensis, 355, 356 synorganisation, 414 Gippsland Basin, 97 Etheridgea subglobosa, 360 temporal trends, 435 Gironniera gonnensis, 334 Euanthial Theory, 5, 141–2, 143 floral symmetry, 11, 412 Gladiopomum dutoitides, 137

578 Index

Gleicheniaceae, 462 Hedycaryoxylon, 244 Illiciphyllum deletum, 179 Glenrose, 80 H. hortonioides, 244 Illicites astrocarpa, 179 Glossopteridales, 138–9 H. subaffine, 244 Illicium leaves, 138 H. tambourissoides, 244 I. anisatum, 179 reproductive organs, 139 Hedyosmum, 59 I. avitum, 179 Glossopteris, 138 Hedyosmum-like flowers, 182–3, 184, 391, I. fliegelii, 179 Glossotheca, 139 397, 399, 408, 409, 410, 434 I. floridanum, 179 G. orissiana, 138 Hedyosmum-like inflorescences, 182, 388, I. geiseltalensis, 179 Gmu¨nd, 67 389 I. germanicum, 179 Gnetaceaepollenites, 107, 465 Heilongjiang, 93 India, fossil localities, 96–7 Gnetales, 103, 105–6, 109–14 Heleophyton, 263 inflorescences Cretaceous vegetation, 465 Helez Formation, 83 Cretaceous, 388–91 dispersal, 447 Heliconiaites mohgaonensis, 274 insects, dispersal by, 449 diversification patterns, 108 Heliconites, 274 Insitiocarpus, 303 phylogeny, 103 Hell Creek Formation, 81 Integricorpus rigidus, 315 pollen, 106–8 Hemerocallis, 213 Interporopollenites, 340, 341, 342, 348 pollination, 416–17 Hemitrapa?sp.,190 Iodes germanica, 381 Gnetales, see also anthophytes and Hernandiaceae, 235 Ipubi Formation, 88 BEG Hexaporotricolpites, 307, 308 Irtyshenia, 175 Gnetum, 105–6 Hibiscoxylon, 360 Ischnophyton, 124 G. edule, 108 Hidakanthus, 95, 391, 410, 413 Isle of Wight, 69 G. gnemon, 9 H. shiinae, 202 Isoetales pollination, 417 Himantandraceae, 231 Cretaceous vegetation, 462 Gomortegaceae, 235 Hironoia fusiformis, 363 Israel, fossil localities, 82–4 Gondwana, 40–5 Hirsutum intermittens, 139 Italy, fossil localities, 72 Gothanipollis, 314 Hloubeˇtı´n-Huteˇ, 65 Iteaceae, 324 graminoids, 271 Hoisington, 79 Itea-like fossils, 324 Great Britain, fossil localities, 68–70 Holochlamys Ixostrobus, 139 Grebenka River, 92 H. beccari, 259 Green River Formation, 497 H. guineensis, 259 James Ross Island, 99 greenhouse conditions, 39 Horseshoe Canyon Formation, 81 Japan, fossil localities, 89, 95–6 Grevillea, 301 Huangbaijiegou, 95 Jatrorrhiza, 291 Grevilleophyllum, 301 Huerteales, 358 Jebel (Djebel) Mudaha, 85 Grewioxylon, 360 Hydatellaceae, 171–2 Jehol Biota, 94–5 Grexlupus carolinensis, 242 Hydnoraceae, 248 Jerseyanthus, 410 Grinstead Clay, 69 Hydrocharitaceae, 264–5 J. calycanthoides, 234, 235 Grossulariaceae, 324 Hymenoptera Jianshangou, 95 growth rings fossil history, 422 Jilin, 94 palaeoclimatic indicators, 46 pollination by, 421 Jiufotang Formation, 94 Gru¨nback, 67 Hyphaeneocarpon, 270 Joffrea speirsiae, 321, 322 Gurvan Eren, 93 Hyphaeneocarpon aegyptiacum, 269 Johnstonia, 132 Gurvanella, 114 hypogyny, 395, 398 Jordan, fossil localities, 83, 84 G. dictyoptera, 111, 114 Hyrcantha karatscheensis, 90, 284–5, Jugella, 107, 258 gynoecium, 13–15 389 Juglandaceae, 354 Cretaceous, 408–10 Hythia elgarii, 27 diversity patterns, 494–5 Gyrocarpus, 236 Juncaceae, 270 Gyrocarpusocarpon, 355 Icacinaceae, 380–1 Juncal, 61 Icacinicarya, 380 Haitingeria krasseri, 126, 130 I. budvarensis, 381 Kachar, 90 Haloragaceae, 323–4 I. papillaris, 381 Kachchia navicula, 135, 136 Hamamelidaceae, 321–3 Icacinoxylon, 64, 95 Kaidacarpum sibiricum, 117 Hamatia elkneckensis, 295, 297, 298, 392, Ievlevia dorofeevii, 185, 190, 191, 329 Kalymmanthus walkeri, 229, 413 436 Ilex antiqua, 385 Kansas, fossil localities, 79–80 Hammenia, 180 Ilexpollenites, 385 Karst infillings, 67 Haslam Formation, 81 Illiciaceae, see Schisandraceae Kasicarpa, 91 Hasting Beds, 69 Illiciospermum, 178 K. melikianii, 300 Hausmannia, 68 I. pusillum, 178, 179 Kazakhstan, fossil localities, 89–91

Index 579

Kendostrobus, 107 Leguminanthus, 128 Liriodendroxylon, 226 Kenilworth (Bladensburg), 76 L. siliquosus, 130 Liriophyllum, 79, 227 Kennella, 92 Lena-Vilyuy River Basin, 91 L. kansense, 228 K. harrisiana, 192 Leongathia elegans, 192 L. populoides, 229 Keraocarpon, 95, 410 Lepidoptera Litocarpon, 227 K. mastoshii, 202 fossil history, 426 L. beardii, 229, 231 K. yasujii, 202 pollination by, 425–6 Litseopsis rottensis, 237 Keymer Tileworks, 70 Lepidopteris, 137 Lobospermum, 465 kimberlite pipes, 96 Leptostrobus, 139 L. glabrum, 119, 121 King George Island, 99 L. cancer, 139 L. rugosum, 121 Kingsclere Borehole, 70 Lesqueria, 392, 409, 413 L. stampanonii, 119, 121 Kirkwood Formation, 96 L. elocata, 80, 200, 390 Lochiella setosa, 199 Klikov Formation, 66 Lethomasites fossulatus, 215–14 London Clay Flora, 497 Klikovispermum, 322 Leucothoe, 374 Longapertites, 269 Klitzschophyllites, 85, 215, 217 L. praecox, 366 Longstrethia varidentata, 179 K. flabellatus, 216 Lewalanipollis, 301 Loranthaceae, 314 Kokhav 2 well, 83 L. trycheros, 302 Lovellea, 390, 409 Kolyma River, 92 Liaoning, fossil localities, 94–5 L. wintonensis, 98, 233, 235 Kome Formation, 82 Liaoningocladus baii, 217 Lusicarpus, 392, 409 Koonwarra fossil, 196 Liaoxia, 112 L. planatus, 37, 280, 303, 305, 306 Koonwarra Fossil Beds, 97 L. acutiformis, 112 Lusistemon, 305, 392 Korumburra Group, 97 L. cheniae, 111, 112, 189 L. striatus, 37, 279, 280, 303, 306 Krivorechenskaya Formation, 92 L. elongata, 112 Lusitanian Basin, 57 K-T boundary, 99 L. longibractea, 112 stratigraphy, 59 floristic changes, 496 L. robusta, 112 lycopsids fossil localities, 80–1 Libya, fossil localities, 85 Cretaceous vegetation, 462 Kurnub Group, 82 Lidgettonia, 139 Lyonia, 374 Kurtzipites, 315 L. mucronata, 137 Lysimachia, 376 Kuta flora, 91 Lignierispermum, 465 Lythraceae, 355 Kysul-zhar (Karatau), 90 L. maroneae, 119, 121 Kyzylshen suite, 90 Liliacidites, 207, 213, 215, 252, 261, 267 Mabelia, 203, 252, 267 L. kaitangataensis, 212 M. archaia, 203, 224 Lactoridaceae, 247–8 Liliales M. connatifila, 203, 224 Lactoripollenites africanus, 248 fossil of uncertain relationship, 267 Macginicarpa, 297, 298 lamiids Limnobiophyllum, 258, 266 Madagascar, fossil localities, 96 fossils of uncertain relationship, 378–9 L. dentatum, 251, 258 Madhya Pradesh, 97 phylogeny, 378 L. scutatum, 258 Maesaceae, 375 land plants, phylogeny, 2, 3, 102 Limnocarpus, 265 Magnolia, 226 Lappacarpus aristata, 190 Lindacarpa, 317 Magnoliaceae, 226–31 Lardizabalaceae, 290 L. pubescens, 318 Magnoliaceoxylon, 226 Las Hoyas, 65 Lindera rottensis, 237 Magnoliaephyllum, 241 Lauraceae, 67, 236–43 Linnenberger’s Ranch, 79 Magnoliaespermum, 226 Laurales Liquidambar, 321 Magnoliaestrobus gilmouri, 227 diversification patterns, 484–5 Liriodendrites, 227 Magnoliales fossils of uncertain relationship, 232–3 L. bradacii, 228 diversification patterns, 485–6 Laurales A, 232, 238 Liriodendroidea, 227, 229, 230, 410 fossils of uncertain relationship, 224 Laurales B, 232, 238, 392, 409, 410, 432, 433 L. alata, 229, 230 magnoliids, 4, 11 Lauranthus futabensis, 242, 243 L. asiatica, 229, 230 Magnolioxylon, 226 Laurelia, 233 L. carolinensis, 229, 230 Maiandrocarpus, 288, 390, 392 Laureliopsis, 233 L. costata, 229, 230 M. moirasmenus, 287, 288 Laurelites jamesrossii, 233 L. germanica, 229 Makatini Formation, 96 leaves, 7–8, 155 L. latirapha, 229, 230 Malliocarpus, 288, 390, 392 palaeoclimatic indicators, 45–6 L. protogea, 229 M. batrachoides, 287, 288 physiognomy, 45–6, 47, 48 L. tenuitesta, 229 Malpighiales, 330–2 preservation, 27–9 Liriodendron, 226, 230 Malpighiastrum, 332 Lebanon, fossil localities, 84 L. tulipifera, 227 Malvaceae, 360 Leefructus mirus, 283 Liriodendropsis, 227 Malvales, 360

580 Index

mammals M. magnifica, 129 phylogeny, 333 fossil history, 428 pollination, 432 Nordenskioeldia, 308–9 pollination by, 428 Monetianthus, 390, 392, 408, 409, 410, 413, Normacarpus, 342 Manglietia, 226 434, 436, 437 Normanthus, 342, 349, 410, 412 Manicorpus, 472 M. mirus, 35, 173, 174, 397, 434 N. miraensis, 349 Manningia, 341, 349 Mongolia, fossil localities, 92–3 Normapolles, 53, 63, 64, 66, 67, 340, 406 M. crassa, 345, 349 Monimiaceae, 243–4 dispersed pollen, 340 mantle plume formation, 39 Monocolpites, 269 flowers, 341–9 Marckunda Formation, 98 monocots Normapolles complex, 338–49 Marcouia, 161 dispersed pollen, 252 pollination, 439–40 Marsilea, 80 early diversification, 476 stratigraphic occurrence, 493 Maryland, fossil localities, 76–7 fossil leaves, 250–2 Normapolles Province, 339, 472, 492 Massachusetts, fossil localities, 77 fossils of uncertain affinity, 252–5 North Carolina, fossil localities, 77–8 Mastixia, 365 phylogeny, 166, 249–50 North Dakota, fossil localities, 81 Mastixiocarpus, 365 pollination, 441 Nothofagaceae, 349–50 Mastixioid floras, 365 Monocrinopollis, 160 diversity patterns, 492 Mastixioideae, 365 Monoletes, 432 Nothofagidites, 350, 473 Mastixiopsis, 365 Montsechia vidali, 65 Nothofagites, 53 Matoniaceae, 462 Montsechites (Ranunculus) ferreri, 65, 191, Nothofagoxylon, 350 Mauldin Mountain, 77 192, 289 Nothofagus, 53, 350, 473 Mauldinia, 193, 238, 241, 243, 390, 392, Moraceae, 335 Nuhliantha, 203, 252, 267 409, 413, 437 moths, see Lepidoptera N. nyanzaiana, 203, 224 geographic distribution, 485 Multimarginites, 160 Nuphar, 175 M. angustiloba, 67, 238, 240 Musa cardiosperma, 273, 274 Nupharanthus cretacea, 84 M. bohemica, 197, 238, 241 Musgraveinanthus alcoensis, 301, 302 Nymphaea, 175, 434 M. hirsuta, 238, 239 Musocaulon, 274 N. mesozoica, 175 M. mirabilis, 238, 239, 438 myophily, 423–5 Nymphaeaceae, 172–6 Mauritiidites, 53, 269 Myricaceae, 352–3 diversification patterns, 478–80 Mawhoub West 2 borehole, 84 Myricanthium, 390, 409, 413 Nymphaeales Mayoa, 59, 252, 435 M. amentaceum, 197 diversification patterns, 478–80 M. portugallica, 258, 259–60 M. pragense, 198 stratigraphic occurrence, 480 Meeusella, 91 Myristicaceae, 224 Nypa, 53, 268, 270, 473 Meliaceae, 357 Myrsinaceae, 375, 376 N. fructicans, 270 Meliorchis caribea, 268 Myrsine, 376 Nyssa, 365 Meliosma, 303 Myrtaceae, 355 Nyssaceae, 365 M. praealba, 303 Myrtaceidites, 355 Nyssidium, 192 Menispermaceae, 291 Myrtales, 354–7 Menispermicarpum, 291 Obispocaulis myriophylloides, 324 Menispermites, 28, 289, 291 Najas, 265 Oculopollis, 340 M. ‘tenuinervis’, 479 Nathorstiana, 68, 462 Odontocaryoidea, 291 M. potomacensis, 308 Nazare´, 61 Old Crossman Clay Pit, 77 Menispermophyllum, 291 Nebraska, fossil localities, 79–80 Onagraceae, 355 Mersa Matruh 1 borehole, 85 nectaries, 412, 438 Oncoba, 331 mesofossils, preservation, 32, 387–8 Negev, 83 Onoana Microaltingia, 317, 412 Nelumbites, 90, 293 O. californica, 192 M. apocarpela, 319, 320 Nelumbonaceae, 292–3 O. nicanica, 92 Microdiptera, 355 diversity patterns, 489–90 Onychiopsis, 47, 65, 72, 95, 462 Microvictoria svitkoana, 173, 204 Netherlands, fossil localities, 66 O. psilotoides, 50 mimicry, 436 Neuse River, 78 Ora Shales Formation, 83 Minevronia capitata, 199 Neusenia tetrasporangiata, 241, 242 Orapa kimberlite, 96 Minorpollis, 341 New Jersey, fossil localities, 77 Orchidites Mira, 63 New Zealand, fossil localities, 99 O. lancifolius, 217 Mitocarpus, 288, 390, 392 Nikitinella, 175 O. linearifolius, 217 M. elegans, 287, 288 Nilssoniopteris, 124 ornithophily, 426–7 Mneme, 355 Nipadites, 268, 270 orogenic events, 39 Mngazana Formation, 96 Nipaniophyllum, 130 ovaries, 13–15 Monanthesia, 124, 432, 464 nitrogen-fixing clade Cretaceous, 408–10

Index 581

Cretaceous, 412 Palmocarpon, 255, 270, 473 Phyllites, 161, 277 origin, 152–4 P. bracteatum, 270 phyllotaxis Oxalidales, 330 P. compressum, 270 Cretaceous flowers, 394 P. insigne, 270 extant flowers, 392–3 Paatuut (Patoot), 82 P. mohgaoense, 270 Phyllotheca wonthaggiensis, 114 Pachypteris, 132 P. takliensis, 270 phylogeny, seed plants P. papillosa, 132 Palmoxylon, 269, 270 molecular data, 148–9 Padragkutia, 227, 229 Palms, see Arecaceae morphological data, 144–8 P. edelenyi, 229 Pandanaceae, 266 Physalis, 382 P. haasii, 229 Pandaniidites, 258, 266 Picramniales, 357 Paeoniaceae, 325 P. typicus, 175 Picrodendraceae, 331 Paeoniaecarpum hungaricum, 325 Pandanophyllum, 217 Piperaceae, 248 Pagiophyllum, 467 Pangaea, 39 Piperales Palaealectryon, 358 Papaveraceae, 291–2 diversification patterns, 484 Palaeallophyllus, 358 Papillopollis rugulatus, 340 fossils of uncertain relationship, 246 Palaeanthus problematicus, 200, 390 Parabaena, 291 placentation, 15 Palaeeucharidium, 355 Paradinandra, 412 Plantaginopsis marylandica, 217 Palaeoandrovanda, 316 P. suecica, 367–70, 372 Platanaceae, 68, 80, 293–301 Palaeoaster, 292 Parapalmocaulon, 270 diversity patterns, 490–1 Palaeobruguiera elongata, 332 Paraphyllanthoxylon, 64, 238 flowers, 294–300 Palaeocarpinus, 352 Parasaurauia, 366 leaves, 293–4 palaeoclimate P. allonensis, 375 reproductive biology, 301 Cretaceous, 51–3 Parasaurauia allonensis, 376 Platananthus, 295–7, 390, 392 geological indicators, 47–50 Passiflora, 331 P. hueberi, 297, 299 palaeontological indicators, 45–50 Passifloraceae, 332 P. potomacensis, 297, 392 palaeoenvironment Patapsco Formation, 74 P. scanicus, 297, 299 temporal trends, 44 Patuxent Formation, 73 P. synandrus, 297 Palaeoeuryale, 175 Peltaspermales, 137–8 Platanites palaeogeography Peltaspermum, 136, 137 P. marginata, 296 Aptian, 42 Pennicarpus, 410 Platanocarpus, 90, 297 Cenomanian, 42 P. tenuis, 256, 257 Platanus, 82, 91, 293, 390, 491 Cretaceous, 39–40 Pennipollis, 83, 212, 252, 253, 257, 407, 434, 435 P. bohemica, 295 Early Cretaceous, 40, 41, 42 Pennistemon P. kerrii, 297 Eocene, 43 P. portugallicus, 256 P. laevis, 300 Late Cretaceous, 41–5 Pentapetalum, 412 P. orientalis, 297 Maastrichtian, 43 P. trifasciculandricus, 366, 370, 371 P. primaeva, 198 mid-Cretaceous, 40–1 Pentaphylacaceae, 372–3 P. quedlinburgensis, 299, 490 Santonian, 43 Pentaphylax protogaea, 366, 367, 371–2 P. richteri, 300 Valanginian-Berriasian, 42 Pentecrinopollis, 160 plate movements, 40 Palaeonymphaea, 175 Pentoxylales, 96, 131 Platycardia, 138 Palaeonyssa, 365 Pentoxylales, see also anthophytes and BEG Platydiscus, 412 Palaeophytocrene, 380 Pentoxylon, 98, 130 P. peltatus, 330, 331, 438 Palaeoschima, 373 Peperomia, 248 Plicapollis, 341, 347, 354 P. austriaca, 366, 371 P. sibirica, 248 Plumafolium bipartitum, 252 P. becvensis, 366, 371 perianth, 11–12 Plumsteadiostrobus, 139 P. microvalvata, 366, 367, 371 Cretaceous flowers, 395–400 Pluricarpellatia, 409, 410, 437 Palaeosinomenium, 291 Periporopollenites P. peltata, 173, 176, 390, 479 palaeotemperature P. demarcatus, 180 Poaceae, 271–2 Cretaceous, 50–1 P. fragilis, 180 Poales, 270–2 Paleoclusia, 331, 412 permineralisations, preservation, 34–6 pollen, 14 P. chevalieri, 332 Peromonolites, 211 Barremian–Aptian, 407 Paleoenkianthus sayrevillensis, 366, 370 P. peroreticulatus, 257 Early Cretaceous, 404–6 Paleorosa similkameenensis, 334 P. reticulatus, 257 early eudicots, 404–6 Paleosecuridaca curtisii, 334 Perseanthus crossmanensis, 243 features, 12–13 Paliurus, 336 Peruc-Korycany Formation, 65 Hauterivian–Barremian, 405 Pallioporia, 378 Petriellaea triangulata, 134 Late Cretaceous, 406–8 Palm Province, 472–3 Phoenicopsis, 139 mid-Cretaceous, 406

582 Index

pollen (cont.) amber, 34–6 P. tetragonalis, 366, 373 monocots, 252 charcoal, 29–30, 31 P. zahajensis, 366, 373 preservation, 34–8 compressions, 28, 32–4 Protoyucca shadishii, 268 stratigraphic occurrence, 56, 404 fossil flowers, 388 Proxapertites, 260, 261, 269 pollen–carpel interactions, 10 impressions, 28 P. operculatus, 258 Pollia, 272 leaves, 27–9 Pseudanthial Theory, 5, 142, 143 pollination, angiosperms, 15–16, 417 lignite, 30–5 Pseudoeuryale, 175 abiotic, 417–18 mesofossils, 32, 387–8 Pseudofrenelopsis, 46, 48, 84 biotic, 418–19 permineralisations, 26, 34–6 P. parceramosa, 465 by wind (anemophily), 418 wood, 26–7 Pseudopapillopollis, 342, 349 Cenozoic, 440–1 Primulaceae, 375 Pterostemonaceae, 324 Early Cretaceous, 417 primuloids, 376 Pteruchus Late Cretaceous, 439–40 fossils, 376–7 P. fremouwensis, 133 mid-Cretaceous, 437–9 Princetonia allenbyensis, 292 P. matatimajor, 132 pollination, by Prisca, 390 Pterygospermum, 138 bats, 427–8 P. reynoldsii, 198, 241 Puddledock, 76 birds, 426–7 Priscowelwitschia austroamericana, 111 Punta del Barco Formation, 100 Coleoptera, 421 Problematospermum, 123–4 Purdiaeopsis campanulatus, 366, 367, 374 Diptera, 423–5 P. beipiaoense, 123 Hymenoptera, 421 P. elongatum, 123 Qetura, 83 Lepidoptera, 425–6 P. ovale, 123 Qeturocarpus costatus, 199 mammals, 427–8 Propylipollis, 301 Quadriplatanus, 298–9, 390, 392 Thysanoptera, 419–21 P. crotonoides, 302 Q. georgianus, 298, 300 pollination, seed plants Proteaceae, 301 Quedlinburg, 68, 462, 468 Bennettitales, 430–2 diversity patterns, 491 Quercophyllum, 350 conifers, 416 Proteacidites, 301 Quereuxia, 192 cycads, 416 cf. P. fromensis, 302 Quilonipollenites, 269 Ginkgo, 415–16 P. adenanthoides, 302 Quturea fimbriata, 252 Gnetales, 416–17 P. cooksoniae, 302 pre-angiosperm vegetation, 428–32 Proteacidites/Nothofagidites Province, 473 Rajmahal Hills, 96 pollinators Proteales Ranalian Theory, 141 stratigraphic occurrence, 420 diversification patterns, 489–91 Ranunculaceae, 292 Polycolporopollenites, 333 protection, flower buds, 413–14 Ranunculaecarpus quinquecarpellatus, Polygalaceae, 333 Proteophyllum, 301 92, 286 Pontederiaceae, 272 Protoatherospermoxylon, 233 Ranunculales Pontederites, 272 Protobarclaya, 175 fossils of uncertain relationship, 289 P. eichhornioides, 251 Protocupressinoxylon purbeckensis, 466 Ranunculus Populophyllum reniforme, 308, 479 Protofagacea, 350, 390, 400 R. aquatilis, 192, 289 Populus, 28 P. allonensis, 350, 351 R. ferreri, 65, 192 Porana, 382 Protohaploxypinus, 138 R. jeholensis, 217 Portugal, fossil localities, 57–64 Protohedycarya Raoanthus, 439 Posidoniaceae, 265 P. ilicoides, 233 Raton Formation, 80 Potamogeton, 265 P. pseudoquercifolia, 244 Raunsgaardispermum lusitanicum, 118, 121 P. jeholensis, 217 Protohedycaryoxylon receptacle Potamogetonaceae, 265 P. ilicoides, 244 Cretaceous flowers, 394 potamogetonoids, 265–6 Protomonimia, 95, 391, 410, 413 recruitment hypothesis, 458 Potamogetophyllum mite, 251 P. kasai-nakajhongii, 34, 201, 202 Regalipollenites, 107, 108 Potomac Group, 74 Protonomiscium reproductive features, 8–10 fossil localities, 73 P. testudinarum, 291 reptiles, dispersal by, 449 Potomacanthus, 232, 392, 409, 410 P. vangerowii, 291 Restiocarpus, 271 P. lobatus, 237, 238 Protorrhipis choffatii, 216 Restionaceae, 271 Pouzolzia, 335 Protovisnea Reticolpites, 279 Pragocladus, 193, 390, 409, 413 P. cancellata, 366, 373 Reticulatasporites jardinus, 208 P. lauroides, 197, 241, 242 P. erinacea, 366, 373 Retimonocolpites, 198, 207, 211, 212, 257, Prangenhaus, 67 P. maii, 366, 373 258, 261, 407, 434, 435 Premnophyllum trigonum, 382 P. reticulata, 366, 373 R. dividuus, 211, 212 preservation, 35 P. saxonica, 366, 367, 373 R. peroreticulatus, 211, 212

Index 583

R. reticulatus, 211, 212 Sapindales, 357–8 Seymour Island, 99 Retinomastixia, 365 Sapindopsis, 28, 75, 84, 91, 491 Shetirgiz suit, 90 Retitricolpites, 277, 279 S. belviderensis, 297 Shoreoxylon, 360 R. microreticulatus, 312 S. magnifolia, 297 Shuklanthus, 253, 270 R. multibaculates, 315, 316 Sapindospermum, 358 S. superbum, 253, 254 Rhamnaceae, 335–6 Sapindoxylon, 358 Siberia, fossil localities, 89, 91, 92 Rhexoxylon, 132 sapromyophily, 424 Sierra del Montsec, 65 Rhizophoraceae, 332 Sarbay, 90 Sihetun, 94, 95 Rhodoleia cretacea, 317, 322 Sarcoccoca hookeriana, 308 Silucarpus, 392, 409 Rhodospathodendron tomlinsonii, 259 Sarraceniaceae, 374 S. camptostylus, 306 Rhoiptelea chiliantha, 353 Sassafras, 28 Silvianthemum, 317, 383, 412 Rhoipteleaceae, 353–4 Sassafrasoxylon gottwaldii, 237 S. suecicum, 384, 438 Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge, 41 Saurauia, 375 Simaroubaceae, 358 Ripogonum, 267 S. alenae, 366, 375 Simarouboxylon, 358 Rohdenhaus, 67 S. antiqua, 366, 375 Similipollis, 207, 212, 252 Romania, fossil localities, 72 Saururaceae, 248 S. varireticulatus, 212 Rosaceae, 334 Saururopsis niponensis, 248 Singhia, 107 Rosales, 334–6 Saururus Sinocarpus, 95, 388, 408, 410, 413 Rose Creek, 80 S. biloba, 248 S. decussatus, 283–4 Rose Creek flower, 328–9, 409, 437 S. tuckerae, 248 Siparunaceae, 244 Rosenkrantzia picrodendroides, 331 Saxifragaceae, 325 size, Cretaceous flowers, 413 rosids, phylogeny, 327 Saxifragaceaecarpum bifolliculare, 325 size, seeds Rubiaceae, 381 Saxifragales Cenozoic, 456 Rudgwick Brickworks, 70 fossils of uncertain relationship, 316–20 Cretaceous, 451–3, 456 Ruffordia, 462 Saxonipollis, 316 extant angiosperms, 448 Rugonella, 465 Scandianthus, 317, 379, 412 temporal trends, 452, 456–8 R. trigonospermum, 119, 121 S. costatus, 379, 380, 438 Smilacaceae, 267 Russia S. major, 379, 380 Smilax, 267 fossil localities, 89 Schisandraceae, 177–9, 209, 417 Smokejacks Brickworks, 70 Russia, Far East, fossil localities, 92 Schizaeaceae, 462 Snow Hill Island, 99 Russia, NE, fossil localities, 92 Schizocolpus marlinensis, 307 Sofrepites, 108 Rutaceae, 358 Schizosporites microreticulatus, 210 S. legouxiae, 109 Rutaspermum biornatum, 358 Schrankipollis, 208, 209, 210 Solanum, 382 Rutihesperipites trochuensis, 305 S. mawhoubensis, 210 Solenites, 139 Schweitzeria (Irania) hermaphroditica, South Bohemian Basin, 65 Sabalophyllum livistonoides, 270 161, 162, 195, 429 South Dakota, fossil localities, 81 Sabia, 303 Scirpus lakensis, 270 South Shetland Islands, 99 S. menispermoides, 303 Scoresbya, 161 Spain, fossil localities, 64–5 S. microsperma, 303 Scutifolium jordanicum, 174, 479 Spanomera, 303–5, 390, 392, 399, 409, 413 S. praeovalis, 303 sea levels, Cretaceous, 40, 45 S. marylandensis, 303, 304 Sabiocaulis sakuraii, 303 seed plants S. mauldinensis, 280, 303, 304, 305 Sabrenia, 175 phylogeny, 145 Sparganium, 271 S. pachyderma, 175 phylogeny, molecular data, 148–9 Spathiphyllum Sabulia scottii, 27 phylogeny, morphological data, 144–8 S. kalbreyeri, 259 Sagenopteris, 134 seed size, 448 S. laeve, 259 S. colpodes, 135 Cenozoic, 456 Sphenolepis, 467 Sahnia, 130 Cretaceous, 451–3, 456 Sphenotheca, 378 Sahnianthus temporal trends, 452, 456–8 Spinizonocolpites, 53, 252, 268, 269 S. dinectrianum, 439 seeds, 16 S. baculatus, 270 Salicaceae, 331 Cretaceous, 411, 412 S. echinatus, 270 Sambucus, 386 Semioculopollis, 340, 346, 347 Spirellea, 267 Sanmiguelia, 158–60 Semionogyna, 91 S. germanica, 267 S. lewisii, 159 Senectotetradites amiantopollis, 293, 312 S. walbeckensis, 267 Santa Cruz Province, 100 Senegalosporites, 108 Spirematospermum, 272–4 Santa Marta Formation, 99 Serjania, 358 S. chandlerae, 273 Santana Formation, 88 sex distribution S. friedrichii, 273 Sapindaceae, 358 Cretaceous flowers, 391–2 S. wetzleri, 273

584 Index

Stachyuraceae, 357 Theophrastaceae, 375 Trochodendroides, 321 Stachyurus, 357 thrips, See Thyrsanoptera Trudopollis, 341, 349 stamens, 13 Thysanoptera Tucano Seaway, 87 Cretaceous, 402 fossil history, 419 Tucanopollis, 214, 246, 434, 435 Cretaceous flowers, 400–4 pollination by, 419–21 T. crisopolensis, 88, 214 origin, 151–2 Tico´ Anfitreatro Formation, 100 Tunbridge Wells Sands, 69 Staphylea, 357 Ticodendraceae, 350–2 Tunisia, fossil localities, 85 Staphyleaceae, 357 Tilia, 360 Tupuangi Formation, 99 Steevesipollenites, 107 Tinomiscium, 291 Turga flora, 91 Steinhauera, 321 Tinomiscoidea, 291 Turgai Strait, 41, 45 Stellatopollis, 87, 160, 212–14 Tinospora, 291 Turnipia, 357 S. barghoornii, 213, 214 Titan Nunataks, 98 Tylerianthus crossmanensis, 364 S. bituberensis, 214 Tomskiella, 175 Typha, 271 S. pocockii, 214 Toptan suite, 92 Typhaceae, 271 Stemona cochinchinensis, 8 Torres Vedras, 58, 60 Typhacites negevensis, 252, 271 Stemonaceae, 267 Torricellia, 386 Typhaera fusiformis, 123 Stizocaryopsis, 381 tracheids, 6 Typhaspermum, 271 Strasburgeriaceae, 357 Transbaikalia, fossil localities, 89, 91 Stratiotes, 265 Transitoripollis, 214, 246, 434, 435 Ulmaceae, 335 Striatopollis, 279 T. anuliculcatus, 214 Ulmus, 335 Striatoporites bertillonites, 315 Trapa?sp.,191 U. okanaganensis, 26 Striatornata sanantoniensis, 274 Trianthera eusideroxyloide, 237 Umkomasia Sturiella langeri, 116 triaperturate pollen U. quadripartite, 133 Styloceras laurifolia, 308 earliest, 404–6 U. resinosa, 133 Styracaceae, 378 origin, 275 U. uniramia, 132, 133 Sudan, fossil localities, 83, 85 Tricoccites, 473 Upatoi Creek, 78 Sugoy River, 92 T. trigonum, 255 Upland Theory, 17 Suriana inordinate, 334 tricolpate pollen Urticaceae, 335 Sweden, fossil localities, 70–2 eudicots, in situ, 282 Urticoidea, 335 Symphaenale futabensis, 175, 178 Tricolpites, 93, 277 Uvaria, 225 Symplocaceae, 377–8 T. crassimurus, 279 Symplocoipollenites vestibulum, 378 T. micromurus, 279 Vahliaceae, 380 Symplocos, 378 T. reticulatus, 312 Vale de Agua, 61 Synangispadixis tidwellii, 159 Tricolpopollenites, 277 Vale Painho, 62 Tricolporopollenites, 277 Valecarpus, 392, 409 Table Nunatak, 98 Tricostatocarpon silvapinedae, 274 V.petiolatus, 303, 306 Taeniopteris daintreei, 131 Tricrinopollis, 160 Valvaecarpus Talauma, 226 T. olsenii, 160 V.debeyi, 366, 374 Taldysay, 90 Trifurcatia flabellata, 215 V.globulosus, 366, 367, 374 Tapisciaceae, 358 Trimeniaceae, 179–80 V.kerharticensis, 366, 374 Tarahumara sophiae, 324 Trioris africaensis, 301 V.pterocaryaeformis, 366, 374 Tasymia, 293 Triplicarpus, 390, 413 Vancampopollenites, 340 T. pseudoplatanoides, 300 T. purkynei, 199, 200 Vangerowia, 342 Tavdenia, 175 Triporopollenites, 301 Vardekloeftia, 127, 128, 130 Tectocarya, 365 T. andersonii, 378 vascular system, 6–7 Teixeiraea, 392, 399, 413 T. scabroporis, 378 Vega Island, 99 T. lusitanica, 289, 290 Triprojectacites, 406 vegetation Terminalioxylon, 355 Triprojectacites-Aquilapollenites complex, Barremian–Albian, 471 Ternariocarpites floribundus, 285, 389 314 Berriasian–Barremian, 469 Teruel, 65 Triprojectus, 472 Berriasian–Valanginian, 468 Tetraclinis articulata, 46 Trithuria Cretaceous, 470 Tetradopollenites, 312 T. australis, 172 Hauterivian–Barremian, 468 Tetramelioxylon, 336 T. submersa, 172 Late Cretaceous, 472–3 Texas, fossil localities, 80 Triton Point Member, 98 mid-Cretaceous, 471–2 Thalassotaenia debeyi, 265 Triuridaceae, 267 Neogene, 497–8 Thanikaimonia, 291 Triuris lutea, 203 Palaeogene, 496–7 Theaceae, 373 Trochodendraceae, 308–9 reconstruction, Early Cretaceous, 467

Index 585

vegetative features, 6–8 Weltrichia Winteraceae, 209, 244–6 Venustostrobus, 139 pollination, 430 Winteroxylon, 246 Veratrum album, 159 W. santalensis, 129 W. jamesrossii, 245 vertebrates, dispersal by, 449–50 W. sol, 130, 430 Winton Formation, 97, 98 vessels, 6 W. spectabilis, 126 Woburnia porosa, 27, 360 Viburnum, 386 W. whitbiensis, 126 wood, preservation, 26–7, 49 Villa Verde, 62 Welwitschia, 105–6 Woodbine Formation, 80 Viltyungia, 317 W. mirabilis, 107, 109 Worbarrow Bay, 69 V.eclecta, 319 Welwitschiapites, 107 Wuyunanthus hexapetalus, 330 Viracarpon, 253, 270, 473 Welwitschiostrobus murili, 111 V.chitaleyi, 254 West Brothers, 77 Xingxueina heilongjiangensis, 195, 196, V.elongatum, 253 Western Interior Seaway, 41, 45, 79 389, 413 V.hexaspermum, 253, 254 Westersheimia pramelreuthensis, 130 Xylocarpus, 288 V.sahnii, 254 Whitewater Creek, 78 X. rhitidodes, 288 Virginia, fossil localities, 74–6 Wielandiella, 125 Xylopteris, 132 Virginianthus, 390, 399, 409, 436, 437 W. angustifolia, 124, 130 V.calycanthoides, 233, 234, 397 wildfires, 49 Yixian Formation, 94–5 Virgo amiantopollis, 312, 313 Williamsonia, 127, 464 Visnea minima, 366, 373 pollination, 430–2 Zamites gigas, 130 Vitaceae, 329 W. bockii, 128, 129 Zantedeschia aethiopica, 258 Viticocarpum minimum, 366, 367, 374 W. bryonyae, 128, 430, 431 Zaria suite, 92 Vitimantha crypta, 113 W. carruthersii, 430, 431 Zelkova, 335 Vitiphyllum, 196, 289 W. cynthiae, 128, 430, 431 Zenobia, 374 Vitreisporites, 135, 136 W. elocata, 200, 437 Zeugarocarpus, 288, 390, 392 volcanism, 39 W. gigas, 130 Z. adroagathus, 287, 288 Vysˇehorˇovice (Vysˇerice), 65 W. harrisiana, 129 Z. leptoagathus, 288 W. hildae, 129 Zeweira Formation, 83 Wadhurst Clay, 69 W. himas, 127, 130 Zingiberales, 272–4 Walbeck, 68 W. leckenbyi, 124, 127, 128, 129 Zingiberopsis magnifolia, 274 Walbeckia, 342 W. margotiana, 430, 431 Zlatkocarpus, 197–8, 212, 390, 409, Walkeripollis, 83, 209, 210, 245, 437 W. problematica, 437 413 W. gabonensis, 245 W. recentior, 437 Z. brnikensis, 197 Wardensheppeya, 291 W. scotica, 129 Z. pragensis, 197, 198 Warlingham Borehole, 70 W. sewardiana, 129 Zohar 1 well, 83 Weald Clay, 69 Williamsoniella, 125 Zonacrinopollis, 160 Wealden pollination, 432 Zonosulcites stratigraphy, 69 W. coronata, 130 Z. parvus, 175 vegetation, 467–9 W. ligneri, 130 Z. scollardensis, 175 Weichselia, 47, 65, 70, 84, 95, 462 Willisia, 360 Zosteraceae, 265 Weigela, 386 Winchellia triphylla, 290 Zyrianka River, 92